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Doi T, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in East Asians and Europeans. J Atheroscler Thromb 2023; 30:1525-1546. [PMID: 37704428 PMCID: PMC10627775 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
One fifth of the world population live in East Asia comprising Japan, Korea, and China where ischemic heart disease, a major component of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), is the second most frequent cause of death. Each of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), remnant lipoproteins, and lipoprotein(a), summarized as non-high-density lipoproteins (non-HDL) or apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing lipoproteins, causes ASCVD. However, a significant proportion of the evidence on lipoproteins and lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of ASCVD came from White people mainly living in Europe and North America and not from people living in East Asia or of East Asian descent. With a unique biological, geohistorical, and social background in this world region, East Asians have distinctive characteristics that might have potential impact on the association of lipoproteins and lipoprotein cholesterol with risk of ASCVD. Considering the movement across national borders in the World, understanding of lipoprotein and lipoprotein cholesterol evidence on ASCVD in East Asia is important for both East Asian and non-East Asian populations wherever they live in the World.In this review, we introduce the biological features of lipoproteins and lipoprotein cholesterol and the evidence for their association with risk of ASCVD in East Asian and European populations. We also provide an overview of guideline recommendations for prevention of ASCVD in these two different world regions. Finally, specific preventive strategies and future perspectives are touched upon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Doi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital . Herlev Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital . Herlev Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Langsted
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital . Herlev Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital . Herlev Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Copenhagen University Hospital . Herlev Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Guo J, Wang H, Li Y, Zhu S, Hu H, Gu Z. Nanotechnology in coronary heart disease. Acta Biomater 2023; 171:37-67. [PMID: 37714246 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the major causes of death and disability worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries and among older populations. Conventional diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have limitations such as low sensitivity, high cost and side effects. Nanotechnology offers promising alternative strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. In this review, we use bibliometric analysis to identify research hotspots in the application of nanotechnology in CHD and provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. Nanomaterials with enhanced imaging and biosensing capabilities can improve the early detection of CHD through advanced contrast agents and high-resolution imaging techniques. Moreover, nanomaterials can facilitate targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress, thus addressing multiple aspects of CHD pathophysiology. We discuss the application of nanotechnology in CHD diagnosis (imaging and sensors) and treatment (regulation of macrophages, cardiac repair, anti-oxidative stress), and provide insights into future research directions and clinical translation. This review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians seeking to harness the potential of nanotechnology in the management of CHD. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the one of leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Nanotechnology offers new strategies for diagnosing and treating CHD by exploiting the unique properties of nanomaterials. This review uses bibliometric analysis to uncover research trends in the use of nanotechnology for CHD. We discuss the potential of nanomaterials for early CHD detection through advanced imaging and biosensing, targeted drug delivery, tissue engineering, and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. We also offer insights into future research directions and potential clinical applications. This work aims to guide researchers and clinicians in leveraging nanotechnology to improve CHD patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsong Guo
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Ying Li
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China
| | - Shuang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Houxiang Hu
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China.
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- Academician Workstation, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, China; CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nano-safety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing 100049, China; Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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3
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Hou X, Malainer C, Atanasov AG, Heiß EH, Dirsch VM, Wang L, Wang K. Evodiamine Lowers Blood Lipids by Up-Regulating the PPARγ/ABCG1 Pathway in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:3110-3116. [PMID: 34902249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The natural alkaloid evodiamine enhances cholesterol efflux from cultured THP-1-derived macrophages, but whether it has any impact on blood lipids in vivo remains unknown. In this study, the effect of evodiamine on hyperlipidemia induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) was investigated in mice. Intragastric administrations of evodiamine (10 and 20 mg/kg) for 8 weeks resulted in a significant improvement of metabolic lipid profiles by reducing the plasma levels of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Evodiamine also significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation and hepatic total bile acids (TBA). Mechanistically, evodiamine increased ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) mRNA and protein expression and up-regulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression in the liver. Taken together, the natural product evodiamine lowers blood lipids in HFD-fed mice likely through promoting the PPARγ-ABCG1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, Shandong, China
| | - Clemens Malainer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 23, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Elke H Heiß
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, Shandong, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266073, Shandong, China
- Institute of Innovative Drugs, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
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4
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Hou X, Zhang C, Wang L, Wang K. Natural Piperine Improves Lipid Metabolic Profile of High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice by Upregulating SR-B1 and ABCG8 Transporters. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:373-381. [PMID: 33492139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Natural piperine from black pepper is known to function as hypocholesterolemic agent, but how it lowers the blood cholesterol remains unclear. In this study, we found that intragastric administrations of piperine (25 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks significantly reduced the plasma triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. H&E staining indicated that piperine significantly decreased hepatic lipid accumulation compared with the control group. The Oil Red O staining further showed that piperine attenuated lipid deposition in liver HepG2 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Mechanistically, piperine treatment caused a significant upregulation of hepatic scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1) in the liver and transporter protein of ATP binding cassette SGM8 (ABCG8) in the small intestine. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the role of natural piperine in improving lipid metabolic profile that is involved in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)-mediated mechanism through upregulation of SR-B1 in the liver and ABCG8 in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingming Hou
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Congxiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - KeWei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Qingdao University School of Pharmacy, Qingdao 266071, China
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Wu M, Li X, Wang S, Yang S, Zhao R, Xing Y, Liu L. Polydatin for treating atherosclerotic diseases: A functional and mechanistic overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110308. [PMID: 32480216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advancement of science and technology, the living standards of human beings have continuously improved, but the incidence and mortality from atherosclerosis worldwide have also increased by year. Although interventional surgery and the continuous development of new drugs have significant therapeutic effects, their side effects cannot be ignored. Polydatin, an active ingredient isolated from the natural medicine Polygonum cuspidatum, has been shown to have a prominent role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Polydatin treats atherosclerosis mainly from three aspects: anti-inflammatory, regulating lipid metabolism and anti-oxidative stress. This article will review the pharmacological mechanism of polydatin in anti-atherosclerosis, the biological characteristics of Polygonum cuspidatum, the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of polydatin and will provide ideas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Songzi Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shengjie Yang
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Xing
- Guang'an Men Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Longtao Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Castaño D, Rattanasopa C, Monteiro-Cardoso VF, Corlianò M, Liu Y, Zhong S, Rusu M, Liehn EA, Singaraja RR. Lipid efflux mechanisms, relation to disease and potential therapeutic aspects. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:54-93. [PMID: 32423566 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrophobic and amphiphilic molecules involved in diverse functions such as membrane structure, energy metabolism, immunity, and signaling. However, altered intra-cellular lipid levels or composition can lead to metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, as well as lipotoxicity. Thus, intra-cellular lipid homeostasis is tightly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Since most peripheral cells do not catabolize cholesterol, efflux (extra-cellular transport) of cholesterol is vital for lipid homeostasis. Defective efflux contributes to atherosclerotic plaque development, impaired β-cell insulin secretion, and neuropathology. Of these, defective lipid efflux in macrophages in the arterial walls leading to foam cell and atherosclerotic plaque formation has been the most well studied, likely because a leading global cause of death is cardiovascular disease. Circulating high density lipoprotein particles play critical roles as acceptors of effluxed cellular lipids, suggesting their importance in disease etiology. We review here mechanisms and pathways that modulate lipid efflux, the role of lipid efflux in disease etiology, and therapeutic options aimed at modulating this critical process.
