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Leri AC, Fassihi GE, Lundquist MJ, Khan M, Arguin ML. Vertical stratification and seasonality of fecal indicator bacteria in New York City playground sandboxes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116152. [PMID: 38417319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Sandboxes in public play spaces afford a crucial opportunity for urban children to engage in naturalistic play that fosters development of cognitive, social, and motor skills. As open pits, sandboxes in New York City public playgrounds are potentially exposed to fecal inputs from various sources, including wild and domestic animals. A longitudinal study of thirteen sandboxes located in public playgrounds on the east side of Manhattan reveals ubiquity of the fecal indicator bacteria enterococci and Escherichia coli through all seasons. The highest concentrations of bacteria occur in surface sand (n = 42; mean enterococci 230 MPN/g and E. coli 182 MPN/g dry weight), with significantly lower levels at depths below the surface (n = 35; mean enterococci 21 MPN/g and E. coli 12 MPN/g dry weight), a stratification consistent with fecal loading at the surface. Generalized linear mixed models indicate that sand depth (surface vs. underlayers) is the most influential variable affecting bacterial levels (P <0.001 for both enterococci and E. coli), followed by sampling season (P <0.001 for both). Bacterial concentrations do not vary significantly as a function of playground location or ZIP code within the study area. Children's exposure while playing in sandboxes likely reaches 105 enterococci and 104E. coli in a typical play period. Microbial source tracking to identify fecal hosts reveals dog, bird, and human biomarkers in low concentrations. Open sandbox microcosms installed at ground level in the urban environment of Manhattan are fouled by enterococci and E. coli within two weeks, while adjacent closed microcosms exhibit no fecal contamination over a 33-day sampling period. Collectively, our results indicate that increasing the frequency of sand refills and covering sandboxes during times of disuse would be straightforward management strategies to mitigate fecal contamination in playground sandboxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Leri
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States.
| | - G Eliana Fassihi
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Matthew J Lundquist
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Marjan Khan
- Department of Natural Sciences, Marymount Manhattan College, 221 E 71st St., New York, NY 10021, United States
| | - Mariette L Arguin
- P.S. 77 Lower Lab School, 1700 3rd Ave., New York, NY 10128, United States
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2
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Robalo A, Brandão J, Shibata T, Solo-Gabriele H, Santos R, Monteiro S. Detection of enteric viruses and SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165836. [PMID: 37517729 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand harbors a diverse group of microbial organisms that may be of public health concern. Nonetheless, little is known about the presence and distribution of viruses in beach sand. In this study, the first objective was to evaluate the presence of seven viruses (Aichi virus, enterovirus, hepatitis A virus, human adenovirus, norovirus, rotavirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) in sands collected at public beaches. The second objective was to assess the spatial distribution of enteric viruses in beach sand. To that end, 27 beach sand samples from different beaches in Portugal were collected between November 2018 and August 2020 and analyzed for the presence of viruses. At seven beaches, samples were collected in the supratidal and intertidal zones. Results show that viruses were detected in 89 % (24/27) of the sand samples. Aichi virus was the most prevalent (74 %). Noroviruses were present in 19 % of the samples (norovirus GI - 15 %, norovirus GII - 4 %). Human adenovirus and enterovirus were detected in 48 % and 22 % of the samples, respectively. Hepatitis A virus and rotavirus were not detected. Similarly, SARS-CoV-2 in beach sand collected during the initial stages of the pandemic was also not detected. The detection of three or more viruses occurred in 15 % of the samples. Concentrations of viruses were as high as 7.2 log copies (cp)/g of sand. Enteric viruses were found in higher prevalence in sand collected from the supratidal zone compared to the intertidal zone. Human adenovirus was detected in 43 % of the supratidal and 14 % in the intertidal samples and Aichi virus in 57 % and 86 % of the intertidal and supratidal areas, respectively. Our findings suggest that beach sand can be a reservoir of enteric viruses, suggesting that it might be a vehicle for disease transmission, particularly for children, the elderly, and immunocompromised users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Robalo
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Shibata
- Institute for the Study of the Environment, Sustainability, and Energy, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA; Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - R Santos
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - S Monteiro
- Laboratorio Analises, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade Lisboa, Portugal; Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Técnico Lisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Shayan MNM, Tanaka Y, Hirano R, Nakaya Y, Satoh H. A simple and rapid method for detecting fecal pollution in urban rivers by measuring the intrinsic β-D-glucuronidase activity of Escherichia coli. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 246:120689. [PMID: 37801983 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
As urban rivers are domestic, industrial, and agricultural water resources, fecal pollution poses human health and environmental risks. In this study, we developed a simple and rapid method to detect fecal pollution in urban rivers. Water samples were mixed with liquid medium, including a fluorescent substrate and fluorescence intensity (F.I.) was measured using a microplate reader to determine Escherichia coli (E. coli) β-D-glucuronidase (GUS) activity instead of E. coli concentration. GUS activities measurements in pure E. coli cultures revealed that E. coli incubated with a GUS substrate accumulated GUS enzymes in their cells, whereas those incubated without a GUS substrate did not. The increase in GUS activity corresponded to the proliferation of E. coli and the GUS activity increased linearly even during the lag growth phase of E. coli, indicating the presence of intrinsic GUS (iGUS) in E. coli cells before incubation. iGUS activity persisted at 81 % in the chlorinated samples, even though the E. coli concentration was reduced by a factor of 106. The iGUS activity persisted for approximately three days. Therefore, we assumed that E. coli present in fecal contaminants, in which GUS substrates are present, could be distinguished from those surviving in the natural environment for three days or longer by measuring iGUS activity. River water samples were collected upstream and downstream of the discharge outlets of municipal wastewater treatment plants and a combined sewer outlet. The iGUS activities were <0.24 mMFU/mL for the upstream samples and >0.21 mMFU/mL for the downstream samples. Interestingly, E. coli concentrations were not necessarily associated with fecal pollution. This indicates that by setting a threshold for iGUS activity, our method can be used as a simple and rapid method for detecting fecal pollution in urban rivers. Because the limit of detection for our method is 20 CFU/mL, our method is applicable to detecting high fecal pollution in a small river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohomed N M Shayan
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yuna Tanaka
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Reiko Hirano
- Cellspect Co., Ltd., 2-4-23 Kitaiioka, Morioka, Iwate 020-0857, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakaya
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hisashi Satoh
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North-13, West-8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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Capri FC, Prazzi E, Casamento G, Gambino D, Cassata G, Alduina R. Correlation Between Microbial Community and Hatching Failure in Loggerhead Sea Turtle Caretta caretta. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 86:1923-1933. [PMID: 36805785 PMCID: PMC10497424 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-023-02197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microbial communities provide essential information about host ecology and could be helpful as a tool to improve species conservation efforts. However, microbes can also infect and compromise the host development process and viability. Caretta caretta is the most widespread marine turtle species in the Mediterranean basin and is the only species of sea turtle nesting along the Italian coasts. Little is known about the microbiota composition of the nest of sea turtles and its correlation with hatching failures. In this study, the microbial composition of two nests of C. caretta featuring different rates of hatching success from a nesting beach in Lampedusa (Italy) was analyzed and compared. The bacterial community was determined using culture-dependent methods and next-generation sequencing based on 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding analysis. Our results showed five dominant bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, and Firmicutes) and indicated different bacterial families (Pseudomonadaceae and Brucellaceae) as likely causes of hatching failures. Besides, our findings demonstrated the nests' active role in modulating the sand's bacterial communities. This study suggests microbiological analysis could be a valuable tool in monitoring nests to take preventive actions and reduce hatching failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Claire Capri
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Elena Prazzi
- Legambiente Sicilia-Ente Gestore Riserva Naturale Orientata Isola di Lampedusa, Via Vittorio Emanuele, 25, 92031 Lampedusa, AG Italy
| | - Giulia Casamento
- Legambiente Sicilia-Ente Gestore Riserve Naturali, via Paolo Gili,4, 90138 Palermo, PA Italy
| | - Delia Gambino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cassata
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, Via G. Marinuzzi, 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Alduina
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Piazza Marina 61, 90133 Palermo, Italy
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5
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Young I, Sanchez JJ, Desta BN, Heasley C, Tustin J. Recreational water exposures and illness outcomes at a freshwater beach in Toronto, Canada: A prospective cohort pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286584. [PMID: 37267237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swimming and other recreational water activities in surface waters are popular in Canada during the summer. However, these activities can also increase the risk of recreational water illness. While routine monitoring of beach water quality is conducted by local authorities each summer, little research is available in Canada about beach exposures and illness risks. METHODS We conducted a pilot of a prospective cohort study at a popular beach in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in 2022 to determine characteristics of beachgoers, common water and sand exposures, the incidence of recreational water illness, and the feasibility for a larger, national cohort study. We enrolled beachgoers on-site and surveyed about their exposures at the beach and conducted a follow-up survey 7 days following their beach visit to ascertain acute gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin, ear, and eye illness outcomes. We descriptively tabulated and summarized the collected data. RESULTS We enrolled 649 households, consisting of 831 beachgoers. Water contact activities were reported by 56% of beachgoers, with swimming being the most common activity (44% of participants). Similarly, 56% of beachgoers reported digging in the sand or burying themselves in the sand. Children (≤14 years) and teenagers (15-19 years) were most likely to report engaging in water contact activities and swallowing water, while children were most likely to report sand contact activities and getting sand in their mouth. Boys and men were more likely than women and girls to report swallowing water (15.2% vs. 9.4%). Water and sand exposures also differed by household education level and participant ethno-racial identity. E. coli levels in beach water were consistently low (median = 20 CFU/100 mL, range = 10-58). The incidence of illness outcomes was very low (0.3-2.8%) among the 287 participants that completed the follow-up survey. CONCLUSIONS The identified beach exposure patterns can inform future risk assessments and communication strategies. Excellent water quality was observed at the studied beach, likely contributing to the low incidence of illnesses. A larger, national cohort study is needed in Canada to examine risks of illness at beaches at higher risk of fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Johanna Sanchez
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binyam Negussie Desta
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cole Heasley
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Tustin
- School of Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Brandão J, Valério E, Weiskerger C, Veríssimo C, Sarioglou K, Novak Babič M, Solo-Gabriele HM, Sabino R, Rebelo MT. Strategies for Monitoring Microbial Life in Beach Sand for Protection of Public Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20095710. [PMID: 37174228 PMCID: PMC10178049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20095710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 revised guidelines of the World Health Organization recommend monitoring the quality of sand in addition to water at recreational beaches. This review provides background information about the types of beaches, the characteristics of sand, and the microbiological parameters that should be measured. Analytical approaches are described for quantifying fungi and fecal indicator bacteria from beach sand. The review addresses strategies to assess beach sand quality, monitoring approaches, sand remediation, and the proposed way forward for beach sand monitoring programs. In the proposed way forward, recommendations are provided for acceptable levels of fungi given their distribution in the environment. Additional recommendations include evaluating FIB distributions at beaches globally to assess acceptable ranges of FIB levels, similar to those proposed for fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, 1449 Engineering Research Ct. Room A127, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Konstantina Sarioglou
