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O'Hora KP, Amir CM, Chiem E, Schleifer CH, Grigoryan V, Kushan-Wells L, Chiang JJ, Cole S, Irwin MR, Bearden CE. Differential inflammatory profiles in carriers of reciprocal 22q11.2 copy number variants. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 169:107135. [PMID: 39116521 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic copy number variants (CNVs; i.e., a deletion or duplication) at the 22q11.2 locus confer increased risk of neuropsychiatric disorders and immune dysfunction. Inflammatory profiles of 22q11.2 CNV carriers can shed light on gene-immune relationships that may be related to neuropsychiatric symptoms. However, little is known about inflammation and its relationship to clinical phenotypes in 22q11.2 CNV carriers. Here, we investigate differences in peripheral inflammatory markers in 22q11.2 CNV carriers and explore their relationship with psychosis risk symptoms and sleep disturbance. METHODS Blood samples and clinical assessments were collected from 22q11.2 deletion (22qDel) carriers (n=45), 22q11.2 duplication (22qDup) carriers (n=29), and typically developing (TD) control participants (n=92). Blood plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured using a MesoScale Discovery multiplex immunoassay. Plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Linear mixed effects models controlling for age, sex, and body mass index were used to: a) examine group differences in inflammatory markers between 22qDel, 22qDup, and TD controls, b) test differences in inflammatory markers between 22qDel carriers with psychosis risk symptoms (22qDelPS+) and those without (22qDelPS-), and c) conduct an exploratory analysis testing the effect of sleep disturbance on inflammation in 22qDel and 22qDup carriers. A false discovery rate correction was used to correct for multiple comparisons. RESULTS 22qDup carriers exhibited significantly elevated levels of IL-8 relative to TD controls (q<0.001) and marginally elevated IL-8 levels relative to 22qDel carriers (q=0.08). There were no other significant differences in inflammatory markers between the three groups (q>0.13). 22qDelPS+ exhibited increased levels of IL-8 relative to both 22qDelPS- (q=0.02) and TD controls (p=0.002). There were no relationships between sleep and inflammatory markers that survived FDR correction (q>0.14). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CNVs at the 22q11.2 locus may have differential effects on inflammatory processes related to IL-8, a key mediator of inflammation produced by macrophages and microglia. Further, these IL-8-mediated inflammatory processes may be related to psychosis risk symptoms in 22qDel carriers. Additional research is required to understand the mechanisms contributing to these differential levels of IL-8 between 22q11.2 CNV carriers and IL-8's association with psychosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen P O'Hora
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Amir
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily Chiem
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charles H Schleifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vardui Grigoryan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leila Kushan-Wells
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Steven Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael R Irwin
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Lauritano D, Mastrangelo F, D’Ovidio C, Ronconi G, Caraffa A, Gallenga CE, Frydas I, Kritas SK, Trimarchi M, Carinci F, Conti P. Activation of Mast Cells by Neuropeptides: The Role of Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054811. [PMID: 36902240 PMCID: PMC10002992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are tissue cells that are derived from bone marrow stem cells that contribute to allergic reactions, inflammatory diseases, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and mental disorders. MCs located near the meninges communicate with microglia through the production of mediators such as histamine and tryptase, but also through the secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF, which can create pathological effects in the brain. Preformed chemical mediators of inflammation and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) are rapidly released from the granules of MCs, the only immune cells capable of storing the cytokine TNF, although it can also be produced later through mRNA. The role of MCs in nervous system diseases has been extensively studied and reported in the scientific literature; it is of great clinical interest. However, many of the published articles concern studies on animals (mainly rats or mice) and not on humans. MCs are known to interact with neuropeptides that mediate endothelial cell activation, resulting in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders. In the brain, MCs interact with neurons causing neuronal excitation with the production of neuropeptides and the release of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines. This article explores the current understanding of MC activation by neuropeptide substance P (SP), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neurotensin, and the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting a therapeutic effect of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-37 and IL-38.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filiberto Mastrangelo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Cristian D’Ovidio
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Ronconi
- Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Carla E. Gallenga
- Section of Ophthalmology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilias Frydas
- Department of Parasitology, Aristotle University, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyros K. Kritas
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Macedonia, Greece
| | - Matteo Trimarchi
- Centre of Neuroscience of Milan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Carinci
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pio Conti
- Immunology Division, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Yuksel C, Denis D, Coleman J, Oh A, Cox R, Morgan A, Sato E, Stickgold R. Emotional memories are enhanced when reactivated in slow wave sleep, but impaired when reactivated in REM. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.01.530661. [PMID: 36909630 PMCID: PMC10002730 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.530661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep supports memory consolidation. However, it is not completely clear how different sleep stages contribute to this process. While rapid eye movement sleep (REM) has been traditionally implicated in the processing of emotionally charged material, recent studies indicate a role for slow wave sleep (SWS) in strengthening the memories of emotional stimuli. Here, to directly examine which sleep stage is primarily involved in emotional memory consolidation, we used targeted memory reactivation (TMR) in REM and SWS during a daytime nap. We also examined neural oscillations associated with TMR-related changes in memory. Contrary to our hypothesis, reactivation of emotional stimuli during REM led to impaired memory. Meanwhile, reactivation of emotional stimuli in SWS improved memory and was strongly correlated with the product of times spent in REM and SWS (%SWS Ã- %REM). When this variable was taken into account, reactivation significantly enhanced memory, with larger reactivation benefits compared to reactivation in REM. Notably, sleep spindle activity was modulated by emotional valence, and delta/theta activity was correlated with the memory benefit for both emotional and neutral items. Finally, we found no evidence that emotional memories benefited from TMR more than did neutral ones. Our results provide direct evidence for a complementary role of both REM and SWS in emotional memory consolidation, and suggest that REM may separately facilitate forgetting. In addition, our findings expand upon recent evidence indicating a link between sleep spindles and emotional processing.
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Cao X, Zhu L, Qi R, Wang X, Sun G, Ying Y, Chen R, Li X, Gao L. Effect of a High Estrogen Level in Early Pregnancy on the Development and Behavior of Marmoset Offspring. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:36175-36183. [PMID: 36278046 PMCID: PMC9583300 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has risen steadily worldwide over the past 3 decades and helps many infertile families. However, ART treatments lead to an abnormal internal environment in the uterus, which may increase the risks of health problems for the offspring. Higher maternal estradiol (E2) is a notable feature in women who use ART treatments, and this has been suggested as a key factor for the risk of diseases in the offspring. In the current study, we have established a marmoset model with a high E2 level in early pregnancy to examine its potential risk to the development and behavior of the offspring. In comparison with the normal group, babies of the high E2 group exhibited lower average survival rates and birth weights. However, those who survived in the high E2 group demonstrated normal vocal production with rich call repertoires, normal speed during locomotion, and normal behaviors in the home cage. In contrast to the normal group, surviving babies of the high E2 group spent more time sleeping during development without signs of sleep disorders. In summary, our study revealed that high estrogen in early pregnancy may cause low survival rates and birth weights of the offspring, though the surviving infants did not show obvious behavioral deficiencies during development. The current study is a valuable and highly important non-human primate study for evaluating the safety of ART treatments. However, it is worth noting that some results did not reach the significant level, which may be due to the small sample size caused by animal shortage stemming from the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Cao
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Runze Qi
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guanglong Sun
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yue Ying
- Key
Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department
of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Ruixue Chen
- Key
Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department
of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310006, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- NHC
and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science
Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of
Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key
Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department
of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Interdisciplinary
Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- NHC
and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science
Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, School of
Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key
Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College
of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Kuna K, Szewczyk K, Gabryelska A, Białasiewicz P, Ditmer M, Strzelecki D, Sochal M. Potential Role of Sleep Deficiency in Inducing Immune Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092159. [PMID: 36140260 PMCID: PMC9496201 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deficiency and insomnia deteriorate the quality of patients’ lives, yet the exact influence of these factors on the immune system has only begun to gain interest in recent years. Growing evidence shows that insomnia is a risk factor for numerous diseases, including common infections and autoimmune diseases. Levels of inflammatory markers also seem to be abnormal in sleep deficient individuals, which may lead to low-grade inflammation. The interpretation of studies is difficult due to the equivocal term “sleep disturbances,” as well as due to the various criteria used in studies. This narrative review aims to summarize the available knowledge regarding the bidirectional influence of the immune system and sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Kuna
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szewczyk
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marta Ditmer
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-678-18-00