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Schultz ML, Fawaz MV, Azaria RD, Hollon TC, Liu EA, Kunkel TJ, Halseth TA, Krus KL, Ming R, Morin EE, McLoughlin HS, Bushart DD, Paulson HL, Shakkottai VG, Orringer DA, Schwendeman AS, Lieberman AP. Synthetic high-density lipoprotein nanoparticles for the treatment of Niemann-Pick diseases. BMC Med 2019; 17:200. [PMID: 31711490 PMCID: PMC6849328 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-019-1423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Niemann-Pick disease type C is a fatal and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of unesterified cholesterol in late endosomes and lysosomes. We sought to develop new therapeutics for this disorder by harnessing the body's endogenous cholesterol scavenging particle, high-density lipoprotein (HDL). METHODS Here we design, optimize, and define the mechanism of action of synthetic HDL (sHDL) nanoparticles. RESULTS We demonstrate a dose-dependent rescue of cholesterol storage that is sensitive to sHDL lipid and peptide composition, enabling the identification of compounds with a range of therapeutic potency. Peripheral administration of sHDL to Npc1 I1061T homozygous mice mobilizes cholesterol, reduces serum bilirubin, reduces liver macrophage size, and corrects body weight deficits. Additionally, a single intraventricular injection into adult Npc1 I1061T brains significantly reduces cholesterol storage in Purkinje neurons. Since endogenous HDL is also a carrier of sphingomyelin, we tested the same sHDL formulation in the sphingomyelin storage disease Niemann-Pick type A. Utilizing stimulated Raman scattering microscopy to detect endogenous unlabeled lipids, we show significant rescue of Niemann-Pick type A lipid storage. CONCLUSIONS Together, our data establish that sHDL nanoparticles are a potential new therapeutic avenue for Niemann-Pick diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Schultz
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Maria V Fawaz
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ruth D Azaria
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Todd C Hollon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Elaine A Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thaddeus J Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Troy A Halseth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kelsey L Krus
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ran Ming
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, B20-102W NCRC, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, B20-102W NCRC, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hayley S McLoughlin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - David D Bushart
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel A Orringer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anna S Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan College of Pharmacy, B20-102W NCRC, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 3510 MSRB1, 1150 W. Medical Center Dr., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Peng Y, Xu J, Zeng Y, Chen L, Xu XL. Polydatin attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: Role of reverse cholesterol transport. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 62:152935. [PMID: 31085374 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polydatin has been recently shown to possess extensive cardiovascular pharmacological activities. However, its protective effect against atherosclerosis in vivo remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential effects of polydatin on high fat diet (HFD)-induced atherosclerosis using ApoE-/- mice, and explore the underlying mechanisms involved, especially focusing on reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) regulation. METHODS after 12 weeks treatment, serum samples, mouse aorta, liver, peritoneal macrophages were collected to determine lipid profiles, atherosclerotic lesions, hepatic steatosis, foam cell formation and expression of related molecules. RAW264.7 macrophages were used to study cholesterol efflux. RESULTS Polydatin improved serum lipid profiles, attenuated atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, polydatin may facilitate RCT by stimulating cholesterol efflux through ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC) A1, ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in macrophages, increasing serum levels of high density lipoprotein and apolipoprotein A-I, promoting of SR-BI-mediated cholesterol uptake of liver, increasing secretion of cholesterol into bile by ABCG5/ABCG8 and improving cholesterol metabolism by CYP7A1 pathway. Polydatin also regulated the protein expressions of hepatic fatty acid synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α. Additionally, polydatin reduced hepatic and aortic reactive oxygen species generation, normalized activities of antioxidant enzymes and increased protein expressions of NADPH-oxidase (NOX) 2 and NOX4 in liver. Polydatin also prevented hepatic and aortic inflammation as evidenced by the reduced macrophage infiltration and mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in both aorta and liver. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that polydatin can inhibit atherosclerosis through enhancement of overall RCT. In addition, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect of polydatin may also contribute to its inhibitory effects on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiao Le Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China.
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Abstract
During the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis, lipid-loaded macrophages are involved in plaque development and progression. As a novel adipokine, C1q/tumor necrosis factor–related protein-9 (CTRP9) has beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease. However, previous reports have not studied whether the formation of macrophage foam cell induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is affected by CTRP9. According to our study, in ox-LDL–induced THP-1 macrophages, CTRP9 could reduce the quantity of lipid droplets, lower the level of cholesteryl ester (CE), promote cholesterol efflux, as well as increase the expression level of the cholesterol transport receptors ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). In addition, the protein of LC3 II is elevated and that of p62 is decreased in CTRP9-treated foam cells by enhancing autophagy. However, using 3-methyladenine (3-MA) abolished the role of CTRP9 by inhibiting autophagy. Mechanistically, the autophagy-promoting effects of CTRP9 on foam cells was reversed by an AMPK inhibitor, Compound C, which inhibited the signaling pathway of adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These results show that CTRP9 protects against atherosclerosis by promoting cholesterol efflux to reduce the formation of foam cell in virtue of inducing autophagy in an AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway–dependent manner.
