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Shibasaki I, Otani N, Ouchi M, Fukuda T, Matsuoka T, Hirota S, Yokoyama S, Kanazawa Y, Kato T, Shimizu R, Tezuka M, Takei Y, Tsuchiya G, Saito S, Konishi T, Ogata K, Toyoda S, Fukuda H, Nakajima T. Utility of growth differentiation factor-15 as a predictor of cardiovascular surgery outcomes: Current research and future directions. J Cardiol 2024; 83:211-218. [PMID: 37648079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
In a world increasingly confronted by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and an aging population, accurate risk assessment prior to cardiac surgery is critical. Although effective, traditional risk calculators such as the Japan SCORE, Society of Thoracic Surgeons score, and EuroSCORE II may not completely capture contemporary risks, particularly due to emerging factors such as frailty and sarcopenia. These calculators often focus on regional and ethnic specificity and rely heavily on evaluations based on age and underlying diseases. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine that has been identified as a potential biomarker for sarcopenia and a tool for future cardiac risk assessment. Preoperative plasma GDF-15 levels have been associated with preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors and short- and long-term mortality rates in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Increased plasma GDF-15 levels have prognostic significance, having been correlated with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery, amount of bleeding, postoperative acute kidney injury, and intensive care unit stay duration. Notably, the inclusion of preoperative levels of GDF-15 in risk stratification models enhances their predictive value, especially when compared with those of the N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide, which does not lead to reclassification. Thus, this review examines traditional risk assessments for cardiac surgery and the role of the novel biomarker GDF-15. This study acknowledges that the relationship between patient outcomes and elevated GDF-15 levels is not limited to CVDs or cardiac surgery but can be associated with variable diseases, including diabetes and cancer. Moreover, the normal range of GDF-15 is not well defined. Given its promise for improving patient care and outcomes in cardiovascular surgery, future research should explore the potential of GDF-15 as a biomarker for postoperative outcomes and target therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuko Shibasaki
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Otani
- Department of Cardiology, Dokkyo Medical University, Nikko Medical Center, Nikko, Japan
| | - Motoshi Ouchi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan; Department of Health Promotion in Nursing and Midwifery, Innovative Nursing for Life Course, Chiba University Graduate School of Nursing, Chiba, Japan
| | - Taira Fukuda
- Department of Liberal Arts and Human Development, Kanagawa University of Human Services, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Taiki Matsuoka
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shotaro Hirota
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shohei Yokoyama
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Yuta Kanazawa
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Riha Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Maebashi Red Cross Hospital, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tezuka
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Takei
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Go Tsuchiya
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Saito
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Konishi
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Koji Ogata
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Shigeru Toyoda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Fukuda
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nakajima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
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Kang J, Benjamin DI, Kim S, Salvi JS, Dhaliwal G, Lam R, Goshayeshi A, Brett JO, Liu L, Rando TA. Depletion of SAM leading to loss of heterochromatin drives muscle stem cell ageing. Nat Metab 2024; 6:153-168. [PMID: 38243132 PMCID: PMC10976122 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The global loss of heterochromatin during ageing has been observed in eukaryotes from yeast to humans, and this has been proposed as one of the causes of ageing. However, the cause of this age-associated loss of heterochromatin has remained enigmatic. Here we show that heterochromatin markers, including histone H3K9 di/tri-methylation and HP1, decrease with age in muscle stem cells (MuSCs) as a consequence of the depletion of the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). We find that restoration of intracellular SAM in aged MuSCs restores heterochromatin content to youthful levels and rejuvenates age-associated features, including DNA damage accumulation, increased cell death, and defective muscle regeneration. SAM is not only a methyl group donor for transmethylation, but it is also an aminopropyl donor for polyamine synthesis. Excessive consumption of SAM in polyamine synthesis may reduce its availability for transmethylation. Consistent with this premise, we observe that perturbation of increased polyamine synthesis by inhibiting spermidine synthase restores intracellular SAM content and heterochromatin formation, leading to improvements in aged MuSC function and regenerative capacity in male and female mice. Together, our studies demonstrate a direct causal link between polyamine metabolism and epigenetic dysregulation during murine MuSC ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jengmin Kang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel I Benjamin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soochi Kim
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jayesh S Salvi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gurkamal Dhaliwal
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard Lam
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Armon Goshayeshi
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jamie O Brett
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Neurology Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Healthcare System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology and Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Ruparelia AA, Salavaty A, Barlow CK, Lu Y, Sonntag C, Hersey L, Eramo MJ, Krug J, Reuter H, Schittenhelm RB, Ramialison M, Cox A, Ryan MT, Creek DJ, Englert C, Currie PD. The African killifish: A short-lived vertebrate model to study the biology of sarcopenia and longevity. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e13862. [PMID: 37183563 PMCID: PMC10776123 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia, the age-related decline in muscle function, places a considerable burden on health-care systems. While the stereotypic hallmarks of sarcopenia are well characterized, their contribution to muscle wasting remains elusive, which is partly due to the limited availability of animal models. Here, we have performed cellular and molecular characterization of skeletal muscle from the African killifish-an extremely short-lived vertebrate-revealing that while many characteristics deteriorate with increasing age, supporting the use of killifish as a model for sarcopenia research, some features surprisingly reverse to an "early-life" state in the extremely old stages. This suggests that in extremely old animals, there may be mechanisms that prevent further deterioration of skeletal muscle, contributing to an extension of life span. In line with this, we report a reduction in mortality rates in extremely old killifish. To identify mechanisms for this phenomenon, we used a systems metabolomics approach, which revealed that during aging there is a striking depletion of triglycerides, mimicking a state of calorie restriction. This results in the activation of mitohormesis, increasing Sirt1 levels, which improves lipid metabolism and maintains nutrient homeostasis in extremely old animals. Pharmacological induction of Sirt1 in aged animals was sufficient to induce a late life-like metabolic profile, supporting its role in life span extension in vertebrate populations that are naturally long-lived. Collectively, our results demonstrate that killifish are not only a novel model to study the biological processes that govern sarcopenia, but they also provide a unique vertebrate system to dissect the regulation of longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnika A. Ruparelia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health SciencesUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Adrian Salavaty
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Christopher K. Barlow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics FacilityMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Yansong Lu
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Carmen Sonntag
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Lucy Hersey
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Eramo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Johannes Krug
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Hanna Reuter
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
| | - Ralf B. Schittenhelm
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics FacilityMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Systems Biology Institute Australia, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Andrew Cox
- Peter MacCallum Cancer CentreMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologyThe University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Michael T. Ryan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics FacilityMonash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and DynamicsMonash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash UniversityParkvilleAustralia
| | - Christoph Englert
- Leibniz Institute on Aging—Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI)JenaGermany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich‐Schiller‐University JenaJenaGermany
| | - Peter D. Currie
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash UniversityClaytonAustralia
- EMBL Australia, Victorian NodeMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
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Igual Gil C, Löser A, Lossow K, Schwarz M, Weber D, Grune T, Kipp AP, Klaus S, Ost M. Temporal dynamics of muscle mitochondrial uncoupling-induced integrated stress response and ferroptosis defense. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1277866. [PMID: 37941910 PMCID: PMC10627798 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1277866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play multifaceted roles in cellular function, and impairments across domains of mitochondrial biology are known to promote cellular integrated stress response (ISR) pathways as well as systemic metabolic adaptations. However, the temporal dynamics of specific mitochondrial ISR related to physiological variations in tissue-specific energy demands remains unknown. Here, we conducted a comprehensive 24-hour muscle and plasma profiling of male and female mice with ectopic mitochondrial respiratory uncoupling in skeletal muscle (mUcp1-transgenic, TG). TG mice are characterized by increased muscle ISR, elevated oxidative stress defense, and increased secretion of FGF21 and GDF15 as ISR-induced myokines. We observed a temporal signature of both cell-autonomous and systemic ISR in the context of endocrine myokine signaling and cellular redox balance, but not of ferroptotic signature which was also increased in TG muscle. We show a progressive increase of muscle ISR on transcriptional level during the active phase (night time), with a subsequent peak in circulating FGF21 and GDF15 in the early resting phase. Moreover, we found highest levels of muscle oxidative defense (GPX and NQO1 activity) between the late active to early resting phase, which could aim to counteract excessive iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis in muscle of TG mice. These findings highlight the temporal dynamics of cell-autonomous and endocrine ISR signaling under skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling, emphasizing the importance of considering such dissociation in translational strategies and sample collection for diagnostic biomarker analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Igual Gil
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alina Löser
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Kristina Lossow
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Maria Schwarz
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Daniela Weber
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Anna P. Kipp
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- TraceAge-Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam-Berlin-Jena-Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mario Ost
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Neuropathology, University Clinic Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Deidda M, Noto A, Firinu D, Piras C, Cordeddu W, Depau C, Costanzo G, Del Giacco S, Atzori L, Mercuro G, Cadeddu Dessalvi C. Right Ventricular Subclinical Dysfunction in SLE Patients Correlates with Metabolomic Fingerprint and Organ Damage. Metabolites 2023; 13:781. [PMID: 37512488 PMCID: PMC10385835 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and several studies have suggested possible early RV involvement. Aim of the study was to evaluate the 3D echo parameters of the right ventricle (RV) and the metabolomic profile to correlate both with SLE severity. Forty SLE patients, free of cardiovascular disease, were enrolled and the following 3D parameters were evaluated: the RV ejection fraction (RV-EF), longitudinal strain of the interventricular septum (Septal LS), longitudinal strain of the free wall (Free-LS) and the fractional area change (FAC). In addition, a metabolomic analysis was performed. Direct correlations were observed between TAPSE values and the RV 3D parameters. Then, when splitting the population according to the SDI value, it was found that patients with higher cumulative damage (≥3) had significantly lower FAC, RV-EF, Septal LS, and Free-LS values; the latter three parameters showed a significant correlation with the metabolic profile of the patients. Furthermore, the division based on SDI values identified different metabolic profiles related to the degree of RV dysfunction. The RV dysfunction induced by the chronic inflammatory state present in SLE can be identified early by 3D echocardiography. Its severity seems to be related to systemic organ damage and the results associated with a specific metabolic fingerprint constituted by 2,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, citric acid, glucose, glutamine, glycine, linoleic acid, oleic acid, phosphate, urea, and valine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martino Deidda