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Denis D, Kim SY, Kark SM, Daley RT, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Slow oscillation-spindle coupling is negatively associated with emotional memory formation following stress. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 55:2632-2650. [PMID: 33511691 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Both stress and sleep enhance emotional memory. They also interact, with the largest effect of sleep on emotional memory being seen when stress occurs shortly before or after encoding. Slow wave sleep (SWS) is critical for long-term episodic memory, facilitated by the temporal coupling of slow oscillations and sleep spindles. Prior work in humans has shown these associations for neutral information in non-stressed participants. Whether coupling interacts with stress to facilitate emotional memory formation is unknown. Here, we addressed this question by reanalyzing an existing dataset of 64 individuals. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (32) or comparable control (32) prior to the encoding of 150-line drawings of neutral, positive, and negative images. All participants slept overnight with polysomnography, before being given a surprise memory test the following day. In the stress group, time spent in SWS was positively correlated with memory for images of all valences. Results were driven by those who showed a high cortisol response to the stressor, compared to low responders. The amount of slow oscillation-spindle coupling during SWS was negatively associated with neutral and emotional memory in the stress group only. The association with emotional memory was significantly stronger than for neutral memory within the stress group. These results suggest that stress around the time of initial memory formation impacts the relationship between slow wave sleep and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Denis
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sara Y Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Sarah M Kark
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Wei Y, Xu J, Miao S, Wei K, Peng L, Wang Y, Wei X. Recent advances in the utilization of tea active ingredients to regulate sleep through neuroendocrine pathway, immune system and intestinal microbiota. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:7598-7626. [PMID: 35266837 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2048291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disorders have received widespread attention nowadays, which have been promoted by the accelerated pace of life, unhealthy diets and lack of exercise in modern society. The chemical medications to improve sleep has shown serious side effects and risks with high costs. Therefore, it is urgent to develop efficient nutraceuticals from natural sources to ensure sleep quality as a sustainable strategy. As the second most consumed beverage worldwide, the health-promoting effects of tea have long been widely recognized. However, the modulatory effect of teas on sleep disorders has received much less attention. Tea contains various natural sleep-modulating active ingredients such as L-theanine (LTA), caffeine, tea polyphenols (TPP), tea pigments, tea polysaccharides (TPS) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). This review focuses on the potential influence and main regulating mechanisms of different tea active ingredients on sleep, including being absorbed by the small intestine and then cross the blood-brain barrier to act on neurons in the brain as neurotransmitters, manipulating the immune system and further affect sleep-wake cycle by regulating the levels of cytokines, and controlling the gut microbes to maintain the homeostasis of circadian rhythm. Current research progress and limitations are summarized and several future development directions are also proposed. This review hopes to provide new insights into the future elucidation of the sleep-regulating mechanisms of different teas and their natural active ingredients and the development of tea-based functional foods for alleviating sleep disorders. HighlightsNatural sleep-modulating active ingredients in tea have been summarized.Influences of drinking tea or tea active ingredients on sleep are reviewed.Three main regulating mechanisms of tea active ingredients on sleep are explained.The associations among nervous system, immune system and intestinal microbiota are investigated.The potential of developing delivery carriers for tea active ingredients is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Miao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kang Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lanlan Peng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinlin Wei
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Reid A, Bloxham A, Carr M, van Rijn E, Basoudan N, Tulip C, Blagrove M. Effects of sleep on positive, negative and neutral valenced story and image memory. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:777-797. [PMID: 35253902 PMCID: PMC9545409 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During sleep, emotional memories are preferentially strengthened. However, most studies on sleep and emotional memory focus on comparing negative valence with neutral valence stimuli. This study compared the sleep‐dependent memory effects for stories and images, each comprising negative, neutral, and positive stimuli. It was hypothesized that a sleep effect would be seen for negatively and positively valenced stimuli. A novel story memory task (comprising three stories), and photographs from the Nencki Affective Picture database were presented for learning to 61 healthy adults (ages 18–25). They were tested for memory on the two tasks immediately, and then again after either a 2‐hr nap (n = 31; 17 women, 14 men) or 2‐hr wake period (n = 30; 13 women, 17 men). At second testing, the sleep condition had significantly better recall compared to the wake condition on both tasks. There was a relationship with valence only for the story task, with better performance for the sleep condition on the negatively and positively valenced texts, but not on the neutral text. There were no significant relationships between memory measures and sleep‐stage duration and EEG power variables. The story memory findings support the hypothesis that memory consolidation prioritizes emotional memory, whether positively or negatively valenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Reid
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Anthony Bloxham
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Michelle Carr
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Elaine van Rijn
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Nasreen Basoudan
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Chloe Tulip
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mark Blagrove
- Sleep Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Role of Polypeptide Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of COVID-19. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:59. [PMID: 35095356 PMCID: PMC8785374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic that took over the world in December 2019 has had everlasting devastating impacts on the lives of people globally. It manifests a huge symptom spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill patients with an unpredictable outcome. Timely diagnosis and assessment of disease severity is imperative for effective treatment. Possibilities exist that by the time symptoms appear the viral load might increase beyond control. However, it is advisable to get adequately diagnosed as soon as the first symptom appears. There is an immediate requirement of reliable biomarkers of COVID-19 manifesting an early onset for effective clinical management, stratification of high risk patients and ensuring ideal resource allocation. In this review, we attempt to explore and describe important polypeptide inflammatory biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein, Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LIGHT used in the detection and management of COVID-19. Viral pathogenesis and the role of these inflammatory biomarkers is highlighted, based on the evidences available till date. An integrative data monitoring along with their correlation with the natural disease progression is of utmost importance in the management of COVID-19. So further research and in-depth analysis of these biomarkers is warranted in the present scenario.
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Strawbridge R, Carter R, Saldarini F, Tsapekos D, Young AH. Inflammatory biomarkers and cognitive functioning in individuals with euthymic bipolar disorder: exploratory study. BJPsych Open 2021; 7:e126. [PMID: 36043690 PMCID: PMC8281256 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2021.966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobiological research frequently implicates inflammatory and neurogenic components with core aspects of bipolar disorder. Even in periods of symptom remission (euthymia), individuals with bipolar disorder experience cognitive impairments, which are increasingly being proposed as an outcome for interventions; identifying biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment in people with bipolar disorder could advance progress in this therapeutic field through identifying biological treatment targets. AIMS We aimed to identify proteomic biomarker correlates of cognitive impairment in individuals with euthymic bipolar disorder. METHOD Forty-four adults with a bipolar disorder diagnosis in euthymia underwent a battery of cognitive assessments and provided blood for biomarkers. We examined a comprehensive panel of inflammatory and trophic proteins as putative cross-sectional predictors of cognition, conceptualised according to recommended definitions of clinically significant cognitive impairment (binary construct) and global cognitive performance (continuous measure). RESULTS A total of 48% of the sample met the criteria for cognitive impairment. Adjusting for potentially important covariates, regression analyses identified lower levels of three proteins as significantly and independently associated with cognitive deficits, according to both binary and continuous definitions (interleukin-7, vascular endothelial growth factor C and placental growth factor), and one positively correlated with (continuous) global cognitive performance (basic fibroblast growth factor). CONCLUSIONS This study identifies four candidate markers of cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder, none of which have been previously compared with cognitive function in participants with bipolar disorder. Pending replication in larger samples and support from longitudinal studies, these markers could have implications for treating cognitive dysfunction in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Strawbridge
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Rowena Carter
- National Affective Disorders Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Francesco Saldarini
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Dimosthenis Tsapekos
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK
| | - Allan H Young
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; and National Affective Disorders Service, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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11
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Kummer KK, Zeidler M, Kalpachidou T, Kress M. Role of IL-6 in the regulation of neuronal development, survival and function. Cytokine 2021; 144:155582. [PMID: 34058569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is emerging as a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials. It can exert opposing actions triggering either neuron survival after injury or causing neurodegeneration and cell death in neurodegenerative or neuropathic disorders. Importantly, neurons respond differently to IL-6 and this critically depends on their environment and whether they are located in the peripheral or the central nervous system. In addition to its hub regulator role in inflammation, IL-6 is recently emerging as an important regulator of neuron function in health and disease, offering exciting possibilities for more mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis of mental, neurodegenerative and pain disorders and for developing novel therapies for diseases with neuroimmune and neurogenic pathogenic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai K Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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12