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Monika Novak Babič
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, University of Miami, 1251 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Department of Transmittable Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Rebelo
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Campo Grande 016, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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Tamai S, Shimamoto H, Nukazawa K, Suzuki Y. Growth and Decay of Fecal Indicator Bacteria and Changes in the Coliform Composition on the Top Surface Sand of Coastal Beaches during the Rainy Season. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041074. [PMID: 37110497 PMCID: PMC10145847 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High counts of bacteria are present in beach sand, and human health threats attributable to contact with sand have been reported. In this study, we investigated fecal indicator bacteria in the top surface sand of coastal beaches. Monitoring investigations were performed during a monsoon when rainfall occurs randomly, and the composition of the coliforms was analyzed. The coliform count in the top surface sand (depth < 1 cm) increased by approximately 100 fold (26-2.23 × 103 CFU/100 g) with increasing water content because of precipitation. The composition of the coliforms in the top surface sand changed within 24 h of rainfall, with Enterobacter comprising more than 40% of the coliforms. Estimation of factors that changed the bacterial counts and composition revealed that coliform counts tended to increase with increasing water content in the top surface sand. However, the abundance of Enterobacter was independent of the sand surface temperature and water content. Coliform counts in the top surface sand rapidly increased and the composition showed remarkable variations because of the supply of water to the beach following rainfall. Among them, some bacteria with suspected pathogenicity were present. Controlling bacteria in coastal beaches is important for improving public health for beachgoers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichiro Tamai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimamoto
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Kei Nukazawa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Carducci A, Federigi I, Balestri E, Lardicci C, Castelli A, Maltagliati F, Zhao H, Menicagli V, Valente R, De Battisti D, Verani M. Virus contamination and infectivity in beach environment: Focus on sand and stranded material. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 185:114342. [PMID: 36395711 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To assess the exposure of beachgoers to viruses, a study on seawater, sand, and beach-stranded material was carried out, searching for human viruses, fecal indicator organisms, and total fungi. Moreover, for the first time, the genome persistence and infectivity of two model viruses was studied in laboratory-spiked sand and seawater samples during a one-week experiment. Viral genome was detected in 13.6 % of the environmental samples, but it was not infectious (Human Adenovirus - HAdV, and enterovirus). Norovirus and SARS-CoV-2 were not detected. The most contaminated samples were from sand and close to riverine discharges. In lab-scale experiments, the infectivity of HAdV5 decreased by ~1.5-Log10 in a week, the one of Human Coronavirus-229E disappeared in <3 h in sand. The genome of both viruses persisted throughout the experiment. Our results confirm viral contamination of the beach and suggest HAdV as an index pathogen for beach monitoring and quantitative risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elena Balestri
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudio Lardicci
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, via S. Maria 53, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Alberto Castelli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferruccio Maltagliati
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Hongrui Zhao
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Virginia Menicagli
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Center for Instrument Sharing University of Pisa (CISUP), Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Valente
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide De Battisti
- Unit of Marine Biology and Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, Chioggia Hydrobiological Station Umberto D'Ancona, University of Padova, Chioggia, Italy
| | - Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 35/39, 56127 Pisa, Italy
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Şanlıtürk G, Güran M. Monitoring of microbiological dynamics in beach sand and seawater samples from recreational and non-recreational beaches over a two-year period. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1973-1985. [PMID: 34044711 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1931049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The frequencies of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 'aerobic mesophilic bacteria' (AMB) counts in different seasons and marine sources were compared to understand the microbiological dynamics at beaches in N. Cyprus. Also, antibiotic resistance patterns were evaluated. The characterization and AMB enumeration studies were performed by conventional microbiological methods. AMB counts increased from winter to summer significantly (45.5*104 CFU/mL to 2.5*106 CFU/mL). Similarly, percentage detection frequencies of the bacteria were higher in summer compared to winter and were significant particularly for E. coli in both sand and seawater samples in 2019 and 2020 (p = 0.0181, p = 0.0142, p = 0.1257, p = 0.0446, respectively). However, a significant difference was not detected in percentage detection frequencies in terms of different sources or recreational status of beaches. The highest resistance percentages were detected against beta-lactam and lincosamides group of antibiotics. Results of the study signified that regular microbiological monitoring for beaches is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Şanlıtürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
| | - Mümtaz Güran
- Faculty of Medicine, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Turkey
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10
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Microbial Source Tracking as a Method of Determination of Beach Sand Contamination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137934. [PMID: 35805592 PMCID: PMC9265816 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand may act as a reservoir for numerous microorganisms, including enteric pathogens. Several of these pathogens originate in human or animal feces, which may pose a public health risk. In August 2019, high levels of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) were detected in the sand of the Azorean beach Prainha, Terceira Island, Portugal. Remediation measures were promptly implemented, including sand removal and the spraying of chlorine to restore the sand quality. To determine the source of the fecal contamination, during the first campaign, supratidal sand samples were collected from several sites along the beach, followed by microbial source tracking (MST) analyses of Bacteroides marker genes for five animal species, including humans. Some of the sampling sites revealed the presence of marker genes from dogs, seagulls, and ruminants. Making use of the information on biological sources originating partially from dogs, the municipality enforced restrictive measures for dog-walking at the beach. Subsequent sampling campaigns detected low FIB contamination due to the mitigation and remediation measures that were undertaken. This is the first case study where the MST approach was used to determine the contamination sources in the supratidal sand of a coastal beach. Our results show that MST can be an essential tool to determine sources of fecal contamination in the sand. This study shows the importance of holistic management of beaches that should go beyond water quality monitoring for FIB, putting forth evidence for beach sand monitoring.
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11
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De Giglio O, Narracci M, Apollonio F, Triggiano F, Acquaviva MI, Caroppo C, Diella G, Di Leo A, Fasano F, Giandomenico S, Spada L, Cavallo RA, Montagna MT. Microbiological and chemical characteristics of beaches along the Taranto Gulf (Ionian Sea, Southern Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:448. [PMID: 35604473 PMCID: PMC9165249 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10103-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal habitats provide important ecosystem services, such as the maintenance of ecological sustainability, water quality regulation, nutrient recycling, and sandy beaches which are important areas for recreation and tourism. The quality of seawater is generally measured by determining the concentrations of Escherichia coli and intestinal Enterococci, which might be affected by the persistent populations of these bacteria in sand. Sand might thus be a significant source of pathogen exposure to beachgoers. The quality of coastal recreational waters can also be affected by eutrophication, water discoloration, and harmful algal blooms, which pose additional human health risks. Here, we conducted a monitoring of the beaches quality along the Taranto Gulf by determining the concentrations of fecal indicator organisms, as well as other parameters that are not traditionally measured (physicochemical parameters, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and harmful microalgae), in shallow seawater and sand sampled from three beaches. The concentrations of bacteria were determined using both standard microbiological methods and the IDEXX system. Our results demonstrate the utility of measuring a greater number of parameters in addition to those conventionally measured, as well as the importance of assessing the health risks posed by the sand matrix. Additional work is needed to develop rapid analytical techniques that could be used to monitor the microbiological parameters of solid matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvalda De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcella Narracci
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Immacolata Acquaviva
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Carmela Caroppo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Giusy Diella
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Leo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Santina Giandomenico
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Lucia Spada
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Cavallo
- National Research Council (CNR), Water Research Institute (IRSA), S.S. of Taranto, via Roma 3, 74123 Taranto, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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12
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Ndione M, Ory P, Agion T, Treilles M, Vacher L, Simon-Bouhet B, Le Beguec M, Pineau P, Montanié H, Agogué H. Temporal variations in fecal indicator bacteria in bathing water and sediment in a coastal ecosystem (Aytré Bay, Charente-Maritime, France). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113360. [PMID: 35134737 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the fecal contamination dynamic at the two bathing sites of Aytré Bay (Charente Maritime, France). We quantified fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) abundances (Escherichia coli and enterococci) from water and sediment samples over one-year survey. Then we measured biological (bacterial abundance, chlorophyll-a), physico-chemical (dissolved nutrients and oxygen, salinity, pH …) and climatic (temperatures, rainfall and tidal coefficient) parameters. Results showed that FIB abundances were occasionally higher than the European regulatory threshold during winter, summer and fall. The "poor quality" of the bathing water was due to high enterococci abundance. We found negative significant correlations between FIB and water temperature and salinity, and positive significant correlations between FIB and rainfall, PO4, NO3, NO2, and SiO2 mainly in water. Relationships between parameters showed that during summer and spring the main environmental drivers were temperature and salinity, while in fall and winter they were rainfall and dissolved nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Méry Ndione
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Pascaline Ory
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Tony Agion
- QUALYSE, Laboratoire d'analyses, La Rochelle, France
| | | | - Luc Vacher
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Benoit Simon-Bouhet
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, Chizé, France
| | - Maëlig Le Beguec
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Philippe Pineau
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Hélène Montanié
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France
| | - Hélène Agogué
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs) UMR 7266 CNRS-La Rochelle Université, La Rochelle, France.
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13
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Brandão J, Weiskerger C, Valério E, Pitkänen T, Meriläinen P, Avolio L, Heaney CD, Sadowsky MJ. Climate Change Impacts on Microbiota in Beach Sand and Water: Looking Ahead. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:1444. [PMID: 35162479 PMCID: PMC8834802 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Beach sand and water have both shown relevance for human health and their microbiology have been the subjects of study for decades. Recently, the World Health Organization recommended that recreational beach sands be added to the matrices monitored for enterococci and Fungi. Global climate change is affecting beach microbial contamination, via changes to conditions like water temperature, sea level, precipitation, and waves. In addition, the world is changing, and humans travel and relocate, often carrying endemic allochthonous microbiota. Coastal areas are amongst the most frequent relocation choices, especially in regions where desertification is taking place. A warmer future will likely require looking beyond the use of traditional water quality indicators to protect human health, in order to guarantee that waterways are safe to use for bathing and recreation. Finally, since sand is a complex matrix, an alternative set of microbial standards is necessary to guarantee that the health of beach users is protected from both sand and water contaminants. We need to plan for the future safer use of beaches by adapting regulations to a climate-changing world.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Chelsea Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, The Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 70210 Kuopio, Finland; (T.P.); (P.M.)