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10
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Tobar HE, Cataldo LR, González T, Rodríguez R, Serrano V, Arteaga A, Álvarez-Mercado A, Lagos CF, Vicuña L, Miranda JP, Pereira A, Bravo C, Aguilera CM, Eyheramendy S, Uauy R, Martínez Á, Gil Á, Francone O, Rigotti A, Santos JL. Identification and functional analysis of missense mutations in the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase gene in a Chilean patient with hypoalphalipoproteinemia. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:132. [PMID: 31164121 PMCID: PMC6549291 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) is a plasma enzyme that esterifies cholesterol in high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL). Mutations in LCAT gene causes familial LCAT deficiency, which is characterized by very low plasma HDL-cholesterol levels (Hypoalphalipoproteinemia), corneal opacity and anemia, among other lipid-related traits. Our aim is to evaluate clinical/biochemical features of a Chilean family with a proband showing clinical signs of familial LCAT deficiency, as well as to identify and assess the functional effects of LCAT mutations. Methods An adult female proband with hypoalphalipoproteinemia, corneal opacity and mild anemia, as well as her first-degree relatives, were recruited for clinical, biochemical, genetic, in-silico and in-vitro LCAT analysis. Sequencing of exons and intron-exon boundaries was performed to identify mutations. Site-directed mutagenesis was carried out to generate plasmids containing cDNA with wild type or mutant sequences. Such expression vectors were transfected to HEK-239 T cells to asses the effect of LCAT variants in expression, synthesis, secretion and enzyme activity. In-silico prediction analysis and molecular modeling was also used to evaluate the effect of LCAT variants. Results LCAT sequencing identified rare p.V333 M and p.M404 V missense mutations in compound heterozygous state in the proband, as well the common synonymous p.L363 L variant. LCAT protein was detected in proband’s plasma, but with undetectable enzyme activity compared to control relatives. HEK-293 T transfected cells with vector expression plasmids containing either p.M404 V or p.V333 M cDNA showed detectable LCAT protein expression both in supernatants and lysates from cultured cells, but with much lower enzyme activity compared to cells transfected with the wild-type sequence. Bioinformatic analyses also supported a causal role of such rare variations in LCAT lack of function. Additionally, the proband carried the minor allele of the synonymous p.L363 L variant. However, this variant is unlikely to affect the clinical phenotype of the proband given its relatively high frequency in the Chilean population (4%) and its small putative effect on plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. Conclusion Genetic, biochemical, in vitro and in silico analyses indicate that the rare mutations p.M404 V and p.V333 M in LCAT gene lead to suppression of LCAT enzyme activity and cause clinical features of familial LCAT deficiency. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-019-1045-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo E Tobar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis R Cataldo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Trinidad González
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Serrano
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Arteaga
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carlos F Lagos
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Los Leones, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lucas Vicuña
- Departamento de Estadísticas, Facultad de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José P Miranda
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Carolina Bravo
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Concepción M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Eyheramendy
- Departamento de Estadísticas, Facultad de Matemáticas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Uauy
- INTA, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,División de Pediatría, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ángel Gil
- INYTA, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Omar Francone
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, USA
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Nutrición Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - José L Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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2, 3, 4', 5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-0-β-d Glycoside Attenuates Age- and Diet-Associated Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor Knockout Mice and Its Possible Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071617. [PMID: 30939745 PMCID: PMC6479705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The compound, 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), a primary bioactive polyphenolic component of Polygonum multiflorum exerts numerous pharmacological activities. However, its protective effect against non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), in the context of metabolic syndrome, remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effects of TSG treatment on middle-aged (12-mo-old) male LDLr-/- mice, which were fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks to induce metabolic syndrome and NASH. At the end of the experiment, the blood samples of mice were collected for determination of metabolic parameters. Liver and aorta tissues were collected for analysis, such as histology, immunofluorescence, hepatic lipid content, real-time PCR, and western blot. Our data show that TSG treatment improved the different aspects of NASH (steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis) and atherosclerosis, as well as some of the metabolic basal characteristics. These modulatory effects of TSG are mediated, at least in part, through regulating key regulators of lipid metabolism (SREBP1c, PPARα and their target genes, ABCG5 and CYP7A1), inflammation (CD68, TNF-α, IL-6 and ICAM), fibrosis (α-SMA and TNFβ) and oxidative stress (NADPH-oxidase 2/4, CYP2E1 and antioxidant enzymes). These results suggest that TSG may be a promising candidate for preventing and treating the progression of NASH.
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12
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Torkhovskaya TI, Kudinov VA, Zakharova TS, Ipatova OM, Markin SS. High Density Lipoproteins Phosphatidylcholine as a Regulator of Reverse Cholesterol Transport. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162018060092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Moreau F, Blanchard C, Perret C, Flet L, Douane F, Frampas E, Mirallie E, Croyal M, Aguesse A, Krempf M, Prieur X, Pichelin M, Cariou B, Le May C. In vivo evidence for transintestinal cholesterol efflux in patients with complete common bile duct obstruction. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 13:213-217.e1. [PMID: 30342919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond the hepatobiliary pathway, studies have demonstrated that direct transintestinal cholesterol efflux (TICE) of plasma-derived cholesterol may contribute to reverse cholesterol transport. The clinical evidence of TICE in human remains challenged because of the difficulty to discriminate the hepatobiliary and transintestinal routes in vivo. OBJECTIVE To provide the first proof of concept that TICE exists in vivo in humans by demonstrating that plasma labeled cholesterol can be excreted in the feces of patients with complete bile duct obstruction. METHODS Plasma, bile, and fecal cholesterol excretion was measured by mass spectrometry 24, 48, and 72 hours after intravenous injection of D7-cholesterol in two patients presenting cholangiocarcinomas with a total obstruction of their primary bile duct. RESULTS No trace of bile acids was detected in the feces of the two patients. Despite this, a significant amount of plasma D7-cholesterol was quantified in the feces of the two patients 48 hours and 72 hours after the intravenous injection. CONCLUSION Our data bring a direct proof that TICE is an active pathway in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Moreau
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Claire Blanchard
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Eric Frampas
- Department of Radiology, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Mirallie
- Service de Clinique de Chirurgie Digestive et Endocrinienne, CHU de Nantes, France
| | - Mikael Croyal
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- INRA, UMR 1280, Physiologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles, CHU Nantes, France; CRNHO, West Human Nutrition Research Center, CHU, Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Prieur
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Matthieu Pichelin
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Cariou
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France; L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le May
- L'institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV Nantes, Nantes, France.