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Davidson P, Jönsson P, Carlsson I, Pace-Schott E. Does Sleep Selectively Strengthen Certain Memories Over Others Based on Emotion and Perceived Future Relevance? Nat Sci Sleep 2021; 13:1257-1306. [PMID: 34335065 PMCID: PMC8318217 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s286701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep has been found to have a beneficial effect on memory consolidation. It has furthermore frequently been suggested that sleep does not strengthen all memories equally. The first aim of this review paper was to examine whether sleep selectively strengthens emotional declarative memories more than neutral ones. We examined this first by reviewing the literature focusing on sleep/wake contrasts, and then the literature on whether any specific factors during sleep preferentially benefit emotional memories, with a special focus on the often-suggested claim that rapid eye movement sleep primarily consolidates emotional memories. A second aim was to examine if sleep preferentially benefits memories based on other cues of future relevance such as reward, test-expectancy or different instructions during encoding. Once again, we first focused on studies comparing sleep and wake groups, and then on studies examining the contributions of specific factors during sleep (for each future relevance paradigm, respectively). The review revealed that although some support exists that sleep is more beneficial for certain kinds of memories based on emotion or other cues of future relevance, the majority of studies does not support such an effect. Regarding specific factors during sleep, our review revealed that no sleep variable has reliably been found to be specifically associated with the consolidation of certain kinds of memories over others based on emotion or other cues of future relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Davidson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter Jönsson
- School of Education and Environment, Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Edward Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, USA
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13
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Tan X, van Egmond LT, Cedernaes J, Benedict C. The role of exercise-induced peripheral factors in sleep regulation. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101096. [PMID: 33045432 PMCID: PMC7585947 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrently disrupted sleep is a widespread phenomenon in our society. This is worrisome as chronically impaired sleep increases the risk of numerous diseases that place a heavy burden on health services worldwide, including type 2 diabetes, obesity, depression, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. Therefore, strategies mitigating the current societal sleep crisis are needed. SCOPE OF REVIEW Observational and interventional studies have found that regular moderate to intensive exercise is associated with better subjective and objective sleep in humans, with and without pre-existing sleep disturbances. Here, we summarize recent findings from clinical studies in humans and animal experiments suggesting that molecules that are expressed, produced, and released by the skeletal muscle in response to exercise may contribute to the sleep-improving effects of exercise. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Exercise-induced skeletal muscle recruitment increases blood concentrations of signaling molecules, such as the myokine brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which has been shown to increase the depth of sleep in animals. As reviewed herein, BDNF and other muscle-induced factors are likely to contribute to the sleep-promoting effects of exercise. Despite progress in the field, however, several fundamental questions remain. For example, one central question concerns the optimal time window for exercise to promote sleep. It is also unknown whether the production of muscle-induced peripheral factors promoting sleep is altered by acute and chronic sleep disturbances, which has become increasingly common in the modern 24/7 lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tan
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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14
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Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Postnov D, Penzel T, Kurths J. Sleep as a Novel Biomarker and a Promising Therapeutic Target for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review Focusing on Alzheimer's Disease and the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176293. [PMID: 32878058 PMCID: PMC7504101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a leading cause of cognitive decline in elderly people and development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Blood–brain barrier (BBB) leakage is a key pathophysiological mechanism of amyloidal CSVD. Sleep plays a crucial role in keeping health of the central nervous system and in resistance to CSVD. The deficit of sleep contributes to accumulation of metabolites and toxins such as beta-amyloid in the brain and can lead to BBB disruption. Currently, sleep is considered as an important informative platform for diagnosis and therapy of AD. However, there are no effective methods for extracting of diagnostic information from sleep characteristics. In this review, we show strong evidence that slow wave activity (SWA) (0–0.5 Hz) during deep sleep reflects glymphatic pathology, the BBB leakage and memory deficit in AD. We also discuss that diagnostic and therapeutic targeting of SWA in AD might lead to be a novel era in effective therapy of AD. Moreover, we demonstrate that SWA can be pioneering non-invasive and bed–side technology for express diagnosis of the BBB permeability. Finally, we review the novel data about the methods of detection and enhancement of SWA that can be biomarker and a promising therapy of amyloidal CSVD and CSVD associated with the BBB disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (D.P.); (T.P.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-927-115-5157
| | - Dmitry Postnov
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (D.P.); (T.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (D.P.); (T.P.); (J.K.)
- Advanced Sleep Research GmbH, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Sleep Medicine Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Saratov State University, Astrakhanskaya Str. 83, 410012 Saratov, Russia; (D.P.); (T.P.); (J.K.)
- Physics Department, Humboldt University, Newtonstrasse 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg A31, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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15
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Scholes S, Santisteban JA, Zhang Y, Bertone A, Gruber R. Modulation of Slow-Wave Sleep: Implications for Psychiatry. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:52. [PMID: 32710222 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objectives of this review are to examine and integrate existing empirical evidence regarding the impact of slow-wave sleep (SWS) modulation on memory and executive function performance in individuals with psychiatric disorders, and to examine the feasibility of integrating SWS modulation into psychiatric care. RECENT FINDINGS SWS modulation in individuals with psychiatric disorders resulted in changes to SWS across multiple psychiatric disorders, using all stimulation methods. SWS stimulation was associated with improved cognitive performance. SWS modulation using acoustic stimulation resulted in improved cognitive performance in children with ADHD, and the use of transcranial stimulation was associated with improved cognitive performance in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Significant relationships between changes in SWS and cognitive improvement were found for individual with mild cognitive impairment following the use of acoustic or transcranial stimulation night. Our review reveals partial support to the potential efficacy of SWS modulation as a transdiagnostic intervention that uses sleep to improve cognitive functions of individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorders and cognitive deficits. It further highlights multiple barriers pertaining to the feasibility of integrating SWS modulation into clinical practice and proposes ways to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Scholes
- Attention, Behaviour and Sleep Lab, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada.,Perceptual Neuroscience Lab (PNLab) for Autism, Development Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J A Santisteban
- Attention, Behaviour and Sleep Lab, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Armando Bertone
- Perceptual Neuroscience Lab (PNLab) for Autism, Development Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Reut Gruber
- Attention, Behaviour and Sleep Lab, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montréal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada. .,Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Zhu B, Bronas UG, Carley DW, Lee K, Steffen A, Kapella MC, Izci-Balserak B. Relationships between objective sleep parameters and inflammatory biomarkers in pregnancy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1473:62-73. [PMID: 32468638 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between sleep and inflammatory biomarkers during late pregnancy. Seventy-four women underwent an overnight sleep assessment by polysomnography. Blood samples were collected before bedtime and again within 1 h upon awakening to measure C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-6 soluble receptor. Sleep parameters included variables characterizing sleep architecture and sleep continuity. The participants were 32.2 (SD = 4.1) years old, and the average gestational age was 32.8 (3.5) weeks. Controlling for covariates, evening CRP was negatively associated with N3 sleep (β = -0.30, P = 0.010). N3 sleep was also negatively associated with morning CRP (β = -0.26, P = 0.036), with a higher percentage of N3 sleep associated with a lower level of morning CRP. Contrarily, there was a tendency for a positive association between stage N2 sleep and morning CRP (β = 0.23, P = 0.065). Stage N1 sleep was associated with morning IL-6 (β = 0.28, P = 0.021), with a higher percentage of N1 sleep associated with a higher morning IL-6. No significant associations were found between morning inflammatory biomarkers and sleep continuity parameters. In conclusion, increased light sleep was associated with increased inflammatory biomarkers, whereas more deep sleep was associated with decreased inflammatory biomarkers. These findings further support the interactions between sleep and the immune system during late pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhu
- School of Nursing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ulf G Bronas
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David W Carley
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kathryn Lee
- School of Nursing, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alana Steffen
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mary C Kapella
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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17
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Gao L, Zhang Y, Li X, He J. Enhancement of Neuronal Activity in the Auditory Thalamus After Simulated Slow-Wave Oscillation. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:806-810. [PMID: 32200484 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China. .,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuanqing Zhang
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China.,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310029, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jufang He
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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18
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Solomonova E, Dubé S, Blanchette-Carrière C, Sandra DA, Samson-Richer A, Carr M, Paquette T, Nielsen T. Different Patterns of Sleep-Dependent Procedural Memory Consolidation in Vipassana Meditation Practitioners and Non-meditating Controls. Front Psychol 2020; 10:3014. [PMID: 32038390 PMCID: PMC6989470 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, and sleep spindles are all implicated in the consolidation of procedural memories. Relative contributions of sleep stages and sleep spindles were previously shown to depend on individual differences in task processing. However, no studies to our knowledge have focused on individual differences in experience with Vipassana meditation as related to sleep. Vipassana meditation is a form of mental training that enhances proprioceptive and somatic awareness and alters attentional style. The goal of this study was to examine a potential role for Vipassana meditation experience in sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation. Methods Groups of Vipassana meditation practitioners (N = 22) and matched meditation-naïve controls (N = 20) slept for a daytime nap in the laboratory. Before and after the nap they completed a procedural task on the Wii Fit balance platform. Results Meditators performed slightly better on the task before the nap, but the two groups improved similarly after sleep. The groups showed different patterns of sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation: in meditators, task learning was positively correlated with density of slow occipital spindles, while in controls task improvement was positively associated with time in REM sleep. Sleep efficiency and sleep architecture did not differ between groups. Meditation practitioners, however, had a lower density of occipital slow sleep spindles than controls. Conclusion Results suggest that neuroplastic changes associated with meditation practice may alter overall sleep microarchitecture and reorganize sleep-dependent patterns of memory consolidation. The lower density of occipital spindles in meditators may mean that meditation practice compensates for some of the memory functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Solomonova
