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Yang J, Kisu T, Watanabe O, Kitai Y, Ohmiya S, Fan Y, Nishimura H. Analysis of neuraminidase activity of human parainfluenza viruses using enzyme-linked lectin assay and BTP3-Neu5Ac assay. Microbiol Immunol 2024. [PMID: 39318127 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs) are causative agents of upper and lower respiratory tract infections and they have four serotypes. The virion surface displays hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), having hemagglutinating (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) activities in a single molecule. The HA activity binds the virion to sialic acid on the viral receptor on host cells and the NA releases the progeny viruses from the cell surface. There are several methods for assaying viral NA activity, such as the thiobarbituric acid assay, 4-methylumbelliferyl-N-acetyl-α-d-neuraminic acid assay, NA-Star assay, and enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA). However, these are mainly used for influenza viruses and not for hPIVs. A fluorescent-based cytochemical NA assay using BTP3-Neu5Ac as the substrate was recently developed and used for orthomyxo- and paramyxoviruses, including types 1 and 3 hPIVs. In this study, we used the ELLA, and BTP-Neu5Ac assay for 14 field isolate strains of hPIVs including all four serotypes. The reaction in ELLA at pH 6.5 using peanut agglutinin (PNA) as a lectin was very low for all tested viruses except a type 3 virus strain with the maximum reaction at pH 6.5 and the acidic conditions did not enhance the reaction. ELLA with another lectin, Erythrina cristagalli agglutinin exhibited significant and stronger reactions than with PNA in some strains of types 1 and 3 viruses. The BTP3-Neu5Ac assay showed a fluorescent signal on cells infected with all the viruses except the hPIV1/Sendai/713/2018 strain in LLC-MK2 and/or MNT-1. The signal was detected in cell-free virus, as well, in all the viruses except the hPIV4a/Sendai/3935/2003 strain. The strength of the signal varied among viral strains but it was stronger in the reaction at pH 4.0 than pH 7.0 and strongest in type 2 hPIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kisu
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Oshi Watanabe
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuki Kitai
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Suguru Ohmiya
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuxuan Fan
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai, Japan
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2
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Lu Y, Chen Q, Ren S, Zhang Y, Yi L, Qian C, Shen J, Liu X, Jiang M, Wang B, Song J, Shao X, Zhang T, Tian J, Zhao G. Impact of COVID-19 Nonpharmaceutical Interventions on Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections in Hospitalized Children. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13291. [PMID: 38653953 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) targeted at SARS-CoV-2 have remarkably affected the circulation of other respiratory pathogens, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). This study aimed to assess the changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics of RSV infections in hospitalized children before and during the pandemic in Suzhou, China. METHODS We prospectively enrolled children aged < 18 years who were hospitalized in Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital with acute lower respiratory infection (ALRIs) from January 2018 to July 2022. Changes in epidemiological and clinical characteristics of RSV infections were analyzed. RESULTS Compared with the same period in 2018-2019, the difference in the overall positive rate of RSV was not statistically significant in 2020, while it increased significantly in 2021 (11.8% [662/5621] vs. 20.8% [356/1711], p < 0.001) and 2022 (9.0% [308/3406] vs. 18.9% [129/684], p < 0.001). Specifically, the positive rates declined considerably from October to December 2020 but sharply increased during the summer of 2021. Compared to prepandemic period, RSV infections were more frequently observed in older children during the pandemic. RSV-positive children exhibited milder clinical characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic, including decreased proportion of patients with hospital stay ≥ 11 days (10.3% vs. 6.7%, p < 0.05), less requirement for oxygen therapy (13.7% vs. 6.9%, p < 0.001), and fewer cases of polypnea (12.2% vs. 9.7%, p < 0.05) and wheeze (50.1% vs. 42.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of multilayered NPIs targeted at COVID-19 has affected the activity of RSV. Ongoing monitoring of RSV is warranted as the changing RSV epidemiology can provide valuable insights for future healthcare system planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinghui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Shaolong Ren
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youyi Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Yi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaming Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biying Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuejun Shao
- Clinical Laboratory, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmei Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Genming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China
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Sharif Sheikh S, Sharif H, Sharif N. A Retrospective Public Health Assessment and Management in Terms of the Social and Clinical Risk Factors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Northern Canada. Cureus 2024; 16:e53378. [PMID: 38435208 PMCID: PMC10907965 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The predominant source of respiratory infections in Northern Canada stems from RSV, leading to potentially life-threatening lower respiratory tract infections in children below the age of 2. Typically, RSV begins to appear in November or December and persists until April or May. Synagis® (Palivizumab), a monoclonal antibody, is employed to mitigate or reduce the effects of RSV. Past research indicated a reduction in hospitalizations with the use of Synagis®. Aim The aim is to estimate the cost-benefit analysis by comparing the health services cost with Synagis® program cost. Also evaluate the association of identified risk factors with the severity of RSV infection. Material and methods The dependent variable is categorized as: "Mild-Medium" cases that didn't undergo intubation or require medical evacuation; "Severe" cases that underwent intubation, required medical evacuation, and intensive care unit facilities. We also calculate the cost of health services and Synagis® of each year. Results It has been found that babies who exclusively breastfed and regularly took vitamin D did not develop severe forms of infection. Prenatal smoking and shared and crowded accommodations contribute to the spreading of RSV. The average cost of health services per participant was higher than that of the Synagis program. Conclusion They are promoting the Synagis® program during the season. Standardize the regulations prohibiting smoking around small children since they are more vulnerable to infection. Practice breastfeeding up to 24-month-old babies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Sharif Sheikh
- Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Saskatchewan School of Public Health, Saskatoon, CAN
| | - Hina Sharif
- Health Sciences, Agha Khan University Hospital, Karachi, PAK
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Azar B, Hashavya S, Ohana Sarna Cahan L, Reif S, Gross I. Bronchiolitis Due to RSV and HMPV-Epidemiology, Clinical Course, and Prognosis: Experience of a Single Tertiary Center. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2023; 62:1032-1039. [PMID: 36744682 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231151401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute bronchiolitis is a leading cause of hospitalization in infants. In this retrospective study, 645 patients with acute bronchiolitis diagnosed as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; n = 538) or human metapneumovirus (HMPV; n = 107) were compared in terms of demographic, clinical, and laboratory findings. The HMPV patients presented later in the winter, were older (20 vs 7.55 months; P < .001)), had higher levels of C-reactive protein (4.55 vs 3.03 mg/dL; P = .007), and a higher prevalence of complications (43.9% vs 32.7%; P = .03). This study highlights the similarities and differences between these 2 common respiratory viral pathogens and shows that HMPV has a slightly more severe disease course than RSV. These findings can help guide approaches to these 2 common viruses that cause bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bar Azar
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Saar Hashavya
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Ohana Sarna Cahan
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shimon Reif
- Department of Pediatrics, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Itai Gross
- Department of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Salim S, Celiloglu H, Tayyab F, Malik ZA. Seasonal Prevalence of Respiratory Pathogens Among Children in the United Arab Emirates: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study in the Pre-COVID-19 Era. Cureus 2023; 15:e45204. [PMID: 37842349 PMCID: PMC10576196 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Viral respiratory infections in children pose a significant burden on healthcare facilities globally. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) these account for 15% of all healthcare encounters among children. However, the seasonal prevalence and molecular epidemiology of respiratory viral infections in the UAE remains unknown. We sought to determine trends in seasonal viral prevalence in order to monitor disease activity and optimize the timing of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) prophylaxis among high-risk infants in the UAE. Methods This cross-sectional multicenter study included children 0-18 years of age who presented to a large private healthcare group in Dubai, UAE, and had upper respiratory samples collected for multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) testing between January 1st and December 31st, 2019. Sociodemographic, clinical, and molecular data were examined for children who tested positive for any pathogen on the mPCR panel. Results A total of three thousand and ninety-eight infants and children had mPCR assays performed during the study period, of which 2427 (78.3%) were positive for any respiratory pathogen. The median age of our sample population was 39 months and 56.8% were male. Emergency room was the most common site (34.7%) of sample collection and the vast majority of children presented with fever (85.3%). Rhinovirus/enterovirus was the most prevalent viral infection (45%) throughout the year and peaked in September, followed by Influenza (20.2%), and RSV (17.1%). RSV season, defined as an infection prevalence of >10%, occurred from August to December with a peak in October. Adenovirus (15.6%) infections peaked in June and accounted for 43% of hospitalizations in our study (p<0.05). Viral co-infections with RSV and rhinovirus/enterovirus were most common and observed in 19.9 % of children. Conclusion Rhinovirus/enterovirus is the most prevalent viral pathogen throughout the calendar year among the pediatric population in the UAE. RSV season begins earlier than reported in other countries regionally, hence RSV prophylaxis should be initiated in August to optimize protection among high-risk infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salim
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Handan Celiloglu
- Department of Microbiology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Farah Tayyab
- Department of Microbiology, Mediclinic City Hospital, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
| | - Zainab A Malik
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, ARE
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Lagathu G, Grolhier C, Besombes J, Maillard A, Comacle P, Pronier C, Thibault V. Using Discarded Facial Tissues to Monitor and Diagnose Viral Respiratory Infections. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:511-518. [PMID: 36787721 PMCID: PMC9973701 DOI: 10.3201/eid2903.221416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biology amplification enables sensitive detection of most respiratory viruses through nasopharyngeal swabbing. We developed an innovative approach to detect viral genomes on used facial tissues. In 2 communities of children, used tissues were collected once weekly for 1 year. Pooled analysis of tissues enabled detection of successive virus circulation in 4 age groups over time and forecasted by several weeks the circulation of influenza in the general population. At the individual level, in a proof-of-concept study of 30 volunteers with influenza-like signs/symptoms, we identified common respiratory viruses. The signals for SARS-CoV-2 obtained in parallel from 15 facial tissues and swab samples were similar and often higher for the tissues (11/15). Individual analysis of tissues offers a noninvasive, sensitive, and affordable alternative to self-sampling without a medical care requirement. Pooled analyses may be used to detect virus spread in specific communities, predict seasonal epidemics, and alert the population to viral infections.