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14
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Pinto PR, da Silva KS, Iborra RT, Okuda LS, Gomes-Kjerulf D, Ferreira GS, Machado-Lima A, Rocco DDFM, Nakandakare ER, Machado UF, Correa-Giannella ML, Catanozi S, Passarelli M. Exercise Training Favorably Modulates Gene and Protein Expression That Regulate Arterial Cholesterol Content in CETP Transgenic Mice. Front Physiol 2018; 9:502. [PMID: 29867549 PMCID: PMC5952009 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training (AET) improves the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in cholesteryl ester transfer protein-transgenic (CETP-tg) mice. We aimed at investigating the role of AET in the expression of genes and proteins involved in lipid flux in the aorta and macrophages of CETP-tg mice. Three-month-old male mice were randomly divided into trained (T; treadmill 15 m/min; 30 min/day) and sedentary (S) groups. After 6 weeks, peritoneal macrophages and the aortic arch were obtained immediately (0 h) or 48 h after the last exercise session. mRNA was determined by RT-qPCR, protein levels by immunoblot and 14C-cholesterol efflux determined in macrophages. AET did not change body weight, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and CETP activity. In macrophages, at time 0 h, a higher expression of genes that encode PPAR gamma, ABCA-1 and a lower expression of MCP-1 and IL-10, was observed in T as compared to S. After 48 h, lower expressions of MCP-1 and PPAR gamma genes were observed in T mice. Increase in ABCA-1, SR-BI and IL-6 and decrease of LOX-1, MCP-1, TNF and IL-10 gene expression was observed in the aorta of T compared to S mice (0 h) and LOX-1 and MCP-1 remained diminished after 48 h. The protein level of MCP-1 and SR-BI in the aortic arch was unchanged in T animals after 48 h as compared to S, but LOX-1 was reduced confirming data of gene expression. The apo A-I and the HDL2 mediated-cholesterol efflux (8 and 24 h) were not different between T and S animals. In the presence of CETP, AET positively influences gene expression in the arterial wall and macrophages of CETP-tg mice contributing to the RCT and prevention of atherosclerosis. These changes were perceptible immediately after the exercise session and were influenced by the presence of CETP although independent of changes in its activity. Reductions in gene and protein expression of LOX-1 were parallel and reflect the ability of exercise training in reducing the uptake of modified LDL by the arterial wall macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Pinto
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karolline S da Silva
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo T Iborra
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Faculdade de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (FCBS), Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia S Okuda
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Gomes-Kjerulf
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Machado-Lima
- Mestrado em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora D F M Rocco
- Laboratório de Fisiologia do Exercício Físico e Saúde da Faculdade de Educação Física e Esportes da Universidade Santa Cecília, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edna R Nakandakare
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ubiratan F Machado
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria L Correa-Giannella
- Laboratório de Carboidratos e Radioimunoensaio LIM 18, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sergio Catanozi
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Laboratório de Lípides LIM 10, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Guo Y, Yuan W, Yu B, Kuai R, Hu W, Morin EE, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Moon JJ, Schwendeman A, Eugene Chen Y. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Targeted Delivery of Liver X Receptors Agonist Promotes Atherosclerosis Regression. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:225-233. [PMID: 29361501 PMCID: PMC5835545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting at enhancing reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is apromising strategy for treating atherosclerosis via infusion of reconstitute high density lipoprotein (HDL) as cholesterol acceptors or increase of cholesterol efflux by activation of macrophage liver X receptors (LXRs). However, systemic activation of LXRs triggers excessive lipogenesis in the liver and infusion of HDL downregulates cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Here we describe an enlightened strategy using phospholipid reconstituted apoA-I peptide (22A)-derived synthetic HDL (sHDL) to deliver LXR agonists to the atheroma and examine their effect on atherosclerosis regression in vivo. A synthetic LXR agonist, T0901317 (T1317) was encapsulated in sHDL nanoparticles (sHDL-T1317). Similar to the T1317 compound, the sHDL-T1317 nanoparticles upregulated the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporters and increased cholesterol efflux in macrophages in vitro and in vivo. The sHDL nanoparticles accumulated in the atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE-deficient mice. Moreover, a 6-week low-dose LXR agonist-sHDL treatment induced atherosclerosis regression while avoiding lipid accumulation in the liver. These findings identify LXR agonist loaded sHDL nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic approach to treat atherosclerosis by targeting RCT in a multifaceted manner: sHDL itself serving as both a drug carrier and cholesterol acceptor and the LXR agonist mediating upregulation of ABC transporters in the aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Wenmin Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Bilian Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Rui Kuai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Wenting Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Emily E Morin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | | | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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16
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Zhang YY, Li XL, Li TY, Li MY, Huang RM, Li W, Yang RL. 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, a major microbial metabolite of procyanidin A2, shows similar suppression of macrophage foam cell formation as its parent molecule. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6242-6250. [PMID: 35540422 PMCID: PMC9078275 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of procyanidin A2 (PCA2) and its major colonic metabolite 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPPA) on the suppression of macrophage foam cell formation, and underlying mechanism, were investigated for the first time. The results showed that 12.5 μg mL−1 PCA2 and HPPA significantly reduced cellular lipid accumulation and inhibited foam cell formation. HPPA promoted macrophage cholesterol efflux by up-regulating mRNA expressions of ABCA1 and SR-B1, while PCA2 significantly increased SR-B1 and LXR-α mRNA expression levels. Moreover, PCA2 and HPPA significantly lowered the elevated levels of CD36 mRNA expression in ox-LDL-treated macrophage cells. Besides these, the ox-LDL-induced cellular oxidative stress and inflammation was also restricted by PCA2 and HPPA treatment via nuclear factor kappa-B pathways. In conclusion, PCA2 and its major microbial metabolite, HPPA, inhibited the conversion of macrophage into foam cells via regulating cellular lipid metabolism and suppressing cellular oxidative stress and inflammation. PCA2 and its major microbial metabolite HPPA inhibited macrophage foam cell formation, which may be due to regulating ABCA1, SR-B1 and CD36 expression, and restricted cellular oxidative stress and inflammation via NF-κB pathway.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Xiao-Le Li
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- China
| | - Tong-Yun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Mei-Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Ri-Ming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
| | - Wu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology
- Hainan University
- Haikou 570228
- China
| | - Rui-Li Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety
- College of Food Science
- South China Agricultural University
- Guangzhou 510642
- China
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17
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Chen X, Tang K, Peng Y, Xu X. 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glycoside attenuates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice: role of reverse cholesterol transport. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:8-17. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2017-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of 2,3,4′,5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) on the development of atherosclerotic plaque in ApoE−/− mice, and explore the mechanisms involved. Our data showed that after 8 weeks of treatment, TSG ameliorated serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased serum levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol in ApoE−/− mice. TSG suppressed hepatic steatosis, the formation of atherosclerotic lesions, and the formation of macrophage foam cells in ApoE−/− mice. Moreover, TSG improved the expressions of hepatic SR-BI, ABCG5, and CYP7A1, and up-regulated the protein expressions of aortic ABCA1 and ABCG1. An in-vitro study showed that TSG promoted macrophage cholesterol efflux and increased the protein expressions of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Our findings provide evidence for a positive role of TSG in preventing atherosclerosis by promoting reverse cholesterol transport. These effects may be achieved by stimulating cholesterol efflux through ABCA1 and ABCG1, promoting SR-BI-mediated cholesterol uptake in the liver, increasing secretion of cholesterol into bile by ABCG5, and improving cholesterol metabolism by the CYP7A1 pathway. In addition, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of TSG may also contribute to its inhibitory effects on atherosclerosis. Further study is needed to investigate whether other potential mechanisms are involved in TSG-mediated atheroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Yi Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