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; (L.A.); (C.D.H.)
| | - Michael J. Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA;
- Department of Soil, Water & Climate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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14
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Gallard-Gongora J, Lobos A, Conrad JW, Peraud J, Harwood VJ. An assessment of three methods for extracting bacterial DNA from beach sand. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:2990-3000. [PMID: 34932856 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Beach water quality is regulated by faecal indicator bacteria levels, sand is not, despite known human health risk from exposure to beach sand. We compared the performance of three methods to extract bacterial DNA from beach sand as a step toward a standard method. METHODS AND RESULTS The analytical sensitivity of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for Enterococcus was compared for the slurry (suspension, agitation, membrane filtration of supernatant), versus direct extraction using PowerSoil™ or PowerMax Soil™ kits. The slurry method had the lowest limit of detection at 20-80 gene copies g-1 , recovered significantly more DNA, and the only method that detected Enterococcus by qPCR in all samples; therefore, the only method used in subsequent experiments. The slurry method reflected the spatial variability of Enterococcus in individual transect samples. Mean recovery efficiency of the microbial source tracking marker HF183 from wastewater spiked marine and freshwater beach sand was 100.8% and 64.1%, respectively, but varied, indicating that the mixing protocol needs improvement. CONCLUSIONS Among the three methods, the slurry method had the best analytical sensitivity and produced extracts that were useful for culture or molecular analysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY Standardization of methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from sand facilitates comparisons among studies, and ultimately contributes to the safety of recreational beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldo Lobos
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - James W Conrad
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Jayme Peraud
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
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15
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Plant debris are hotbeds for pathogenic bacteria on recreational sandy beaches. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11496. [PMID: 34075178 PMCID: PMC8169675 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91066-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
On recreational sandy beaches, there are guidelines for the management of bacterial pollution in coastal waters regarding untreated sewage, urban wastewater, and industrial wastewater. However, terrestrial plant debris on coastal beaches can be abundant especially after floods and whilst it has rarely been considered a concern, the bacterial population associated with this type of pollution from the viewpoint of public health has not been adequately assessed. In this study, microbes associated with plant debris drifting onto Kizaki Beach in Japan were monitored for 8 months throughout the rainy season, summer, typhoon season, and winter. Here we show that faecal-indicator bacteria in the plant debris and sand under the debris were significantly higher than the number of faecal bacteria in the sand after a 2015 typhoon. When we focused on specific pathogenic bacteria, Brevundimonas vesicularis and Pseudomonas alcaligenes were commonly detected only in the plant debris and sand under the debris during the survey period. The prompt removal of plant debris would therefore help create safer beaches.
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16
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Furlan JPR, Ramos MS, Dos Santos LDR, Gallo IFL, Lopes R, Stehling EG. Appearance of mcr-9, bla KPC, cfr and other clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes in recreation waters and sands from urban beaches, Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 167:112334. [PMID: 33839570 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of mcr-like and carbapenemase-encoding genes have been reported mainly in humans and animals, whereas, in the environment, studies are gradually increasing due to the One Health approach. In this study, we investigated antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in water and sand samples from marine environments in Brazil. Total DNA from 56 samples (33 sands and 23 waters) was obtained and 27 different ARGs were detected, highlighting the presence of mcr-9, blaKPC and cfr genes. Additionally, the microbiological analysis revealed that sand samples of all analyzed beaches were not recommended for primary use, whereas water samples from most beaches were classified as unsuitable for bathing. The presence of clinically relevant ARGs in urban beaches suggests the presence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Furthermore, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of mcr-9 and cfr genes in the environment from Brazil and recreational areas worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Rueda Furlan
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Micaela Santana Ramos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas David Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Inara Fernanda Lage Gallo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ralf Lopes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eliana Guedes Stehling
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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17
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Albert J, Hanisch B, Sgambat K. Approaches to safe living and diet after solid organ transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e13783. [PMID: 32721079 DOI: 10.1111/petr.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SOT recipients are at high risk for developing severe infectious complications following discharge from the hospital. Comprehensive anticipatory guidance surrounding everyday lifestyle choices can potentially prevent exposure to infectious agents from the environment. This paper reviews the risks that pediatric and adolescent SOT recipients encounter through exposures such as household contacts, outdoor activities, travel, animal exposures, and dietary choices. Although strong evidence is lacking, this paper makes recommendations aimed at minimizing the risk of infectious complications and hospitalization in pediatric SOT recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Albert
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Benjamin Hanisch
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Kristen Sgambat
- Pediatric Nephrology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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18
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Brandão J, Albergaria I, Albuquerque J, José S, Grossinho J, Ferreira FC, Raposo A, Rodrigues R, Silva C, Jordao L, Sousa M, Rebelo MH, Veríssimo C, Sabino R, Amaro T, Cardoso F, Patrão-Costa M, Solo-Gabriele H. Untreated sewage contamination of beach sand from a leaking underground sewage system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140237. [PMID: 32927553 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Thirty people (mostly children) experienced an episode of skin rash days after a sand sifting beach operation at Porto Pim Beach in Faial, Azores during June 2019. An environmental and epidemiologic investigation was conducted to identify the cause of the outbreak of skin rash. The epidemiologic investigation found that some of the patients experiencing symptoms had never entered the beach water. During the pollution period and throughout the epidemiologic investigation, faecal indicator bacteria levels (94 CFU/100 ml for intestinal enterococci and 61 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli) in water remained under the limits used for the ninety-five percentile calculation of an Excellent coastal and transitional bathing water defined in the Portuguese Legislation (100 CFU/100 ml for intestinal enterococci and 250 CFU/100 ml for Escherichia coli). Thus sand contact was considered as a likely primary exposure route. Sand microbiological analysis for faecal indicator organisms and electron microscopy strongly suggested faecal contamination. Chemical analysis of the sand also revealed a concomitant substance compatible with sodium-hypochlorite as analysed using gas chromatography and subsequently confirmed by free chlorine analysis. Inspection of the toilet facilities and sewage disposal system revealed a leaking sewage distribution box. Collectively, results suggest that the cause of the outbreak was the leaking underground sewage distribution box that serviced the beach toilet facilities (40 m from beach), where sodium-hypochlorite was used for cleaning and disinfection. This sewage then contaminated the surficial sands to which beach goers were exposed. Chlorine being an irritant substance, was believed to have been the cause of the symptoms given the sudden presentation and dissipation of skin rashes. No gastro-intestinal illness was reported during this episode and during the following 30 days. Like water, beach sand should also be monitored for safety, especially for areas serviced by aged infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - I Albergaria
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - S José
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Grossinho
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - F C Ferreira
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Raposo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Rodrigues
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Silva
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Sousa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M H Rebelo
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Veríssimo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Sabino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Amaro
- Unidade de Saúde da Ilha do Faial, Vista Alegre, Horta, Portugal
| | - F Cardoso
- Direção Regional dos Assuntos do Mar, Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Governo Regional dos Açores, Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - M Patrão-Costa
- Direção Regional dos Assuntos do Mar, Secretaria Regional do Mar, Ciência e Tecnologia, Governo Regional dos Açores, Horta, Açores, Portugal
| | - H Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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19
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Neves RAF, Naveira C, Miyahira IC, Portugal SGM, Krepsky N, Santos LN. Are invasive species always negative to aquatic ecosystem services? The role of dark false mussel for water quality improvement in a multi-impacted urban coastal lagoon. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116108. [PMID: 32688149 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The dark false mussel Mytilopsis leucophaeata occurs as non-native species in Asia, Europe and South America. Despite the low population density usually found in its native range, M. leucophaeata forms dense clusters in newly invaded areas which lead to impacts on local organisms and environment. Some of the impacts of non-native species on newly colonized areas may be positive. However, despite the empirical evidences of increase in water transparency by freshwater dresseinids, the hypothesis that dark false mussel enhances the quality of brackish water has never been tested so far. Thus, the present study aimed to determine M. leucophaeata impacts on the water quality of a nutrient-enriched coastal lagoon by (1) analyzing a historical water dataset for pre- and post-invasion at Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon (Brazil) and (2) experimentally testing dark false mussel direct effects on water quality. Historical field data evidenced significant lower phytoplankton abundance and chlorophyll a, and higher water transparency for the post-invasion period. These pattens were also supported by time-series analyses, which detected a decreasing trend for total coliforms density and an increased trend for dissolved oxygen over time. Moreover, time series indicated a gradual increase in lagoon water level with time, but none or minor changes were evidenced for floodgates operation routine, meteorological variables, and the frequency of sewage input. In microcosms, M. leucophaeata was effective to increase water transparency and decrease E. coli densities. The combination of field and laboratory data partially supported the hypothesis that M. leucophaeata invasion promoted an improvement in lagoon water quality, but increased phosphorus availability through excretion in microcosm assays. Management of dark false mussel populations seems to be a potential strategy for water quality improvement within already invaded systems where high sewage-enriched effluents are released. However, as non-native species often unbalance ecological relationships and functioning of the invaded ecosystems, new introductions of M. leucophaeata must be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel A F Neves
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil; Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Clarissa Naveira
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil; Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 - 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 22.290-240, Brazil.
| | - Igor Christo Miyahira
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
| | - Samira G M Portugal
- Laboratory of Chemical and Environmental Analysis, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
| | - Natascha Krepsky
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil; Laboratory of Water Microbiology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
| | - Luciano N Santos
- Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil; Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Brazil.
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20
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Ferguson A, Kumar Dwivedi A, Ehindero E, Adelabu F, Rattler K, Perone HR, Montas L, Mena K, Solo-Gabriele H. Soil, Hand, and Body Adherence Measures across Four Beach Areas: Potential Influence on Exposure to Oil Spill Chemicals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4196. [PMID: 32545527 PMCID: PMC7345354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Skin adherence (SA) of soil affects exposure from soil contaminants through dermal routes via loading on the skin and through ingestion routes through hand to mouth activities. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relationships between adherence versus child-specific and environmental factors. Two sets of soil-to-skin adherence were evaluated. The first was based on loading on hands following hand presses (Hand SA). The second was based on body rinses following one hour of play activities on the beach (Body SA). Results for 98-119 children conducted at four beach sites show that mean Hand SA was 35.7 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 41.8 mg/cm2), while Body SA based on full coverage was 6.8 mg/cm2 (std. dev. 4.8 mg/cm2). Statistically significant differences in Body SA were observed between male (8.1 mg/cm2) and female (5.8 mg/cm2) children (p < 0.05). No significant difference by sex was found for Hand SA. Other statistically different observations were that Hand SA (p < 0.05), but not Body SA, differed across the four beaches (p < 0.05). For Hand SA, this difference was associated soil size variability across the beaches. Hand and Body SA values measured during this study are recommended for use in risk assessments that evaluate beach exposures to oil spill chemicals for young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (A.K.D.); (E.E.); (F.A.)
| | - Ashok Kumar Dwivedi
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (A.K.D.); (E.E.); (F.A.)
| | - Esther Ehindero
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (A.K.D.); (E.E.); (F.A.)
| | - Foluke Adelabu
- Department of Built Environment, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (A.K.D.); (E.E.); (F.A.)
| | - Kyra Rattler
- School of Social Work, University of Arkansas Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;
| | - Hanna Rose Perone
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (H.R.P.); (L.M.); (H.S.-G.)
| | - Larissa Montas
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (H.R.P.); (L.M.); (H.S.-G.)
| | - Kristina Mena
- School of Public Health, University of Texas-Houston, El Paso, TX 79905, USA;
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA; (H.R.P.); (L.M.); (H.S.-G.)