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Movva N, Suh M, Reichert H, Hintze B, Sendak MP, Wolf Z, Carr S, Kaminski T, White M, Fisher K, Wood CT, Fryzek JP, Nelson CB, Malcolm WF. Respiratory Syncytial Virus During the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared to Historic Levels: A Retrospective Cohort Study of a Health System. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:S175-S183. [PMID: 35968868 PMCID: PMC9377040 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surveillance in 2020–2021 showed that seasonal respiratory illnesses were below levels seen during prior seasons, with the exception of interseasonal respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Methods Electronic health record data of infants aged <1 year visiting the Duke University Health System from 4 October 2015 to 28 March 2020 (pre–COVID-19) and 29 March 2020 to 30 October 2021 (COVID-19) were assessed. International Classification of Diseases-Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes for RSV (B97.4, J12.1, J20.5, J21.0) and bronchiolitis (RSV codes plus J21.8, J21.9) were used to detail encounters in the inpatient (IP), emergency department (ED), outpatient (OP), urgent care (UC), and telemedicine (TM) settings. Results Pre–COVID-19, 88% of RSV and 92% of bronchiolitis encounters were seen in ambulatory settings. During COVID-19, 94% and 93%, respectively, occurred in ambulatory settings. Pre–COVID-19, the highest RSV proportion was observed in December–January (up to 38% in ED), while the peaks during COVID-19 were seen in July–September (up to 41% in ED) across all settings. RSV laboratory testing among RSV encounters was low during pre–COVID-19 (IP, 51%; ED, 51%; OP, 41%; UC, 84%) and COVID-19 outside of UC (IP, 33%; ED, 47%; OP, 47%; UC, 87%). Full-term, otherwise healthy infants comprised most RSV encounters (pre–COVID-19, up to 57% in OP; COVID-19, up to 82% in TM). Conclusions With the interruption of historical RSV epidemiologic trends and the emergence of interseasonal disease during COVID-19, continued monitoring of RSV is warranted across all settings as the changing RSV epidemiology could affect the distribution of health care resources and public health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naimisha Movva
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mina Suh
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Heidi Reichert
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley Hintze
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark P Sendak
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles T Wood
- Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon P Fryzek
- EpidStrategies, A Division of ToxStrategies, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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8
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Bartlow AW, Stromberg ZR, Gleasner CD, Hu B, Davenport KW, Jakhar S, Li PE, Vosburg M, Garimella M, Chain PSG, Erkkila TH, Fair JM, Mukundan H. Comparing variability in diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infections in patients using syndromic, next generation sequencing, and PCR-based methods. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000811. [PMID: 36962439 PMCID: PMC10022352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis of respiratory pathogens and associated outbreaks can allow for the control of spread, epidemiological modeling, targeted treatment, and decision making-as is evident with the current COVID-19 pandemic. Many respiratory infections share common symptoms, making them difficult to diagnose using only syndromic presentation. Yet, with delays in getting reference laboratory tests and limited availability and poor sensitivity of point-of-care tests, syndromic diagnosis is the most-relied upon method in clinical practice today. Here, we examine the variability in diagnostic identification of respiratory infections during the annual infection cycle in northern New Mexico, by comparing syndromic diagnostics with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing-based methods, with the goal of assessing gaps in our current ability to identify respiratory pathogens. Of 97 individuals that presented with symptoms of respiratory infection, only 23 were positive for at least one RNA virus, as confirmed by sequencing. Whereas influenza virus (n = 7) was expected during this infection cycle, we also observed coronavirus (n = 7), respiratory syncytial virus (n = 8), parainfluenza virus (n = 4), and human metapneumovirus (n = 1) in individuals with respiratory infection symptoms. Four patients were coinfected with two viruses. In 21 individuals that tested positive using PCR, RNA sequencing completely matched in only 12 (57%) of these individuals. Few individuals (37.1%) were diagnosed to have an upper respiratory tract infection or viral syndrome by syndromic diagnostics, and the type of virus could only be distinguished in one patient. Thus, current syndromic diagnostic approaches fail to accurately identify respiratory pathogens associated with infection and are not suited to capture emerging threats in an accurate fashion. We conclude there is a critical and urgent need for layered agnostic diagnostics to track known and unknown pathogens at the point of care to control future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Bartlow
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Zachary R. Stromberg
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cheryl D. Gleasner
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Bin Hu
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Karen W. Davenport
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Shailja Jakhar
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Po-E Li
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Molly Vosburg
- Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Madhavi Garimella
- Medical Associates of Northern New Mexico, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Patrick S. G. Chain
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Tracy H. Erkkila
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeanne M. Fair
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Harshini Mukundan
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
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Kooshkaki O, Asghari A, Mahdavi R, Azarkar G, Parsamanesh N. Potential of MicroRNAs As Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Respiratory Viruses: A Literature Review. DNA Cell Biol 2022; 41:544-563. [PMID: 35699380 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression through recognition of cognate sequences and interference of transcriptional, translational, or epigenetic processes. Hundreds of miRNA genes have been found in diverse viruses, and many of these are phylogenetically conserved. Respiratory viruses are the most frequent causative agents of disease in humans, with a significant impact on morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, the role of miRNAs in respiratory viral gene regulation, as well as host gene regulation during disease progression, has become a field of interest. This review highlighted the importance of various miRNAs and their potential role in fighting with respiratory viruses as therapeutic molecules with a focus on COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Kooshkaki
- Department of Hematology, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Arghavan Asghari
- Department of Hematology, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Department of Hematology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Department of Hematology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghodsiyeh Azarkar
- Department of Hematology, Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Parsamanesh
- Department of Hematology, Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
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10
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Eddens T, Parks OB, Williams JV. Neonatal Immune Responses to Respiratory Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863149. [PMID: 35493465 PMCID: PMC9047724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in newborns, infants, and young children. These early life infections present a formidable immunologic challenge with a number of possibly conflicting goals: simultaneously eliminate the acute pathogen, preserve the primary gas-exchange function of the lung parenchyma in a developing lung, and limit long-term sequelae of both the infection and the inflammatory response. The latter has been most well studied in the context of childhood asthma, where multiple epidemiologic studies have linked early life viral infection with subsequent bronchospasm. This review will focus on the clinical relevance of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and rhinovirus (RV) and examine the protective and pathogenic host responses within the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Eddens
- Pediatric Scientist Development Program, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Allergy/Immunology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Olivia B. Parks
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - John V. Williams
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Butel T, Angoulvant F, Filipovic-Pierucci A, Milcent K, Teglas JP, Bellêttre X, Claudet I, Gras-le Guen C, de Pontual L, Minodier P, Dubos F, Brouard J, Soussan-Banini V, Degas-Bussiere V, Gatin A, Schweitzer C, Epaud R, Ryckewaert A, Cros P, Marot Y, Flahaut P, Saunier P, Babe P, Patteau G, Delebarre M, Titomanlio L, Vrignaud B, Trieu TV, Tahir A, Regnard D, Micheau P, Charara O, Henry S, Ploin D, Panjo H, Vabret A, Bouyer J, Durand-Zaleski I, Gajdos V. Clinical course and cost assessment of infants with a first episode of acute bronchiolitis presenting to the emergency department: Data from the GUERANDE clinical trial. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:3802-3812. [PMID: 34516722 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospitalization for infants but its economic burden is not well documented. Our objective was to describe the clinical evolution and to assess the 1-month cost of a first episode of acute bronchiolitis presenting to the emergency department (ED). METHODS Our study was an epidemiologic analysis and a cost study of the cohort drawn from the clinical trial GUERANDE, conducted in 24 French pediatric EDs. Infants of 6 weeks to 12 months of age presenting at pediatric EDs with a first episode of bronchiolitis were eligible. The costs considered were collected from a societal viewpoint, according to the recommendations of the French National Health Authority. RESULTS A total of 777 infants were included with a median age of 4 months. A total of 57% were hospitalized during the month following the first consultation in the ED, including 28 (3.6%) in an intensive care unit. The mean length of stay was 4.2 days (SD = 3.7). The average time to relief of all symptoms was 13 days (SD = 7). Average total cost per patient was €1919 (95% confidence interval: 1756-2138) from a societal perspective, mostly due to hospitalization cost. The estimated annual cost of bronchiolitis in infants was evaluated to be between €160 and €273 million in France. DISCUSSION Bronchiolitis represent a high cost for the health care system and broadly for society, with hospitalizations costs being the main cost driver. Thus significant investments should be made to develop innovative therapies, to reduce the number of hospitalizations and length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Butel
- The Clinical Research Unit of Health Economics, APHP, Paris, France
| | - François Angoulvant
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, The Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Karen Milcent
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Antoine Béclère University Hospital, APHP, Clamart, France.,CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean-Paul Teglas
- CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Xavier Bellêttre
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Robert Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Claudet
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Loïc de Pontual
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Jean Verdier University Hospital, APHP, Bondy, France
| | - Philippe Minodier
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Marseille Nord University Hospital, APHM, Marseille, France
| | - François Dubos
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Jacques Brouard
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Valérie Soussan-Banini
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, APHP, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | | | - Amélie Gatin
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Cyril Schweitzer
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Ralph Epaud
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Creteil Intercommunal Hospital, Creteil, France
| | - Amélie Ryckewaert
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Pierrick Cros
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Brest University Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Yves Marot
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Tours University Hospital, Tours, France
| | - Philippe Flahaut
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Pascal Saunier
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Fontainebleau Hospital, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Philippe Babe
- Pediatric Emergency Department, Lenval University Hospital, Nice, France
| | - Géraldine Patteau
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, The Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Delebarre
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Luigi Titomanlio
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Robert Debré University Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Vrignaud
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Thanh-Van Trieu
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Jean Verdier University Hospital, APHP, Bondy, France
| | - Abdelilah Tahir
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges, France
| | - Delphine Regnard
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Bicêtre University Hospital, APHP, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Pascale Micheau
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Oussama Charara
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, André Mignot Hospital, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Simon Henry
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Laennec Hospital, Quimper, France
| | - Dominique Ploin
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Mother Child University Hospital, HCL, Bron, France
| | - Henri Panjo
- CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Caen University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Jean Bouyer
- CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Vincent Gajdos
- Department of Pediatric Emergency, Antoine Béclère University Hospital, APHP, Clamart, France.,CESP Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, INSERM U1018, Villejuif, France
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12
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Idris OO, Kolawole OM. Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus and human adenovirus among children in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. J Med Virol 2021; 94:2548-2557. [PMID: 34816447 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In children, the respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus majorly cause acute respiratory infections. The study evaluated the seroprevalence and conducted the molecular characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) among children. Venous blood, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal swabs were collected from children presenting with acute respiratory infections in a tertiary health facility in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. A serological investigation was carried out on the sera samples for the detection of anti-HRSV immunoglobulin M (IgM), anti-HRSV IgG, anti-HAdV IgM, and anti-HAdV IgG using ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. The amplification and sequencing of HRSV and HAdV were carried out using specific primer pairs that targeted the glycoprotein (G) gene of HRSV and the hexon gene of HAdV, respectively. The seroprevalence of HRSV IgG and IgM was 73% and 7.5%, respectively, while the seroprevalence of HAdV IgG and IgM was 98.5% and 8.5%, respectively. The age of enrolled children, presence of fever, and cough were associated (p < 0.05) with the infection. HRSV subtype B (HRSV-B) (13.3%), and species of HAdV (Mastadenovirus B and C) (11.7%) were detected among the studied population. There was no viral coinfection with both HRSV and HAdV. In infancy and early childhood, HRSV-B, HAdV species B and C are common etiologic agents of respiratory infections as reported in this study. Further studies on molecular characterization of respiratory tract viruses including circulating respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus are hereby advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayinka O Idris
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olatunji M Kolawole
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Infectious Diseases and Environmental Health Research Group, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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13
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Abstract
Parainfluenza viruses, members of the enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Paramyxoviridae family, impact global child health as the cause of significant lower respiratory tract infections. Parainfluenza viruses enter cells by fusing directly at the cell surface membrane. How this fusion occurs via the coordinated efforts of the two molecules that comprise the viral surface fusion complex, and how these efforts may be blocked, are the subjects of this chapter. The receptor binding protein of parainfluenza forms a complex with the fusion protein of the virus, remaining stably associated until a receptor is reached. At that point, the receptor binding protein actively triggers the fusion protein to undergo a series of transitions that ultimately lead to membrane fusion and viral entry. In recent years it has become possible to examine this remarkable process on the surface of viral particles and to begin to understand the steps in the transition of this molecular machine, using a structural biology approach. Understanding the steps in entry leads to several possible strategies to prevent fusion and inhibit infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States; Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy; Department of Physiology & Cellular Biophysics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.