| | - XiaoLe Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Nantong University Pharmacy College, Nantong 226001, China
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18
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Li Y, Shen S, Ding S, Wang L. LincRNA DYN-LRB2-2 upregulates cholesterol efflux by decreasing TLR2 expression in macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:1911-1921. [PMID: 28815701 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study is designed to determine whether lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 could promote cholesterol efflux through regulating the expression of TLR2. THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells were incubated with oxLDL for 48 h to induce the formation of foam cells, and ORO staining was performed and intracellular cholesterol contents were measured by HPLC assay. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect mRNA and protein expression levels, respectively. Lentiviral vector LV-DYNLRB2-2 and lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 siRNA was constructed to explore its potential role. The cholesterol efflux was assessed by liquid scintillation counting. The effects of TRL2 were determined in apoE-/- mice that fed a high fat diet and were randomly divided into three groups and infected with LV-Mock, LV-Sh-TRL2, or LV-TRL2. Atherosclerosis was observed in the aortic sinus and the levels of cytokines and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Ox-LDL induced foam cell formation in the THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells. LincRNA DYN-LRB2-2 was upregulated in oxLDL-treated THP-1 and Raw264.7 cells. LincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 plays important role in regulating the cholesterol efflux, ABCA1 expression level and anti-inflammatory processes in THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Further study indicated that lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 negatively regulated TRL2 expression and TRL2 overexpression reversed the effects of lincRNA-DYNLRB2-2 on cholesterol efflux and ABCA1 expression level in THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells. Besides, we found TRL2 plays important role in lipid accumulation, plaque formation and regulating serum inflammatory cytokines level in apoE-/- mice with a high fat diet. LincRNA DYN-LRB2-2 upregulates cholesterol efflux by decreasing TLR2 expression in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuxin Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoukun Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Badimon L, Padró T, Cubedo J. Protein changes in non-LDL-lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemia: implications in cardiovascular disease manifestation and outcome. Curr Opin Lipidol 2017; 28:427-433. [PMID: 28682808 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Familial hypercholesterolemia, represents one of the most extreme clinical entities associated with premature coronary artery disease (CAD). However, clinical manifestation of CAD varies across cohorts and individual patients suggesting the existence of additional non-LDL factors potentially contributing to their cardiovascular burden. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in HDL-associated proteins appear as one of the potential additional factors contributing to the cardiovascular risk in familial hypercholesterolemia. Specifically, the content of Apo M-SP1 in HDL3 has been directly associated with cholesterol efflux capacity. In addition, a coordinated decrease in the content of Apo L1 and LCAT in HDL3 has been related to the presence of corneal arcus and to bad prognosis in familial hypercholesterolemia patients after an acute ischemic event. In fact, HDL3 particles of familial hypercholesterolemia patients have diminished antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function. SUMMARY The identification of the specific changes in HDL-associated proteins that contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk of familial hypercholesterolemia patients could be useful for the development of novel therapeutic targets. These novel strategies, in combination with current lipid-lowering therapies, may help to reduce the residual risk found in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Badimon
- aCardiovascular Science Institute - ICCC, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau) and CiberCV bCardiovascular Research Chair UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Zhu RG, Sun YD, Hou YT, Fan JG, Chen G, Li TP. Pectin penta-oligogalacturonide reduces cholesterol accumulation by promoting bile acid biosynthesis and excretion in high-cholesterol-fed mice. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 272:153-159. [PMID: 28549616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haw pectin penta-oligogalacturonide (HPPS) has important role in improving cholesterol metabolism and promoting the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids (BA) in mice fed high-cholesterol diet (HCD). However, the mechanism is not clear. This study aims to investigate the effects of HPPS on cholesterol accumulation and the regulation of hepatic BA synthesis and transport in HCD-fed mice. Results showed that HPPS significantly decreased plasma and hepatic TC levels but increased plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels, compared to HCD. BA analysis showed that HPPS markedly decreased hepatic and small intestine BA levels but increased the gallbladder BA levels, and finally decreased the total BA pool size, compared to HCD. Studies of molecular mechanism revealed that HPPS promoted hepatic ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1), and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) expression but did not affect ATB binding cassette transporter G5/G8 (ABCG5/8) expression. HPPS inactivated hepatic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and target genes expression, which resulted in significant increase of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8B1) expression, with up-regulations of 204.2% and 33.5% for mRNA levels, respectively, compared with HCD. In addition, HPPS markedly enhanced bile salt export pump (BSEP) expression but didn't affect the sodium/taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) expression. In conclusion, the study revealed that HPPS reduced cholesterol accumulation by promoting BA synthesis in the liver and excretion in the feces, and might promote macrophage-to-liver reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) but did not liver-to-fecal RCT.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/genetics
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 1/metabolism
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/blood
- Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism
- Cholesterol/blood
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Diet, High-Fat
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Oligosaccharides/pharmacology
- Pectins/chemistry
- Pectins/pharmacology
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/genetics
- Scavenger Receptors, Class B/metabolism
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics
- Steroid 12-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Gang Zhu
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China.
| | - Yan-Di Sun
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yu-Ting Hou
- Department of Food Science, College of Light Industry, Liaoning University, Liaoning Engineering Research Center for Food Bioprocessing, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Food Bioprocessing and Quality Control, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Jun-Gang Fan
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Forestry Biotechnology and Analysis Test Center, Liaoning Academy of Forestry Sciences, Shenyang 110032, China
| | - Tuo-Ping Li
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agriculture University, Shenyang 110032, China.
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The Interpretation of Cholesterol Balance Derived Synthesis Data and Surrogate Noncholesterol Plasma Markers for Cholesterol Synthesis under Lipid Lowering Therapies. CHOLESTEROL 2017; 2017:5046294. [PMID: 28321334 PMCID: PMC5340945 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5046294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol balance procedure allows the calculation of cholesterol synthesis based on the assumption that loss of endogenous cholesterol via fecal excretion and bile acid synthesis is compensated by de novo synthesis. Under ezetimibe therapy hepatic cholesterol is diminished which can be compensated by hepatic de novo synthesis and hepatic extraction of plasma cholesterol. The plasma lathosterol concentration corrected for total cholesterol concentration (R_Lath) as a marker of de novo cholesterol synthesis is increased during ezetimibe treatment but unchanged under treatment with ezetimibe and simvastatin. Cholesterol balance derived synthesis data increase during both therapies. We hypothesize the following. (1) The cholesterol balance data must be applied to the hepatobiliary cholesterol pool. (2) The calculated cholesterol synthesis value is the sum of hepatic de novo synthesis and the net plasma-liver cholesterol exchange rate. (3) The reduced rate of biliary cholesterol absorption is the major trigger for the regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism under ezetimibe treatment. Supportive experimental and literature data are presented that describe changes of cholesterol fluxes under ezetimibe, statin, and combined treatments in omnivores and vegans, link plasma R_Lath to liver function, and define hepatic de novo synthesis as target for regulation of synthesis. An ezetimibe dependent direct hepatic drug effect cannot be excluded.