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Noto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Davide Firinu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Cristina Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - William Cordeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Claudia Depau
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giulia Costanzo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Stefano Del Giacco
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Atzori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mercuro
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Masania J, Wijten P, Keipert S, Ost M, Klaus S, Rabbani N, Thornalley PJ. Decreased methylglyoxal-mediated protein glycation in the healthy aging mouse model of ectopic expression of UCP1 in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2022; 59:102574. [PMID: 36521306 PMCID: PMC9772855 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with ectopic expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) in skeletal muscle exhibit a healthy aging phenotype with increased longevity and resistance to impaired metabolic health. This may be achieved by decreasing protein glycation by the reactive metabolite, methylglyoxal (MG). We investigated protein glycation and oxidative damage in skeletal muscle of mice with UCP1 expression under control of the human skeletal actin promoter (HSA-mUCP1) at age 12 weeks (young) and 70 weeks (aged). We found both young and aged HSA-mUCP1 mice had decreased advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) formed from MG, lysine-derived Nε(1-carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) and arginine-derived hydroimidazolone, MG-H1, whereas protein glycation by glucose forming Nε-fructosyl-lysine (FL) was increased ca. 2-fold, compared to wildtype controls. There were related increases in FL-linked AGEs, Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and 3-deoxylglucosone-derived hydroimidazolone 3DG-H, and minor changes in protein oxidative and nitration adducts. In aged HSA-mUCP1 mice, urinary MG-derived AGEs/FL ratio was decreased ca. 60% whereas there was no change in CML/FL ratio - a marker of oxidative damage. This suggests that, normalized for glycemic status, aged HSA-mUCP1 mice had a lower flux of whole body MG-derived AGE exposure compared to wildtype controls. Proteomics analysis of skeletal muscle revealed a shift to increased heat shock proteins and mechanoprotection and repair in HSA-mUCP1 mice. Decreased MG-derived AGE protein content in skeletal muscle of aged HSA-mUCP1 mice is therefore likely produced by increased proteolysis of MG-modified proteins and increased proteostasis surveillance of the skeletal muscle proteome. From this and previous transcriptomic studies, signaling involved in enhanced removal of MG-modified protein is likely increased HSPB1-directed HUWE1 ubiquitination through eIF2α-mediated, ATF5-induced increased expression of HSPB1. Decreased whole body exposure to MG-derived AGEs may be linked to increased weight specific physical activity of HSA-mUCP1 mice. Decreased formation and increased clearance of MG-derived AGEs may be associated with healthy aging in the HSA-mUCP1 mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinit Masania
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
| | - Patrick Wijten
- Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mario Ost
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany,University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutrition Science, Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Naila Rabbani
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Paul J. Thornalley
- Clinical Sciences Research Laboratories, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, University Hospital, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK,Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar,Corresponding author. Diabetes Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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7
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Koju N, Qin ZH, Sheng R. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate in redox balance and diseases: a friend or foe? Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:1889-1904. [PMID: 35017669 PMCID: PMC9343382 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+/NADH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+/NADPH) redox couples function as cofactors or/and substrates for numerous enzymes to retain cellular redox balance and energy metabolism. Thus, maintaining cellular NADH and NADPH balance is critical for sustaining cellular homeostasis. The sources of NADPH generation might determine its biological effects. Newly-recognized biosynthetic enzymes and genetically encoded biosensors help us better understand how cells maintain biosynthesis and distribution of compartmentalized NAD(H) and NADP(H) pools. It is essential but challenging to distinguish how cells sustain redox couple pools to perform their integral functions and escape redox stress. However, it is still obscure whether NADPH is detrimental or beneficial as either deficiency or excess in cellular NADPH levels disturbs cellular redox state and metabolic homeostasis leading to redox stress, energy stress, and eventually, to the disease state. Additional study of the pathways and regulatory mechanisms of NADPH generation in different compartments, and the means by which NADPH plays a role in various diseases, will provide innovative insights into its roles in human health and may find a value of NADPH for the treatment of certain diseases including aging, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cardiovascular diseases, ischemic stroke, diabetes, obesity, cancer, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Koju
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Zheng-hong Qin
- grid.263761.70000 0001 0198 0694Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Rui Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Aging and Nervous Diseases, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Lanznaster D, Bruno C, Bourgeais J, Emond P, Zemmoura I, Lefèvre A, Reynier P, Eymieux S, Blanchard E, Vourc’h P, Andres CR, Bakkouche SE, Herault O, Favard L, Corcia P, Blasco H. Metabolic Profile and Pathological Alterations in the Muscle of Patients with Early-Stage Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061307. [PMID: 35740329 PMCID: PMC9220134 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse biomarkers and pathological alterations have been found in muscle of patients with Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the relation between such alterations and dysfunction in energetic metabolism remains to be investigated. We established the metabolome of muscle and serum of ALS patients and correlated these findings with the clinical status and pathological alterations observed in the muscle. We obtained data from 20 controls and 17 ALS patients (disease duration: 9.4 ± 6.8 months). Multivariate metabolomics analysis identified a distinct serum metabolome for ALS compared to controls (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.035) and revealed an excellent discriminant profile for muscle metabolome (p-CV-ANOVA < 0.0012). Citramalate was discriminant for both muscle and serum. High lauroylcarnitine levels in muscle were associated with low Forced Vital Capacity. Transcriptomics analysis of key antioxidant enzymes showed an upregulation of SOD3 (p = 0.0017) and GLRX2(1) (p = 0.0022) in ALS muscle. Analysis of mitochondrial enzymatic activity in muscle revealed higher complex II/CS (p = 0.04) and lower LDH (p = 0.03) activity in ALS than in controls. Our study showed, for the first time, a global dysfunction in the muscle of early-stage ALS patients. Furthermore, we identified novel metabolites to be employed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ALS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Lanznaster
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Clément Bruno
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Jérôme Bourgeais
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Ilyess Zemmoura
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurochirurgie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Antoine Lefèvre
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
| | - Pascal Reynier
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU d’Angers, 49000 Angers, France;
- Mitovasc-Mitolab, UMR CNRS6015-INSERM1083, 49000 Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Eymieux
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Blanchard
- Plateforme IBiSA de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Tours et CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (S.E.); (E.B.)
- INSERM U1259, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc’h
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | - Christian R. Andres
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
| | | | - Olivier Herault
- CNRS ERL7001, EA 7501 GICC, Université de Tours, 37000 Tours, France; (J.B.); (O.H.)
| | - Luc Favard
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Philippe Corcia
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Neurologie, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France;
| | - Hélène Blasco
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, 37000 Tours, France; (C.B.); (P.E.); (I.Z.); (A.L.); (P.V.); (C.R.A.); (P.C.); (H.B.)
- Service de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, CHU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France
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9
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Sabaratnam R, Wojtaszewski JFP, Højlund K. Factors mediating exercise-induced organ crosstalk. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13766. [PMID: 34981891 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise activates a plethora of metabolic and signalling pathways in skeletal muscle and other organs causing numerous systemic beneficial metabolic effects. Thus, regular exercise may ameliorate and prevent the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. Skeletal muscle is recognized as an important endocrine organ regulating systemic adaptations to exercise. Skeletal muscle may mediate crosstalk with other organs through the release of exercise-induced cytokines, peptides and proteins, termed myokines, into the circulation. Importantly, other tissues such as the liver and adipose tissue may also release cytokines and peptides in response to exercise. Hence, exercise-released molecules are collectively called exerkines. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs), in the form of exosomes or microvesicles, may carry some of the signals involved in tissue crosstalk. This review focuses on the role of factors potentially mediating crosstalk between muscle and other tissues in response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugivan Sabaratnam
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
| | - Jørgen F. P. Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense Odense University Hospital Odense C Denmark
- Section of Molecular Diabetes & Metabolism, Department of Clinical Research & Department of Molecular Medicine University of Southern Denmark Odense C Denmark
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10
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Wang X, Middleton FA, Tawil R, Chen XJ. Cytosolic adaptation to mitochondria-induced proteostatic stress causes progressive muscle wasting. iScience 2022; 25:103715. [PMID: 35072007 PMCID: PMC8762400 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes muscle wasting in many diseases and probably also during aging. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We generated transgenic mice with unbalanced mitochondrial protein loading and import, by moderately overexpressing the nuclear-encoded adenine nucleotide translocase, Ant1. We found that these mice progressively lose skeletal muscle. Ant1-overloading reduces mitochondrial respiration. Interestingly, it also induces small heat shock proteins and aggresome-like structures in the cytosol, suggesting increased proteostatic burden due to accumulation of unimported mitochondrial preproteins. The transcriptome of Ant1-transgenic muscles is drastically remodeled to counteract proteostatic stress, by repressing protein synthesis and promoting proteasomal function, autophagy, and lysosomal amplification. These proteostatic adaptations collectively reduce protein content thereby reducing myofiber size and muscle mass. Thus, muscle wasting can occur as a trade-off of adaptation to mitochondria-induced proteostatic stress. This finding could have implications for understanding the mechanism of muscle wasting, especially in diseases associated with Ant1 overexpression, including facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Frank A. Middleton
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rabi Tawil
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Xin Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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11
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The Role of GDF15 as a Myomitokine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112990. [PMID: 34831213 PMCID: PMC8616340 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a cytokine best known for affecting systemic energy metabolism through its anorectic action. GDF15 expression and secretion from various organs and tissues is induced in different physiological and pathophysiological states, often linked to mitochondrial stress, leading to highly variable circulating GDF15 levels. In skeletal muscle and the heart, the basal expression of GDF15 is very low compared to other organs, but GDF15 expression and secretion can be induced in various stress conditions, such as intense exercise and acute myocardial infarction, respectively. GDF15 is thus considered as a myokine and cardiokine. GFRAL, the exclusive receptor for GDF15, is expressed in hindbrain neurons and activation of the GDF15–GFRAL pathway is linked to an increased sympathetic outflow and possibly an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) stress axis. There is also evidence for peripheral, direct effects of GDF15 on adipose tissue lipolysis and possible autocrine cardiac effects. Metabolic and behavioral outcomes of GDF15 signaling can be beneficial or detrimental, likely depending on the magnitude and duration of the GDF15 signal. This is especially apparent for GDF15 production in muscle, which can be induced both by exercise and by muscle disease states such as sarcopenia and mitochondrial myopathy.