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21
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Russo GS, Eftim SE, Goldstone AE, Dufour AP, Nappier SP, Wade TJ. Evaluating health risks associated with exposure to ambient surface waters during recreational activities: A systematic review and meta-analysis. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115729. [PMID: 32240845 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Recreational water quality guidelines protect the public from health risks associated with water recreation by helping to prevent unacceptable concentrations of pathogenic organisms in ambient water. However, illness risk is associated with both the concentration of pathogens in the water and the degree of contact with those pathogens. Different recreational activities can result in different levels of contact with ambient water containing water-borne pathogens. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate risks of illness associated with different recreational activities and different levels of contact to ambient surface waters. We screened 8,618 potentially relevant studies for quantitative measures of risk using inclusion/exclusion criteria established in advance. We categorized recreational activities as swimming, sports-related contact, minimal contact, and sand contact. We combined relative risks using a random effects meta-analysis for adverse health outcome categories representing gastrointestinal illness, respiratory illness, skin, eye, ear, nose, throat, and cold/flu illness. We identified 92 studies meeting our inclusion criteria. Pooled risk estimates indicate significant elevation of gastrointestinal illness with the recreational activity categories swimming (2.19, 95% CI: 1.82, 2.63) and sports-related contact (2.69, 95% CI: 1.04, 6.92), and nonsignificant elevation of gastrointestinal illness with minimal contact (1.27, 95% CI: 0.74, 2.16). We also found a significant elevation of respiratory illness with swimming (1.78, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.29) and sports-related contact (1.49, 95% CI: 1.00, 2.24), and no elevation of respiratory illness with minimal contact (0.90, 95% CI: 0.71, 1.14). This study suggests that exposures associated with different types of recreational activities are important characteristics of the exposure pathway when assessing illness risk associated with recreation in ambient surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Russo
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Standards and Health Protection Division, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Mail Code 4305T, Washington, DC, 20460, USA.
| | | | | | - Alfred P Dufour
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Mail Code 587, Cincinnati, OH, 45268, USA
| | - Sharon P Nappier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Science and Technology, Health and Ecological Division, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Mail Code 4304T, Washington, DC, 20460, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Mail Code 58C, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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22
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Ferguson A, Solo-Gabriele H, Mena K. Assessment for oil spill chemicals: Current knowledge, data gaps, and uncertainties addressing human physical health risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110746. [PMID: 31910518 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited models are available to estimate human physical health risks (e.g., probability of outcomes such as lung disease, cancer, skin disease) from exposure to chemicals resulting from oil spills that may occur offshore and later impact coastline spills. An approach is presented to assess physical health risks from oil spills that involves establishing a platform capable of assessing aggregate health risk (via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal exposure routes). Gaps include the need to develop models reflecting oil spill concentration distributions given the influence from environmental, physical, biological and chemical factors. Human activities need to be quantified for different populations including emergency response workers, fishermen, shellfish consumers, and children who play at beaches that may be impacted by oil spills. Work is also needed in developing comprehensive toxicological profiles for the majority of chemicals - including dispersants found in oil spills - and to estimate toxicity from mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ferguson
- University of North Carolina Agriculatural and Technical State University (NCAT), Built Environment Department, Greensboro, NC 27411, United States.
| | - Helena Solo-Gabriele
- University of Miami, Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Coral Gables, FL 33146, United States.
| | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030.
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23
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VanMensel D, Chaganti SR, Droppo IG, Weisener CG. Exploring bacterial pathogen community dynamics in freshwater beach sediments: A tale of two lakes. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:568-583. [PMID: 31736260 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria associated with freshwater ecosystems can pose significant health risks particularly where recreational water use is popular. Common water quality assessments involve quantifying indicator Escherichia coli within the water column but neglect to consider physical and geochemical factors and contributions from the sediment. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to investigate sediment microbial communities at four freshwater public beaches in southern Ontario, Canada and analysed community structure, function, and gene expression with relation to geographical characteristics. Our results indicate that beach sediments at the sediment-water interface could serve as potential sources of bacterial contamination under low-energy environments with tightly packed small sediment particles compared with high-energy environments. Further, the absence of pathogens but expression of pathogenic transcripts suggests occurrence of alternate gene acquisition. Pathogenicity at these locations included expression of Salmonella virulence factors, genes involved in pertussis, and antimicrobial resistance. Finally, we introduce a proposed universal bacterial pathogen model to consider the combined and synergistic processes used by these microbes. To our knowledge, this is the first study of its kind to investigate chemolithotrophic activity related to pathogens within bed sediment at freshwater beaches. This work helps advance current understanding of health risks in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle VanMensel
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Subba Rao Chaganti
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada.,Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ian G Droppo
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher G Weisener
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Weiskerger CJ, Brandão J, Ahmed W, Aslan A, Avolio L, Badgley BD, Boehm AB, Edge TA, Fleisher JM, Heaney CD, Jordao L, Kinzelman JL, Klaus JS, Kleinheinz GT, Meriläinen P, Nshimyimana JP, Phanikumar MS, Piggot AM, Pitkänen T, Robinson C, Sadowsky MJ, Staley C, Staley ZR, Symonds EM, Vogel LJ, Yamahara KM, Whitman RL, Solo-Gabriele HM, Harwood VJ. Impacts of a changing earth on microbial dynamics and human health risks in the continuum between beach water and sand. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 162:456-470. [PMID: 31301475 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Although infectious disease risk from recreational exposure to waterborne pathogens has been an active area of research for decades, beach sand is a relatively unexplored habitat for the persistence of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Beach sand, biofilms, and water all present unique advantages and challenges to pathogen introduction, growth, and persistence. These dynamics are further complicated by continuous exchange between sand and water habitats. Models of FIB and pathogen fate and transport at beaches can help predict the risk of infectious disease from beach use, but knowledge gaps with respect to decay and growth rates of pathogens in beach habitats impede robust modeling. Climatic variability adds further complexity to predictive modeling because extreme weather events, warming water, and sea level change may increase human exposure to waterborne pathogens and alter relationships between FIB and pathogens. In addition, population growth and urbanization will exacerbate contamination events and increase the potential for human exposure. The cumulative effects of anthropogenic changes will alter microbial population dynamics in beach habitats and the assumptions and relationships used in quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) and process-based models. Here, we review our current understanding of microbial populations and transport dynamics across the sand-water continuum at beaches, how these dynamics can be modeled, and how global change factors (e.g., climate and land use) should be integrated into more accurate beachscape-based models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea J Weiskerger
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - João Brandão
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) - Department of Animal Biology, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Warish Ahmed
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boogo Road, Dutton Park, Old, 4102, Australia
| | - Asli Aslan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Avolio
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brian D Badgley
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexandria B Boehm
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jay M Fleisher
- College of Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luisa Jordao
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - James S Klaus
- Department of Marine Geosciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Päivi Meriläinen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Mantha S Phanikumar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Alan M Piggot
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tarja Pitkänen
- Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Clare Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute and Departments of Soil, Water, & Climate, and Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Erin M Symonds
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Laura J Vogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevan M Yamahara
- Monterrey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA, USA
| | - Richard L Whitman
- Great Lakes Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Chesterton, IN, USA
| | - Helena M Solo-Gabriele
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Valerie J Harwood
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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25
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Children Exposure-Related Behavior Patterns and Risk Perception Associated with Recreational Beach Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152783. [PMID: 31382616 PMCID: PMC6696461 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Oil spill chemicals (OSCs) result not only from the crude oil components but also from dispersants used in the clean-up activities, where some may result in adverse health effects under certain exposure and dosage conditions. One of the main populations of concern for exposure to OSCs are children, who are frequent beach users. Activities such as ingestion of and digging in sand can increase dermal and ingestion exposure. Longer times spent at the beach can also increase exposures for all routes. Objectives: The Beach Exposure and Child Health Study (BEaCHeS) was initiated to evaluate the risk of exposure to children from oil contaminants. Reported here are results for surveys collected, as a part of the project, to address exposure-related behavior patterns and risk perception for parents or guardians who visit the beach. Methods: Over 400 parental surveys were collected at four beaches, two in Miami and two in Texas, to evaluate children’s exposure related activities. Surveys consisted of three general sections: demographics, exposure, and risk perception. Surveys were analyzed in REDcap and Stata to evaluate demographic and regional differences on activities related to beach behavior and potential exposures to oil contaminants (e.g., how much time spent on beach, cleaning habits following beach activities). The statistical analysis included the mean and standard errors, along with regressions to evaluate associations between parameters. Results: Overall, the data showed high variability in how children play on the beach, influenced more by age and less by gender. Variations were also seen in certain variables by beach region (e.g., hygiene practices). By race, variations were seen in income, distance of travel to beach, and preferred method of communication for beach warning. Other important findings are reflected in the article. Discussion: The data presented here may prove useful for those evaluating children exposures to a variety of contaminants, chemical, or bacterial in origin. In addition, coastal managers may find the risk perception and general behaviors useful for planning and maintenance of beach areas.