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Paquette M, Dufour R, Baass A. The Montreal-FH-SCORE: A new score to predict cardiovascular events in familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol 2017; 11:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lavoie JM. Dynamics of hepatic and intestinal cholesterol and bile acid pathways: The impact of the animal model of estrogen deficiency and exercise training. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:961-975. [PMID: 27621762 PMCID: PMC4990760 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i23.961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol level is determined by a complex dynamics that involves transport lipoproteins which levels are tightly dependent on how the liver and the intestine regulate cholesterol and biliary acid metabolism. Regulation of cholesterol and biliary acids by the liver and the intestine is in turn coupled to a large array of enzymes and transporters that largely influence the inflow and the outflow of cholesterol and biliary acids through these organs. The activity of the key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acids may be influenced by several external factors such as pharmacological drugs and the nutritional status. In recent years, more information has been gathered about the impact of estrogens on regulation of cholesterol in the body. Exposure to high levels of estrogens has been reported to promote cholesterol gallstone formation and women are twice as likely as men to develop cholesterol gallstones. The impact of estrogen withdrawal, such as experienced by menopausal women, is therefore of importance and more information on how the absence of estrogens influence cholesterol regulation is started to come out, especially through the use of animal models. An interesting alternative to metabolic deterioration due to estrogen deficiency is exercise training. The present review is intended to summarize the present information that links key regulators of cholesterol and biliary acid pathways in liver and intestine to the absence of estrogens in an animal model and to discuss the potential role of exercise training as an alternative.
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Zhou T, Ding JW, Wang XA, Zheng XX. Long noncoding RNAs and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2016; 248:51-61. [PMID: 26987066 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is universally recognized as a chronic lipid-induced inflammation of the vessel wall in response to dyslipidemia and haemodynamic stress involving dysfunction and activation of resident vascular cells as well as infiltration of leukocytes. As members of nonprotein-coding RNAs, the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are implicated in various biological processes. Accumulating evidences suggest that lncRNAs regulate the function of vascular wall, activation of macrophages, lipid metabolism and immune response. Here, we review the effects of lncRNAs on the progress of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia-wang Ding
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China.
| | - Xin-an Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xia-xia Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443000, Hubei Province, China
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Graham A. Mitochondrial regulation of macrophage cholesterol homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:982-92. [PMID: 26416507 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review explores the relationship between mitochondrial structure and function in the regulation of macrophage cholesterol metabolism and proposes that mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to loss of the elegant homeostatic mechanisms which normally maintain cellular sterol levels within defined limits. Mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) can generate oxysterol activators of liver X receptors which heterodimerise with retinoid X receptors, enhancing the transcription of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, and ABCG4), that can remove excess cholesterol via efflux to apolipoproteins A-1, E, and high density lipoprotein, and inhibit inflammation. The activity of CYP27A1 is regulated by the rate of supply of cholesterol substrate to the inner mitochondrial membrane, mediated by a complex of proteins. The precise identity of this dynamic complex remains controversial, even in steroidogenic tissues, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and the 18 kDa translocator protein, together with voltage-dependent anion channels, ATPase AAA domain containing protein 3A, and optic atrophy type 1 proteins. Certainly, overexpression of StAR and TSPO proteins can enhance macrophage cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and/or HDL, while perturbations in mitochondrial function, or changes in the expression of mitochondrial fusion proteins, alter the efficiency of cholesterol efflux. Molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial function or increase the activity of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer may have utility in resolving the problem of dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homeostasis, a condition which may contribute to inflammation, atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, osteoblastic bone resorption, and some disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, and Institute for Applied Health Research, Glasgow Caledonian University, 70 Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom.
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Guo Y, Fan Y, Zhang J, Lomberk GA, Zhou Z, Sun L, Mathison AJ, Garcia-Barrio MT, Zhang J, Zeng L, Li L, Pennathur S, Willer CJ, Rader DJ, Urrutia R, Chen YE. Perhexiline activates KLF14 and reduces atherosclerosis by modulating ApoA-I production. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:3819-30. [PMID: 26368306 DOI: 10.1172/jci79048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies have revealed that variations near the gene locus encoding the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 14 (KLF14) are strongly associated with HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, metabolic syndrome, and coronary heart disease. However, the precise mechanisms by which KLF14 regulates lipid metabolism and affects atherosclerosis remain largely unexplored. Here, we report that KLF14 is dysregulated in the liver of 2 dyslipidemia mouse models. We evaluated the effects of both KLF14 overexpression and genetic inactivation and determined that KLF14 regulates plasma HDL-C levels and cholesterol efflux capacity by modulating hepatic ApoA-I production. Hepatic-specific Klf14 deletion in mice resulted in decreased circulating HDL-C levels. In an attempt to pharmacologically target KLF14 as an experimental therapeutic approach, we identified perhexiline, an approved therapeutic small molecule presently in clinical use to treat angina and heart failure, as a KLF14 activator. Indeed, in WT mice, treatment with perhexiline increased HDL-C levels and cholesterol efflux capacity via KLF14-mediated upregulation of ApoA-I expression. Moreover, perhexiline administration reduced atherosclerotic lesion development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Together, these results provide comprehensive insight into the KLF14-dependent regulation of HDL-C and subsequent atherosclerosis and indicate that interventions that target the KLF14 pathway should be further explored for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Li J, Liu R, Ji X, Xue H, Zhang G, Wang C, Chen Q, Xue F, Cui L. Insight into the Spectrum of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Asymptomatic Urban Han Chinese Population by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132188. [PMID: 26151132 PMCID: PMC4495057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Highlighted the spectrum of coronary atherosclerosis in asymptomatic population by Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) and developed a surrogation of expensive CTA to early detect coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS Three hundred and seven self-referred urban Han Chinese asymptomatic individuals underwent coronary CTA were consecutively enrolled. Total plaque score (TPS), Segment stenosis score (SSS) and Coronary Artery Disease severity (CADS) were used to measure and illustrate the spectrum of atherosclerosis burden by mapping their incidence and proportion onto coronary artery tree. Logistic regression model was further used to explore the association between lipid biomarkers and TPS (SSS) for developing a surrogation of CTA to early detect coronary atherosclerosis. RESULTS We found that the incidence of TPS, SSS and CADS were up to 71.34%, 68.08%, and 71.34%; and high-risk individuals reached up to 11.07%, 15.31% and 16.29% respectively. All TPS, SSS and CADS were much higher in male than female, and have trend of increasing with age. The most lesion segment emerged on proximal LAD, followed by proximal RCA, mid LAD, proximal LCX, and mid RCA with mixed plaque as dominant. HDL-C was a predictor to both TPS [OR: 0.12 (0.02-0.82)] and SSS [OR: 0.15 (0.03-0.76)], and could identify the serious atherosclerosis subjects of TPS or SSS score >5 (AUC 0.73 and 0.70). CONCLUSIONS The atherosclerosis plaque burden was about one in ten as high-risk individuals in this specific urban Han Chinese population. As potential surrogation of CTA, HDL-C was recognized as a significant predictor to atherosclerosis burden and revealed a good performance for identifying high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangbing Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruihong Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaokang Ji