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12
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Pan R, Chen Y. Management of Oxidative Stress: Crosstalk Between Brown/Beige Adipose Tissues and Skeletal Muscles. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712372. [PMID: 34603076 PMCID: PMC8481590 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise plays an important role in the physiology, often depending on its intensity, duration, and frequency. It increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Meanwhile, it also increases antioxidant enzymes involved in the oxidative damage defense. Prolonged, acute, or strenuous exercise often leads to an increased radical production and a subsequent oxidative stress in the skeletal muscles, while chronic regular or moderate exercise results in a decrease in oxidative stress. Notably, under pathological state, such as obesity, aging, etc., ROS levels could be elevated in humans, which could be attenuated by proper exercise. Significantly, exercise stimulates the development of beige adipose tissue and potentially influence the function of brown adipose tissue (BAT), which is known to be conducive to a metabolic balance through non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) and may protect from oxidative stress. Exercise-related balance of the ROS levels is associated with a healthy metabolism in humans. In this review, we summarize the integrated effects of exercise on oxidative metabolism, and especially focus on the role of brown and beige adipose tissues in this process, providing more evidence and knowledge for a better management of exercise-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Wuhan, China
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13
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Piochi LF, Machado IF, Palmeira CM, Rolo AP. Sestrin2 and mitochondrial quality control: Potential impact in myogenic differentiation. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101309. [PMID: 33626408 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles capable of adapting their network, morphology, and function, playing a role in oxidative phosphorylation and many cellular processes in most cell types. Skeletal muscle is a very plastic tissue, subjected to many morphological changes following diverse stimuli, such as during myogenic differentiation and regenerative myogenesis. For some time now, mitochondria have been reported to be involved in myogenesis by promoting a bioenergetic remodeling and assisting myoblasts in surviving the process. However, not much is known about the interplay between mitochondrial quality control and myogenic differentiation. Sestrin2 (SESN2) is a well described regulator of autophagy and antioxidant responses and has been gaining attention due to its role in aging-associated pathologies and redox signaling promoted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in many tissues. Current evidence involving SESN2-associated pathways suggest that it can act as a potential regulator of mitochondrial quality control following induction by ROS under stress conditions, such as during myogenesis. Yet, there are no studies directly assessing SESN2 involvement in myogenic differentiation. This review provides novel insights pertaining the involvement of SESN2 in myogenic differentiation by analyzing the interactions between ROS and mitochondrial remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Piochi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ivo F Machado
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos M Palmeira
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Anabela P Rolo
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB, 3004-504, Coimbra, Portugal.
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14
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Pseudo-Starvation Driven Energy Expenditure Negatively Affects Ovarian Follicle Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073557. [PMID: 33808081 PMCID: PMC8036485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, we examined whether a change in whole body energy fluxes could affect ovarian follicular development, employing mice ectopically expressing uncoupling protein 1 in skeletal muscle (UCP1-TG). Female UCP1-TG and wild-type (WT) mice were dissected at the age of 12 weeks. Energy intake and expenditure, activity, body weight and length, and body composition were measured. Plasma insulin, glucose, leptin, plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels were analyzed and ovarian follicle and corpus luteum numbers were counted. IGF1 signaling was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for the activation of insulin receptor substrate 1/2 (IRS1/2) and AKT. UCP1-TG female mice had increased energy expenditure, reduced body size, maintained adiposity, and decreased IGF1 concentrations compared to their WT littermates, while preantral and antral follicle numbers were reduced by 40% and 60%, respectively. Corpora lutea were absent in 40% of the ovaries of UCP1-TG mice. Phospho-IRS1, phospho-AKT -Ser473 and -Thr308 immunostaining was present in the granulosa cells of antral follicles in WT ovaries, but faint to absent in the antral follicles of UCP1-TG mice. In conclusion, the reduction in circulating IGF1 levels due to the ectopic expression of UCP1 is associated with reduced immunostaining of the IRS1-PI3/AKT pathway, which may negatively affect ovarian follicle development and ovulation.
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15
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Mikkola TM, Salonen MK, Kajantie E, Kautiainen H, Eriksson JG. Associations of Fat and Lean Body Mass with Circulating Amino Acids in Older Men and Women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:885-891. [PMID: 31095700 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating amino acids are potential markers of body composition. Previous studies are mainly limited to middle age and focus on either fat or lean mass, thereby ignoring overall body composition. We investigated the associations of fat and lean body mass with circulating amino acids in older men and women. We studied 594 women and 476 men from the Helsinki Birth Cohort Study (age 62-74 years). Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to indicate two main body compartments by fat (fat mass/height2) and lean mass indices (lean mass/height2), dichotomized based on sex-specific medians. Eight serum amino acids were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. General linear models were adjusted for age, smoking, and fasting glucose. Higher lean mass index (LMI) was associated with higher concentrations of branched-chain amino acids in both sexes (p ≤ .001). In men, LMI was also positively associated with tyrosine (p = .006) and inversely with glycine (p < .001). Higher fat mass index was associated with higher concentrations of all branched-chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine), and alanine in both sexes (p ≤ .008). Associations between body composition and amino acids are largely similar in older men and women. The associations are largely similar to those previously observed in younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minna K Salonen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kajantie
- Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Finland.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University for Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannu Kautiainen
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Primary Health Care Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Public Health Promotion Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
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16
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Regulation of diurnal energy balance by mitokines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:3369-3384. [PMID: 33464381 PMCID: PMC7814174 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03748-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian system of energy balance regulation is intrinsically rhythmic with diurnal oscillations of behavioral and metabolic traits according to the 24 h day/night cycle, driven by cellular circadian clocks and synchronized by environmental or internal cues such as metabolites and hormones associated with feeding rhythms. Mitochondria are crucial organelles for cellular energy generation and their biology is largely under the control of the circadian system. Whether mitochondrial status might also feed-back on the circadian system, possibly via mitokines that are induced by mitochondrial stress as endocrine-acting molecules, remains poorly understood. Here, we describe our current understanding of the diurnal regulation of systemic energy balance, with focus on fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), two well-known endocrine-acting metabolic mediators. FGF21 shows a diurnal oscillation and directly affects the output of the brain master clock. Moreover, recent data demonstrated that mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 promotes a day-time restricted anorexia and systemic metabolic remodeling as shown in UCP1-transgenic mice, where both FGF21 and GDF15 are induced as myomitokines. In this mouse model of slightly uncoupled skeletal muscle mitochondria GDF15 proved responsible for an increased metabolic flexibility and a number of beneficial metabolic adaptations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying energy balance regulation by mitokines are just starting to emerge, and more data on diurnal patterns in mouse and man are required. This will open new perspectives into the diurnal nature of mitokines and action both in health and disease.