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Culture, Mind and Brain Research Group, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Dubé
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Cloé Blanchette-Carrière
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dasha A Sandra
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Arnaud Samson-Richer
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Carr
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Sleep Laboratory, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Tyna Paquette
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Tore Nielsen
- Dream and Nightmare Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, CIUSSS NÎM - HSCM, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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19
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Peña-Ortega F. Brain Arrhythmias Induced by Amyloid Beta and Inflammation: Involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Inflammation-related Pathologies. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1108-1131. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666191213162233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), involve amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and/or neuroinflammation, which can alter synaptic and neural circuit functions. Consequently, these pathological conditions induce changes in neural network rhythmic activity (brain arrhythmias), which affects many brain functions. Neural network rhythms are involved in information processing, storage and retrieval, which are essential for memory consolidation, executive functioning and sensory processing. Therefore, brain arrhythmias could have catastrophic effects on circuit function, underlying the symptoms of various neurological diseases. Moreover, brain arrhythmias can serve as biomarkers for a variety of brain diseases. The aim of this review is to provide evidence linking Aβ and inflammation to neural network dysfunction, focusing on alterations in brain rhythms and their impact on cognition and sensory processing. I reviewed the most common brain arrhythmias characterized in AD, in AD transgenic models and those induced by Aβ. In addition, I reviewed the modulations of brain rhythms in neuroinflammatory diseases and those induced by immunogens, interleukins and microglia. This review reveals that Aβ and inflammation produce a complex set of effects on neural network function, which are related to the induction of brain arrhythmias and hyperexcitability, both closely related to behavioral alterations. Understanding these brain arrhythmias can help to develop therapeutic strategies to halt or prevent these neural network alterations and treat not only the arrhythmias but also the symptoms of AD and other inflammation-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña-Ortega
- Departamento de Neurobiologia del Desarrollo y Neurofisiologia, Instituto de Neurobiologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Queretaro, Qro., 76230, Mexico
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20
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Marshall L, Cross N, Binder S, Dang-Vu TT. Brain Rhythms During Sleep and Memory Consolidation: Neurobiological Insights. Physiology (Bethesda) 2020; 35:4-15. [DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00004.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep can benefit memory consolidation. The characterization of brain regions underlying memory consolidation during sleep, as well as their temporal interplay, reflected by specific patterns of brain electric activity, is surfacing. Here, we provide an overview of recent concepts and results on the mechanisms of sleep-related memory consolidation. The latest studies strongly impacting future directions of research in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Marshall
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Nathan Cross
- Perform Center, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l’Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sonja Binder
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thien Thanh Dang-Vu
- Perform Center, Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, and Department of Health, Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, CIUSSS Centre-Sud-de-l’Ile-de-Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Brodt S, Pöhlchen D, Täumer E, Gais S, Schönauer M. Incubation, not sleep, aids problem-solving. Sleep 2019; 41:5065174. [PMID: 30113673 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Solving a novel problem and finding innovative solutions requires a flexible and creative recombination of prior knowledge. It is thought that setting a problem aside before giving it another try aids problem-solving. The underlying mechanisms of such an incubation period could include unconscious processing that fosters spreading activation along associated networks and the restructuring of problem representations. Recently, it has been suggested that sleep may also support problem-solving by supporting the transformation and restructuring of memory elements. Since the effect of sleep on problem-solving has been mainly tested using the Remote Associates Test, we chose three different tasks-classical riddles, visual change detection, and anagrams-to examine various aspects of problem-solving and to pinpoint task-specific prerequisites for effects of sleep or incubation to emerge. Sixty-two participants were given two attempts to solve the problems. Both attempts either occurred consecutively or were spaced apart by a 3-hour incubation interval that was spent awake or asleep. We found that a period of incubation positively affected solutions rates in classical riddles, but not in visual change detection or anagram solving. Contrary to our hypothesis, spending the incubation period asleep, did not yield any additional benefit. Our study thus supports the notion that a period of letting a problem rest is beneficial for its solution and confines the role of sleep to memory transformations that do not directly impact on problem-solving ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Brodt
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dorothee Pöhlchen
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Täumer
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steffen Gais
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Monika Schönauer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Kim SY, Kark SM, Daley RT, Alger SE, Rebouças D, Kensinger EA, Payne JD. Interactive effects of stress reactivity and rapid eye movement sleep theta activity on emotional memory formation. Hippocampus 2019; 30:829-841. [PMID: 31313866 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and stress independently enhance emotional memory consolidation. In particular, theta oscillations (4-7 Hz) during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increase coherence in an emotional memory network (i.e., hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex) and enhance emotional memory. However, little is known about how stress during learning might interact with subsequent REM theta activity to affect emotional memory. In the current study, we examined whether the relationship between REM theta activity and emotional memory differs as a function of pre-encoding stress exposure and reactivity. Participants underwent a psychosocial stressor (the Trier Social Stress Task; n = 32) or a comparable control task (n = 32) prior to encoding. Task-evoked cortisol reactivity was assessed by salivary cortisol rise from pre- to post-stressor, and participants in the stress condition were additionally categorized as high or low cortisol responders via a median split. During incidental encoding, participants studied 150 line drawings of negative, neutral, and positive images, followed by the complete color photo. All participants then slept overnight in the lab with polysomnographic recording. The next day, they were given a surprise recognition memory task. Results showed that memory was better for emotional relative to neutral information. Critically, these findings were observed only in the stress condition. No emotional memory benefit was observed in the control condition. In stressed participants, REM theta power significantly predicted memory for emotional information, specifically for positive items. This relationship was observed only in high cortisol responders. For low responders and controls, there was no relationship between REM theta and memory of any valence. These findings provide evidence that elevated stress at encoding, and accompanying changes in neuromodulators such as cortisol, may interact with theta activity during REM sleep to promote selective consolidation of emotional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Sarah M Kark
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Ryan T Daley
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - Sara E Alger
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring
| | - Daniella Rebouças
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | | | - Jessica D Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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23
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Besedovsky L, Lange T, Haack M. The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1325-1380. [PMID: 30920354 PMCID: PMC6689741 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00010.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 650] [Impact Index Per Article: 130.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked. Immune system activation alters sleep, and sleep in turn affects the innate and adaptive arm of our body's defense system. Stimulation of the immune system by microbial challenges triggers an inflammatory response, which, depending on its magnitude and time course, can induce an increase in sleep duration and intensity, but also a disruption of sleep. Enhancement of sleep during an infection is assumed to feedback to the immune system to promote host defense. Indeed, sleep affects various immune parameters, is associated with a reduced infection risk, and can improve infection outcome and vaccination responses. The induction of a hormonal constellation that supports immune functions is one likely mechanism underlying the immune-supporting effects of sleep. In the absence of an infectious challenge, sleep appears to promote inflammatory homeostasis through effects on several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. This notion is supported by findings that prolonged sleep deficiency (e.g., short sleep duration, sleep disturbance) can lead to chronic, systemic low-grade inflammation and is associated with various diseases that have an inflammatory component, like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Here, we review available data on this regulatory sleep-immune crosstalk, point out methodological challenges, and suggest questions open for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Tanja Lange
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
| | - Monika Haack
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany ; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck , Germany
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Sleep-dependent enhancement of emotional memory in early childhood. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12609. [PMID: 30135458 PMCID: PMC6105691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30980-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Naps in early childhood support declarative memory consolidation. However, emotional memories are unique in the neural basis of encoding as well as the sleep physiology underlying consolidation. Specifically, while consolidation of declarative memories has been associated with slow wave sleep, a prevailing theory suggests that REM sleep is necessary for consolidation of memories with emotional valence. Thus, we presented children (34-64 months) with faces paired with mean or nice descriptions. There were no significant main effects of emotional valence on recognition memory. Change in memory accuracy also did not differ when probed after a nap compared to the change in memory accuracy after an interval awake. However, when memory was probed again following overnight sleep, the change in memory accuracy was greater if the child napped the previous day. Greater nap slow wave activity was associated with greater memory decay during the nap. Yet nap slow wave activity also predicted greater overnight improvement in memory. These results suggest that sleep bouts can interact to benefit memory in early childhood.
