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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wani MJ, Arif A, Salman KA, Mahmood R. Glycated LDL generates reactive species that damage cell components, oxidize hemoglobin and alter surface morphology in human erythrocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132257. [PMID: 38729492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol to various tissues via the blood. Glycation of LDL occurs during hyperglycemic condition which is characterised by persistently high blood glucose level. Circulating erythrocytes can come in direct contact with glycated LDL (G-LDL). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of G-LDL on human erythrocytes, specifically on hemoglobin, intracellular generation of reactive species and the antioxidant defence system. Isolated erythrocytes were incubated with G-LDL (3 and 6 mg/ml) and native LDL (6 mg/ml) at 37 °C for 24 h. Native LDL and G-LDL untreated erythrocytes were similarly incubated at 37 °C and served as control. G-LDL treatment increased hemolysis compared to control and native LDL-treated erythrocytes. Incubation of erythrocytes with G-LDL led to an increase in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation while greatly decreasing the total sulfhydryl content. It also significantly enhanced hemoglobin oxidation, heme degradation, and the release of free iron moiety. Treatment with G-LDL led to an appreciable increase in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The antioxidant power and activities of major antioxidant enzymes were drastically reduced, while critical membrane-bound enzymes were inhibited. The surface morphology of G-LDL-treated erythrocytes was altered leading to the formation of echinocytes. Importantly, treatment of erythrocytes with native LDL did not significantly affect the above-mentioned parameters and values were similar to the corresponding controls. Thus, G-LDL is cytotoxic to human erythrocytes and causes oxidative damage to cell components. This can reduce the oxygen-transporting ability of blood and also result in red cell senescence and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Junaid Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N.M.C., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Khushtar Anwar Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N.M.C., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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Attiq A, Afzal S, Ahmad W, Kandeel M. Hegemony of inflammation in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 966:176338. [PMID: 38242225 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation drives coronary artery disease and atherosclerosis implications. Lipoprotein entry, retention, and oxidative modification cause endothelial damage, triggering innate and adaptive immune responses. Recruited immune cells orchestrate the early atherosclerotic lesions by releasing proinflammatory cytokines, expediting the foam cell formation, intraplaque haemorrhage, secretion of matrix-degrading enzymes, and lesion progression, eventually promoting coronary artery syndrome via various inflammatory cascades. In addition, soluble mediators disrupt the dynamic anti- and prothrombotic balance maintained by endothelial cells and pave the way for coronary artery disease such as angina pectoris. Recent studies have established a relationship between elevated levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) with the severity of CAD and the possibility of future cardiovascular events. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is a marker for assessing systemic inflammation and predicting the risk of developing CAD based on its peak plasma levels. Hence, understanding cross-talk interactions of inflammation, atherogenesis, and CAD is highly warranted to recalculate the risk factors that activate and propagate arterial lesions and devise therapeutic strategies accordingly. Cholesterol-inflammation lowering agents (statins), monoclonal antibodies targeting IL-1 and IL-6 (canakinumab and tocilizumab), disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (methotrexate), sodium-glucose transport protein-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, colchicine and xanthene oxidase inhibitor (allopurinol) have shown promising results in reducing inflammation, regressing atherogenic plaque and modifying the course of CAD. Here, we review the complex interplay between inflammatory, endothelial, smooth muscle and foam cells. Moreover, the putative role of inflammation in atherosclerotic CAD, underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic implications are also discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, 11800, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Sheryar Afzal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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Guarnieri L, Bosco F, Leo A, Citraro R, Palma E, De Sarro G, Mollace V. Impact of micronutrients and nutraceuticals on cognitive function and performance in Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102210. [PMID: 38296163 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major global health problem today and is the most common form of dementia. AD is characterized by the formation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary clusters, leading to decreased brain acetylcholine levels in the brain. Another mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD is the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein that accumulates at the level of neurofibrillary aggregates, and the areas most affected by this pathological process are usually the cholinergic neurons in cortical, subcortical, and hippocampal areas. These effects result in decreased cognitive function, brain atrophy, and neuronal death. Malnutrition and weight loss are the most frequent manifestations of AD, and these are also associated with greater cognitive decline. Several studies have confirmed that a balanced low-calorie diet and proper nutritional intake may be considered important factors in counteracting or slowing the progression of AD, whereas a high-fat or hypercholesterolemic diet predisposes to an increased risk of developing AD. Especially, fruits, vegetables, antioxidants, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and micronutrients supplementation exert positive effects on aging-related changes in the brain due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and radical scavenging properties. The purpose of this review is to summarize some possible nutritional factors that may contribute to the progression or prevention of AD, understand the role that nutrition plays in the formation of Aβ plaques typical of this neurodegenerative disease, to identify some potential therapeutic strategies that may involve some natural compounds, in delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Guarnieri