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26
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Testolin RC, Lima AOS, Strutz JM, Corrêa R, Poyer-Radetski G, Cesconetto L, Felde A, Radetski CM. Remediation efficiency of different methods for rapid-response of microbiological and/or organic matter contaminated beach sand: A laboratory study. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 141:84-90. [PMID: 30955784 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article we compare the efficiency of different methods of rapid-response remediation of beach sand contaminated with microbiological and/or organic matter. Contaminated beach sands were treated in laboratory by different treatment methods (i.e., oxidation, UV-photoexposure, or thermal methods) and the efficiency of disinfection and breakdown of organic matter were evaluated. Contaminants in raw and treated beach sands were measured by membrane filtration method, and by chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, and chromatographic analysis. All the methods tested were efficient for disinfecting beach sand with microbiological contamination, except for the UV-photoexposure method, which showed only moderate disinfection potential. Chemical degradation efficiency of beach sand contaminated by crude petroleum was higher with Fenton and Photo-Fenton (associated with the use of surfactant and ultrasound) methods. Photo-Fenton method improvement can increase the efficiency of contaminated beach sand treatment, and can also help beach managers when selecting which method to adopt for remedial actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Testolin
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - André O S Lima
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Jéssica M Strutz
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Genética Molecular, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Rogério Corrêa
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Poyer-Radetski
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Geologia e Mineralogia, Florianópolis, SC 88035-001, Brazil
| | - Lucas Cesconetto
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Amira Felde
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil.
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27
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Daley K, Jamieson R, Rainham D, Truelstrup Hansen L, Harper SL. Screening-level microbial risk assessment of acute gastrointestinal illness attributable to wastewater treatment systems in Nunavut, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 657:1253-1264. [PMID: 30677892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Most arctic communities use primary wastewater treatment systems that are capable of only low levels of pathogen removal. Effluent potentially containing fecally derived microorganisms is released into wetlands and marine waters that may simultaneously serve as recreation or food harvesting locations for local populations. The purpose of this study is to provide the first estimates of acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) attributable to wastewater treatment systems in Arctic Canada. A screening-level, point estimate quantitative microbial risk assessment model was developed to evaluate worst-case scenarios across an array of exposure pathways in five case study locations. A high annual AGI incidence rate of 5.0 cases per person is estimated in Pangnirtung, where a mechanical treatment plant discharges directly to marine waters, with all cases occurring during low tide conditions. The probability of AGI per person per single exposure during this period ranges between 1.0 × 10-1 (shore recreation) and 6.0 × 10-1 (shellfish consumption). A moderate incidence rate of 1.2 episodes of AGI per person is estimated in Naujaat, where a treatment system consisting of a pond and tundra wetland is used, with the majority of cases occurring during spring. The pathway with the highest individual probability of AGI per single exposure event is wetland travel at 6.0 × 10-1. All other risk probabilities per single exposure are <1.0 × 10-1. The AGI incidence rates estimated for the other three case study locations are <0.1. These findings suggest that wastewater treatment sites may be contributing to elevated rates of AGI in some arctic Canadian communities. Absolute risk values, however, should be weighed with caution based on the exploratory nature of this study design. These results can be used to inform future risk assessment and epidemiological research as well as support public health and sanitation decisions in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiley Daley
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Rob Jamieson
- Centre for Water Resources Studies, Dalhousie University, 1360 Barrington Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Daniel Rainham
- Healthy Populations Institute, Dalhousie University, 1318 Robie Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | | | - Sherilee L Harper
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada.
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28
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O'Mullan GD, Juhl AR, Reichert R, Schneider E, Martinez N. Patterns of sediment-associated fecal indicator bacteria in an urban estuary: Benthic-pelagic coupling and implications for shoreline water quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:1168-1177. [PMID: 30625648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Estuarine and coastal waterways are commonly monitored for fecal and sewage contamination to protect recreator health and ecosystem functions. Such monitoring programs commonly rely on cultivation-based counts of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in water column samples. Recent studies demonstrate that sediments and beach sands can be heavily colonized by FIB, and that settling and resuspension of colonized particles may significantly influence the distribution of FIB in the water column. However, measurements of sediment FIB are rarely incorporated into monitoring programs, and geographic surveys of sediment FIB are uncommon. In this study, the distribution of FIB and the extent of benthic-pelagic FIB coupling were examined in the urbanized, lower Hudson River Estuary. Using cultivation-based enumeration, two commonly-measured FIB, enterococci and Escherichia coli, were widely distributed in both sediment and water, and were positively correlated with each other. The taxonomic identity of FIB isolates from water and sediment was confirmed by DNA sequencing. The geometric mean of FIB concentration in sediment was correlated with both the geometric mean of FIB in water samples from the same locations and with sediment organic carbon. These two positive associations likely reflect water as the FIB source for underlying sediments, and longer FIB persistence in the sediments compared to the water, respectively. The relative representation of other fecal associated bacterial genera in sediment, determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, increased with the sequence representation of the two FIB, supporting the value of these FIB for assessing sediment contamination. Experimental resuspension of sediment increased shoreline water column FIB concentrations, which may explain why shoreline water samples had higher average FIB concentrations than samples collected nearby but further from shore. In combination, these results demonstrate extensive benthic-pelagic coupling of FIB in an urbanized estuary and highlight the importance of sediment FIB distribution and ecology when interpreting water quality monitoring data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D O'Mullan
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
| | - Andrew R Juhl
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Roman Reichert
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Erin Schneider
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queen College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd, Flushing, NY 11367, USA
| | - Natalia Martinez
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, 61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
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29
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Maciel NO, Johann S, Brandão LR, Kucharíková S, Morais CG, Oliveira AP, Freitas GJ, Borelli BM, Pellizzari FM, Santos DA, Van Dijck P, Rosa CA. Occurrence, antifungal susceptibility, and virulence factors of opportunistic yeasts isolated from Brazilian beaches. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2019; 114:e180566. [PMID: 30892381 PMCID: PMC6419412 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opportunistic pathogenic yeast species are frequently associated with water
habitats that have pollution sources of human or animal origin.
Candida albicans has already been suggested as a faecal
indicator microorganism for aquatic environments. OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of C.
albicans and other opportunistic yeasts in sand and seawater
samples from beaches in Brazil to assess their correlation with
Escherichia coli, and to characterise the pathogenic
potential of the yeast isolates. METHODS Opportunistic species (yeasts that grow at 37ºC) were isolated from sand and
seawater samples from eight beaches in Brazil during the summer and the
winter. Opportunistic yeast species were evaluated for their susceptibility
to antifungal drugs, virulence factors, and the in vitro
and in vivo biofilm formation. Strains were selected to
carry out virulence tests using BALB/c mice. FINDINGS Several water samples could be classified as inappropriate for primary
contact recreation in relation to E. coli densities.
C. albicans was isolated in low densities. Of the 144
opportunistic yeasts evaluated, 61% displayed resistance or dose-dependent
sensitivity to at least one tested drug, and 40% produced proteinase.
Strains of C. albicans and Kodamaea ohmeri
exhibited the highest rates of adhesion to buccal epithelial cells. All the
C. albicans strains that were tested were able to
undergo morphogenesis and form a biofilm on catheter fragments in both
in vitro and in vivo experiments. It
was possible to confirm the pathogenic potential of three of these strains
during the disseminated infection test. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The identification of opportunistic yeast species in seawater and sand
samples from Brazilian beaches suggest a potential risk to the health of
people who use these environments for recreational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Op Maciel
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Susana Johann
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Luciana R Brandão
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Sona Kucharíková
- VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Camila G Morais
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Alexandre P Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Gustavo Jc Freitas
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Beatriz M Borelli
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Franciane M Pellizzari
- Universidade Estadual do Paraná, Laboratório de Ficologia e Qualidade de Água Marinha, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - Daniel A Santos
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Centre for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.,Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Rosa
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Microbiologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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30
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Zimmer-Faust AG, Thulsiraj V, Lee CM, Whitener V, Rugh M, Mendoza-Espinosa L, Jay JA. Multi-tiered approach utilizing microbial source tracking and human associated-IMS/ATP for surveillance of human fecal contamination in Baja California, Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:475-484. [PMID: 29864661 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As both the need for reuse of reclaimed wastewater and the burden placed on existing wastewater treatment plants increase, so does the need for methods that can reliably, rapidly and economically identify human-associated contamination. A survey of surface water quality was conducted in Baja California, Mexico where inadequate infrastructure or its inefficient operation leads to poor water quality. The HF183 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (B. theta) human-associated gene markers were detected in 84% and 82% of samples collected during dry weather, illustrating evidence of widespread human fecal contamination. In addition, an inversely-coupled (Inv-IMS/ATP) viability-based assay for detection of B. theta was developed and applied for rapid detection and screening of human-associated fecal contamination. The Inv-IMS/ATP assay was able to effectively differentiate between surface waters impacted with human fecal contamination, and B. theta levels measured by Inv-IMS/ATP were highly correlated with HF183 and B. theta human marker measurements (r = 0.76; r = 0.82) in complex surface water samples. In areas with widespread human fecal contamination and limited access to more expensive methods, a multi-pronged approach utilizing a combination of methods including the Inv-IMS/ATP assay for rapid evaluation and screening of surface water quality alongside human-associated genetic markers may improve risk assessment and surveillance capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity G Zimmer-Faust
- Western Ecology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Currently at Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, CA, USA.
| | - Vanessa Thulsiraj
- Biology Department, Mount Saint Mary's University, 12001 Chalon Road, Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Earth Science Division, American Association for the Advancement of Science, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Headquarters, WA, USA
| | - Victoria Whitener
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Megan Rugh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Wyness AJ, Paterson DM, Defew EC, Stutter MI, Avery LM. The role of zeta potential in the adhesion of E. coli to suspended intertidal sediments. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 142:159-166. [PMID: 29870949 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent of pathogen transport to and within aquatic systems depends heavily on whether the bacterial cells are freely suspended or in association with suspended particles. The surface charge of both bacterial cells and suspended particles affects cell-particle adhesion and subsequent transport and exposure pathways through settling and resuspension cycles. This study investigated the adhesion of Faecal Indicator Organisms (FIOs) to natural suspended intertidal sediments over the salinity gradient encountered at the transition zone from freshwater to marine environments. Phenotypic characteristics of three E. coli strains, and the zeta potential (surface charge) of the E. coli strains and 3 physically different types of intertidal sediments was measured over a salinity gradient from 0 to 5 Practical Salinity Units (PSU). A batch adhesion microcosm experiment was constructed with each combination of E. coli strain, intertidal sediment and 0, 2, 3.5 and 5 PSU. The zeta potential profile of one E. coli strain had a low negative charge and did not change in response to an increase in salinity, and the remaining E. coli strains and the sediments exhibited a more negative charge that decreased with an increase in salinity. Strain type was the most important factor in explaining cell-particle adhesion, however adhesion was also dependant on sediment type and salinity (2, 3.5 PSU > 0, 5 PSU). Contrary to traditional colloidal (Derjaguin, Landau, Vervey, and Overbeek (DLVO)) theory, zeta potential of strain or sediment did not correlate with cell-particle adhesion. E. coli strain characteristics were the defining factor in cell-particle adhesion, implying that diverse strain-specific transport and exposure pathways may exist. Further research applying these findings on a catchment scale is necessary to elucidate these pathways in order to improve accuracy of FIO fate and transport models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Wyness
- Sediment Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK; Environmental and Biological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK.