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17
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Gohel D, Singh R. Mitohormesis; Potential implications in neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrion 2020; 56:40-46. [PMID: 33220499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is known to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), which is a major burden on the society. Therefore, understanding the regulation of mitochondrial dysfunctions and its implication in neurodegeneration has been major goal for exploiting these mechanisms to rescue neuronal death. The crosstalk between mitochondria and nucleus is important for different neuronal functions including axonal branching, energy homeostasis, neuroinflammation and neuronal survival. The decreased mitochondria capacity during progressive neurodegeneration leads to the altered OXPHOS activity and generation of ROS. The ROS levels in narrow physiological range can reprogram nuclear gene expression to enhance the cellular survival by phenomenon called mitohormesis. Here, we have systematically reviewed the existing reports of mitochondrial dysfunctions causing altered ROS levels in NDDs. We further discussed the role of ROS in regulating mitohormesis and emphasized the importance of mitohormesis in neuronal homeostasis. The emerging role of mitohormesis highlights its importance in future studies on intracellular ROS mediated rescue of mitochondrial dysfunction along with other prevailing mechanisms to alleviate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Gohel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Rajesh Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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18
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Ignatenko O, Nikkanen J, Kononov A, Zamboni N, Ince-Dunn G, Suomalainen A. Mitochondrial spongiotic brain disease: astrocytic stress and harmful rapamycin and ketosis effect. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/9/e202000797. [PMID: 32737078 PMCID: PMC7409372 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocyte-specific mtDNA depletion causes spongiotic encephalopathy, aggravated by ketogenic diet or rapamycin. Astrocytes, but not neurons, drive mitochondrial integrated stress response in the CNS. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion syndrome (MDS) is a group of severe, tissue-specific diseases of childhood with unknown pathogenesis. Brain-specific MDS manifests as devastating spongiotic encephalopathy with no curative therapy. Here, we report cell type–specific stress responses and effects of rapamycin treatment and ketogenic diet (KD) in mice with spongiotic encephalopathy mimicking human MDS, as these interventions were reported to improve some mitochondrial disease signs or symptoms. These mice with astrocyte-specific knockout of Twnk gene encoding replicative mtDNA helicase Twinkle (TwKOastro) show wide-spread cell-autonomous astrocyte activation and mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISRmt) induction with major metabolic remodeling of the brain. Mice with neuronal-specific TwKO show no ISRmt. Both KD and rapamycin lead to rapid deterioration and weight loss of TwKOastro and premature trial termination. Although rapamycin had no robust effects on TwKOastro brain pathology, KD exacerbated spongiosis, gliosis, and ISRmt. Our evidence emphasizes that mitochondrial disease treatments and stress responses are tissue- and disease specific. Furthermore, rapamycin and KD are deleterious in MDS-linked spongiotic encephalopathy, pointing to a crucial role of diet and metabolism for mitochondrial disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesia Ignatenko
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Nikkanen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gulayse Ince-Dunn
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland .,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSlab, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Ling Y, Zheng Q, Jing J, Sui M, Zhu L, Li Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Fang F, Zhang X. RNA-Seq Reveals miRNA Role Shifts in Seven Stages of Skeletal Muscles in Goat Fetuses and Kids. Front Genet 2020; 11:684. [PMID: 32733538 PMCID: PMC7358459 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are indispensable for the regulation of skeletal muscle. We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to establish a comprehensive miRNA profiling of goats in seven stages, namely, 45- (F45), 65- (F65), 90- (F90), 120- (F120), and 135-day (F135) fetuses, newborn (B1), and 90-day-old (B90) kids. In total, 421 known miRNAs and 228 goat novel miRNAs were identified in the data, and the average abundance of 19 miRNAs in seven stages exceeds 10,000 reads per million. Furthermore, 420 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified in all comparison group at seven stages, 80 of which were uniquely differentially expressed in the B1 and B90 comparison groups. Pathway analysis indicated that this group was associated with the release of muscle hypertrophy and regulation of myoblast proliferation. Besides, 305 DEmiRNAs were clustered into three significantly enriched profiles (profiles 11, 16, and 19). Function analysis revealed that profile 16 was related to muscle hypertrophy and differentiation. Profile 11 was involved in multiple enzyme activities and metabolic processes in muscle cells. And profile 19 was involved in material transport and structural stability. Two highly expressed miRNAs and three key miRNAs (chi-miR-328-3p, chi-miR-767, and chi-miR-150) of these profiles were verified to be consistent with the data by quantitative real-time PCR. These results provided a catalog of goat muscle-associated miRNAs, allowing us to better understand the transformation of miRNA roles during mammalian muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Menghua Sui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Fugui Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.,Local Animal Genetic Resources Conservation and Biobreeding Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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20
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Flicker D, Sancak Y, Mick E, Goldberger O, Mootha VK. Exploring the In Vivo Role of the Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter in Brown Fat Bioenergetics. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1364-1375.e5. [PMID: 31042465 PMCID: PMC7231522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium uniporter has been proposed to coordinate the organelle’s energetics with calcium signaling. Uniporter current has previously been reported to be extremely high in brown adipose tissue (BAT), yet it remains unknown how the uniporter contributes to BAT physiology. Here, we report the generation and characterization of a mouse model lacking Mcu, the pore forming subunit of the uniporter, specifically in BAT (BAT-Mcu-KO). BAT-Mcu-KO mice lack uniporter-based calcium uptake in BAT mitochondria but exhibit unaffected cold tolerance, diet-induced obesity, and transcriptional response to cold in BAT. Unexpectedly, we found in wild-type animals that cold powerfully activates the ATF4-dependent integrated stress response (ISR) in BAT and up-regulates circulating FGF21 and GDF15, raising the hypothesis that the ISR partly underlies the pleiotropic effects of BAT on systemic metabolism. Our study demonstrates that the uniporter is largely dispensable for BAT thermogenesis and demonstrates activation of the ISR in BAT in response to cold. Flicker et al. generate a mouse lacking mitochondrial calcium uniporter activity in brown fat. They show that the uniporter is dispensable for brown fat bioenergetics. Unexpectedly, they find that in wild type animals, cold stress induces ATF4 signaling in normal brown fat, suggesting a mechanism for cold-induced GDF15 and FGF21 elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Flicker
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Yasemin Sancak
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
| | - Eran Mick
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Olga Goldberger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA.
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21
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Emmerzaal TL, Preston G, Geenen B, Verweij V, Wiesmann M, Vasileiou E, Grüter F, de Groot C, Schoorl J, de Veer R, Roelofs M, Arts M, Hendriksen Y, Klimars E, Donti TR, Graham BH, Morava E, Rodenburg RJ, Kozicz T. Impaired mitochondrial complex I function as a candidate driver in the biological stress response and a concomitant stress-induced brain metabolic reprogramming in male mice. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:176. [PMID: 32488052 PMCID: PMC7266820 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0858-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a critical role in bioenergetics, enabling stress adaptation, and therefore, are central in biological stress responses and stress-related complex psychopathologies. To investigate the effect of mitochondrial dysfunction on the stress response and the impact on various biological domains linked to the pathobiology of depression, a novel mouse model was created. These mice harbor a gene trap in the first intron of the Ndufs4 gene (Ndufs4GT/GT mice), encoding the NDUFS4 protein, a structural component of complex I (CI), the first enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. We performed a comprehensive behavioral screening with a broad range of behavioral, physiological, and endocrine markers, high-resolution ex vivo brain imaging, brain immunohistochemistry, and multi-platform targeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Ndufs4GT/GT mice presented with a 25% reduction of CI activity in the hippocampus, resulting in a relatively mild phenotype of reduced body weight, increased physical activity, decreased neurogenesis and neuroinflammation compared to WT littermates. Brain metabolite profiling revealed characteristic biosignatures discriminating Ndufs4GT/GT from WT mice. Specifically, we observed a reversed TCA cycle flux and rewiring of amino acid metabolism in the prefrontal cortex. Next, exposing mice to chronic variable stress (a model for depression-like behavior), we found that Ndufs4GT/GT mice showed altered stress response and coping strategies with a robust stress-associated reprogramming of amino acid metabolism. Our data suggest that impaired mitochondrial CI function is a candidate driver for altered stress reactivity and stress-induced brain metabolic reprogramming. These changes result in unique phenomic and metabolomic signatures distinguishing groups based on their mitochondrial genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim L. Emmerzaal
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Graeme Preston
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA ,grid.265219.b0000 0001 2217 8588Hayward Genetics Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Bram Geenen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivienne Verweij
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Wiesmann
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisavet Vasileiou
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Grüter
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corné de Groot
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Schoorl
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renske de Veer
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Roelofs
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Arts
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yara Hendriksen
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Klimars
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Brett H. Graham
- grid.257413.60000 0001 2287 3919Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Eva Morava
- grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XDepartment of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Pediatrics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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22
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Kidera H, Hatabu T, Takahashi KH. Apoptosis inhibition mitigates aging effects in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2020; 148:69-76. [PMID: 32219590 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-020-00088-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a natural biological process that results in progressive loss of cell, tissue, and organ function. One of the causing factors of the aging process is the decrease in muscle mass, which has not been fully verified in Drosophila. Apoptotic cell death may result in aberrant cell loss and can eventually diminish tissue function and muscle atrophy. If so, inhibition of apoptosis may prolong longevity and reduce motor function and muscle mass decline with age in Drosophila flies. Here, we used Drosophila melanogaster as study material, and induced the overexpression of Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 gene to inhibit apoptosis, and investigated the effect of apoptosis inhibition on the longevity and age-related declines in flight and climbing ability and muscle mass. As a result, the inhibition of apoptosis tended to mitigate the aging effects and prolonged longevity and reduced climbing ability decline with age. The current study suggests that apoptosis inhibition could mitigate the aging effects in D. melanogaster. Although such effects have already been known in mammals, the current results suggest that the apoptosis may play a similar role in insects as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kidera
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Hatabu
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kazuo H Takahashi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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23
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Kasai S, Shimizu S, Tatara Y, Mimura J, Itoh K. Regulation of Nrf2 by Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species in Physiology and Pathology. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020320. [PMID: 32079324 PMCID: PMC7072240 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are byproducts of aerobic respiration and signaling molecules that control various cellular functions. Nrf2 governs the gene expression of endogenous antioxidant synthesis and ROS-eliminating enzymes in response to various electrophilic compounds that inactivate the negative regulator Keap1. Accumulating evidence has shown that mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) activate Nrf2, often mediated by certain protein kinases, and induce the expression of antioxidant genes and genes involved in mitochondrial quality/quantity control. Mild physiological stress, such as caloric restriction and exercise, elicits beneficial effects through a process known as “mitohormesis”. Exercise induces NOX4 expression in the heart, which activates Nrf2 and increases endurance capacity. Mice transiently depleted of SOD2 or overexpressing skeletal muscle-specific UCP1 exhibit Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene expression and PGC1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. ATF4 activation may induce a transcriptional program that enhances NADPH synthesis in the mitochondria and might cooperate with the Nrf2 antioxidant system. In response to severe oxidative stress, Nrf2 induces Klf9 expression, which represses mtROS-eliminating enzymes to enhance cell death. Nrf2 is inactivated in certain pathological conditions, such as diabetes, but Keap1 down-regulation or mtROS elimination rescues Nrf2 expression and improves the pathology. These reports aid us in understanding the roles of Nrf2 in pathophysiological alterations involving mtROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Sunao Shimizu
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.M.)