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14
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Next-generation sequencing of human respiratory syncytial virus subgroups A and B genomes. J Virol Methods 2021; 299:114335. [PMID: 34673119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2021.114335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of acute respiratory illness in young children worldwide. Whole genome sequencing of HRSV offers enhanced resolution of strain variability for epidemiological surveillance and provides genomic information essential for antiviral and vaccine development. A 10-amplicon one-step RT-PCR assay and a 20-amplicon nested RT-PCR assay with enhanced sensitivity were developed to amplify whole HRSV genomes from samples containing high and low viral loads, respectively. Ninety-six HRSV-positive samples comprised of 58 clinical specimens and 38 virus isolates with Ct values ≤ 24 were amplified successfully using the 10-amplicon one-step RT-PCR method and multiplexed in a single MiSeq run. Genome coverage exceeded 99.3% for all 96 samples. The 20-amplicon nested RT-PCR NGS method was used to generate >99.6% HRSV full-length genome for 72 clinical specimens with Ct values ranging from 24 to 33. Phylogenetic analysis of the genome sequences obtained from the 130 clinical specimens revealed a wide diversity of HRSV genotypes demonstrating methodologic robustness.
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15
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Greninger AL, Rybkina K, Lin MJ, Drew-Bear J, Marcink TC, Shean RC, Makhsous N, Boeckh M, Harder O, Bovier F, Burstein SR, Niewiesk S, Rima BK, Porotto M, Moscona A. Human parainfluenza virus evolution during lung infection of immunocompromised humans promotes viral persistence. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:150506. [PMID: 34609969 DOI: 10.1172/jci150506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of respiratory viruses to undergo evolution within the respiratory tract raises the possibility of evolution under the selective pressure of the host environment or drug treatment. Long-term infections in immunocompromised hosts are potential drivers of viral evolution and development of infectious variants. We show that intra-host evolution in chronic human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) infection in immunocompromised individuals elicited mutations that favor viral entry and persistence, suggesting that similar processes may operate across enveloped respiratory viruses. We profiled longitudinal HPIV3 infections from two immunocompromised individuals that persisted for 278 and 98 days. Mutations accrued in the HPIV3 attachment protein hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), including the first in vivo mutation in HN's receptor binding site responsible for activating the viral fusion process. Fixation of this mutation was associated with exposure to a drug that cleaves host cell sialic acid moieties. Longitudinal adaptation of HN was associated with features that promote viral entry and persistence in cells, including greater avidity for sialic acid and more active fusion activity in vitro, but not with antibody escape. Long term infection thus led to mutations promoting viral persistence, suggesting that host-directed therapeutics may support the evolution of viruses that alter their biophysical characteristics to persist in the face of these agents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Ksenia Rybkina
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle J Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Drew-Bear
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan C Shean
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Negar Makhsous
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Michael Boeckh
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, United States of America
| | - Olivia Harder
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Francesca Bovier
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Shana R Burstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, United States of America
| | - Bert K Rima
- School of Medicine Dentistry and Biomedical Sceinces, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Moscona
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, United States of America
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16
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Waghmode R, Jadhav S, Nema V. The Burden of Respiratory Viruses and Their Prevalence in Different Geographical Regions of India: 1970-2020. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:723850. [PMID: 34531842 PMCID: PMC8438434 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As per the 2019 report of the National Health Portal of India, 41,996,260 cases and 3,740 deaths from respiratory infections were recorded across India in 2018. India contributes to 18% of the global population, with severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) as one of the prominent causes of mortality in children >5 years of age. Measures in terms of the diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory infections are taken up globally to discover their circulating types, detect outbreaks, and estimate the disease burden. Similarly, the purpose of this review was to determine the prevalence of respiratory infections in various regions of India through published reports. Understanding the pattern and prevalence of various viral entities responsible for infections and outbreaks can help in designing better strategies to combat the problem. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, etc. Identification of these respiratory viruses was not given high priority until now, but the pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has sensitized our system to be alert about the burden of existing infections and to have proper checks for emerging ones. Most of the studies reported to date have worked on the influenza virus as a priority. However, the data describing the prevalence of other respiratory viruses with their seasonal pattern have significant epidemiological value. A comprehensive literature search was done to gather data from all geographical regions of India comprising all states of India from 1970 to 2020. The same has been compared with the global scenario and is being presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushabh Waghmode
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Sushama Jadhav
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Division of Molecular Biology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune, India
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17
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Oh DY, Biere B, Grenz M, Wolff T, Schweiger B, Dürrwald R, Reiche J. Virological Surveillance and Molecular Characterization of Human Parainfluenzavirus Infection in Children with Acute Respiratory Illness: Germany, 2015-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1508. [PMID: 34361941 PMCID: PMC8307145 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are important causes of respiratory illness, especially in young children. However, surveillance for HPIV is rarely performed continuously, and national-level epidemiologic and genetic data are scarce. Within the German sentinel system, to monitor acute respiratory infections (ARI), 4463 respiratory specimens collected from outpatients < 5 years of age between October 2015 and September 2019 were retrospectively screened for HPIV 1-4 using real-time PCR. HPIV was identified in 459 (10%) samples. HPIV-3 was the most common HPIV-type, with 234 detections, followed by HPIV-1 (113), HPIV-4 (61), and HPIV-2 (49). HPIV-3 was more frequently associated with age < 2 years, and HPIV-4 was more frequently associated with pneumonia compared to other HPIV types. HPIV circulation displayed distinct seasonal patterns, which appeared to vary by type. Phylogenetic characterization clustered HPIV-1 in Clades 2 and 3. Reclassification was performed for HPIV-2, provisionally assigning two distinct HPIV-2 groups and six clades, with German HPIV-2s clustering in Clade 2.4. HPIV-3 clustered in C1, C3, C5, and, interestingly, in A. HPIV-4 clustered in Clades 2.1 and 2.2. The results of this study may serve to inform future approaches to diagnose and prevent HPIV infections, which contribute substantially to ARI in young children in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Biere
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Grenz
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Schweiger
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, National Influenza Centre, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Reiche
- Consultant Laboratory for RSV, PIV and HMPV, Unit 17, Department of Infectious Diseases, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Johnson EK, Sylte D, Chaves SS, Li Y, Mahe C, Nair H, Paget J, van Pomeren T, Shi T, Viboud C, James SL. Hospital utilization rates for influenza and RSV: a novel approach and critical assessment. Popul Health Metr 2021; 19:31. [PMID: 34126993 PMCID: PMC8204427 DOI: 10.1186/s12963-021-00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) contribute significantly to the burden of acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) inpatient care, but heterogeneous coding practices and availability of inpatient data make it difficult to estimate global hospital utilization for either disease based on coded diagnoses alone. METHODS This study estimates rates of influenza and RSV hospitalization by calculating the proportion of ALRI due to influenza and RSV and applying this proportion to inpatient admissions with ALRI coded as primary diagnosis. Proportions of ALRI attributed to influenza and RSV were extracted from a meta-analysis of 360 total sources describing inpatient hospital admissions which were input to a Bayesian mixed effects model over age with random effects over location. Results of this model were applied to inpatient admission datasets for 44 countries to produce rates of hospital utilization for influenza and RSV respectively, and rates were compared to raw coded admissions for each disease. RESULTS For most age groups, these methods estimated a higher national admission rate than the rate of directly coded influenza or RSV admissions in the same inpatient sources. In many inpatient sources, International Classification of Disease (ICD) coding detail was insufficient to estimate RSV burden directly. The influenza inpatient burden estimates in older adults appear to be substantially underestimated using this method on primary diagnoses alone. Application of the mixed effects model reduced heterogeneity between countries in influenza and RSV which was biased by coding practices and between-country variation. CONCLUSIONS This new method presents the opportunity of estimating hospital utilization rates for influenza and RSV using a wide range of clinical databases. Estimates generally seem promising for influenza and RSV associated hospitalization, but influenza estimates from primary diagnosis seem highly underestimated among older adults. Considerable heterogeneity remains between countries in ALRI coding (i.e., primary vs non-primary cause), and in the age profile of proportion positive for influenza and RSV across studies. While this analysis is interesting because of its wide data utilization and applicability in locations without laboratory-confirmed admission data, understanding the sources of variability and data quality will be essential in future applications of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Johnson
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
| | - Dillon Sylte
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sandra S Chaves
- Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, Paris, France
- Vaccine Epidemiology and Modeling Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - You Li
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cedric Mahe
- Foundation for Influenza Epidemiology, Fondation de France, Paris, France
- Vaccine Epidemiology and Modeling Department, Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France
| | - Harish Nair
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Paget
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tayma van Pomeren
- Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research (Nivel), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ting Shi
- Centre for Global Health, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cecile Viboud
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Spencer L James
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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19