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25
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Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Morsiani C, Conte M, Santoro A, Grignolio A, Monti D, Capri M, Salvioli S. The Continuum of Aging and Age-Related Diseases: Common Mechanisms but Different Rates. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:61. [PMID: 29662881 PMCID: PMC5890129 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Geroscience, the new interdisciplinary field that aims to understand the relationship between aging and chronic age-related diseases (ARDs) and geriatric syndromes (GSs), is based on epidemiological evidence and experimental data that aging is the major risk factor for such pathologies and assumes that aging and ARDs/GSs share a common set of basic biological mechanisms. A consequence is that the primary target of medicine is to combat aging instead of any single ARD/GSs one by one, as favored by the fragmentation into hundreds of specialties and sub-specialties. If the same molecular and cellular mechanisms underpin both aging and ARDs/GSs, a major question emerges: which is the difference, if any, between aging and ARDs/GSs? The hypothesis that ARDs and GSs such as frailty can be conceptualized as accelerated aging will be discussed by analyzing in particular frailty, sarcopenia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer and Parkinson as well as Down syndrome as an example of progeroid syndrome. According to this integrated view, aging and ARDs/GSs become part of a continuum where precise boundaries do not exist and the two extremes are represented by centenarians, who largely avoided or postponed most ARDs/GSs and are characterized by decelerated aging, and patients who suffered one or more severe ARDs in their 60s, 70s, and 80s and show signs of accelerated aging, respectively. In between these two extremes, there is a continuum of intermediate trajectories representing a sort of gray area. Thus, clinically different, classical ARDs/GSs are, indeed, the result of peculiar combinations of alterations regarding the same, limited set of basic mechanisms shared with the aging process. Whether an individual will follow a trajectory of accelerated or decelerated aging will depend on his/her genetic background interacting lifelong with environmental and lifestyle factors. If ARDs and GSs are manifestations of accelerated aging, it is urgent to identify markers capable of distinguishing between biological and chronological age to identify subjects at higher risk of developing ARDs and GSs. To this aim, we propose the use of DNA methylation, N-glycans profiling, and gut microbiota composition to complement the available disease-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Franceschi
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet at Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Applied Biomedical Research Center (CRBA), S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy.,CNR Institute of Molecular Genetics, Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Morsiani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aurelia Santoro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Grignolio
- Unit and Museum of History of Medicine, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Monti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Miriam Capri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Interdepartmental Center "L. Galvani" (CIG), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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26
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Boyko AA, Troyanova NI, Kovalenko EI, Sapozhnikov AM. Similarity and Differences in Inflammation-Related Characteristics of the Peripheral Immune System of Patients with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122633. [PMID: 29211044 PMCID: PMC5751236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorders. Both diseases are characterized by chronic inflammation in the brain-neuroinflammation. The first signs of PD and AD are most often manifested in old age, in which the immune system is usually characterized by chronic inflammation, so-called "inflammaging" In recent years, there is growing evidence that pathogenesis of these diseases is connected with both regional and peripheral immune processes. Currently, the association of clinical signs of PD and AD with different characteristics of patient immune status is actively being researched. In this mini-review we compare the association of PD and AD alterations of a number of immune system parameters connected with the process of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Boyko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Natalya I Troyanova
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Elena I Kovalenko
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Alexander M Sapozhnikov
- Laboratory of Cell Interactions, Department of Immunology, Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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27
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Learning performance is linked to procedural memory consolidation across both sleep and wakefulness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10234. [PMID: 28860592 PMCID: PMC5579258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether learning performance in a procedural finger tapping task before nocturnal sleep would predict performance gains after sleep in 60 young adults. Gains were defined as change in correctly tapped digit sequences between learning (12 trials administered in the evening) and retesting (3 trials administered in the morning after sleep). The same task was also administered to a separate wake group (N = 54 young adults), which learned in the morning and was retested in the evening. Learning performance was determined by either using the average performance on the last three learning trials or the average performance on the best three learning trials. Our results demonstrated an inverse association between learning performance and gains in procedural skill, i.e., good learners exhibited smaller performance gains across both wakefulness and sleep than poor learners. Regardless of learning performance, gains in finger tapping skills were greater after sleep than daytime wakefulness. Importantly, some of our findings were influenced by how learning performance was estimated. Collectively, these results suggest that learning performance and the method through which it is estimated may influence performance gains in finger tapping skills across both sleep and wakefulness.
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28
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Mantua J, Henry OS, Garskovas NF, Spencer RMC. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Chronically Impairs Sleep- and Wake-Dependent Emotional Processing. Sleep 2017; 40:3771831. [PMID: 28460124 PMCID: PMC5806572 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives A single traumatic brain injury (TBI), even when mild (ie, concussion), can cause lasting consequences. Individuals with a history of chronic (>1-year prior) mild TBI have an increased risk of mood disturbances (eg, depression, suicide). This population also has lingering sleep alterations, including poor sleep quality and changes in sleep stage proportions. Given these sleep deficits, we aimed to test whether sleep-dependent emotional memory consolidation is reduced in this population. We utilized a mild TBI group (3.7 ± 2.9 years post injury) and an uninjured (non-TBI) population. Methods Participants viewed negative and neutral images both before and after a 12-hour period containing sleep ("Sleep" group) or an equivalent period of time spent awake ("Wake" group). Participants rated images for valence/arousal at both sessions, and memory recognition was tested at session two. Results The TBI group had less rapid eye movement (REM), longer REM latency, and more sleep complaints. Sleep-dependent memory consolidation of nonemotional images was present in all participants. However, consolidation of negative images was only present in the non-TBI group. A lack of differentiation between the TBI Sleep and Wake groups was due to poor performance in the sleep group and, unexpectedly, enhanced performance in the wake group. Additionally, although the non-TBI participants habituated to negative images over a waking period, the TBI participants did not. Conclusions We propose disrupted sleep- and wake-dependent emotional processing contributes to poor emotional outcomes following chronic, mild TBI. This work has broad implications, as roughly one-third of the US population will sustain a mild TBI during their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Mantua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscienceand Behavior Program, Amherst, MA
| | - Owen S Henry
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Commonwealth Honors College, Amherst, MA
| | - Nolan F Garskovas
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Program, Amherst, MA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
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29
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Cuevas-Olguin R, Esquivel-Rendon E, Vargas-Mireles J, Garcia-Oscos F, Miranda-Morales M, Salgado H, Rose-John S, Atzori M. Interleukin 6 trans-signaling regulates basal synaptic transmission and sensitivity to pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice. Synapse 2017; 71. [PMID: 28481031 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) interacts with the central nervous system in a largely unknown manner. We used a genetically modified mouse strain (GFAP-sgp130Fc, TG) and wild type (WT) mice to determine whether IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to basal properties of synaptic transmission. Postsynaptic currents (PSCs) were studied by patch-clamp recording in cortical layer 5 of a mouse prefrontal cortex brain slice preparation. TG and WT animals displayed differences mainly (but not exclusively) in excitatory synaptic responses. The frequency of both action potential-independent (miniature) and action potential-dependent (spontaneous) excitatory PSCs (EPSCs) were higher for TG vs. WT animals. No differences were observed in inhibitory miniature, spontaneous, or tonic inhibitory currents. The pair pulse ratio (PPR) of electrically evoked inhibitory as well as of excitatory PSCs were also larger in TG animals vs. WT ones, while no changes were detected in electrically evoked excitatory-inhibitory synaptic ratio (eEPSC/eIPSC), nor in the ratio between the amino-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR)-mediated and N-methyl D aspartate-R (NMDAR)-mediated components of eEPSCs (IAMPA /INMDA ). Evoked IPSC rise times were shorter for TG vs. WT animals. We also compared the sensitivity of TG and WT animals to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures. We found that TG animals were more sensitive to PTZ injections, as they displayed longer and more severe seizures. We conclude that the absence of basal IL-6 trans-signaling contributes to increase the basal excitability of the central nervous system, at the system level as well at the synaptic level, at least in the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Cuevas-Olguin
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Eric Esquivel-Rendon
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Jorge Vargas-Mireles
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Francisco Garcia-Oscos
- Department of Neuroscience, Southwestern University, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México
| | - Humberto Salgado
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Avenida Itzáes número 490 por calle 59, colonia Centro, Mérida Yucatán, México. CP 97000
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian Albrecht Universitet, Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Marco Atzori
- Faculty of Science, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Salvador Nava S/N, San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78290, México.,School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Dallas, Texas, 75080
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30
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REM theta activity enhances inhibitory control in typically developing children but not children with ADHD symptoms. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:1491-1500. [PMID: 28246970 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4906-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances impair cognitive functioning in typically developing populations. Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a disorder characterized by impaired inhibitory control and attention, commonly experience sleep disturbances. Whether inhibitory impairments are related to sleep deficits in children with ADHD is unknown. Children with ADHD (n = 18; M age = 6.70 years) and typically developing controls (n = 15; M age = 6.73 years) completed a Go/No-Go task to measure inhibitory control and sustained attention before and after polysomnography-monitored overnight sleep. Inhibitory control and sustained attention were improved following overnight sleep in typically developing children. Moreover, morning inhibitory control was positively correlated with rapid eye movement (REM) theta activity in this group. Although REM theta activity was greater in children with ADHD compared to typically developing children, it was functionally insignificant. Neither inhibitory control nor sustained attention was improved following overnight sleep in children with ADHD symptoms, and neither of these behaviors was associated with REM theta activity in this group. Taken together, these results indicate that elevated REM theta activity may be functionally related to ADHD symptomology, possibly reflecting delayed cortical maturation.