| | - David M Paterson
- Sediment Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Emma C Defew
- Sediment Ecology Research Group, Scottish Oceans Institute, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, East Sands, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 8LB, UK
| | - Marc I Stutter
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Lisa M Avery
- Environmental and Biological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
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Aslan A, Anderson KW, Chapman A. The Impact of Tides on Microbial Water Quality at an Inland River Beach. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:1123-1129. [PMID: 30272796 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.12.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Most coastal freshwater ecosystems in the United States have semi-tidal movements during the day. Routine monitoring of these environments is conducted once during the day when tides can be at either ebb or flood conditions, causing a variability in bacterial concentrations and misinterpretation of the illness risk associated with human activities. The occurrence and levels of enterococci (enterococci 23S rDNA [Ent23S]) and human- (HF183) and avian- (GFD) associated microbial source tracking (MST) markers were investigated using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) along with detection of culturable enterococci and environmental parameters. Samples were collected during flood and ebb tide conditions (May-September) from a tidal river used for recreational activities. Culturable enterococci [(420) = 2.093, = 0.040] and Ent23S [(420) = 2.243, = 0.028] controlled for tide type were significantly different; higher enterococci concentrations were detected during the flood tide. Among all samples, 6% were positive for HF183, and GFD was positively correlated with Ent23S ( = 0.92, = 0.029) and conductivity ( = 0.93, = 0.023) during flood tide. Unlike the general assumption that ebb tide flow in a river would likely carry runoff from the land, the microbial contaminants in this case were transported from upstream via ocean water to the river during the flood tide. These results suggest that hydrology and land use patterns must be considered in sampling design when conducting future microbial water quality monitoring programs to better characterize recreational water safety in tidal rivers.
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Napier MD, Poole C, Stewart JR, Weber DJ, Glassmeyer ST, Kolpin DW, Furlong ET, Dufour AP, Wade TJ. Exposure to Human-Associated Chemical Markers of Fecal Contamination and Self-Reported Illness among Swimmers at Recreational Beaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:7513-7523. [PMID: 29901991 PMCID: PMC6192706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chemicals have been proposed as potential markers of human fecal contamination in recreational water. However, to date, there are no published studies describing their relationships with illness risks. Using a cohort of swimmers at seven U.S. beaches, we examined potential associations between the presence of chemical markers of human fecal pollution and self-reported gastrointestinal (GI) illness, diarrhea, and respiratory illness. Swimmers were surveyed about their beach activities, water exposure, and baseline symptoms on the day of their beach visit, and about any illness experienced 10-12 days later. Risk differences were estimated using model-based standardization and adjusted for the swimmer's age, beach site, sand contact, rainfall, and water temperature. Sixty-two chemical markers were analyzed from daily water samples at freshwater and marine beaches. Of those, 20 were found consistently. With the possible exception of bisphenol A and cholesterol, no chemicals were consistently associated with increased risks of illness. These two chemicals were suggestively associated with 2% and 1% increased risks of GI illness and diarrhea in both freshwater and marine beaches. Additional research using the more sensitive analytic methods currently available for a wider suite of analytes is needed to support the use of chemical biomarkers to quantify illness risk and identify fecal pollution sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D. Napier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Corresponding author: Melanie D. Napier, , 919-972-8915
| | - Charles Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Jill R. Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Health Care, 2153 Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, 2 Floor, CB#7030, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Central Midwest Water Science Center, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Water Quality Laboratory, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Timothy J. Wade
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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DeFlorio-Barker S, Arnold BF, Sams EA, Dufour AP, Colford JM, Weisberg SB, Schiff KC, Wade TJ. Child environmental exposures to water and sand at the beach: Findings from studies of over 68,000 subjects at 12 beaches. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:93-100. [PMID: 29115288 PMCID: PMC5814355 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Swimming and recreating in lakes, oceans, and rivers is common, yet the literature suggests children may be at greater risk of illness following such exposures. These effects might be due to differences in immunity or differing behavioral factors such as poorer hygiene, longer exposures to, and greater ingestion of potentially contaminated water and sand. We pooled data from 12 prospective cohorts (n=68,685) to examine exposures to potentially contaminated media such as beach water and sand among children compared with adults, and conducted a simulation using self-reported time spent in the water and volume of water swallowed per minute by age to estimate the total volume of water swallowed per swimming event by age category. Children aged 4-7 and 8-12 years had the highest exposures to water, sand, and algae compared with other age groups. Based on our simulation, we found that children (6-12 years) swallow a median of 36 ml (90th percentile=150 ml), whereas adults aged ≥35 years swallow 9 ml (90th percentile=64 ml) per swimming event, with male children swallowing a greater amount of water compared with females. These estimates may help to reduce uncertainty surrounding routes and durations of recreational exposures and can support the development of chemical and microbial risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander MC 58C, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Benjamin F Arnold
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkley, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Sams
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander MC 58C, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alfred P Dufour
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John M Colford
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkley, California, USA
| | - Steven B Weisberg
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Kenneth C Schiff
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, Costa Mesa, California, USA
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, 109 TW Alexander MC 58C, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3413-3423. [PMID: 29168450 PMCID: PMC9148765 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000–166 000) illnesses, 488 (186–890) hospitalizations and 12 (2–28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000–71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000–32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.
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Napier MD, Haugland R, Poole C, Dufour AP, Stewart JR, Weber DJ, Varma M, Lavender JS, Wade TJ. Exposure to human-associated fecal indicators and self-reported illness among swimmers at recreational beaches: a cohort study. Environ Health 2017; 16:103. [PMID: 28969670 PMCID: PMC5625766 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal indicator bacteria used to assess illness risks in recreational waters (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococci) cannot discriminate among pollution sources. To address this limitation, human-associated Bacteroides markers have been proposed, but the risk of illness associated with the presence of these markers in recreational waters is unclear. Our objective was to estimate associations between human-associated Bacteroides markers in water and self-reported illness among swimmers at 6 U.S. beaches spanning 2003-2007. METHODS We used data from a prospectively-enrolled cohort of 12,060 swimmers surveyed about beach activities and water exposure on the day of their beach visit. Ten to twelve days later, participants reported gastroinestinal, diarrheal, and respiratory illnesses experienced since the visit. Daily water samples were analyzed for the presence of human-associated Bacteroides genetic markers: HF183, BsteriF1, BuniF2, HumM2. We used model-based standardization to estimate risk differences (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed whether the presence of Bacteroides markers were modifiers of the association between general Enterococcus and illness among swimmers using interaction contrast. RESULTS Overall we observed inconsistent associations between the presence of Bacteroides markers and illness. There was a pattern of increased risks of gastrointestinal (RD = 1.9%; 95% CI: 0.1%, 3.7%), diarrheal (RD = 1.3%; 95% CI: -0.2%, 2.7%), and respiratory illnesses (RD = 1.1%; 95% CI: -0.2%, 2.5%) associated with BsteriF1. There was no evidence that Bacteroides markers acted as modifiers of Enterococcus and illness. Patterns were similar when stratified by water matrix. CONCLUSIONS Quantitative measures of fecal pollution using Bacteroides, rather than presence-absence indicators, may be necessary to accurately assess human risk specific to the presence of human fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D. Napier
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Richard Haugland
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Charles Poole
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Alfred P. Dufour
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jill R. Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 166 Rosenau Hall, CB #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, 135 Dauer Drive, 2101 McGavran-Greenberg Hall, CB #7435, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina Health Care, Bioinformatics Building, 130 Mason Farm Road, 2nd Floor, CB#7030, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Manju Varma
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Jennifer S. Lavender
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 26 W. Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Timothy J. Wade
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA
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Zimmer-Faust AG, Thulsiraj V, Marambio-Jones C, Cao Y, Griffith JF, Holden PA, Jay JA. Effect of freshwater sediment characteristics on the persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and genetic markers within a Southern California watershed. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:1-11. [PMID: 28433878 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the aging of culturable FIB and DNA representing genetic markers for Enterococcus spp. (ENT1A), general Bacteroides (GB3), and human-associated Bacteroides (HF183) in freshwater sediments was evaluated. Freshwater sediment was collected from four different sites within the upper and lower reach of the Topanga Creek Watershed and two additional comparator sites within the Santa Monica Bay, for a total of six sites. Untreated (ambient) and oven-dried (reduced microbiota) sediment was inoculated with 5% sewage and artificial freshwater. Microcosms were held for a 21-day period and sampled on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, and 21. There were substantial differences in decay among the sediments tested, and decay rates were related to sediment characteristics. In the ambient sediments, smaller particle size and higher levels of organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were associated with increased persistence of the GB3 marker and culturable Escherichia coli (cEC) and enterococci (cENT). The HF183 marker exhibited decay rates of -0.50 to -0.96 day-1, which was 2-5 times faster in certain ambient sediments than decay of culturable FIB and the ENT1A and GB3 markers. The ENT1A and GB3 markers decayed at rates of between -0.07 and -0.28 and -0.10 to -0.44 day-1, and cEC and cENT decayed at rates of between -0.22 and -0.81 and -0.03 and -0.40 day-1, respectively. In the oven-dried sediments, increased persistence of all indicators and potential for limited growth of culturable FIB and the GB3 and ENT1A markers was observed. A simplified two-box model using the HF183 marker and cENT decay rates generated from the microcosm experiments was applied to two reaches within the Topanga Canyon watershed in order to provide context for the variability in decay rates observed. The model predicted lower ambient concentrations of enterococci in sediment in the upper (90 MPN g-1) versus lower Topanga watershed (530 MPN g-1) and low ambient levels of the HF183 marker (below the LLOQ) in sediments in both lower and upper watersheds. It is important to consider the variability in the persistence of genetic markers and FIB when evaluating indicators of fecal contamination in sediments, even within one watershed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amity G Zimmer-Faust
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Vanessa Thulsiraj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Catalina Marambio-Jones
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Yiping Cao
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd Ste 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States
| | - John F Griffith
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd Ste 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States
| | - Patricia A Holden
- Earth Research Institute and Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Jennifer A Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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Goodwin KD, Schriewer A, Jirik A, Curtis K, Crumpacker A. Consideration of Natural Sources in a Bacteria TMDL-Lines of Evidence, Including Beach Microbial Source Tracking. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28633521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) stipulations remained unmet at a southern California beach despite a suite of management actions carried out since 2001, prompting exploration of a Natural Sources Exclusion (NSE) provision within the TMDL. Quantitative Microbial Source Tracking (MST) was employed from 2012 to 2015 to inventory sources of natural and anthropogenic fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Data suggested FIB exceedances could be traced to gulls based on gull marker prevalence and correlations with FIB concentrations in seawater, sand, and eelgrass. In contrast, human marker concentrations and a tracer dye test did not indicate prevalent human sources. Exponential decay of gull marker in sand amended with live Catellicoccus marimammalium suggested that measured marker reflected fecal inputs versus growth outside the host. Improved water quality was coincident with a 2013 bird exclusion structure, consistent with NSE. However, load allocation needed for TMDL reconsideration was hampered by variable ratios of FIB, MST markers, and pathogens measured in seawater and in gull, cat, and raccoon feces. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment is a suggested path forward because such models can incorporate distributions from a combination of FIB sources and communicate criteria in terms of human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Goodwin
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory , Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States , stationed at NMFS/SWFSC, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Schriewer
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - Andrew Jirik
- Port of Los Angeles , 425 South Palos Verdes Street, San Pedro, California 90731, United States
| | - Kathryn Curtis
- Port of Los Angeles , 425 South Palos Verdes Street, San Pedro, California 90731, United States
| | - Andrea Crumpacker
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
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Romão D, Staley C, Ferreira F, Rodrigues R, Sabino R, Veríssimo C, Wang P, Sadowsky M, Brandão J. Next-generation sequencing and culture-based techniques offer complementary insights into fungi and prokaryotes in beach sands. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 119:351-358. [PMID: 28442200 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A next-generation sequencing (NGS) approach, in conjunction with culture-based methods, was used to examine fungal and prokaryotic communities for the presence of potential pathogens in beach sands throughout Portugal. Culture-based fungal enumeration revealed low and variable concentrations of the species targeted (yeasts and dermatophytes), which were underrepresented in the community characterized by NGS targeting the ITS1 region. Conversely, NGS indicated that the potentially pathogenic species Purpureocillium liliacinum comprised nearly the entire fungal community. Culturable fecal indicator bacterial concentrations were low throughout the study and unrelated to communities characterized by NGS. Notably, the prokaryotic communities characterized revealed a considerable abundance of archaea. Results highlight differences in communities between methods in beach sand monitoring but indicate the techniques offer complementary insights. Thus, there is a need to leverage culture-based methods with NGS methods, using a toolbox approach, to determine appropriate targets and metrics for beach sand monitoring to adequately protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Romão
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Christopher Staley
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Filipa Ferreira
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Rodrigues
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sabino
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections - Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Veríssimo
- Reference Unit for Parasitic and Fungal Infections - Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ping Wang
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States
| | - Michael Sadowsky
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States; Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, United States.