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Sweet SC. Community-Acquired Respiratory Viruses Post-Lung Transplant. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 42:449-459. [PMID: 34030206 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1729172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Survival in lung transplant recipients (LTRs) lags behind heart, liver, and kidney transplant, in part due to the direct and indirect effects of infection. LTRs have increased susceptibility to infection due to the combination of a graft continually exposed to the outside world, multiple mechanisms for impaired mucus clearance, and immunosuppression. Community-acquired respiratory viral infections (CARVs) are common in LTRs. Picornaviruses have roughly 40% cumulative incidence followed by respiratory syncytial virus and coronaviruses. Although single-center retrospective and prospective series implicate CARV in rejection and mortality, conclusive evidence for and well-defined mechanistic links to long-term outcome are lacking. Treatment of viral infections can be challenging except for influenza. Future studies are needed to develop better treatments and clarify the links between CARV and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart C Sweet
- Division of Allergy and Pulmonary Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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20
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O'Brien B, Goodridge L, Ronholm J, Nasheri N. Exploring the potential of foodborne transmission of respiratory viruses. Food Microbiol 2021; 95:103709. [PMID: 33397626 PMCID: PMC8035669 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic involving severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has raised the question whether this virus, which is known to be spread primarily though respiratory droplets, could be spread through the fecal-oral route or via contaminated food. In this article, we present a critical review of the literature exploring the potential foodborne transmission of several respiratory viruses including human coronaviruses, avian influenza virus (AVI), parainfluenza viruses, human respiratory syncytial virus, adenoviruses, rhinoviruses, and Nipah virus. Multiple lines of evidence, including documented expression of receptor proteins on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, in vivo viral replication in gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines, extended fecal shedding of respiratory viruses, and the ability to remain infectious in food environments for extended periods of time raises the theoretical ability of some human respiratory viruses, particularly human coronaviruses and AVI, to spread via food. However, to date, neither epidemiological data nor case reports of clear foodborne transmission of either viruses exist. Thus, foodborne transmission of human respiratory viruses remains only a theoretical possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget O'Brien
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Jennifer Ronholm
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Ste Anne de Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Food Virology Laboratory, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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21
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV-3) is a significant cause of lower respiratory tract infections, with the most severe disease in young infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. HPIV-3 infections are currently untreatable with licensed therapeutics, and prophylactic and therapeutic options are needed for patients at risk. To complement existing human airway models of HPIV-3 infection and develop an animal model to assess novel intervention strategies, we evaluated infection and transmission of HPIV-3 in ferrets. A well-characterized human clinical isolate (CI) of HPIV-3 engineered to express enhanced green fluorescent protein (rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP) was passaged on primary human airway epithelial cells (HAE) or airway organoids (AO) to avoid tissue culture adaptations. rHPIV3 CI-1-EGFP infection was assessed in vitro in ferret AO and in ferrets in vivo. Undifferentiated and differentiated ferret AO cultures supported rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replication, but the ferret primary airway cells from AO were less susceptible and permissive than HAE. In vivo rHPIV-3 CI-1-EGFP replicated in the upper and lower airways of ferrets and targeted respiratory epithelial cells, olfactory epithelial cells, type I pneumocytes, and type II pneumocytes. The infection efficiently induced specific antibody responses. Taken together, ferrets are naturally susceptible to HPIV-3 infection; however, limited replication was observed that led to neither overt clinical signs nor ferret-to-ferret transmission. However, in combination with ferret AO, the ferret model of HPIV-3 infection, tissue tropism, and neutralizing antibodies complements human ex vivo lung models and can be used as a platform for prevention and treatment studies for this important respiratory pathogen. IMPORTANCE HPIV-3 is an important cause of pediatric disease and significantly impacts the elderly. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients suffer from HPIV-3 infections, often related to problems with viral clearance. There is a need to model HPIV-3 infections in vitro and in vivo to evaluate novel prophylaxis and treatment options. Currently existing animal models lack the potential for studying animal-to-animal transmission or the effect of immunosuppressive therapy. Here, we describe the use of the ferret model in combination with authentic clinical viruses to further complement human ex vivo models, providing a platform to study approaches to prevent and treat HPIV-3 infection. Although we did not detect ferret-to-ferret transmission in our studies, these studies lay the groundwork for further refinement of the ferret model to immunocompromised ferrets, allowing for studies of severe HPIV-3-associated disease. Such models for preclinical evaluation of prophylaxis and antivirals can contribute to reducing the global health burden of HPIV-3.
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22
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McLaughlin JM, Khan F, Schmitt HJ, Agosti Y, Jodar L, Simões EAF, Swerdlow DL. Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Hospitalization Rates among US Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Infect Dis 2020; 225:1100-1111. [PMID: 33346360 PMCID: PMC8921994 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although global reviews of infant RSV burden exist, none have summarized data from the United States or evaluated how RSV burden estimates are influenced by variations in study design. METHODS We performed a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of studies describing RSV-associated hospitalization rates among US infants and examined the impact of key study characteristics on these estimates. RESULTS We reviewed 3328 articles through August 14, 2020 and identified 25 studies with 31 unique estimates of RSV-associated hospitalization rates. Among US infants <1 year of age, annual rates ranged from 8.4 to 40.8 per 1000 with a pooled rate= 19.4 (95%CI: 17.9-20.9). Study type influenced RSV-associated hospitalization rates (P=.003), with active surveillance studies having pooled rates (11.0; 95%CI: 9.8-12.2) that were half that of studies based on administrative claims (21.4; 95%CI: 19.5-23.3) or modeling approaches (23.2; 95%CI: 20.2-26.2). CONCLUSIONS Applying our pooled rates to the 2020 US birth cohort suggests that 79,850 (95%CI: 73,680-86,020) RSV-associated infant hospitalizations occur each year. The full range of RSV-associated hospitalization rates identified in our review can better inform future evaluations of RSV prevention strategies. More research is needed to better understand differences in estimated RSV burden across study design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eric A F Simões
- University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO.,Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
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23
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Khorasani A, Chegini A, Mirzaei A. New Insight into Laboratory Tests and Imaging Modalities for Fast and Accurate Diagnosis of COVID-19: Alternative Suggestions for Routine RT-PCR and CT-A Literature Review. Can Respir J 2020; 2020:4648307. [PMID: 33354252 PMCID: PMC7737466 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4648307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The globally inimitable and unremitting outbreak of COVID-19 infection confirmed the emergency need for critical detection of human coronavirus infections. Laboratory diagnostic tests and imaging modalities are two test groups used for the detection of COVID-19. Nowadays, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and computed tomography (CT) have been frequently utilized in the clinic. Some limitations that confront with these tests are false-negative results, tests redone for follow-up procedure, high cost, and unable to do for all patients. To overcome these limitations, modified and alternative tests must be considered. Among these tests, RdRp/Hel RT-PCR assay had the lowest diagnostic limitation and highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in both respiratory tract and nonrespiratory tract clinical specimens. On the other hand, lung ultrasound (LUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are CT-alternative imaging modalities for the management, screening, and follow-up of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khorasani
- Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Chegini
- Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran
| | - Arezoo Mirzaei
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
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24
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Orimadegun AE, Adepoju AA, Myer L. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Sex Differences in Morbidity and Mortality of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Among African Children. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS REVIEW 2020; 8:65-78. [PMID: 33043060 DOI: 10.32598/jpr.8.2.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Context Although biological sex influences Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (ALRIs) morbidity and mortality patterns in children living in sub-Saharan Africa, the exact mechanism about the effect is unknown. Objective We assessed the quality and strength of evidence on the association of sex with incidence, etiology, and outcomes of ALRI in African children. Data Sources Study Selection and Data Extraction We systematically searched electronic databases for publications from 1971-2016 in PubMed, African Journals Online, and Google scholar for ALRI literature in the African children. We used (pneumonia OR bronchiolitis OR "community-acquired pneumonia" OR CAP OR "hospital-acquired pneumonia" OR "nosocomial pneumonia" OR "ventilator-acquired pneumonia" OR "lung abscess" OR "pleural effusion" OR "empyema thoracis") AND (sex OR gender) AND (Africa OR Sub-Saharan) as search terms. We included the published peer-reviewed journal articles reporting on incidence, etiology, and case fatality. We summarized the findings using narrative and meta-analysis methods. Results We included 14 studies with sex-related data; the median (IQR) number of reported pneumonia cases was 148 (87-770) and 114 (56-599) for male and female patients, respectively. Only two studies reported a sex-specific incidence. The odds of sex were in favor of male sex, and the chances of identification of Respiratory Syncytia Virus (RSV) were significantly lower in males than in females (OR=0.60; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.86). Estimates from 9 studies showed that the death rate for males was significantly higher than for females (OR=1.26; 95% CI=1.20-1.33). Conclusions Sex-disaggregated data on incidence, etiology, and case fatality of pneumonia are scarcely reported in studies published in Africa. However, males appear to die more often than females, and females more likely to have RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebola E Orimadegun
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adedayo A Adepoju
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Landon Myer