- Department of Nature & Wellness Research, Innovation Division, Kagome Co., Ltd. Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2762, Japan
| | - Yota Tatara
- Department of Glycotechnology, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan;
| | - Junsei Mimura
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan; (S.K.); (S.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-172-39-5158
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24
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Ost M, Igual Gil C, Coleman V, Keipert S, Efstathiou S, Vidic V, Weyers M, Klaus S. Muscle-derived GDF15 drives diurnal anorexia and systemic metabolic remodeling during mitochondrial stress. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e48804. [PMID: 32026535 PMCID: PMC7054681 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201948804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes metabolic stress responses in a cell-autonomous as well as organismal manner. The wasting hormone growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is recognized as a biomarker of mitochondrial disorders, but its pathophysiological function remains elusive. To test the hypothesis that GDF15 is fundamental to the metabolic stress response during mitochondrial dysfunction, we investigated transgenic mice (Ucp1-TG) with compromised muscle-specific mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity via respiratory uncoupling. Ucp1-TG mice show a skeletal muscle-specific induction and diurnal variation of GDF15 as a myokine. Remarkably, genetic loss of GDF15 in Ucp1-TG mice does not affect muscle wasting or transcriptional cell-autonomous stress response but promotes a progressive increase in body fat mass. Furthermore, muscle mitochondrial stress-induced systemic metabolic flexibility, insulin sensitivity, and white adipose tissue browning are fully abolished in the absence of GDF15. Mechanistically, we uncovered a GDF15-dependent daytime-restricted anorexia, whereas GDF15 is unable to suppress food intake at night. Altogether, our evidence suggests a novel diurnal action and key pathophysiological role of mitochondrial stress-induced GDF15 in the regulation of systemic energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Carla Igual Gil
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Verena Coleman
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sotirios Efstathiou
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Veronika Vidic
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Miriam Weyers
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Department of Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany.,Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
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25
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Forsström S, Jackson CB, Carroll CJ, Kuronen M, Pirinen E, Pradhan S, Marmyleva A, Auranen M, Kleine IM, Khan NA, Roivainen A, Marjamäki P, Liljenbäck H, Wang L, Battersby BJ, Richter U, Velagapudi V, Nikkanen J, Euro L, Suomalainen A. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Drives Dynamics of Local and Systemic Stress Responses in Mitochondrial Myopathy with mtDNA Deletions. Cell Metab 2019; 30:1040-1054.e7. [PMID: 31523008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction elicits stress responses that safeguard cellular homeostasis against metabolic insults. Mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISRmt) is a major response to mitochondrial (mt)DNA expression stress (mtDNA maintenance, translation defects), but the knowledge of dynamics or interdependence of components is lacking. We report that in mitochondrial myopathy, ISRmt progresses in temporal stages and development from early to chronic and is regulated by autocrine and endocrine effects of FGF21, a metabolic hormone with pleiotropic effects. Initial disease signs induce transcriptional ISRmt (ATF5, mitochondrial one-carbon cycle, FGF21, and GDF15). The local progression to 2nd metabolic ISRmt stage (ATF3, ATF4, glucose uptake, serine biosynthesis, and transsulfuration) is FGF21 dependent. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response marks the 3rd ISRmt stage of failing tissue. Systemically, FGF21 drives weight loss and glucose preference, and modifies metabolism and respiratory chain deficiency in a specific hippocampal brain region. Our evidence indicates that FGF21 is a local and systemic messenger of mtDNA stress in mice and humans with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Forsström
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christopher B Jackson
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christopher J Carroll
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London SW170RE, UK
| | - Mervi Kuronen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Pirinen
- Clinical and Molecular Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Swagat Pradhan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anastasiia Marmyleva
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Auranen
- Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iida-Marja Kleine
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nahid A Khan
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | | | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Uwe Richter
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Nikkanen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liliya Euro
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Klaus S, Ost M. Mitochondrial uncoupling and longevity - A role for mitokines? Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110796. [PMID: 31786315 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging has been viewed both as a random process due to accumulation of molecular and cellular damage over time and as a programmed process linked to cellular pathway important for growth and maturation. These views converge on mitochondria as both the major producer of damaging reactive oxidant species (ROS) and as signaling organelles. A finite proton leak across the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to a slight uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation and respiration is an intrinsic property of all mitochondria and according to the "uncoupling to survive" hypothesis it has evolved to protect against ROS production to minimize oxidative damage. This hypothesis is supported by evidence linking an increased endogenous, uncoupling protein (UCP1) mediated, as well as experimentally induced mitochondrial uncoupling to an increased lifespan in rodents. This is possibly due to the synergistic activation of molecular pathways linked to life extending effects of caloric restriction as well as a mitohormetic response. Mitohormesis is an adaptive stress response through mitonuclear signaling which increases stress resistance resulting in health promoting effects. Part of this response is the induction of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth and differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), two stress-induced mitokines which elicit beneficial systemic metabolic effects via endocrine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Klaus
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; University of Potsdam, Institute of Nutritional Science, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Mario Ost
- German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany
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27
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Tsygankova PG, Itkis YS, Krylova TD, Kurkina MV, Bychkov IO, Ilyushkina AA, Zabnenkova VV, Mikhaylova SV, Pechatnikova NL, Sheremet NL, Zakharova EY. Plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 are elevated in different inherited metabolic diseases and are not diagnostic for mitochondrial disorders. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:918-933. [PMID: 31260105 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the plasma cytokines FGF-21 and GDF-15 were described as cellular metabolic regulators. They share an endocrine function and are highly expressed in the liver under stress and during starvation. Several studies found that these markers have high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of mitochondrial diseases, especially those with prominent muscular involvement. In our study, we aimed to determine whether these markers could help distinguish mitochondrial diseases from other groups of inherited diseases. We measured plasma FGF-21 and GDF-15 concentrations in 122 patients with genetically confirmed primary mitochondrial disease and 127 patients with non-mitochondrial inherited diseases. Although GDF-15 showed better analytical characteristics (sensitivity = 0.66, specificity = 0.64, area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88) compared to FGF-21 (sensitivity = 0.51, specificity = 0.76, AUC = 0.78) in the pediatric group of mitochondrial diseases, both markers were also elevated in a variety of non-mitochondrial diseases, especially those with liver involvement (Gaucher disease, galactosemia, glycogenosis types 1a, 1b, 9), organic acidurias and some leukodystrophies. Thus, the overall positive and negative predictive values were not acceptable for these measurements to be used as diagnostic tests for mitochondrial diseases (FGF-21 positive predictive value [PPV] = 34%, negative predictive value [NPV] = 73%; GDF-15 PPV = 47%, NPV = 28%). We suggest that FGF-21 and GDF-15 increase in patients with metabolic diseases with metabolic or oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina G Tsygankova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia S Itkis
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana D Krylova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina V Kurkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor O Bychkov
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra A Ilyushkina
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktoria V Zabnenkova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Natalia L Pechatnikova
- Center for Orphan Diseases, Morozov Municipal Children's Hospital of Moscow City Public Health Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia L Sheremet
- Department of Retina and Optic Nerve Diseases, Research Institute of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Y Zakharova
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of DNA-Diagnostic, Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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Canfield CA, Bradshaw PC. Amino acids in the regulation of aging and aging-related diseases. TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE OF AGING 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tma.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Buzkova J, Nikkanen J, Ahola S, Hakonen AH, Sevastianova K, Hovinen T, Yki-Järvinen H, Pietiläinen KH, Lönnqvist T, Velagapudi V, Carroll CJ, Suomalainen A. Metabolomes of mitochondrial diseases and inclusion body myositis patients: treatment targets and biomarkers. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9091. [PMID: 30373890 PMCID: PMC6284386 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial disorders (MDs) are inherited multi-organ diseases with variable phenotypes. Inclusion body myositis (IBM), a sporadic inflammatory muscle disease, also shows mitochondrial dysfunction. We investigated whether primary and secondary MDs modify metabolism to reveal pathogenic pathways and biomarkers. We investigated metabolomes of 25 mitochondrial myopathy or ataxias patients, 16 unaffected carriers, six IBM and 15 non-mitochondrial neuromuscular disease (NMD) patients and 30 matched controls. MD and IBM metabolomes clustered separately from controls and NMDs. MDs and IBM showed transsulfuration pathway changes; creatine and niacinamide depletion marked NMDs, IBM and infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia (IOSCA). Low blood and muscle arginine was specific for patients with m.3243A>G mutation. A four-metabolite blood multi-biomarker (sorbitol, alanine, myoinositol, cystathionine) distinguished primary MDs from others (76% sensitivity, 95% specificity). Our omics approach identified pathways currently used to treat NMDs and mitochondrial stroke-like episodes and proposes nicotinamide riboside in MDs and IBM, and creatine in IOSCA and IBM as novel treatment targets. The disease-specific metabolic fingerprints are valuable "multi-biomarkers" for diagnosis and promising tools for follow-up of disease progression and treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Buzkova
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joni Nikkanen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sofia Ahola