| | - João Brandão
- Water and Soils Unit - Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Testolin RC, Almeida TCM, Polette M, Branco JO, Fischer LL, Niero G, Poyer-Radetski G, Silva VC, Somensi CA, Corrêa AXR, Corrêa R, Rörig LR, Itokazu AG, Férard JF, Cotelle S, Radetski CM. Comparing different methods for fast screening of microbiological quality of beach sand aimed at rapid-response remediation. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 118:206-212. [PMID: 28259421 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is scientific evidence that beach sands are a significant contributor to the pathogen load to which visitors are exposed. To develop beach quality guidelines all beach zones must be included in microbiological evaluations, but monitoring methods for beach sand quality are relatively longstanding, expensive, laborious and require moderate laboratory infrastructure. This paper aimed to evaluate the microorganism activity in different beach zones applying and comparing a classical method of membrane filtration (MF) with two colorimetric screening methods based on fluorescein (FDA) and tetrazolium (TTC) salt biotransformation to evaluate a new rapid and low-cost method for beach sand microbiological contamination assessments. The colorimetric results can help beach managers to evaluate rapidly and at low cost the microbiological quality of different beach zones in order to decide whether remedial actions need to be adopted to prevent exposure of the public to microbes due to beach sand and/or water contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan C Testolin
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Tito C M Almeida
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Marcus Polette
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Conservação, Gestão e Governança Costeira, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Joaquim O Branco
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Ecologia de Comunidades e Biodiversidade, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Larissa L Fischer
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Niero
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Poyer-Radetski
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Curso Técnico de Saneamento, Av. Mauro Ramos, 950, Florianópolis, SC, 88020-300, Brazil
| | - Valéria C Silva
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Curso Técnico de Saneamento, Av. Mauro Ramos, 950, Florianópolis, SC, 88020-300, Brazil
| | - Cleder A Somensi
- Instituto Federal Catarinense, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Rodovia BR 280, km 27, Araquari, SC 89245-000, Brazil
| | - Albertina X R Corrêa
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Rogério Corrêa
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil
| | - Leonardo R Rörig
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ficologia, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Ana Gabriela Itokazu
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Laboratório de Ficologia, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, SC 88040-970, Brazil
| | - Jean-François Férard
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), CNRS UMR, 7360, Rue du General Delestraint, Metz F-57070, France
| | - Sylvie Cotelle
- Université de Lorraine, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), CNRS UMR, 7360, Rue du General Delestraint, Metz F-57070, France
| | - Claudemir M Radetski
- Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Laboratório de Remediação Ambiental, Rua Uruguai, 458, Itajaí, SC 88302-202, Brazil.
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Mika KB, Chavarria KA, Imamura G, Tang C, Torres R, Jay JA. Sources and persistence of fecal indicator bacteria and Bacteroidales in sand as measured by culture-based and culture-independent methods: A case study at Santa Monica Pier, California. WATER, AIR, AND SOIL POLLUTION 2017; 228:124. [PMID: 30853729 PMCID: PMC6404519 DOI: 10.1007/s11270-017-3291-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated causes of persistent fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in beach sand under the pier in Santa Monica, CA. FIB levels were up to 1,000 times higher in sand underneath the pier than that collected from adjacent to the pier, with the highest concentrations under the pier in spring and fall. Escherichia coli (EC) and enterococci (ENT) under the pier were significantly positively correlated with moisture (ρ = 0.61, p < 0.001, n = 59; ρ = 0.43, p < 0.001, n = 59, respectively), and ENT levels measured by qPCR (qENT) were much higher than those measured by membrane filtration (cENT). Microcosm experiments tested the ability of EC, qENT, cENT, and general Bacteroidales (GenBac) to persist under in-situ moisture conditions (10% and 0.1%). Decay rates of qENT, cENT, and GenBac were not significantly different from zero at either moisture level, while decay rates for EC were relatively rapid during the microcosm at 10% moisture (k = 0.7 days-1). Gull/pelican marker was detected at eight of 12 sites and no human-associated markers (TaqHF183 and HumM2) were detected at any site during a one-day site survey. Results from this study indicate that the high levels of FIB observed likely stem from environmental sources combined with high persistence of FIB under the pier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn B Mika
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Karina A Chavarria
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Greg Imamura
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Chay Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Robert Torres
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jennifer A. Jay
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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Wu MZ, O'Carroll DM, Vogel LJ, Robinson CE. Effect of Low Energy Waves on the Accumulation and Transport of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Sand and Pore Water at Freshwater Beaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:2786-2794. [PMID: 28186740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Elevated fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in beach sand and pore water represent an important nonpoint source of contamination to surface waters. This study examines the physical processes governing the accumulation and distribution of FIB in a beach aquifer. Field data indicate E. coli and enterococci can be transported 1 and 2 m, respectively, below the water table. Data were used to calibrate a numerical model whereby FIB are delivered to a beach aquifer by wave-induced infiltration across the beach face. Simulations indicate FIB rapidly accumulate in a beach aquifer with FIB primarily associated with sand rather than freely residing in the pore water. Simulated transport of E. coli in a beach aquifer is complex and does not correlate with conservative tracer transport. Beaches with higher wave-induced infiltration rate and vertical infiltration velocity (i.e., beaches with higher beach slope and wave height, and lower terrestrial groundwater discharge) had greater E. coli accumulation and E. coli was transported deeper below the beach face. For certain beach conditions, the amount of FIB accumulated in sand over 5-6 days was found to be sufficient to trigger a beach advisory if eroded to surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhi Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University , London ON, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University , London ON, Canada N6A 5B9
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connected Water Initiative, University of New South Wales , Manly Vale NSW 2093, Australia
| | - Laura J Vogel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University , London ON, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Clare E Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University , London ON, Canada N6A 5B9
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DeFlorio-Barker S, Wade TJ, Jones RM, Friedman LS, Wing C, Dorevitch S. Estimated Costs of Sporadic Gastrointestinal Illness Associated with Surface Water Recreation: A Combined Analysis of Data from NEEAR and CHEERS Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:215-222. [PMID: 27459727 PMCID: PMC5289902 DOI: 10.1289/ehp130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The burden of illness can be described by addressing both incidence and illness severity attributable to water recreation. Monetized as cost, attributable disease burden estimates can be useful for environmental management decisions. OBJECTIVES We characterize the disease burden attributable to water recreation using data from two cohort studies using a cost of illness (COI) approach and estimate the largest drivers of the disease burden of water recreation. METHODS Data from the NEEAR study, which evaluated swimming and wading in marine and freshwater beaches in six U.S. states, and CHEERS, which evaluated illness after incidental-contact recreation (boating, canoeing, fishing, kayaking, and rowing) on waterways in the Chicago area, were used to estimate the cost per case of gastrointestinal illness and costs attributable to water recreation. Data on health care and medication utilization and missed days of work or leisure were collected and combined with cost data to construct measures of COI. RESULTS Depending on different assumptions, the cost of gastrointestinal symptoms attributable to water recreation are estimated to be $1,220 for incidental-contact recreation (range $338-$1,681) and $1,676 for swimming/wading (range $425-2,743) per 1,000 recreators. Lost productivity is a major driver of the estimated COI, accounting for up to 90% of total costs. CONCLUSIONS Our estimates suggest gastrointestinal illness attributed to surface water recreation at urban waterways, lakes, and coastal marine beaches is responsible for costs that should be accounted for when considering the monetary impact of efforts to improve water quality. The COI provides more information than the frequency of illness, as it takes into account disease incidence, health care utilization, and lost productivity. Use of monetized disease severity information should be included in future studies of water quality and health. Citation: DeFlorio-Barker S, Wade TJ, Jones RM, Friedman LS, Wing C, Dorevitch S. 2017. Estimated costs of sporadic gastrointestinal illness associated with surface water recreation: a combined analysis of data from NEEAR and CHEERS Studies. Environ Health Perspect 125:215-222; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy J. Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachael M. Jones
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lee S. Friedman
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Coady Wing
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Samuel Dorevitch
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Institute for Environmental Science and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Abreu R, Figueira C, Romão D, Brandão J, Freitas MC, Andrade C, Calado G, Ferreira C, Campos A, Prada S. Sediment characteristics and microbiological contamination of beach sand - A case-study in the archipelago of Madeira. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 573:627-638. [PMID: 27585431 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Beach sand can harbour pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms, as well as faecal indicator bacteria that influence directly the bathing water quality. Pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms often raise concern of exposure during beach related recreational activities. In this work, three different types of sandy beaches (natural basaltic, natural calcareous and artificial calcareous) of the Archipelago of Madeira (Portugal) were sampled for bacterial and fungal contaminants and grain size distribution, during four years (2010-2013). Following an extreme weather event in 2010, the faecal indicator bacteria levels spiked, returning to base levels shortly thereafter. The same phenomenon occurred with fungi, where potentially pathogenic fungi were the dominant group. Yeast-like fungi and dermatophytes were, however, mainly associated to months of higher usage by recreational users. Statistical analysis showed higher contamination of sediment in artificial beaches compared to natural beaches and granulometry and chemical composition of sand did not influence in the microbial loads. Instead, bather density and the influence of coastal protection structures needed to maintain the volume of artificial beach sand regarding the removal potential of wave induced currents are obvious influencing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Abreu
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Celso Figueira
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
| | - Daniela Romão
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Brandão
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Avenida Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Conceição Freitas
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luis, Bloco C6, 3° piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - César Andrade
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto Dom Luis, Bloco C6, 3° piso, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graça Calado