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31
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Diurnal Variation of Circulating Interleukin-6 in Humans: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165799. [PMID: 27832117 PMCID: PMC5104468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been proposed to contribute to circadian regulation of sleepiness by increasing in the blood at night. Earlier studies have reported diurnal variation of IL-6, but phase estimates are conflicting. We have therefore performed a meta-analysis on the diurnal variation of circulating IL-6. Studies were included if they reported IL-6 in plasma or serum recorded at least twice within 24 hours in the same individual. A systematic search resulted in the inclusion of 43 studies with 56 datasets, for a total of 1100 participants. Individual participant data were available from 4 datasets with a total of 56 participants. Mixed-effects meta-regression modelling confirmed that IL-6 varied across the day, the most conspicuous effect being a trough in the morning. These results stand in contrast to earlier findings of a peak in the evening or night, and suggest that diurnal variation should be taken into account in order to avoid confounding by time of day in studies of IL-6 in plasma or serum.
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32
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Sharpley AL, Cooper CM, Williams C, Godlewska BR, Cowen PJ. Effects of typhoid vaccine on inflammation and sleep in healthy participants: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:3429-35. [PMID: 27503474 PMCID: PMC4989013 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE An increasing body of evidence links the occurrence of sleep continuity disturbances with increased inflammation and both sleep disturbances and inflammation are associated with clinical depression. Typhoid vaccination results in a mild inflammatory response that significantly increases levels of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin (IL)-6. OBJECTIVES The present exploratory study aimed to enhance our understanding of the link between inflammation, sleep and depression by examining the effects of typhoid vaccine on the sleep polysomnogram. METHODS We studied the effects of a single injection of typhoid polysaccharide vaccine and placebo (saline solution) on sleep in 16 healthy male and female participants aged 20-38 years, sleeping at home in a randomized, double-blind, balanced order, crossover design. Subjective measures of mood, sleep and adverse effects were elicited and plasma samples analysed for IL-6 levels. RESULTS IL-6 levels (in picogramme per millilitre) significantly increased 2 h post vaccine compared to placebo (0.90 vs 0.53, p = 0.026, r = 0.55). Relative to placebo, typhoid vaccination produced significant impairment in several measures of sleep continuity. Total sleep time (in minute) (426.1 vs 410.7, p = 0.005, r = 0.62) and sleep efficiency percent (94.3 vs 91.5, p = 0.007, r = 0.65) were decreased; with increases in wake after sleep onset (in minute) (25.5 vs 38.8, p = 0.007,r = 0.65), total wake (in minute) (34.9 vs 50.3, p = 0.005,r = 0.67), sleep stage transitions (155.9 vs 173.1, p = 0.026, r = 0.56), number of awakenings (27.2 vs 36.1, p = 0.007, r = 0.64) and awakening index (3.8 vs 5.3, p = 0.005, r = 0.67) (means, significance level and effect size). CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory mechanisms may underlie the impairment in sleep efficiency which is a hallmark of major depression. Because impaired sleep is also a predictor of major depression, there may be a role for suitable anti-inflammatory approaches in strategies designed to prevent the onset of depression. ClinicalTrials.gov ( http://www.clinicaltrials.gov ): NCT02628054.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Sharpley
- Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
| | - Charlotte M Cooper
- Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Clare Williams
- Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Beata R Godlewska
- Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Philip J Cowen
- Neurosciences Building, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
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Cremone A, Kurdziel LBF, Fraticelli-Torres A, McDermott JM, Spencer RMC. Napping reduces emotional attention bias during early childhood. Dev Sci 2016; 20. [PMID: 27287732 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep loss alters processing of emotional stimuli in preschool-aged children. However, the mechanism by which sleep modifies emotional processing in early childhood is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a nap, compared to an equivalent time spent awake, reduces biases in attention allocation to affective information. Children (n = 43; M = 55.40 months, SD = 8.05 months) completed a Dot Probe task, which provides a measure of attention biases to emotional stimuli, following a mid-day nap and an equivalent interval spent awake. No emotional attention biases emerged when children napped. However, when nap-deprived, children exhibited biases towards negative and positive stimuli. This emotional bias after wake was greater in children who napped habitually. Gender differences also emerged such that females were more attentive to positive emotional stimuli whereas males showed heightened attention to negative emotional stimuli, regardless of having napped or not. Moreover, greater slow wave activity (SWA) during the nap was associated with faster responding, which suggests that SWA may promote efficiency of attention allocation. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JIoZ8mzxQgg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cremone
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Laura B F Kurdziel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | | | - Jennifer M McDermott
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
| | - Rebecca M C Spencer
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
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34
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Rothaug M, Becker-Pauly C, Rose-John S. The role of interleukin-6 signaling in nervous tissue. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1218-27. [PMID: 27016501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders and in the physiological homeostasis of neural tissue. Profound neuropathological changes, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease are associated with increased IL-6 expression in brain. Increased nocturnal concentrations of serum IL-6 are found in patients with impaired sleep whereas IL-6-deficient mice spend more time in rapid eye movement sleep associated with dreaming. IL-6 is crucial in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes, regeneration of peripheral nerves and acts as a neurotrophic factor. It exerts its cellular effects through two distinct pathways which include the anti-inflammatory pathway involving the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) expressed on selective cells, including microglia, in a process known as classical signaling that is also critical for bacterial defense. In classical signaling binding of IL-6 to the membrane-bound IL-6R activates the β-receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) and subsequent down-stream signaling. The alternative, rather pro-inflammatory pathway, shown to mediate neurodegeneration in mice, termed trans-signaling, depends on a soluble form of the IL-6R that is capable of binding IL-6 to stimulate a response on distal cells that express gp130. A naturally occurring soluble form of gp130 (sgp130) has been identified that can specifically bind and neutralize the IL-6R/IL-6 complex. Thus, trans-signaling is blocked but classical signaling is completely unaffected. A modified, recombinant dimerized version of sgp130 (sgp130Fc) has successfully been used to block inflammatory processes in mice and may also be used in the clarification of IL-6 trans-signaling in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rothaug
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker-Pauly
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany.
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35
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Cedernaes J, Rångtell FH, Axelsson EK, Yeganeh A, Vogel H, Broman JE, Dickson SL, Schiöth HB, Benedict C. Short Sleep Makes Declarative Memories Vulnerable to Stress in Humans. Sleep 2015; 38:1861-8. [PMID: 26158890 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the role of nocturnal sleep duration for the retrieval of oversleep consolidated memories, both prior to and after being cognitively stressed for ∼30 minutes the next morning. DESIGN Participants learned object locations (declarative memory task comprising 15 card pairs) and a finger tapping sequence (procedural memory task comprising 5 digits) in the evening. After learning, participants either had a sleep opportunity of 8 hours (between ∼23:00 and ∼07:00, full sleep condition) or they could sleep between ∼03:00 and ∼07:00 (short sleep condition). Retrieval of both memory tasks was tested in the morning after each sleep condition, both before (∼08:30) and after being stressed (∼09:50). SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 15 healthy young men. RESULTS The analyses demonstrated that oversleep memory changes did not differ between sleep conditions. However, in their short sleep condition, following stress hallmarked by increased subjective stress feelings, the men were unable to maintain their pre-stress performance on the declarative memory task, whereas their performance on the procedural memory task remained unchanged. While men felt comparably subjectively stressed by the stress intervention, overall no differences between pre- and post-stress recalls were observed following a full night of sleep. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that 8-h sleep duration, within the range recommended by the US National Sleep Foundation, may not only help consolidate newly learned procedural and declarative memories, but also ensure full access to both during periods of subjective stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emil K Axelsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adine Yeganeh
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Heike Vogel
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Broman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suzanne L Dickson
- Department of Physiology/Endocrinology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Peripheral and central blockade of interleukin-6 trans-signaling differentially affects sleep architecture. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 50:178-185. [PMID: 26144889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is known to essentially contribute to the regulation of sleep. Whereas research in this regard focused on the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor, the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in sleep regulation has been less intensely studied, probably due to the so far seemingly ambiguous results. Yet, this picture might simply reflect that the effects of IL-6 are conveyed via two different pathways (with possibly different actions), i.e., in addition to the 'classical' signaling pathway via the membrane bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), IL-6 stimulates cells through the alternative 'trans-signaling' pathway via the soluble IL-6R. Here, we concentrated on the contributions of the trans-signaling pathway to sleep regulation. To characterize this contribution, we compared the effect of blocking IL-6 trans-signaling (by the soluble gp130Fc fusion protein) in the brain versus body periphery. Thus, we compared sleep in transgenic mice expressing the soluble gp130Fc protein only in the brain (GFAP mice) or in the body periphery (PEPCK mice), and in wild type mice (WT) during a 24-h period of undisturbed conditions and during 18 h following a 6-h period of sleep deprivation. Compared with WT mice, PEPCK mice displayed less sleep, particularly during the late light phase, and this was accompanied by decreases in slow wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Following sleep deprivation PEPCK mice primarily recovered REM sleep rather than SWS. GFAP mice showed a slight decrease in REM sleep in combination with a profound and persistent increase in EEG theta activity. In conclusion, peripheral and central nervous IL-6 trans-signaling differentially influences brain activity. Peripheral IL-6 trans-signaling appears to more profoundly contribute to sleep regulation, mainly by supporting SWS.