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna H Hakonen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ksenia Sevastianova
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Topi Hovinen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, Obesity Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Abdominal Centre, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuula Lönnqvist
- Department of Child Neurology, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Metabolomics Unit, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christopher J Carroll
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Anu Suomalainen
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum-Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosciences, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Neuroscience Centre, Helsinki Institute Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Kimoloi S. Modulation of the de novo purine nucleotide pathway as a therapeutic strategy in mitochondrial myopathy. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:37-42. [PMID: 30267763 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial myopathy (MM) is characterised by muscle weakness, exercise intolerance and various histopathological changes. Recently, a subset of MM has also been associated with aberrant activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) in skeletal muscle. This aberrant mTORC1 activation promotes increased de novo nucleotide synthesis, which contributes to abnormal expansion and imbalance of skeletal muscle deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTP) pools. However, the exact mechanism via which mTORC1-stimulated de novo nucleotide biosynthesis ultimately disturbs muscle dNTP pools remains unclear. In this article, it is proposed that mTORC1-stimulated de novo nucleotide synthesis in skeletal muscle cells with respiratory chain dysfunction promotes an asymmetric increase of purine nucleotides, probably due to NAD+ deficiency. This in turn could disrupt purine nucleotide-dependent allosteric feedback regulatory mechanisms, ultimately leading to dNTP pools aberration. Pharmacological down-modulation of aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide transformylase/inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC) activity is also proposed as a potential therapeutic strategy in MM exhibiting mTORC1-driven abnormal metabolic reprogramming, including aberrant dNTPs pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Kimoloi
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Robert Koch Street 39, Cologne, Germany; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, P.O Box 190-50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
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van Niekerk G, Engelbrecht AM. Role of PKM2 in directing the metabolic fate of glucose in cancer: a potential therapeutic target. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:343-351. [PMID: 29797241 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many of the hallmarks of cancer are not inherently unique to cancer, but rather represent a re-enactment of normal host responses and activities. A vivid example is aerobic glycolysis ('Warburg effect'), which is used not only by cancer cells but also by normal cells that undergo rapid proliferation. A common feature of this metabolic adaptation is a shift in the expression of pyruvate kinase (PK) isoform M1 to isoform M2. Here, we highlight the key role of PKM2 in shifting cancer metabolism between ATP production and biosynthetic processes. Since anabolic processes are highly energy dependent, the fate of glucose in energy production versus the contribution of carbon in biosynthetic processes needs to be finely synchronised. PKM2 acts to integrate cellular signalling and allosteric regulation of metabolites in order to align metabolic activities with the changing needs of the cell. CONCLUSIONS The central role of PKM2 in directing the flow of carbon between catabolic (ATP-producing) and anabolic processes provides unique opportunities for extending the therapeutic window of currently available and/or novel anti-neoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Wischhof L, Gioran A, Sonntag-Bensch D, Piazzesi A, Stork M, Nicotera P, Bano D. A disease-associated Aifm1 variant induces severe myopathy in knockin mice. Mol Metab 2018; 13:10-23. [PMID: 29780003 PMCID: PMC6026322 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mutations in the AIFM1 gene have been identified in recessive X-linked mitochondrial diseases. Functional and molecular consequences of these pathogenic AIFM1 mutations have been poorly studied in vivo. METHODS/RESULTS Here we provide evidence that the disease-associated apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) deletion arginine 201 (R200 in rodents) causes pathology in knockin mice. Within a few months, posttranslational loss of the mutant AIF protein induces severe myopathy associated with a lower number of cytochrome c oxidase-positive muscle fibers. At a later stage, Aifm1 (R200 del) knockin mice manifest peripheral neuropathy, but they do not show neurodegenerative processes in the cerebellum, as observed in age-matched hypomorphic Harlequin (Hq) mutant mice. Quantitative proteomic and biochemical data highlight common molecular signatures of mitochondrial diseases, including aberrant folate-driven one-carbon metabolism and sustained Akt/mTOR signaling. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate metabolic defects and distinct tissue-specific vulnerability due to a disease-causing AIFM1 mutation, with many pathological hallmarks that resemble those seen in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Gioran
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Antonia Piazzesi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Miriam Stork
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.
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Cardiac-specific overexpression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 exacerbates cardiac remodeling in response to pressure overload. Redox Biol 2018; 17:440-449. [PMID: 29885625 PMCID: PMC5991908 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac remodeling during heart failure is associated with higher levels of lipid peroxidation products and lower abundance of several aldehyde detoxification enzymes, including aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2). An emerging idea that could explain these findings concerns the role of electrophilic species in redox signaling, which may be important for adaptive responses to stress or injury. The purpose of this study was to determine whether genetically increasing ALDH2 activity affects pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 12 weeks developed myocardial hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction, which were associated with diminished ALDH2 expression and activity. Cardiac-specific expression of the human ALDH2 gene in mice augmented myocardial ALDH2 activity but did not improve cardiac function in response to pressure overload. After 12 weeks of TAC, ALDH2 transgenic mice had larger hearts than their wild-type littermates and lower capillary density. These findings show that overexpression of ALDH2 augments the hypertrophic response to pressure overload and imply that downregulation of ALDH2 may be an adaptive response to certain forms of cardiac pathology.
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Silvestri E, Cioffi F, De Matteis R, Senese R, de Lange P, Coppola M, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Ceccarelli M, Goglia F, Lanni A, Moreno M, Lombardi A. 3,5-Diiodo-L-Thyronine Affects Structural and Metabolic Features of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in High-Fat-Diet Fed Rats Producing a Co-adaptation to the Glycolytic Fiber Phenotype. Front Physiol 2018; 9:194. [PMID: 29593557 PMCID: PMC5854997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemic state-associated perturbations in the network of factors controlling mitochondrial functions, i. e., morphogenesis machinery and metabolic sensor proteins, produce metabolic inflexibility, insulin resistance and reduced oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle. Moreover, intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) accumulation leads to tissue damage and inflammation. The administration of the naturally occurring metabolite 3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) with thyromimetic actions to high fat diet (HFD)-fed rats exerts a systemic hypolipidemic effect, which produces a lack of IMCL accumulation, a shift toward glycolytic fibers and amelioration of insulin sensitivity in gastrocnemius muscle. In this study, an integrated approach combining large-scale expression profile and functional analyses was used to characterize the response of skeletal muscle mitochondria to T2 during a HFD regimen. Long-term T2 administration to HDF rats induced a glycolytic phenotype of gastrocnemius muscle as well as an adaptation of mitochondria to the fiber type, with a decreased representation of enzymes involved in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. At the same time, T2 stimulated the activity of individual respiratory complex I, IV, and V. Moreover, T2 prevented the HFD-associated increase in the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ coactivator-1α and dynamin-1-like protein as well as mitochondrial morphological aberrations, favoring the appearance of tubular and tethered organelles in the intermyofibrillar regions. Remarkably, T2 reverted the HDF-associated expression pattern of proinflammatory factors, such as p65 subunit of NF-kB, and increased the fiber-specific immunoreactivity of adipose differentiation–related protein in lipid droplets. All together, these results further support a role of T2 in counteracting in vivo some of the HFD-induced impairment in structural/metabolic features of skeletal muscle by impacting the mitochondrial phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Silvestri
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Federica Cioffi
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Rita De Matteis
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Urbino University, Urbino, Italy
| | - Rosalba Senese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Pieter de Lange
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Coppola
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Anna M Salzano
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics & Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Ceccarelli
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Fernando Goglia
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Antonia Lanni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi della Campania, Caserta, Italy
| | - Maria Moreno
- Department of Science and Technologies, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Assunta Lombardi
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Partial involvement of Nrf2 in skeletal muscle mitohormesis as an adaptive response to mitochondrial uncoupling. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2446. [PMID: 29402993 PMCID: PMC5799251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20901-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is usually associated with various metabolic disorders and ageing. However, salutary effects in response to mild mitochondrial perturbations have been reported in multiple organisms, whereas molecular regulators of cell-autonomous stress responses remain elusive. We addressed this question by asking whether the nuclear factor erythroid-derived-like 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor and master regulator of cellular redox status is involved in adaptive physiological responses including muscle mitohormesis. Using a transgenic mouse model with skeletal muscle-specific mitochondrial uncoupling and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) inefficiency (UCP1-transgenic, TG) we show that additional genetic ablation of Nrf2 abolishes an adaptive muscle NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1) and catalase induction. Deficiency of Nrf2 also leads to decreased mitochondrial respiratory performance although muscle functional integrity, fiber-type profile and mitochondrial biogenesis were not significantly altered. Importantly, Nrf2 ablation did not abolish the induction of key genes and proteins of muscle integrated stress response including the serine, one-carbon cycle, and glycine synthesis (SOG) pathway in TG mice while further increasing glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity linked to increased GPX1 protein levels. Conclusively, our results tune down the functions controlled by Nrf2 in muscle mitohormesis and oxidative stress defense during mitochondrial OXPHOS inefficiency.