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Guang Zhang
- Health Management Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Health Management Center of Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Qicai Chen
- Health Management Center of Shengli Qilfield Central Hospital, Shandong, China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Lianqun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Propofol up-regulates expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and SR-B1 through the PPARγ/LXRα signaling pathway in THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 24:230-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mitsche MA, McDonald JG, Hobbs HH, Cohen JC. Flux analysis of cholesterol biosynthesis in vivo reveals multiple tissue and cell-type specific pathways. eLife 2015; 4:e07999. [PMID: 26114596 PMCID: PMC4501332 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two parallel pathways produce cholesterol: the Bloch and Kandutsch-Russell pathways. Here we used stable isotope labeling and isotopomer analysis to trace sterol flux through the two pathways in mice. Surprisingly, no tissue used the canonical K–R pathway. Rather, a hybrid pathway was identified that we call the modified K–R (MK–R) pathway. Proportional flux through the Bloch pathway varied from 8% in preputial gland to 97% in testes, and the tissue-specificity observed in vivo was retained in cultured cells. The distribution of sterol isotopomers in plasma mirrored that of liver. Sterol depletion in cultured cells increased flux through the Bloch pathway, whereas overexpression of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) enhanced usage of the MK–R pathway. Thus, relative use of the Bloch and MK–R pathways is highly variable, tissue-specific, flux dependent, and epigenetically fixed. Maintenance of two interdigitated pathways permits production of diverse bioactive sterols that can be regulated independently of cholesterol. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07999.001 Cholesterol is important for animals, both as an essential component of the membrane that surrounds cells and as a building block to make hormones and other biologically important molecules. However, cells limit how much cholesterol they make because an excess of this fatty molecule can cause serious health problems, including heart disease and stroke. Cholesterol is made via a complex process that involves more than 30 different steps, which can be organized into two biochemical pathways (named the Bloch pathway and the Kandutsch–Russell pathway). The enzymes that carry out the steps in these pathways have been characterized in detail. Less is known about which of the two pathways is actually used in different cells and tissues, or how much cholesterol each pathway produces. This is partly because it is difficult to distinguish between the closely related intermediate molecules that are formed in each pathway. Mitsche et al. have now used mass spectrometry and isotope labeling techniques to analyze the relative contributions of the two cholesterol-making pathways in both cells grown in the laboratory and in mice. The experiments show that many cells use the Bloch pathway. However, no cells were found to use the Kandutsch–Russell pathway as it was originally described. Rather, some of the cells used a hybrid pathway where the production of cholesterol was started using the Bloch pathway and then after a certain number of steps, the process switched to using part of the Kandutsch–Russell pathway. Mitsche et al. referred to this mixed system as the ‘modified Kandutsch–Russell pathway’. Mitsche et al. next examined the flow of molecules through these two pathways in different tissues and observed that the Bloch pathway is exclusively used in the testes and adrenal glands, which produce high levels of cholesterol. In contrast, the skin and brain use the modified Kandutsch–Russell pathway. In some tissues, a fraction of the building blocks that can be used to make cholesterol were instead diverted to make other products. This suggests that animals have maintained the two pathways over the course of evolution to enable them to generate a variety of products, which can be used to carry out different biological processes. One challenge following this work will be to use the newly developed methods to analyze other complex biochemical pathways. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07999.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Mitsche
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Helen H Hobbs
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Jonathan C Cohen
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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Graham A, Allen AM. Mitochondrial function and regulation of macrophage sterol metabolism and inflammatory responses. World J Cardiol 2015; 7:277-286. [PMID: 26015858 PMCID: PMC4438467 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i5.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to explore the role of mitochondria in regulating macrophage sterol homeostasis and inflammatory responses within the aetiology of atherosclerosis. Macrophage generation of oxysterol activators of liver X receptors (LXRs), via sterol 27-hydroxylase, is regulated by the rate of flux of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane, via a complex of cholesterol trafficking proteins. Oxysterols are key signalling molecules, regulating the transcriptional activity of LXRs which coordinate macrophage sterol metabolism and cytokine production, key features influencing the impact of these cells within atherosclerotic lesions. The precise identity of the complex of proteins mediating mitochondrial cholesterol trafficking in macrophages remains a matter of debate, but may include steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and translocator protein. There is clear evidence that targeting either of these proteins enhances removal of cholesterol via LXRα-dependent induction of ATP binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1) and limits the production of inflammatory cytokines; interventions which influence mitochondrial structure and bioenergetics also impact on removal of cholesterol from macrophages. Thus, molecules which can sustain or improve mitochondrial structure, the function of the electron transport chain, or increase the activity of components of the protein complex involved in cholesterol transfer, may therefore have utility in limiting or regressing atheroma development, reducing the incidence of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction.
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The effect of an apolipoprotein A-I-containing high-density lipoprotein-mimetic particle (CER-001) on carotid artery wall thickness in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: The Modifying Orphan Disease Evaluation (MODE) study. Am Heart J 2015; 169:736-742.e1. [PMID: 25965722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) are at extremely elevated risk for early cardiovascular disease because of exposure to elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plasma levels from birth. Lowering LDL-C by statin therapy is the cornerstone for cardiovascular disease prevention, but the residual risk in HoFH remains high, emphasizing the need for additional therapies. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of serial infusions with CER-001, a recombinant human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)-containing high-density lipoprotein-mimetic particle, on carotid artery wall dimensions in patients with HoFH. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-three patients (mean age 39.4 ± 13.5 years, mean LDL-C 214.2 ± 81.5 mg/dL) with genetically confirmed homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for LDLR, APOB, PCSK9, or LDLRAP1 mutations received 12 biweekly infusions with CER-001 (8 mg/kg). Before and 1 hour after the first infusion, lipid values were measured. Magnetic resonance imaging (3-T magnetic resonance imaging) scans of the carotid arteries were acquired at baseline and after 24 weeks to assess changes in artery wall dimensions. After CER-001 infusion, apoA-I increased from 114.8 ± 20.7 mg/dL to 129.3 ± 23.0 mg/dL. After 24 weeks, mean vessel wall area (primary end point) decreased from 17.23 to 16.75 mm(2) (P = .008). A trend toward reduction of mean vessel wall thickness was observed (0.75 mm at baseline and 0.74 mm at follow-up, P = .0835). CONCLUSIONS In HoFH, 12 biweekly infusions with an apoA-I-containing high-density lipoprotein-mimetic particle resulted in a significant reduction in carotid mean vessel wall area, implying that CER-001 may reverse atherogenic changes in the arterial wall on top of maximal low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy. This finding supports further clinical evaluation of apoA-I-containing particles in patients with HoFH.