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Agarwal BB, Nanavati JD, Agarwal N, Sharma N, Agarwal KA, Manish K, Saluja S, Agarwal S. Biomolecular inflammatory response to surgical energy usage in laparoscopic surgery: results of a randomized study. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:1733-41. [PMID: 26194253 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Use of surgical energy is integral to laparoscopic surgery (LS). Energized dissection (ED) has a potential to impact the biomolecular expression of inflammation due to ED-induced collateral inflammation. We did this triple-blind randomized controlled (RCT) study to assess this biomolecular footprint in an index LS, i.e., laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). METHODS AND PROCEDURES This RCT was conducted in collaboration with tertiary-level institutions, from January 2014 to December 2014 with institutional review board clearance. Consecutive, unselected, consenting candidates for LC were randomized (after anesthesia induction) into group I (ED) and group II (non-ED). They were managed with compliance to universal protocols for ethics, informed consent, anesthesia, drug usage and clinical pathway with blinded observers. Biomolecular inflammatory markers, i.e., interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and highly sensitive CRP (HS-CRP), were measured with blood drawn juxta-preoperatively (H0), at 4 h (H4) and at 24 h (H24). The quantitative changes induced by ED on IL-6, TNF-α and HS-CRP at H0, H4 and H24 with their kinetic behavior were the study endpoint. Prospective data were analyzed statistically with a p value of <0.05 being significant. RESULTS Two cases from the ED group had biliary injury and hence were withdrawn from analysis. The ED (n = 49) and non-ED (n = 51) groups had similar demographic, clinical and H0 biomolecular variables. There was a significant increase in IL-6, TNF-α and HS-CRP from H0 to H4 in both the groups (p values <0.001). From H4 to H24, all three cytokines showed significant increase in ED group (p < 0.05), whereas in the non-ED group, IL-6 showed significant fall (p = 0.004) and TNF-α showed no significant change (p = 0.063). Both the groups showed H4-H24 elevation of HS-CRP (p = 0.000). CONCLUSION Energized dissection adds to the cytokine-mediated postoperative inflammation. The additional ED-induced inflammation can be measured objectively by IL-6 and TNF-α levels. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRY Clinical Trials Registry, India (REF/2014/06/007153).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij B Agarwal
- Department of General and Laparoscopic Surgery, Ganga Ram Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GRIPMER), New Delhi, India.
| | - Juhil D Nanavati
- Department of General and Laparoscopic Surgery, Ganga Ram Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GRIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Nayan Agarwal
- University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Naveen Sharma
- University College of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Kumar Manish
- Department of General and Laparoscopic Surgery, Ganga Ram Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GRIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Satish Saluja
- Department of Academics, Ganga Ram Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GRIPMER), New Delhi, India
| | - Sneh Agarwal
- Department of Anatomy, Lady Hardinge Medical College, New Delhi, India
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38
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Weinberger JF, Raison CL, Rye DB, Montague AR, Woolwine BJ, Felger JC, Haroon E, Miller AH. Inhibition of tumor necrosis factor improves sleep continuity in patients with treatment resistant depression and high inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 47:193-200. [PMID: 25529904 PMCID: PMC4468009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in depressed patients with increased inflammation has been associated with decreased depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, the impact of TNF blockade on sleep in depressed patients has not been examined. Accordingly, sleep parameters were measured using polysomnography in 36 patients with treatment resistant major depression at baseline and 2weeks after 3 infusions (week 8) of either the TNF antagonist infliximab (n=19) or placebo (n=17). Markers of inflammation including c-reactive protein (CRP) and TNF and its soluble receptors were also assessed along with depression measured by the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. No differences in sleep parameters were found as a function of infliximab treatment over time. Nevertheless, wake after sleep onset (WASO), the spontaneous arousal index and sleep period time significantly decreased, and sleep efficiency significantly increased, from baseline to week 8 in infliximab-treated patients with high (CRP>5mg/L) (n=9) versus low inflammation (CRP⩽5mg/L) (n=10), controlling for changes in scores of depression. Stage 2 sleep also significantly decreased in infliximab-treated patients with high versus low inflammation. Decreases in soluble TNF receptor 1 (sTNFR1) significantly correlated with decreases in WASO and increases in sleep efficiency in infliximab-treated subjects with high inflammation. Placebo-treated subjects exhibited no sleep changes as a function of inflammation, and no correlations between inflammatory markers and sleep parameters in placebo-treated patients were found. These data suggest that inhibition of inflammation may be a viable strategy to improve sleep alterations in patients with depression and other disorders associated with increased inflammation.
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Feld GB, Diekelmann S. Sleep smart-optimizing sleep for declarative learning and memory. Front Psychol 2015; 6:622. [PMID: 26029150 PMCID: PMC4428077 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed a spurt of new publications documenting sleep's essential contribution to the brains ability to form lasting memories. For the declarative memory domain, slow wave sleep (the deepest sleep stage) has the greatest beneficial effect on the consolidation of memories acquired during preceding wakefulness. The finding that newly encoded memories become reactivated during subsequent sleep fostered the idea that reactivation leads to the strengthening and transformation of the memory trace. According to the active system consolidation account, trace reactivation leads to the redistribution of the transient memory representations from the hippocampus to the long-lasting knowledge networks of the cortex. Apart from consolidating previously learned information, sleep also facilitates the encoding of new memories after sleep, which probably relies on the renormalization of synaptic weights during sleep as suggested by the synaptic homeostasis theory. During wakefulness overshooting potentiation causes an imbalance in synaptic weights that is countered by synaptic downscaling during subsequent sleep. This review briefly introduces the basic concepts and central findings of the research on sleep and memory, and discusses implications of this lab-based work for everyday applications to make the best possible use of sleep's beneficial effect on learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon B Feld
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Gruol DL. IL-6 regulation of synaptic function in the CNS. Neuropharmacology 2014; 96:42-54. [PMID: 25445486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence supports a role for glial-produced neuroimmune factors, including the cytokine IL-6, in CNS physiology and pathology. CNS expression of IL-6 has been documented in the normal CNS at low levels and at elevated levels in several neurodegenerative or psychiatric disease states as well as in CNS infection and injury. The altered CNS function associated with these conditions raises the possibility that IL-6 has neuronal or synaptic actions. Studies in in vitro and in vivo models confirmed this possibility and showed that IL-6 can regulate a number of important neuronal and synaptic functions including synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity, an important cellular mechanism of memory and learning. Behavioral studies in animal models provided further evidence of an important role for IL-6 as a regulator of CNS pathways that are critical to cognitive function. This review summarizes studies that have lead to our current state of knowledge. In spite of the progress that has been made, there is a need for a greater understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological actions of IL-6 in the CNS, the mechanisms underlying these actions, conditions that induce production of IL-6 in the CNS and therapeutic strategies that could ameliorate or promote IL-6 actions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuroimmunology and Synaptic Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Gruol
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Department, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Sleep is essential for effective cognitive functioning. Loosing even a few hours of sleep can have detrimental effects on a wide variety of cognitive processes such as attention, language, reasoning, decision making, learning and memory. While sleep is necessary to ensure normal healthy cognitive functioning, it can also enhance performance beyond the boundaries of the normal condition. This article discusses the enhancing potential of sleep, mainly focusing on the domain of learning and memory. Sleep is known to facilitate the consolidation of memories learned before sleep as well as the acquisition of new memories to be learned after sleep. According to a widely held model this beneficial effect of sleep relies on the neuronal reactivation of memories during sleep that is associated with sleep-specific brain oscillations (slow oscillations, spindles, ripples) as well as a characteristic neurotransmitter milieu. Recent research indicates that memory processing during sleep can be boosted by (i) cueing memory reactivation during sleep; (ii) stimulating sleep-specific brain oscillations; and (iii) targeting specific neurotransmitter systems pharmacologically. Olfactory and auditory cues can be used, for example, to increase reactivation of associated memories during post-learning sleep. Intensifying neocortical slow oscillations (the hallmark of slow wave sleep (SWS)) by electrical or auditory stimulation and modulating specific neurotransmitters such as noradrenaline and glutamate likewise facilitates memory processing during sleep. With this evidence in mind, this article concludes by discussing different methodological caveats and ethical issues that should be considered when thinking about using sleep for cognitive enhancement in everyday applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
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42
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Menz M, Rihm J, Salari N, Born J, Kalisch R, Pape H, Marshall L, Büchel C. The role of sleep and sleep deprivation in consolidating fear memories. Neuroimage 2013; 75:87-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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43
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Braun O, Dewitz C, Möller-Hackbarth K, Scheller J, Schiffelholz T, Baier PC, Rose-John S. Effects of Blockade of Peripheral Interleukin-6 Trans-Signaling on Hippocampus-Dependent and Independent Memory in Mice. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:254-60. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Braun
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christin Dewitz
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-II, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Schiffelholz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Christian Baier
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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44
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Abstract
Mental processes and their neural substrates are intimately linked to the homeostatic control of internal bodily state. There are a set of distinct interoceptive pathways that directly and indirectly influence brain functions. The anatomical organization of these pathways and the psychological/behavioral expressions of their influence appear along discrete, evolutionarily conserved dimensions that are tractable to a mechanistic understanding. Here, we review the role of these pathways as sources of biases to perception, cognition, emotion, and behavior and arguably the dynamic basis to the concept of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo D Critchley
- Psychiatry, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton BN1 9RR, UK.