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Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G. Spermidine in health and disease. Science 2018; 359:359/6374/eaan2788. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kleinert M, Clemmensen C, Sjøberg KA, Carl CS, Jeppesen JF, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kiens B, Richter EA. Exercise increases circulating GDF15 in humans. Mol Metab 2018; 9:187-191. [PMID: 29398617 PMCID: PMC5870087 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a stress-sensitive circulating factor that regulates systemic energy balance. Since exercise is a transient physiological stress that has pleiotropic effects on whole-body energy metabolism, we herein explored the effect of exercise on a) circulating GDF15 levels and b) GDF15 release from skeletal muscle in humans. METHODS Seven healthy males either rested or exercised at 67% of their VO2max for 1 h and blood was sampled from the femoral artery and femoral vein before, during, and after exercise. Plasma GDF15 concentrations were determined in these samples. RESULTS Plasma GDF15 levels increased 34% with exercise (p < 0.001) and further increased to 64% above resting values at 120 min (p < 0.001) after the cessation of exercise. There was no difference between the arterial and venous GDF15 concentration before, during, and after exercise. During a resting control trial, GDF15 levels measured in the same subjects were unaltered. CONCLUSIONS Vigorous submaximal exercise increases circulating GDF15 levels in humans, but skeletal muscle tissue does not appear to be the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kleinert
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim A Sjøberg
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Strini Carl
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente Kiens
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik A Richter
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mitochondrial diseases: the contribution of organelle stress responses to pathology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2017; 19:77-92. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Koopman R, Caldow MK, Ham DJ, Lynch GS. Glycine metabolism in skeletal muscle: implications for metabolic homeostasis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:237-242. [PMID: 28375879 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review summarizes the recent literature on the role of glycine in skeletal muscle during times of stress. RECENT FINDINGS Supplemental glycine protects muscle mass and function under pathological conditions. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle leads to increased cellular serine and glycine production and activation of NADPH-generating pathways and glutathione metabolism. These studies highlight how glycine availability modulates cellular homeostasis and redox status. SUMMARY Recent studies demonstrate that supplemental glycine effectively protects muscles in a variety of wasting models, including cancer cachexia, sepsis, and reduced caloric intake. The underlying mechanisms responsible for the effects of glycine remain unclear but likely involve receptor-mediated responses and modulation of intracellular metabolism. Future research to understand these mechanisms will provide insight into glycine's therapeutic potential. Our view is that glycine holds considerable promise for improving health by protecting muscles during different wasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Koopman
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Popov LD. Mitochondrial networking in diabetic left ventricle cardiomyocytes. Mitochondrion 2016; 34:24-31. [PMID: 28007605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte mitochondria preserve "the quorum sensing" attribute of their aerobic bacterial ancestors, as shown by the transient physical connectivity and communication not only with each other, but also with other intracellular organelles and with cytosol, ensuing cellular homeostasis. In this review, we present original electron microscopy evidence on mitochondrial networking within diabetic left ventricular cardiomyocytes, focusing on: (i) the inter-mitochondrial communication, allowing electrochemical signals transfer and outer membrane components or matrix proteins exchange, (ii) the interplay between mitochondria and the cardiomyocyte nucleus, nucleolus, sarcoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and lipid droplets viewed as attributes of mitochondrial "quality control" and "retrograde signaling function", and (iii) the crosstalk between mitochondria and cardiomyocyte cytosol, as part of the adaptive responses that allow cells survival. Confirmation of such interactions in diabetic myocardium and identification of molecules involved are ongoing, foreseeing the alleviation of heart contractile dysfunction in cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia-Doina Popov
- "Nicolae Simionescu" Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, Bucharest 050568, Romania.
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Abstract
The non-essential amino acid serine supports several metabolic processes that are crucial for the growth and survival of proliferating cells, including protein, amino acid and glutathione synthesis. As an important one-carbon donor to the folate cycle, serine contributes to nucleotide synthesis, methylation reactions and the generation of NADPH for antioxidant defence. Many cancer cells are highly dependent on serine, a trait that provides several novel therapeutic opportunities, either through the inhibition of de novo serine synthesis or by limiting the availability or uptake of exogenous serine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Karen H Vousden
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Lawler JM, Rodriguez DA, Hord JM. Mitochondria in the middle: exercise preconditioning protection of striated muscle. J Physiol 2016; 594:5161-83. [PMID: 27060608 PMCID: PMC5023703 DOI: 10.1113/jp270656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular and physiological adaptations to an atmosphere which became enriched in molecular oxygen spurred the development of a layered system of stress protection, including antioxidant and stress response proteins. At physiological levels reactive oxygen and nitrogen species regulate cell signalling as well as intracellular and intercellular communication. Exercise and physical activity confer a variety of stressors on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system: mechanical, metabolic, oxidative. Transient increases of stressors during acute bouts of exercise or exercise training stimulate enhancement of cellular stress protection against future insults of oxidative, metabolic and mechanical stressors that could induce injury or disease. This phenomenon has been termed both hormesis and exercise preconditioning (EPC). EPC stimulates transcription factors such as Nrf-1 and heat shock factor-1 and up-regulates gene expression of a cadre of cytosolic (e.g. glutathione peroxidase and heat shock proteins) and mitochondrial adaptive or stress proteins (e.g. manganese superoxide dismutase, mitochondrial KATP channels and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1)). Stress response and antioxidant enzyme inducibility with exercise lead to protection against striated muscle damage, oxidative stress and injury. EPC may indeed provide significant clinical protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, Type II diabetes and ageing. New molecular mechanisms of protection, such as δ-opioid receptor regulation and mitophagy, reinforce the notion that mitochondrial adaptations (e.g. heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and sirtuin-1/PGC-1 signalling) are central to the protective effects of exercise preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lawler
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinah A Rodriguez
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Hord
- Redox Biology & Cell Signalling Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Graduate Faculty of Nutrition & Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Ost M, Coleman V, Kasch J, Klaus S. Regulation of myokine expression: Role of exercise and cellular stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 98:78-89. [PMID: 26898145 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is well known to improve physical fitness and to combat chronic diseases and aging related disorders. Part of this is thought to be mediated by myokines, muscle derived secretory proteins (mainly cytokines) that elicit auto/paracrine but also endocrine effects on organs such as liver, adipose tissue, and bone. Today, several hundred potential myokines have been identified most of them not exclusive to muscle cells. Strenuous exercise is associated with increased production of free radicals and reactive oxidant species (ROS) as well as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress which at an excessive level can lead to muscle damage and cell death. On the other hand, transient elevations in oxidative and ER-stress are thought to be necessary for adaptive improvements by regular exercise through a hormesis action termed mitohormesis since mitochondria are essential for the generation of energy and tightly connected to ER- and oxidative stress. Exercise induced myokines have been identified by various in vivo and in vitro approaches and accumulating evidence suggests that ROS and ER-stress linked pathways are involved in myokine induction. For example, interleukin (IL)-6, the prototypic exercise myokine is also induced by oxidative and ER-stress. Exercise induced expression of some myokines such as irisin and meteorin-like is linked to the transcription factor PGC-1α and apparently not related to ER-stress whereas typical ER-stress induced cytokines such as FGF-21 and GDF-15 are not exercise myokines under normal physiological conditions. Recent technological advances have led to the identification of numerous potential new myokines but for most of them regulation by oxidative and ER-stress still needs to be unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Verena Coleman
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Juliane Kasch
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition in Potsdam Rehbrücke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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44
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Fazelzadeh P, Hangelbroek RWJ, Tieland M, de Groot LCPGM, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC, Smilde AK, Alves RDAM, Vervoort J, Müller M, van Duynhoven JPM, Boekschoten MV. The Muscle Metabolome Differs between Healthy and Frail Older Adults. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:499-509. [PMID: 26732810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Populations around the world are aging rapidly. Age-related loss of physiological functions negatively affects quality of life. A major contributor to the frailty syndrome of aging is loss of skeletal muscle. In this study we assessed the skeletal muscle biopsy metabolome of healthy young, healthy older and frail older subjects to determine the effect of age and frailty on the metabolic signature of skeletal muscle tissue. In addition, the effects of prolonged whole-body resistance-type exercise training on the muscle metabolome of older subjects were examined. The baseline metabolome was measured in muscle biopsies collected from 30 young, 66 healthy older subjects, and 43 frail older subjects. Follow-up samples from frail older (24 samples) and healthy older subjects (38 samples) were collected after 6 months of prolonged resistance-type exercise training. Young subjects were included as a reference group. Primary differences in skeletal muscle metabolite levels between young and healthy older subjects were related to mitochondrial function, muscle fiber type, and tissue turnover. Similar differences were observed when comparing frail older subjects with healthy older subjects at baseline. Prolonged resistance-type exercise training resulted in an adaptive response of amino acid metabolism, especially reflected in branched chain amino acids and genes related to tissue remodeling. The effect of exercise training on branched-chain amino acid-derived acylcarnitines in older subjects points to a downward shift in branched-chain amino acid catabolism upon training. We observed only modest correlations between muscle and plasma metabolite levels, which pleads against the use of plasma metabolites as a direct read-out of muscle metabolism and stresses the need for direct assessment of metabolites in muscle tissue biopsies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Fazelzadeh
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Roland W J Hangelbroek
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Tieland
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University , Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Age K Smilde
- Biosystems Data Analysis Group, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Rodrigo D A M Alves
- Department of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden University , Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre , Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 ET, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - John P M van Duynhoven
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6703 HA, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Metabolomics Centre , Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition , Wageningen 6709 PA, The Netherlands.,Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University , Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands
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45
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Ost M, Coleman V, Voigt A, van Schothorst EM, Keipert S, van der Stelt I, Ringel S, Graja A, Ambrosi T, Kipp AP, Jastroch M, Schulz TJ, Keijer J, Klaus S. Muscle mitochondrial stress adaptation operates independently of endogenous FGF21 action. Mol Metab 2015; 5:79-90. [PMID: 26909316 PMCID: PMC4735627 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was recently discovered as stress-induced myokine during mitochondrial disease and proposed as key metabolic mediator of the integrated stress response (ISR) presumably causing systemic metabolic improvements. Curiously, the precise cell-non-autonomous and cell-autonomous relevance of endogenous FGF21 action remained poorly understood. Methods We made use of the established UCP1 transgenic (TG) mouse, a model of metabolic perturbations made by a specific decrease in muscle mitochondrial efficiency through increased respiratory uncoupling and robust metabolic adaptation and muscle ISR-driven FGF21 induction. In a cross of TG with Fgf21-knockout (FGF21−/−) mice, we determined the functional role of FGF21 as a muscle stress-induced myokine under low and high fat feeding conditions. Results Here we uncovered that FGF21 signaling is dispensable for metabolic improvements evoked by compromised mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle. Strikingly, genetic ablation of FGF21 fully counteracted the cell-non-autonomous metabolic remodeling and browning of subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT), together with the reduction of circulating triglycerides and cholesterol. Brown adipose tissue activity was similar in all groups. Remarkably, we found that FGF21 played a negligible role in muscle mitochondrial stress-related improved obesity resistance, glycemic control and hepatic lipid homeostasis. Furthermore, the protective cell-autonomous muscle mitohormesis and metabolic stress adaptation, including an increased muscle proteostasis via mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and amino acid biosynthetic pathways did not require the presence of FGF21. Conclusions Here we demonstrate that although FGF21 drives WAT remodeling, the adaptive pseudo-starvation response under elevated muscle mitochondrial stress conditions operates independently of both WAT browning and FGF21 action. Thus, our findings challenge FGF21 as key metabolic mediator of the mitochondrial stress adaptation and powerful therapeutic target during muscle mitochondrial disease. Muscle mitochondrial stress-induced browning of white adipose tissue fully requires FGF21. Negligible role of myokine FGF21 on whole body metabolic adaptations. Muscle mitohormesis and starvation-like response operates independently of FGF21 action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ost
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany.