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Bose ME, Shrivastava S, He J, Nelson MI, Bera J, Fedorova N, Halpin R, Town CD, Lorenzi HA, Amedeo P, Gupta N, Noyola DE, Videla C, Kok T, Buys A, Venter M, Vabret A, Cordey S, Henrickson KJ. Sequencing and analysis of globally obtained human parainfluenza viruses 1 and 3 genomes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220057. [PMID: 31318956 PMCID: PMC6638977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) type 1 and 3 are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children globally. HPIV infections do not confer complete protective immunity so reinfections occur throughout life. Since no effective vaccine is available for the two virus subtypes, comprehensive understanding of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 genetic and epidemic features is important for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 infections. Relatively few whole genome sequences are available for both HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 viruses, so our study sought to provide whole genome sequences from multiple countries to further the understanding of the global diversity of HPIV at a whole-genome level. We collected HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 samples and isolates from Argentina, Australia, France, Mexico, South Africa, Switzerland, and USA from the years 2003-2011 and sequenced the genomes of 40 HPIV-1 and 75 HPIV-3 viruses with Sanger and next-generation sequencing with the Ion Torrent, Illumina, and 454 platforms. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the HPIV-1 genome is evolving at an estimated rate of 4.97 × 10-4 mutations/site/year (95% highest posterior density 4.55 × 10-4 to 5.38 × 10-4) and the HPIV-3 genome is evolving at a similar rate (3.59 × 10-4 mutations/site/year, 95% highest posterior density 3.26 × 10-4 to 3.94 × 10-4). There were multiple genetically distinct lineages of both HPIV-1 and 3 circulating on a global scale. Further surveillance and whole-genome sequencing are greatly needed to better understand the spatial dynamics of these important respiratory viruses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Bose
- Midwest Respiratory Virus Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | | | - Jie He
- Midwest Respiratory Virus Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
| | - Martha I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Jayati Bera
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Nadia Fedorova
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Halpin
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | | | | | - Paolo Amedeo
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Neha Gupta
- J. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Noyola
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Cristina Videla
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas (CEMIC) University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Tuckweng Kok
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amelia Buys
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa
| | - Marietjie Venter
- Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, South Africa
- Zoonotic, arbo and respiratory virus program, Department Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Astrid Vabret
- Normandie Université, Caen, France
- Groupe de Recherche sur l'Adaptation Microbienne (GRAM), Université de Caen, Caen, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen, Caen, France
| | - Samuel Cordey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Laboratory of Virology, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kelly J. Henrickson
- Midwest Respiratory Virus Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States of America
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26
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Besednova N, Zaporozhets T, Kuznetsova T, Makarenkova I, Fedyanina L, Kryzhanovsky S, Malyarenko O, Ermakova S. Metabolites of Seaweeds as Potential Agents for the Prevention and Therapy of Influenza Infection. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:E373. [PMID: 31234532 PMCID: PMC6627559 DOI: 10.3390/md17060373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Seaweed metabolites (fucoidans, carrageenans, ulvans, lectins, and polyphenols) are biologically active compounds that target proteins or genes of the influenza virus and host components that are necessary for replication and reproduction of the virus. OBJECTIVE This review gathers the information available in the literature regarding to the useful properties of seaweeds metabolites as potential agents for the prevention and therapy of influenza infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sources of scientific literature were found in various electronic databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect) and library search. The retrospective search depth is 25 years. RESULTS Influenza is a serious medical and social problem for humanity. Recently developed drugs are quite effective against currently circulating influenza virus strains, but their use can lead to the selection of resistant viral strains. In this regard, new therapeutic approaches and drugs with a broad spectrum of activity are needed. Metabolites of seaweeds fulfill these requirements. This review presents the results of in vitro and in vivo experimental and clinical studies about the effectiveness of these compounds in combating influenza infection and explains the necessity of their use as a potential basis for the creation of new drugs with a broad spectrum of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Besednova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Zaporozhets
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Ilona Makarenkova
- Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution, Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Sel'skaya street, 1, Vladivostok 690087, Russia.
| | - Lydmila Fedyanina
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, bldg. M25 FEFU Campus, Ajax Bay, Russky Isl., Vladivostok 690922, Russia.
| | - Sergey Kryzhanovsky
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, bldg. M25 FEFU Campus, Ajax Bay, Russky Isl., Vladivostok 690922, Russia.
| | - Olesya Malyarenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
| | - Svetlana Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoka, 159, Vladivostok 690022, Russia.
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27
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Evaluation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of human respiratory syncytial virus in children with acute respiratory infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:415-426. [PMID: 31529826 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i2.4428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most frequent cause of acute respiratory infection of the lower respiratory tract in children under the age of five. The development of molecular techniques able to identify hRSV is one of the current challenges in the field of clinical research.
Objective: To evaluate the ability of an isothermal amplification method to rapidly detect hRSV in children with acute respiratory infection.
Materials and methods: We collected 304 nasopharyngeal swab samples from children with symptoms of acute respiratory infection who attended the emergency unit at Hospital de la Universidad del Norte in Barranquilla from April, 2016, to July, 2017. After extracting viral RNA from the samples, we evaluated the ability of the reverse transcriptase-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) M assay to rapidly detect hRSVA and hRSVB compared to other molecular techniques: quantitative PCR (qPCR), reverse transcriptase-LAMP L assay, and as a standard, the multiplex nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (nested RT-PCR).
Results: The RT-LAMP M assay had a sensitivity of 93.59% and a specificity of 92.92%, and a concordance of 0.83 ± 0.036 as compared with the nested RT-PCR test. While the Kappa index of the RT-LAMP M assay was higher than the values for the RT-LAMP L assay and the qPCR, the values of the latter two methods were in agreement (0.75 ± 0.043 and 0.71 ± 0.045, respectively).
Conclusion: Due to the shorter running times, lower costs and better performance of the RT-LAMP M assay, it can be considered as a useful clinical tool for the detection of RSVA.
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Li N, Zhang L, Zheng B, Li W, Liu J, Zhang H, Zeng R. RSV recombinant candidate vaccine G1F/M2 with CpG as an adjuvant prevents vaccine-associated lung inflammation, which may be associated with the appropriate types of immune memory in spleens and lungs. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2684-2694. [PMID: 31021703 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1596710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major respiratory pathogen in infants. The early formalin-inactivated RSV not only failed to protect infants against infection, but also was associated with enhanced pulmonary inflammatory disease upon natural infection. A safe and effective vaccine should prevent the inflammatory disease and provide protection. Immune memory is the cornerstone of vaccines. In this study, we evaluated three types of immune memory T cells, antibodies, and lung inflammation of a vaccine candidate G1F/M2, which includes a neutralizing epitope fragment of RSV G protein and a cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope of M2 protein, with toll-like receptor 9 agonist CpG2006 as an adjuvant by intranasal (i.n.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization protocols. The results indicated that immunization of mice with G1F/M2 + CpG i.p. induced significantly higher level of CD4+ or CD8+ central memory (TCM), Th1-type effector memory (TEM), and balanced ratio of IgG1/IgG2a, but lower level of lung tissue-resident memory (TRM), compared with immunization with G1F/M2 + CpG i.n., G1F/M2 i.n., or G1F/M2 i.p. Following RSV challenge, the mice immunized with G1F/M2 + CpG i.p. showed higher level of Th1-type responses, remarkably suppressed inflammatory cytokines and histopathology in lungs, compared with mice immunized with G1F/M2 + CpG i.n., G1F/M2 i.n., or G1F/M2 i.p. These results suggested that high level of TCM and Th1 type of TEM in spleens may contribute to inhibition of lung inflammation, while high level of TRM in lungs and lack of or weak Th1-type immune memory in spleens may promote lung inflammation following RSV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Boyang Zheng
- Basic Medical College, Hebei Medical University, Hebei, China
| | - Wenjian Li
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jianxun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Xingtai Medical College, Xingtai, Hebei, PR China
| | - Huixian Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ruihong Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei, China
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Yao Y, Zhipeng Z, Wenqi S, Runqing L, Dong Z, Kun Q, Xiuying Z. Unreliable usage of a single influenza virus IgM antibody assay in influenza-like illness: A retrospective study of the 2016-2018 flu epidemic. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215514. [PMID: 31009494 PMCID: PMC6476501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively analyzed serum IgM antibodies (Abs) to influenza viruses from two tertiary hospitals in Beijing from December 2016 to February 2018. Samples from 36,792 patients, aged 0–98 years, were collected and tested. Among the patients, 923 children from two winter flu seasons were assayed with both antigens and IgM Abs to Flu A and Flu B and assigned as paired groups. Another 2,340 adults and 1,978 children with only antigen tested in the 2016 and 2017 winter flu seasons were named as unpaired groups. IgM Abs-positivity rates in children were 0.80% and 36.57% for Flu A and Flu B, respectively, peaking at 4–5 years of age. For adults, the Flu A and Flu B IgM Abs-positivity rates were 10.34% and 21.49%, respectively, peaking at 18–35 years of age. The trend of temporal distribution between the children and the adults was significantly correlated for IgM Abs to Flu B, but not for Flu A. Compared with unpaired groups, the detection rate of Flu A antigen was significantly higher than IgM Abs in children, whereas frequencies of IgM Abs were higher than antigen in adults. Incidence of Flu B antigen was sharply increased in 2017 winter than in the 2016 winter in both children and adults, but no concomitant increase was observed in IgM Abs to Flu B. For paired children groups, incidence of Flu B antigen in the 2017 flu season was significantly higher than that in the 2016 flu season; in contrast, positive rates of IgM Abs in the 2017 flu season were even lower than those in 2016. Considering antigen detection may reflect the Flu A/Flu B epidemic, our results indicate single-assayed IgM Abs were less effective in the diagnosis of acute influenza virus infection, and the use of this assay for epidemiology evaluations was not supported by these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Zhipeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Chang-gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Song Wenqi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
| | - Li Runqing
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Chang-gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Zhu Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Chang-gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR. China
| | - Qin Kun
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, National Health and Family Planning Commission. Beijing, PR. China
| | - Zhao Xiuying
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Tsinghua Chang-gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR. China
- * E-mail:
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Thongpan I, Suntronwong N, Vichaiwattana P, Wanlapakorn N, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. Respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and influenza virus infection in Bangkok, 2016-2017. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6748. [PMID: 30997293 PMCID: PMC6462397 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children and adults residing in densely populated urban centers around the world are at risk of seasonal influenza-like illness caused by respiratory viruses such as influenza virus, human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In a large metropolitan of Thailand’s capital city Bangkok, most respiratory infections are rarely confirmed by molecular diagnostics. We therefore examined the frequency of RSV, hMPV, and influenza virus in 8,842 patients who presented influenza-like illness and sought medical care at a large hospital in Bangkok between 2016 and 2017. Using a multiplex real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 30.5% (2,699/8,842) of nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples tested positive for one or more of these viruses. Influenza virus comprised 17.3% (1,528/8,842), of which the majority were influenza A/H3N2. Such infection was most prevalent among adults and the elderly. RSV was identified in 11.4% (1,011/8,842) and were mostly ON1 and BA9 genotypes. Of the hMPV-positive samples (3.6%, 318/8,842), genotypes A2, B1, and B2 were detected. A small number of individuals experienced co-infections (1.8%, 155/8,842), most commonly between RSV and influenza A/H3N2. RSV and hMPV co-infections were also found, but mainly in young children. Viral respiratory tract infection peaked locally in the rainy season (June to September). These findings support the utility of rapid nucleic acid testing of RSV, hMPV, and influenza virus in patients with ILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilada Thongpan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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31
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McGill JL, Guerra-Maupome M, Schneider S. Prophylactic digoxin treatment reduces IL-17 production in vivo in the neonatal calf and moderates RSV-associated disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214407. [PMID: 30908540 PMCID: PMC6433258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in human infants. Bovine RSV infection of neonatal calves is pathologically and immunologically similar to RSV infection in infants, and is therefore a useful preclinical model for testing novel therapeutics. Treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis relies on supportive care and may include use of bronchodilators and inhaled or systemic corticosteroids. Interleukin-17A (IL-17) is an inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment and activation. IL-17 is increased in children and rodents with severe RSV infection; and in calves with severe BRSV infection. It is currently unclear if IL-17 and Th17 immunity is beneficial or detrimental to the host during RSV infection. Digoxin was recently identified to selectively inhibit IL-17 production by antagonizing its transcription factor, retinoid-related orphan receptor γ t (RORγt). Digoxin inhibits RORγt binding to IL-17 and Th17 associated genes, and suppresses IL-17 production in vitro in human and murine leukocytes and in vivo in rodent models of autoimmune disease. We demonstrate here that in vitro and in vivo digoxin treatment also inhibits IL-17 production by bovine leukocytes. To determine the role of IL-17 in primary RSV infection, calves were treated prophylactically with digoxin and infected with BRSV. Digoxin treated calves demonstrated reduced signs of clinical illness after BRSV infection, and reduced lung pathology compared to untreated control calves. Digoxin treatment did not adversely affect virus shedding or lung viral burden, but had a significant impact on pulmonary inflammatory cytokine expression on day 10 post infection. Together, our results suggest that exacerbated expression of IL-17 has a negative impact on RSV disease, and that development of specific therapies targeting Th17 immunity may be a promising strategy to improve disease outcome during severe RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mariana Guerra-Maupome
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Sarah Schneider
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Monette A, Mouland AJ. T Lymphocytes as Measurable Targets of Protection and Vaccination Against Viral Disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 342:175-263. [PMID: 30635091 PMCID: PMC7104940 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Continuous epidemiological surveillance of existing and emerging viruses and their associated disorders is gaining importance in light of their abilities to cause unpredictable outbreaks as a result of increased travel and vaccination choices by steadily growing and aging populations. Close surveillance of outbreaks and herd immunity are also at the forefront, even in industrialized countries, where previously eradicated viruses are now at risk of re-emergence due to instances of strain recombination, contractions in viral vector geographies, and from their potential use as agents of bioterrorism. There is a great need for the rational design of current and future vaccines targeting viruses, with a strong focus on vaccine targeting of adaptive immune effector memory T cells as the gold standard of immunity conferring long-lived protection against a wide variety of pathogens and malignancies. Here, we review viruses that have historically caused large outbreaks and severe lethal disorders, including respiratory, gastric, skin, hepatic, neurologic, and hemorrhagic fevers. To observe trends in vaccinology against these viral disorders, we describe viral genetic, replication, transmission, and tropism, host-immune evasion strategies, and the epidemiology and health risks of their associated syndromes. We focus on immunity generated against both natural infection and vaccination, where a steady shift in conferred vaccination immunogenicity is observed from quantifying activated and proliferating, long-lived effector memory T cell subsets, as the prominent biomarkers of long-term immunity against viruses and their associated disorders causing high morbidity and mortality rates.
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Wu P, Escobar GJ, Gebretsadik T, Carroll KN, Li SX, Walsh EM, Mitchel EF, Sloan C, Dupont WD, Yu C, Horner JR, Hartert TV. Effectiveness of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Immunoprophylaxis in Reducing Bronchiolitis Hospitalizations Among High-Risk Infants. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:1490-1500. [PMID: 29351636 PMCID: PMC6030843 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to determine the real-world effectiveness of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immunoprophylaxis in a population-based cohort to inform policy. The study population included infants born during 1996-2008 and enrolled in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California integrated health-care delivery system. During the RSV season (November-March), the date of RSV immunoprophylaxis administration and the following 30 days were defined as RSV immunoprophylaxis protected period(s), and all other days were defined as unprotected period(s). Numbers of bronchiolitis hospitalizations were determined using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, codes during RSV season. We used a proportional hazards model to estimate risk of bronchiolitis hospitalization when comparing infants' protected period(s) with unprotected period(s). Infants who had ever received RSV immunoprophylaxis had a 32% decreased risk of bronchiolitis hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.68, 95% confidence interval: 0.46, 1.00) when protected periods were compared with unprotected periods. Infants with chronic lung disease (CLD) had a 52% decreased risk of bronchiolitis hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.48, 95% confidence interval: 0.25, 0.94) when protected periods were compared with unprotected periods. Under the new 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines, 48% of infants eligible for RSV immunoprophylaxis on the basis of AAP guidelines in place at birth would no longer be eligible, but nearly all infants with CLD would remain eligible. RSV immunoprophylaxis is effective in decreasing hospitalization. This association is greatest for infants with CLD, a group still recommended for receipt of RSV immunoprophylaxis under the new AAP guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingsheng Wu
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Gabriel J Escobar
- Department of Inpatient Pediatrics, Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, Walnut Creek, California
- Perinatal Research Unit, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Tebeb Gebretsadik
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kecia N Carroll
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sherian X Li
- Perinatal Research Unit, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Eileen M Walsh
- Perinatal Research Unit, Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, California
| | - Edward F Mitchel
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chantel Sloan
- Department of Health Science, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - William D Dupont
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jeffrey R Horner
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Tina V Hartert
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Zhang Y, Shao L. Decreased microRNA-140-5p contributes to respiratory syncytial virus disease through targeting Toll-like receptor 4. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:993-999. [PMID: 30116350 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal expression of miRNAs (miRs) has previously been reported in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression of miR-140-5p in patients with an RSV infection has never been explored. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the level of miR-140-5p in the blood and nasopharyngeal airway samples. ELISAs were performed to determine the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and IL-8. A dual luciferase reporter assay was also performed to investigate the possible target gene of miR-140-5p. The results demonstrated that the levels of miR-140-5p were significantly decreased in the nasal mucosal and peripheral blood samples of patients with RSV infection. It was also revealed that overexpression of miR-140-5p decreased the inflammatory responses, while inhibition of miR-140-5p enhanced the inflammatory responses. Additionally, three binding sites of miR-140-5p in the 3untranslated region (UTR) of Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 were identified and a dual luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-140-5p significantly suppressed the relative luciferase activity of pmirGLO-TLR4-3UTR. Furthermore, the level of miR-140-5p was shown to be increased following interferon (IFN)α incubation. Notably, inhibition of miR-140-5p markedly attenuated IFNα-mediated downregulation of tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin-1β, -6 and -8 in BEAS-2B cells. In summary, decreased miR-140-5p levels are involved in RSV-infection diseases primarily through targeting TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Infectious Disease Department, Jiangsu Taizhou People's Hospital, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- Infectious Disease Department, Shanghai Huashan Hospital, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
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Efficacy of mucosal polyanhydride nanovaccine against respiratory syncytial virus infection in the neonatal calf. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3021. [PMID: 29445124 PMCID: PMC5813012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe acute lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is closely related to HRSV and a significant cause of morbidity in young cattle. BRSV infection in calves displays many similarities to RSV infection in humans, including similar age dependency and disease pathogenesis. Polyanhydride nanoparticle-based vaccines (i.e., nanovaccines) have shown promise as adjuvants and vaccine delivery vehicles due to their ability to promote enhanced immunogenicity through the route of administration, provide sustained antigen exposure, and induce both antibody- and cell-mediated immunity. Here, we developed a novel, mucosal nanovaccine that encapsulates the post-fusion F and G glycoproteins from BRSV into polyanhydride nanoparticles and determined the efficacy of the vaccine against RSV infection using a neonatal calf model. Calves receiving the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine exhibited reduced pathology in the lungs, reduced viral burden, and decreased virus shedding compared to unvaccinated control calves, which correlated with BRSV-specific immune responses in the respiratory tract and peripheral blood. Our results indicate that the BRSV-F/G nanovaccine is highly immunogenic and, with optimization, has the potential to significantly reduce the disease burden associated with RSV infection in both humans and animals.