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45
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Durrant SJ, Cairney SA, Lewis PA. Overnight consolidation aids the transfer of statistical knowledge from the medial temporal lobe to the striatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2467-78. [PMID: 22879350 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is important for abstraction of the underlying principles (or gist) which bind together conceptually related stimuli, but little is known about the neural correlates of this process. Here, we investigate this issue using overnight sleep monitoring and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants were exposed to a statistically structured sequence of auditory tones then tested immediately for recognition of short sequences which conformed to the learned statistical pattern. Subsequently, after consolidation over either 30 min or 24h, they performed a delayed test session in which brain activity was monitored with fMRI. Behaviorally, there was greater improvement across 24h than across 30 min, and this was predicted by the amount of slow wave sleep (SWS) obtained. Functionally, we observed weaker parahippocampal responses and stronger striatal responses after sleep. Like the behavioral result, these differences in functional response were predicted by the amount of SWS obtained. Furthermore, connectivity between striatum and parahippocampus was weaker after sleep, whereas connectivity between putamen and planum temporale was stronger. Taken together, these findings suggest that abstraction is associated with a gradual shift from the hippocampal to the striatal memory system and that this may be mediated by SWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Durrant
- School of Psychology, Bridge House, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK and
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46
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Besedovsky L, Lange T, Born J. Sleep and immune function. Pflugers Arch 2011; 463:121-37. [PMID: 22071480 PMCID: PMC3256323 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-011-1044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep and the circadian system exert a strong regulatory influence on immune functions. Investigations of the normal sleep–wake cycle showed that immune parameters like numbers of undifferentiated naïve T cells and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines exhibit peaks during early nocturnal sleep whereas circulating numbers of immune cells with immediate effector functions, like cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cytokine activity peak during daytime wakefulness. Although it is difficult to entirely dissect the influence of sleep from that of the circadian rhythm, comparisons of the effects of nocturnal sleep with those of 24-h periods of wakefulness suggest that sleep facilitates the extravasation of T cells and their possible redistribution to lymph nodes. Moreover, such studies revealed a selectively enhancing influence of sleep on cytokines promoting the interaction between antigen presenting cells and T helper cells, like interleukin-12. Sleep on the night after experimental vaccinations against hepatitis A produced a strong and persistent increase in the number of antigen-specific Th cells and antibody titres. Together these findings indicate a specific role of sleep in the formation of immunological memory. This role appears to be associated in particular with the stage of slow wave sleep and the accompanying pro-inflammatory endocrine milieu that is hallmarked by high growth hormone and prolactin levels and low cortisol and catecholamine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Besedovsky
- Department of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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47
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Park HJ, Suh HG, Kim JH, Jang AR, Jung HJ, Lee SD, Ha WT, Lee R, Kim JH, Kim SH, Sung SH, Moon SH, Kim BK, Song H. Immune Modulation Effect of Pig Placenta Extracts in a Mouse Model: Putative Use as a Functional Food Supplement. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2011. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.5.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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48
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A role for central nervous growth hormone-releasing hormone signaling in the consolidation of declarative memories. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23435. [PMID: 21850272 PMCID: PMC3151301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contributions of somatotropic hormonal activity to memory functions in humans, which are suggested by clinical observations, have not been systematically examined. With previous experiments precluding a direct effect of systemic growth hormone (GH) on acute memory formation, we assessed the role of central nervous somatotropic signaling in declarative memory consolidation. We examined the effect of intranasally administered growth hormone releasing-hormone (GHRH; 600 µg) that has direct access to the brain and suppresses endogenous GHRH via an ultra-short negative feedback loop. Twelve healthy young men learned word-pair associates at 2030 h and were administered GHRH and placebo, respectively, at 2100 h. Retrieval was tested after 11 hours of wakefulness. Compared to placebo, intranasal GHRH blunted GH release within 3 hours after substance administration and reduced the number of correctly recalled word-pairs by ∼12% (both P<0.05). The impairment of declarative memory consolidation was directly correlated to diminished GH concentrations (P<0.05). Procedural memory consolidation as examined by the parallel assessment of finger sequence tapping performance was not affected by GHRH administration. Our findings indicate that intranasal GHRH, by counteracting endogenous GHRH release, impairs hippocampal memory processing. They provide first evidence for a critical contribution of central nervous somatotropic activity to hippocampus-dependent memory consolidation.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The results of several studies have shown that achieving satisfactory glucoregulation results in a significant reduction in the incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications, and cardiovascular mortality. However, the risk of the development of cardiovascular diseases is markedly increased in the presence of dyslipoproteinemia. Research has shown that hyperglycemia not only causes apoptosis of β-cells in the islets of Langerhans (glucotoxicity) but also determines the degree of accumulation of oxidized LDLs. On the other hand, dyslipoproteinemia itself has a toxic effect on β-cells, but only in the presence of increased blood glucose levels, thus increasing the risk of the development of cardiovascular diseases exponentially. As diabetes and the lipid metabolism disorder can be neither scrutinized nor treated separately, the authors query whether 'diabetes lipidus' would be a more appropriate term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Muačević-Katanec
- Division for Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb and School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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50
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Lewis PA, Cairney S, Manning L, Critchley HD. The impact of overnight consolidation upon memory for emotional and neutral encoding contexts. Neuropsychologia 2011; 49:2619-29. [PMID: 21621549 PMCID: PMC7614373 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sleep plays a role in the consolidation of declarative memories. Although this influence has attracted much attention at the level of behavioural performance, few reports have searched for neural correlates. Here, we studied the impact of sleep upon memory for the context in which stimuli were learned at both behavioural and neural levels. Participants retrieved the association between a presented foreground object and its encoding context following a 12-h retention interval including either wake only or wake plus a night of sleep. Since sleep has been shown to selectively enhance some forms of emotional memory, we examined both neutral and emotionally valenced contexts. Behaviourally, less forgetting was observed across retention intervals containing sleep than retention intervals containing only wakefulness, and this benefit was accompanied by stronger responses in hippocampus and superior parietal cortex. This sleep-related reduction in forgetting did not differ between neutral and negative contexts, but there was a clear interaction between sleep and context valence at the functional level, with left amygdala, right parahippocampus, and other components of the episodic memory system all responding more strongly during correct memory for emotional contexts post-sleep. Connectivity between right parahippocampus and bilateral amygdala/periamygdala was also enhanced during correct post-sleep attribution of emotional contexts. Because there was no interaction between sleep and valence in terms of context memory performance these functional results may be associated with memory for details about the emotional encoding context rather than for the link between that context and the foreground object. Overall, our data show that while context memory decays less across sleep than across an equivalent period of wake, the sleep-related protection of such associations is not influenced by context emotionality in the same way as direct recollection of emotional information.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Lewis
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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