- Laboratório de Saúde Pública, IASaúde, Rua das Pretas n° 1, 9004-515 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Carmen Ferreira
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo n° 79, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Ana Campos
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo n° 79, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Susana Prada
- Faculdade de Ciências Exatas e da Engenharia da Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, 9000-390 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal; Centro de Vulcanologia e Avaliação de Riscos Geológicos, Universidade dos Açores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal
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45
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DeFlorio-Barker S, Wade TJ, Turyk M, Dorevitch S. Water recreation and illness severity. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:713-726. [PMID: 27740539 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The health endpoint of prior studies of water recreation has been the occurrence of gastrointestinal (GI) illness. This dichotomous measure fails to take into account the range of symptom severity among those with GI illness, and those who develop GI symptoms but who do not satisfy the definition of GI illness. Data from two US cohort studies were used to assess use of ordinal and semi-continuous measures of GI symptoms, such as duration of GI symptoms and responses to those symptoms such as medication use, interference with daily activities, and utilization of healthcare service. Zero-inflated negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between severity and either the degree of water exposure or water quality. Among 37,404 water recreators without baseline GI symptoms, we observed individuals with relatively low severity satisfying the case definition of GI illness, while others with high severity not satisfying that definition. Severity metrics were associated with water exposure. The dichotomous GI illness outcome could be improved by considering symptom severity in future studies. Modeling ordinal and semi-continuous outcomes may improve our understanding of determinants of the burden of illness rather than simply the number of cases of illness attributable to environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA E-mail:
| | - Timothy J Wade
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Turyk
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Dorevitch
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA E-mail:
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46
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Keswani A, Oliver DM, Gutierrez T, Quilliam RS. Microbial hitchhikers on marine plastic debris: Human exposure risks at bathing waters and beach environments. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 118:10-9. [PMID: 27128352 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Marine plastic debris is well characterized in terms of its ability to negatively impact terrestrial and marine environments, endanger coastal wildlife, and interfere with navigation, tourism and commercial fisheries. However, the impacts of potentially harmful microorganisms and pathogens colonising plastic litter are not well understood. The hard surface of plastics provides an ideal environment for opportunistic microbial colonisers to form biofilms and might offer a protective niche capable of supporting a diversity of different microorganisms, known as the "Plastisphere". This biotope could act as an important vector for the persistence and spread of pathogens, faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and harmful algal bloom species (HABs) across beach and bathing environments. This review will focus on the existent knowledge and research gaps, and identify the possible consequences of plastic-associated microbes on human health, the spread of infectious diseases and bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Keswani
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- School of Life Sciences, Herriot Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
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Abstract
This paper reviews the latest evidence provided by epidemiological studies and quantitative microbial risk assessments (QMRAs) of infection risk from recreational water use. Studies for review were selected following a PubMed search for articles published between January 2010 and April 2014. Epidemiological studies show a generally elevated risk of gastrointestinal illness in bathers compared to non-bathers but often no clear association with water quality as measured by faecal indicator bacteria; this is especially true where study sites are impacted by non-point source pollution. Evidence from QMRAs support the lack of a consistent water quality association for non-point source-impacted beaches. It is suggested that source attribution, through quantified microbial source apportionment, linked with appropriate use of microbial source tracking methods should be employed as an integral part of future epidemiological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Fewtrell
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health (CREH), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB UK
| | - David Kay
- Centre for Research into Environment and Health (CREH), Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, SY23 3DB UK
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48
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Staley ZR, Robinson C, Edge TA. Comparison of the occurrence and survival of fecal indicator bacteria in recreational sand between urban beach, playground and sandbox settings in Toronto, Ontario. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:520-527. [PMID: 26432162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
While beach sands are increasingly being studied as a reservoir of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), less is known about the occurrence of FIB in other recreational sands (i.e., sandboxes and playgrounds). In this study, different culture-based FIB enumeration techniques were compared and microbial source tracking assays were conducted on recreational sand samples from beaches, playgrounds and sandboxes around Toronto, ON. FIB were detected in every sand sample (n=104) with concentrations not changing significantly over the five month sampling period. Concentrations of FIB and a gull-specific DNA marker were significantly higher in foreshore beach sands, and indicated these were a more significant reservoir of FIB contamination than sandbox or playground sands. Human- and dog-specific contamination markers were not detected. All culture-based FIB enumeration techniques were consistent in identifying the elevated FIB concentrations associated with foreshore beach sands. However, significant differences between differential agar media, IDEXX and Aquagenx Compartment Bag Test were observed, with DC media and Enterolert being the most sensitive methods to detect Escherichia coli and enterococci, respectively. To better understand the elevated occurrence of E. coli in foreshore sands, microcosm survival experiments were conducted at two different temperatures (15 °C and 28 °C) using non-sterile saturated foreshore beach sands collected from two urban freshwater beaches with different sand type (fine grain and sand-cobble). Microcosms were inoculated with a mixture of eight sand-derived E. coli strains and sampled over a 28-day period. E. coli levels were found to decline in all microcosms, although survival was significantly greater in the finer sand and at the cooler temperature (15 °C). These results indicate that FIB can be widespread in any type of recreational sand and, while E. coli can survive for many weeks, it is most likely to accumulate in cooler fine-grain sand as occurs below the foreshore sand surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachery R Staley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON, Canada.
| | - Clare Robinson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas A Edge
- Environment Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, ON, Canada
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49
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Lamparelli CC, Pogreba-Brown K, Verhougstraete M, Sato MIZ, Bruni ADC, Wade TJ, Eisenberg JNS. Are fecal indicator bacteria appropriate measures of recreational water risks in the tropics: A cohort study of beach goers in Brazil? WATER RESEARCH 2015; 87:59-68. [PMID: 26378732 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Regulating recreational water exposure to pathogens within the tropics is a major public health and economic concern. Although numerous epidemiological studies estimating the risk to recreational marine water exposure have been conducted since the 1950s, few studies have been done in the tropics. Furthermore, many have suggested that the use of fecal indicator bacteria for monitoring recreational water quality in temperate regions is not appropriate in the tropics. We analyzed a large cohort study of five beaches in Sao Paulo, Brazil, conducted during consecutive weekends in the summer of 1999 that estimated risk to water, sand, and food exposures. Enterococci and Escherichia coli concentrations were measured each day of the study. Elevated risks were estimated for both swimming (OR = 1.36 95% CI: 1.05-1.58) and sand contact (OR = 1.29 95% CI 1.05-1.58). A 1 log increase in enterococci concentration was associated with an 11% increase in risk (OR = 1.11 95% CI: 1.04-1.19). For E. coli a 1-log increase in concentration was associated with 19% increase in risk (OR = 1.19 95% CI: 1.14-1.28). Most countries with beaches in the tropics are lower or middle income countries (LMIC) and rely on tourism as a major source of income. We present data that suggests fecal indicator bacteria such as enterococci are an appropriate indicator of risk in tropical urban settings where contamination is coming from predominantly human sources. Additional studies in tropical settings could help inform and refine guidelines for safe use of recreational waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristen Pogreba-Brown
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, USA.
| | - Marc Verhougstraete
- The University of Arizona, Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, Department of Community, Environment and Policy, USA.
| | - Maria Inês Zanoli Sato
- Environmental Analysis Department, Environmental Company of Sao Paulo State (CETESB), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Antonio de Castro Bruni
- Vehicle Emission Analysis Sector, Environmental Company of Sao Paulo State (CETESB), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Wade
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joseph N S Eisenberg
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, USA.
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50
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Gorham TJ, Lee J. Pathogen Loading From Canada Geese Faeces in Freshwater: Potential Risks to Human Health Through Recreational Water Exposure. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:177-90. [PMID: 26414207 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Canada geese (Branta canadensis) faeces have been shown to contain pathogenic protozoa and bacteria in numerous studies over the past 15 years. Further, increases in both the Canada geese populations and their ideal habitat requirements in the United States (US) translate to a greater presence of these human pathogens in public areas, such as recreational freshwater beaches. Combining these factors, the potential health risk posed by Canada geese faeces at freshwater beaches presents an emerging public health issue that warrants further study. Here, literature concerning human pathogens in Canada geese faeces is reviewed and the potential impacts these pathogens may have on human health are discussed. Pathogens of potential concern include Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacter canadensis, Arcobacter spp., Enterohemorragic Escherichia coli pathogenic strains, Chlamydia psitacci, Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia. Scenarios presenting potential exposure to pathogens eluted from faeces include bathers swimming in lakes, children playing with wet and dry sand impacted by geese droppings and other common recreational activities associated with public beaches. Recent recreational water-associated disease outbreaks in the US support the plausibility for some of these pathogens, including Cryptosporidium spp. and C. jejuni, to cause human illness in this setting. In view of these findings and the uncertainties associated with the real health risk posed by Canada geese faecal pathogens to users of freshwater lakes, it is recommended that beach managers use microbial source tracking and conduct a quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyse the local impact of Canada geese on microbial water quality during their decision-making process in beach and watershed management.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Gorham
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - J Lee
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Food Science & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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