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Kim GE, Shin SW, Choi HJ, Choi BG. Clinical presentation of croup in children according to causative viruses. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2018. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2018.6.6.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ga Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk Won Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Joung Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Bo Geum Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Vimalanathan S, Schoop R, Suter A, Hudson J. Prevention of influenza virus induced bacterial superinfection by standardized Echinacea purpurea, via regulation of surface receptor expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Virus Res 2017; 233:51-59. [PMID: 28279802 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections may predispose the airways to secondary bacterial infections that can lead to unfavorable progression of principally self-limiting illnesses. Such complicated respiratory infections include pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, acute otitis media, and sepsis, which cause high morbidity and lethality. Some of the pathogenic consequences of viral infections, like the expression of bacterial adhesion receptors and the disturbance of physical barrier integrity due to inflammation, may create permissive conditions for co-infections. Influenza virus A (H3N2) is a major pathogen that causes secondary bacterial infections and inflammation that lead to pneumonia. The herbal medicine Echinacea purpurea, on the other hand, has been widely used to prevent and treat viral respiratory infections, and recent clinical data suggest that it may prevent secondary infection complications as well. We investigated the role of standardized E. purpurea (Echinaforce® extract or EF) on H3N2-induced adhesion of live nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) and Staphylococcus aureus, along with the expression of bacterial receptors, intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), fibronectin, and platelet activating factor receptor (PAFr), by BEAS-2B cells. Inflammatory processes were investigated by determining the cellular expression of IL-6 and IL-8 and the involvement of Toll-like receptor (TLR-4) and NFκB p65. We found that influenza virus A infection increased the adhesion of H. influenzae and S. aureus to bronchial epithelial cells via upregulated expression of the ICAM-1 receptor and, to some extent, of fibronectin and PAFr. Echinaforce (EF) significantly reduced the expression of ICAM-1, fibronectin, and PAFr and consequently the adhesion of both bacterial strains. EF also effectively prevented the super-expression of inflammatory cytokines by suppressing the expression of NFκB and possibly TLR-4. These results indicate that E. purpurea has the potential to reduce the risk of respiratory complications by preventing virus-induced bacterial adhesion and through the inhibition of inflammation super-stimulation (cytokine storms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvarani Vimalanathan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5.
| | - Roland Schoop
- Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland
| | - Andy Suter
- Medical Department, A. Vogel Bioforce AG, Roggwil TG, Switzerland
| | - James Hudson
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
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Clinical evaluation of the isothermal amplification assays for the detection of four common respiratory viruses in children with pneumonia. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1311-1318. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Tran D, Vaudry W, Moore D, Bettinger JA, Halperin SA, Scheifele DW, Jadvji T, Lee L, Mersereau T. Hospitalization for Influenza A Versus B. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2015-4643. [PMID: 27535144 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-4643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which influenza A and B infection differs remains uncertain. METHODS Using active surveillance data from the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program Active at 12 pediatric hospitals, we compared clinical characteristics and outcomes of children ≤16 years admitted with laboratory-confirmed influenza B or seasonal influenza A. We also examined factors associated with ICU admission in children hospitalized with influenza B. RESULTS Over 8 nonpandemic influenza seasons (2004-2013), we identified 1510 influenza B and 2645 influenza A cases; median ages were 3.9 and 2.0 years, respectively (P < .0001). Compared with influenza A patients, influenza B patients were more likely to have a vaccine-indicated condition (odds ratio [OR] = 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.14-1.47). Symptoms more often associated with influenza B were headache, abdominal pain, and myalgia (P < .0001 for all symptoms after adjustment for age and health status). The proportion of deaths attributable to influenza was significantly greater for influenza B (1.1%) than influenza A (0.4%); adjusted for age and health status, OR was 2.65 (95% CI = 1.18-5.94). A similar adjusted OR was obtained for all-cause mortality (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 1.34-6.49). Among healthy children with influenza B, age ≥10 years (relative to <6 months) was associated with the greatest odds of ICU admission (OR = 5.79; 95% CI = 1.91-17.57). CONCLUSIONS Mortality associated with pediatric influenza B infection was greater than that of influenza A. Among healthy children hosptialized with influenza B, those 10 years and older had a significant risk of ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dat Tran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
| | - Wendy Vaudry
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Stollery Children's Hospital, University of Alberta, Edmonton Alberta, Canada
| | - Dorothy Moore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie A Bettinger
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott A Halperin
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David W Scheifele
- Vaccine Evaluation Center, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Taj Jadvji
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Liza Lee
- Centre for Immunization & Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Teresa Mersereau
- Centre for Immunization & Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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Roggeri DP, Roggeri A, Rossi E, Cataudella S, Martini N. Impact of hospitalizations for bronchiolitis in preterm infants on long-term health care costs in Italy: a retrospective case-control study. CLINICOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH 2016; 8:407-12. [PMID: 27536151 PMCID: PMC4976809 DOI: 10.2147/ceor.s111535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Bronchiolitis is an acute inflammatory injury of the bronchioles, and is the most frequent cause of hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infections in preterm infants. This was a retrospective, observational, case-control study conducted in Italy, based on administrative database analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in health care costs of preterm infants with and without early hospitalization for bronchiolitis. Patients and methods Preterm infants born in the period between January 1, 2009 and December 31, 2010 and hospitalized for bronchiolitis in the first year of life were selected from the ARNO Observatory database and observed for the first 4 years of life. These preterm infants were compared (paired 1–3) with preterm infants who were not hospitalized for bronchiolitis in the first year of life and with similar characteristics. Only direct health care costs reimbursed by the Italian National Health Service were considered for this study (drugs, hospitalizations, and diagnostic/therapeutic procedures). Results Of 40,823 newborns in the accrual period, 863 were preterm with no evidence of prophylaxis, and 22 preterm infants were hospitalized for bronchiolitis (cases) and paired with 62 controls. Overall, cases had 74% higher average cost per infant in the first 4 years of life than controls (18,624€ versus 10,189€, respectively). The major cost drivers were hospitalizations, accounting for >90% in both the populations. The increase in total yearly health care cost between cases and controls remained substantial even in the fourth year of life for all cost items. A relevant increase in hospitalizations and drug consumption linked to respiratory tract diseases was noted in infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis during the entire follow-up period. Conclusion Preterm infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis in the first year of life were associated with increased resource consumption and costs throughout the entire period of observation; even in the fourth year, the difference versus paired controls was relevant.
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Abstract
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are single-stranded, enveloped RNA viruses of the Paramyoviridaie family. There are four serotypes which cause respiratory illnesses in children and adults. HPIVs bind and replicate in the ciliated epithelial cells of the upper and lower respiratory tract and the extent of the infection correlates with the location involved. Seasonal HPIV epidemics result in a significant burden of disease in children and account for 40% of pediatric hospitalizations for lower respiratory tract illnesses (LRTIs) and 75% of croup cases. Parainfluenza viruses are associated with a wide spectrum of illnesses which include otitis media, pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, croup, tracheobronchitis, and pneumonia. Uncommon respiratory manifestations include apnea, bradycardia, parotitis, and respiratory distress syndrome and rarely disseminated infection. Immunity resulting from disease in childhood is incomplete and reinfection with HPIV accounts for 15% of respiratory illnesses in adults. Severe disease and fatal pneumonia may occur in elderly and immunocompromised adults. HPIV pneumonia in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is associated with 50% acute mortality and 75% mortality at 6 months. Though sensitive molecular diagnostics are available to rapidly diagnose HPIV infection, effective antiviral therapies are not available. Currently, treatment for HPIV infection is supportive with the exception of croup where the use of corticosteroids has been found to be beneficial. Several novel drugs including DAS181 appear promising in efforts to treat severe disease in immunocompromised patients, and vaccines to decrease the burden of disease in young children are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela R Branche
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Ann R Falsey
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
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Doucette A, Jiang X, Fryzek J, Coalson J, McLaurin K, Ambrose CS. Trends in Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Bronchiolitis Hospitalization Rates in High-Risk Infants in a United States Nationally Representative Database, 1997-2012. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152208. [PMID: 27050095 PMCID: PMC4822775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes significant pediatric morbidity and is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis hospitalizations declined among US infants from 2000‒2009; however, rates in infants at high risk for RSV have not been described. This study examined RSV and unspecified bronchiolitis (UB) hospitalization rates from 1997‒2012 among US high-risk infants. METHODS The Kids' Inpatient Database (KID) infant annual RSV (ICD-9 079.6, 466.11, 480.1) and UB (ICD-9 466.19, 466.1) hospitalization rates were estimated using weighted counts. Denominators were based on birth hospitalizations with conditions associated with high-risk for RSV: chronic perinatal respiratory disease (chronic lung disease [CLD]); congenital airway anomalies (CAA); congenital heart disease (CHD); Down syndrome (DS); and other genetic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and immunodeficiency conditions. Preterm infants could not be identified. Hospitalizations were characterized by mechanical ventilation, inpatient mortality, length of stay, and total cost (2015$). Poisson and linear regression were used to test statistical significance of trends. RESULTS RSV and UB hospitalization rates were substantially elevated for infants with higher-risk CHD, CLD, CAA and DS without CHD compared with all infants. RSV rates declined by 47.0% in CLD and 49.7% in higher-risk CHD infants; no other declines in high-risk groups were observed. UB rates increased in all high-risk groups except for a 22.5% decrease among higher-risk CHD. Among high-risk infants, mechanical ventilation increased through 2012 to 20.4% and 13.5% of RSV and UB hospitalizations; geometric mean cost increased to $31,742 and $25,962, respectively, and RSV mortality declined to 0.9%. CONCLUSIONS Among high-risk infants between 1997 and 2012, RSV hospitalization rates declined among CLD and higher-risk CHD infants, coincident with widespread RSV immunoprophylaxis use in these populations. UB hospitalization rates increased in all high-risk groups except higher-risk CHD, suggesting improvement in the health status of higher-risk CHD infants, potentially due to enhanced surgical interventions. Mechanical ventilation use and RSV and UB hospitalization costs increased while RSV mortality declined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon Fryzek