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Temel RE, Brown JM. A new model of reverse cholesterol transport: enTICEing strategies to stimulate intestinal cholesterol excretion. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:440-51. [PMID: 25930707 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the largest cause of mortality in most developed countries. Although recent failed clinical trials and Mendelian randomization studies have called into question the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) hypothesis, it remains well accepted that stimulating the process of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) can prevent or even regress atherosclerosis. The prevailing model for RCT is that cholesterol from the artery wall must be delivered to the liver where it is secreted into bile before leaving the body through fecal excretion. However, many studies have demonstrated that RCT can proceed through a non-biliary pathway known as transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE). The goal of this review is to discuss the current state of knowledge of the TICE pathway, with emphasis on points of therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan E Temel
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - J Mark Brown
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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McCann JC, Shigenaga MK, Mietus-Snyder ML, Lal A, Suh JH, Krauss RM, Gildengorin GL, Goldrich AM, Block DS, Shenvi SV, McHugh TH, Olson DA, Ames BN. A multicomponent nutrient bar promotes weight loss and improves dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in the overweight/obese: chronic inflammation blunts these improvements. FASEB J 2015; 29:3287-301. [PMID: 25900806 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study determined if twice-daily consumption of a nutrient-dense bar intended to fill gaps in Western diets, without other dietary/lifestyle requirements, favorably shifted metabolic/anthropometric indicators of dysregulation in a healthy direction. Three 8-wk clinical trials in 43 healthy lean and overweight/obese (OW/OB) adults, who served as their own controls, were pooled for analysis. In less inflamed OW/OB [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) <1.5], statistically significant decreases occurred in weight (-1.1 ± 0.5 kg), waist circumference (-3.1 ± 1.4 cm), diastolic blood pressure (-4.1 ± 1.6 mmHg), heart rate [HR; -4.0 ± 1.7 beats per minute (bpm)], triglycerides (-72 ± 38.2 mg/dl), insulin resistance (homeostatic model of insulin resistance) (-0.72 ± 0.3), and insulin (-2.8 ± 1.3 mU/L); an increase in HDL-2b (+303 ± 116 nM) and realignment of LDL lipid subfractions toward a less atherogenic profile [decreased small LDL IIIb (-44 ± 23.5 nM), LDL IIIa (-99 ± 43.7 nM), and increased large LDL I (+66 ± 28.0 nM)]. In the more inflamed OW/OB (hsCRP >1.5), inflammation was reduced at 2 wk (-0.66 mg/L), and HR at 8 wk (-3.4 ± 1.3 bpm). The large HDL subfraction (10.5-14.5 nm) increased at 8 wk (+346 ± 126 nM). Metabolic improvements were also observed in lean participants. Thus, favorable changes in measures of cardiovascular health, insulin resistance, inflammation, and obesity were initiated within 8 wk in the OW/OB by replacing deficiencies in Western diets without requiring other dietary or lifestyle modifications; chronic inflammation blunted most improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce C McCann
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Mark K Shigenaga
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Michele L Mietus-Snyder
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ashutosh Lal
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jung H Suh
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Ginny L Gildengorin
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldrich
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Devan S Block
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Swapna V Shenvi
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Tara H McHugh
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Don A Olson
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
| | - Bruce N Ames
- *Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA; Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; and Processed Foods Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Western Regional Research Center, Albany, California, USA
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Lin YW, Liu PS, Adhikari N, Hall JL, Wei LN. RIP140 contributes to foam cell formation and atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol homeostasis in macrophages. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 79:287-94. [PMID: 25528964 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a syndrome with abnormal arterial walls, is one of the major causes that lead to the development of various cardiovascular diseases. The key initiator of atherosclerosis is cholesterol accumulation. The uncontrolled cholesterol deposition, mainly involving low-density lipoprotein (LDL), causes atheroma plaque formation, which initiates chronic inflammation due to the recruitment of inflammatory cells such as macrophages. Macrophages scavenge excess peripheral cholesterol and transport intracellular cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for excretion or storage. Cholesterol-laden macrophage-derived foam cell formation is the main cause of atherogenesis. It is critical to understand the regulatory mechanism of cholesterol homeostasis in the macrophage in order to prevent foam cells formation and further develop novel therapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis. Here we identified a protein, RIP140 (receptor interacting protein 140), which enhances macrophage-derived foam cell formation by reducing expression of reverse cholesterol transport genes, A TP-binding membrane cassette transporter A-1 (ABCA1) and ATP-binding membrane cassette transporter G-1 (ABCG1). In animal models, we found that reducing RIP140 levels by crossing macrophage-specific RIP140 knockdown (MϕRIP140KD) mice with ApoE null mice effectively ameliorates high-cholesterol diet-induced atherosclerosis. Our data suggest that reducing RIP140 levels in macrophages significantly inhibits atherosclerosis, along with markers of inflammation and the number of macrophages in a western diet fed ApoE null mouse. This study provides a proof-of-concept for RIP140 as a risk biomarker of, and a therapeutic target for, atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wei Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pu-Ste Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Neeta Adhikari
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hall
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Li-Na Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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MicroRNA-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation and aortic atherosclerosis by targeting ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Atherosclerosis 2014; 236:215-26. [PMID: 25084135 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophage accumulation of cholesterol leads to foam cell formation which is a major pathological event of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have shown that microRNA (miR)-19b might play an important role in cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerotic diseases. Here, we have identified miR-19b binding to the 3'UTR of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) transporters, and further determined the potential roles of this novel interaction in atherogenesis. OBJECTIVE To investigate the molecular mechanisms involved in a miR-19b promotion of macrophage cholesterol accumulation and the development of aortic atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed bioinformatics analysis using online websites, and found that miR-19b was highly conserved during evolution and directly bound to ABCA1 mRNA with very low binding free energy. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-19b bound to 3110-3116 sites within ABCA1 3'UTR. MiR-19b directly regulated the expression levels of endogenous ABCA1 in foam cells derived from human THP-1 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) as determined by qRT-PCR and western blot. Cholesterol transport assays revealed that miR-19b dramatically suppressed apolipoprotein AI-mediated ABCA1-dependent cholesterol efflux, resulting in the increased levels of total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC) and cholesterol ester (CE) as revealed by HPLC. The excretion of (3)H-cholesterol originating from cholesterol-laden MPMs into feces was decreased in mice overexpressing miR-19b. Finally, we evaluated the proatherosclerotic role of miR-19b in apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice. Treatment with miR-19b precursor reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels, but increased plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Consistently, miR-19b precursor treatment increased aortic plaque size and lipid content, but reduced collagen content and ABCA1 expression. In contrast, treatment with the inhibitory miR-19b antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) prevented or reversed these effects. CONCLUSION MiR-19b promotes macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam cell formation and aortic atherosclerotic development by targeting ABCA1.
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