| | - Verena Coleman
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Anja Voigt
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Keipert
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Inge van der Stelt
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708, Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Ringel
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Antonia Graja
- Research Group Adipocyte Development, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Thomas Ambrosi
- Research Group Adipocyte Development, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Martin Jastroch
- Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Tim J Schulz
- Research Group Adipocyte Development, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708, Netherlands
| | - Susanne Klaus
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition, Nuthetal, 14558, Germany
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Skeletal muscle mitochondrial uncoupling prevents diabetes but not obesity in NZO mice, a model for polygenic diabesity. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:57. [PMID: 26584809 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Induction of skeletal muscle (SM) mitochondrial stress by expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mice results in a healthy metabolic phenotype associated with increased secretion of FGF21 from SM. Here, we investigated whether SM mitochondrial uncoupling can compensate obesity and insulin resistance in the NZO mouse, a polygenic diabesity model. Male NZO mice were crossed with heterozygous UCP1 transgenic (tg) mice (mixed C57BL/6/CBA background) and further backcrossed to obtain F1 and N2 offspring with 50 and 75 % NZO background, respectively. Male F1 and N2 progeny were fed a high-fat diet ad libitum for 20 weeks from weaning. Blood glucose was reduced, and diabetes (severe hyperglycemia >300 mg/dl) was fully prevented in both F1- and N2-tg progeny compared to a diabetes prevalence of 15 % in F1 and 42 % in N2 wild type. In contrast, relative body fat content and plasma insulin were decreased, and glucose tolerance was improved, in F1-tg only. Both F1 and N2-tg showed decreased lean body mass. Accordingly, induction of SM stress response including FGF21 expression and secretion was similar in both F1 and N2-tg mice. In white adipose tissue, expression of FGF21 target genes was enhanced in F1 and N2-tg mice, whereas lipid metabolism genes were induced in F1-tg only. There was no evidence for induction of browning in either UCP1 backcross. We conclude that SM mitochondrial uncoupling induces FGF21 expression and prevents diabetes in mice with a 50-75 % NZO background independent of its effects on adipose tissue.
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47
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Metabolomic approach to profile functional and metabolic changes in heart failure. J Transl Med 2015; 13:297. [PMID: 26364058 PMCID: PMC4567812 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) is characterized by a series of adaptive changes in energy metabolism. The use of metabolomics enables the parallel assessment of a wide range of metabolites. In this study, we appraised whether metabolic changes correlate with HF severity, assessed as an impairment of functional contractility, and attempted to interpret the role of metabolic changes in determining systolic dysfunction. Methods A 500 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR)-based analysis was performed on blood samples from three groups of individuals: 9 control subjects (Group A), 9 HF patients with mild to moderate impairment of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF: 41.9 ± 4.0 %; Group B), and 15 HF patients with severe LVEF impairment (25.3 ± 10.3 %; Group C). In order to create a descriptive model of HF, a supervised orthogonal projection on latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was applied using speckle tracking-derived longitudinal strain rate as the Y-variable in the multivariate analysis. Results OPLS-DA identified three metabolic clusters related to the studied groups achieving good values for R2 [R2(X) = 0.64; R2(Y) = 0.59] and Q2 (0.39). The most important metabolites implicated in the clustering were 2-hydroxybutyrate, glycine, methylmalonate, and myo-inositol. Conclusions The results demonstrate the suitability of metabolomics in combination with functional evaluation techniques in HF staging. This innovative tool should facilitate investigation of perturbed metabolic pathways in HF and their correlation with the impairment of myocardial function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-015-0661-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Rapid increase in fibroblast growth factor 21 in protein malnutrition and its impact on growth and lipid metabolism. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1410-8. [PMID: 26330054 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Protein malnutrition promotes hepatic steatosis, decreases insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I production and retards growth. To identify new molecules involved in such changes, we conducted DNA microarray analysis on liver samples from rats fed an isoenergetic low-protein diet for 8 h. We identified the fibroblast growth factor 21 gene (Fgf21) as one of the most strongly up-regulated genes under conditions of acute protein malnutrition (P<0·05, false-discovery rate<0·001). In addition, amino acid deprivation increased Fgf21 mRNA levels in rat liver-derived RL-34 cells (P<0·01). These results suggested that amino acid limitation directly increases Fgf21 expression. FGF21 is a polypeptide hormone that regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. FGF21 also promotes a growth hormone-resistance state and suppresses IGF-I in transgenic mice. Therefore, to determine further whether Fgf21 up-regulation causes hepatic steatosis and growth retardation after IGF-I decrease in protein malnutrition, we fed an isoenergetic low-protein diet to Fgf21-knockout (KO) mice. Fgf21-KO did not rescue growth retardation and reduced plasma IGF-I concentration in these mice. Fgf21-KO mice showed greater epididymal white adipose tissue weight and increased hepatic TAG and cholesterol levels under protein malnutrition conditions (P<0·05). Overall, the results showed that protein deprivation directly increased Fgf21 expression. However, growth retardation and decreased IGF-I were not mediated by increased FGF21 expression in protein malnutrition. Furthermore, FGF21 up-regulation rather appears to have a protective effect against obesity and hepatic steatosis in protein-malnourished animals.
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Rollins LA, Richardson MF, Shine R. A genetic perspective on rapid evolution in cane toads (Rhinella marina). Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2264-76. [PMID: 25894012 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The process of biological invasion exposes a species to novel pressures, in terms of both the environments it encounters and the evolutionary consequences of range expansion. Several invaders have been shown to exhibit rapid evolutionary changes in response to those pressures, thus providing robust opportunities to clarify the processes at work during rapid phenotypic transitions. The accelerating pace of invasion of cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia during its 80-year history has been well characterized at the phenotypic level, including common-garden experiments that demonstrate heritability of several dispersal-relevant traits. Individuals from the invasion front (and their progeny) show distinctive changes in morphology, physiology and behaviour that, in combination, result in far more rapid dispersal than is true of conspecifics from long-colonized areas. The extensive body of work on cane toad ecology enables us to place into context studies of the genetic basis of these traits. Our analyses of differential gene expression from toads from both ends of this invasion-history transect reveal substantial upregulation of many genes, notably those involved in metabolism and cellular repair. Clearly, then, the dramatically rapid phenotypic evolution of cane toads in Australia has been accompanied by substantial shifts in gene expression, suggesting that this system is well suited to investigating the genetic underpinnings of invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Rollins
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Pigdons Road, Geelong, Vic., 3217, Australia
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50
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Schering L, Hoene M, Kanzleiter T, Jähnert M, Wimmers K, Klaus S, Eckel J, Weigert C, Schürmann A, Maak S, Jonas W, Sell H. Identification of novel putative adipomyokines by a cross-species annotation of secretomes and expression profiles. Arch Physiol Biochem 2015; 121:194-205. [PMID: 26599229 DOI: 10.3109/13813455.2015.1092044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are organs that respond strongly to obesity and physical activity exhibiting high secretory activity. To identify novel putative adipomyokines, comparative expression studies of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of lean (C57BL/6J) and obese (C57BL/6J on a high-fat diet and NZO) mice, of sedentary and endurance trained C57BL/6J mice and of cattle characterized by different amounts of intramuscular fat were combined with human secretome data and scored. In highly regulated transcripts, we identified 119 myokines, 79 adipokines and 22 adipomyokines. Network analysis of these candidates revealed remodelling of extracellular matrix and tissue fibrosis as relevant functions of several of these candidates. Given the pathophysiogical relevance of fibrosis for adipose-muscle-cross-talk in obesity and type 2 diabetes and its physiological role in exercise adaptation and meat quality of farm animals, they represent interesting candidates for further investigations in different research areas and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schering
- a Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology , Dummerstorf , Germany
| | - Miriam Hoene
- b Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry , Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
| | - Timo Kanzleiter
- c Department of Experimental Diabetology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Markus Jähnert
- c Department of Experimental Diabetology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- e Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology , Dummerstorf , Germany
| | - Susanne Klaus
- f Group of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke , Nuthetal , Germany , and
| | - Jürgen Eckel
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- g Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- b Division of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry , Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen , Tübingen , Germany
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- c Department of Experimental Diabetology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Steffen Maak
- a Institute for Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology , Dummerstorf , Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- c Department of Experimental Diabetology , German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany and German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Henrike Sell
- d German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) , Neuherberg , Germany
- g Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology, German Diabetes Center , Düsseldorf , Germany
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