- Epidstat, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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Pisesky A, Benchimol EI, Wong CA, Hui C, Crowe M, Belair MA, Pojsupap S, Karnauchow T, O'Hearn K, Yasseen AS, McNally JD. Incidence of Hospitalization for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection amongst Children in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study Using Validated Health Administrative Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150416. [PMID: 26958849 PMCID: PMC4784925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance RSV is a common illness among young children that causes significant morbidity and health care costs. Objective Routinely collected health administrative data can be used to track disease incidence, explore risk factors and conduct health services research. Due to potential for misclassification bias, the accuracy of data-elements should be validated prior to use. The objectives of this study were to validate an algorithm to accurately identify pediatric cases of hospitalized respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) from within Ontario’s health administrative data, estimate annual incidence of hospitalization due to RSV and report the prevalence of major risk factors within hospitalized patients. Study Design and Setting A retrospective chart review was performed to establish a reference-standard cohort of children from the Ottawa region admitted to the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO) for RSV-related disease in 2010 and 2011. Chart review data was linked to Ontario’s administrative data and used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of algorithms of RSV-related ICD-10 codes within provincial hospitalization and emergency department databases. Age- and sex-standardized incidence was calculated over time, with trends in incidence assessed using Poisson regression. Results From a total of 1411 admissions, chart review identified 327 children hospitalized for laboratory confirmed RSV-related disease. Following linkage to administrative data and restriction to first admissions, there were 289 RSV patients in the reference-standard cohort. The best algorithm, based on hospitalization data, resulted in sensitivity 97.9% (95%CI: 95.5–99.2%), specificity 99.6% (95%CI: 98.2–99.8%), PPV 96.9% (95%CI: 94.2–98.6%), NPV 99.4% (95%CI: 99.4–99.9%). Incidence of hospitalized RSV in Ontario from 2005–2012 was 10.2 per 1000 children under 1 year and 4.8 per 1000 children aged 1 to 3 years. During the surveillance period, there was no identifiable increasing or decreasing linear trend in the incidence of hospitalized RSV, hospital length of stay and PICU admission rates. Among the Ontario RSV cohort, 16.3% had one or more major risk factors, with a decreasing trend observed over time. Conclusion Children hospitalized for RSV-related disease can be accurately identified within population-based health administrative data. RSV is a major public health concern and incidence has not changed over time, suggesting a lack of progress in prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pisesky
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric I. Benchimol
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES uOttawa), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Coralie A. Wong
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES uOttawa), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Hui
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Megan Crowe
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc-Andre Belair
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES uOttawa), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Supichaya Pojsupap
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tim Karnauchow
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie O'Hearn
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdool S. Yasseen
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - James D. McNally
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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McGill JL, Sacco RE. γδ T cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:24-29. [PMID: 26923879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of nonconventional T cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ T cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. The frequency of circulating γδ T cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory infection in calves, and is most severe in animals under one year of age. BRSV is also a significant factor in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is closely related to BRSV and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. BRSV infection in calves shares striking similarities with RSV infection in human infants. To date, there have been few studies defining the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV or RSV infection in animals or humans, respectively. However, emerging evidence suggests that γδ T cells may play a critical role in the early recognition of infection and in shaping the development of the adaptive immune response through inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production. Further, while it is clear that γδ T cells accumulate in the lungs during BRSV and RSV infection, their role in protection vs. immunopathology remains unclear. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV and BRDC in cattle, and where appropriate, draw parallels to the role of γδ T cells in the human response to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66503, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Zhang M, Lu Y, Zhang X, Lu A, Wang L, Chen C. Interleukin-4 polymorphism is associated with severity of respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Paediatr Child Health 2016; 52:25-9. [PMID: 26289664 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is a major health problem in young children. This study aimed to investigate whether the interleukin (IL)-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility to RSV infection in Chinese Han children and with the severity of the infection. METHODS The IL-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T SNPs were evaluated in 218 inpatients with RSV bronchiolitis and 303 healthy controls. The severity of RSV bronchiolitis was evaluated using a respiratory scoring system. RESULTS The frequencies of IL-4 -590 CC, CT and TT in the 218 RSV bronchiolitis patients versus the 303 controls were 1.4% versus 1.7%, 21.1% versus 34% and 77.5% versus 64.4%, respectively. The frequencies of IL-4 -33 CC, CT and TT were 1.4%, 20.6% and 78%, respectively, in RSV bronchiolitis patients and 2.3%, 35.6% and 62%, respectively, in the controls. The frequencies of the IL-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T polymorphisms were significantly different between the two groups. There was a significant difference in the frequency of the T-T haplotype formed by -590C/T and -33C/T between the two groups. The respiratory score of the RSV bronchiolitis cases with -590TT was 3.02 ± 0.44, which was significantly higher than those with -590CT (2.80 ± 0.44). The score for patients with -33TT was 3.03 ± 0.43, which was significantly higher than the score of 2.78 ± 0.46 for patients with -33CT. CONCLUSIONS In Chinese Han children, the IL-4 -590C/T and -33 C/T polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility to RSV and the severity of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhi Zhang
- Pulmonology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Pulmonology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Pulmonology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhen Lu
- Pulmonology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Wang
- Pulmonology Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Neonate Department, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Bag N, Jung JA, Kwon KA. Clinical considerations of febrile infants with respiratory symptoms according to the respiratory viral detection. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2016.4.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nury Bag
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin-A Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
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Kool-Houweling LM, Penning-van Beest FJ, Bezemer ID, van Lingen RA, Herings RM. Infants born before 32 weeks of gestation or with respiratory disease are most likely to receive palivizumab in the Netherlands. Acta Paediatr 2015; 104:927-32. [PMID: 26073782 DOI: 10.1111/apa.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Palivizumab is reported to be effective in reducing respiratory syncytial virus hospitalisation. Its licensed uses include infants younger than six months of age, born before 35 weeks of gestation or under two years old with congenital heart disease or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. We redressed lack of research in the Netherlands by studying whether infants who met the licensed indications received the drug. METHODS Data were obtained from the PHARMO Database Network and The Netherlands Perinatal Registry for all linked infants born between 1 April 1999 and 31 March 2007. Determinants for receiving palivizumab were examined using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Only 15% of the 3321 infants who met the licensed indications received palivizumab and the strongest predictor was being born before 32 weeks of gestation, with an odds ratio of 49.1 (95% confidence interval 31.5-76.4). However, 50% of infants born before 32 weeks did not receive palivizumab and the subanalyses showed that the probability increased for infants born in later years, those who had respiratory distress syndrome and those hospitalised during the respiratory syncytial virus season. CONCLUSION Only 15% of eligible infants in the Netherlands received palivizumab and they were mostly born before 32 weeks, in line with Dutch guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irene D. Bezemer
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research; Utrecht the Netherlands
| | - Richard A. van Lingen
- Department of Neonatology Isala Clinics; Princess Amalia Department of Pediatrics; Zwolle the Netherlands
| | - Ron M.C. Herings
- PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research; Utrecht the Netherlands
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Brand HK, Ahout IML, de Ridder D, van Diepen A, Li Y, Zaalberg M, Andeweg A, Roeleveld N, de Groot R, Warris A, Hermans PWM, Ferwerda G, Staal FJT. Olfactomedin 4 Serves as a Marker for Disease Severity in Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131927. [PMID: 26162090 PMCID: PMC4498630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory viral infections follow an unpredictable clinical course in young children ranging from a common cold to respiratory failure. The transition from mild to severe disease occurs rapidly and is difficult to predict. The pathophysiology underlying disease severity has remained elusive. There is an urgent need to better understand the immune response in this disease to come up with biomarkers that may aid clinical decision making. Methods In a prospective study, flow cytometric and genome-wide gene expression analyses were performed on blood samples of 26 children with a diagnosis of severe, moderate or mild Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection. Differentially expressed genes were validated using Q-PCR in a second cohort of 80 children during three consecutive winter seasons. FACS analyses were also performed in the second cohort and on recovery samples of severe cases in the first cohort. Results Severe RSV infection was associated with a transient but marked decrease in CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells in peripheral blood. Gene expression analyses in both cohorts identified Olfactomedin4 (OLFM4) as a fully discriminative marker between children with mild and severe RSV infection, giving a PAM cross-validation error of 0%. Patients with an OLFM4 gene expression level above -7.5 were 6 times more likely to develop severe disease, after correction for age at hospitalization and gestational age. Conclusion By combining genome-wide expression profiling of blood cell subsets with clinically well-annotated samples, OLFM4 was identified as a biomarker for severity of pediatric RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. K. Brand
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - I. M. L. Ahout
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D. de Ridder
- Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - A. van Diepen
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Y. Li
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Zaalberg
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Andeweg
- Department of Virology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N. Roeleveld
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department for Health Evidence, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - R. de Groot
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Warris
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. W. M. Hermans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G. Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - F. J. T. Staal
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Makari D, Staat MA, Henrickson KJ, Wu X, Ambrose CS. The Underrecognized Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Among Infants Presenting to US Emergency Departments. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2015; 54:594-7. [PMID: 25104728 PMCID: PMC4512526 DOI: 10.1177/0009922814546040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Allen Staat
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the impact of human rhino/enteroviruses on morbidity and mortality outcomes in children with severe viral respiratory infection. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING The ICU, either PICU or cardiac ICU, at three urban academic tertiary-care children's hospitals. PATIENTS All patients with laboratory-confirmed human rhino/enteroviruses infection between January 2010 and June 2011. INTERVENTIONS We captured demographic and clinical data and analyzed associated morbidity and mortality outcomes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS There were 519 patients included in our analysis. The median patient age was 2.7 years. The median hospital and ICU lengths of stay were 4 days and 2 days, respectively. Thirty-four percent of patients had a history of asthma, and 25% of patients had a chronic medical condition other than asthma. Thirty-two percent of patients required mechanical ventilation. Eleven patients (2.1%) did not survive to hospital discharge. The rate of viral coinfection was 12.5% and was not associated with mortality. Predisposing factors associated with increased mortality included immunocompromised state (p < 0.001), ICU admission severity of illness score (p < 0.001), and bacterial coinfection (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS There is substantial morbidity associated with severe respiratory infection due to human rhino/enteroviruses in children. Mortality was less severe than reported in other respiratory viruses such as influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The burden of illness from human rhino/enteroviruses in the ICU in terms of resource utilization may be considerable.
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