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Leo
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rita Citraro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Section of Pharmacology, Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy; Research Center FAS@UMG, Department of Health Science, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Research for Food Safety and Health (IRC-FSH), University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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Bronowicka-Szydełko A, Gostomska-Pampuch K, Kuzan A, Pietkiewicz J, Krzystek-Korpacka M, Gamian A. Effect of advanced glycation end-products in a wide range of medical problems including COVID-19. Adv Med Sci 2024; 69:36-50. [PMID: 38335908 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Glycation is a physiological process that determines the aging of the organism, while in states of metabolic disorders it is significantly intensified. High concentrations of compounds such as reducing sugars or reactive aldehydes derived from lipid oxidation, occurring for example in diabetes, atherosclerosis, dyslipidemia, obesity or metabolic syndrome, lead to increased glycation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. The level of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) in the body depends on rapidity of their production and the rate of their removal by the urinary system. AGEs, accumulated in the extracellular matrix of the blood vessels and other organs, cause irreversible changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of tissues. As a consequence, micro- and macroangiopathies appear in the system, and may contribute to the organ failure, like kidneys and heart. Elevated levels of AGEs also increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease and various cancers. In this paper, we propose a new classification due to modified amino acid residues: arginyl-AGEs, monolysyl-AGEs and lysyl-arginyl-AGEs and dilysyl-AGEs. Furthermore, we describe in detail the effect of AGEs on the pathogenesis of metabolic and old age diseases, such as diabetic complications, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases. We summarize the currently available data on the diagnostic value of AGEs and present the AGEs as a therapeutic goal in a wide range of medical problems, including SARS-CoV-2 infection and so-called long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aleksandra Kuzan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Pietkiewicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Andrzej Gamian
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
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Sidgwick GP, Weston R, Mahmoud AM, Schiro A, Serracino-Inglott F, Tandel SM, Skeoch S, Bruce IN, Jones AM, Alexander MY, Wilkinson FL. Novel Glycomimetics Protect against Glycated Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Vascular Calcification In Vitro via Attenuation of the RAGE/ERK/CREB Pathway. Cells 2024; 13:312. [PMID: 38391925 PMCID: PMC10887290 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) can act as a co-receptor on the cell surface and alterations in this process underpin many pathological conditions. We have previously described the usefulness of mimics of HS (glycomimetics) in protection against β-glycerophosphate-induced vascular calcification and in the restoration of the functional capacity of diabetic endothelial colony-forming cells in vitro. This study aims to investigate whether our novel glycomimetic compounds can attenuate glycated low-density lipoprotein (g-LDL)-induced calcification by inhibiting RAGE signalling within the context of critical limb ischemia (CLI). We used an established osteogenic in vitro vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) model. Osteoprotegerin (OPG), sclerostin and glycation levels were all significantly increased in CLI serum compared to healthy controls, while the vascular calcification marker osteocalcin (OCN) was down-regulated in CLI patients vs. controls. Incubation with both CLI serum and g-LDL (10 µg/mL) significantly increased VSMC calcification vs. controls after 21 days, with CLI serum-induced calcification apparent after only 10 days. Glycomimetics (C2 and C3) significantly inhibited g-LDL and CLI serum-induced mineralisation, as shown by a reduction in alizarin red (AR) staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Furthermore, secretion of the osteogenic marker OCN was significantly reduced in VSMCs incubated with CLI serum in the presence of glycomimetics. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) was significantly increased in g-LDL-treated cells vs. untreated controls, which was attenuated with glycomimetics. Blocking CREB activation with a pharmacological inhibitor 666-15 replicated the protective effects of glycomimetics, evidenced by elevated AR staining. In silico molecular docking simulations revealed the binding affinity of the glycomimetics C2 and C3 with the V domain of RAGE. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate that novel glycomimetics, C2 and C3 have potent anti-calcification properties in vitro, inhibiting both g-LDL and CLI serum-induced VSMC mineralisation via the inhibition of LDLR, RAGE, CREB and subsequent expression of the downstream osteogenic markers, ALP and OCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P. Sidgwick
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Ria Weston
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Ayman M. Mahmoud
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Andrew Schiro
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Vascular Unit, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Ferdinand Serracino-Inglott
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Vascular Unit, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Shikha M. Tandel
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Sarah Skeoch
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.S.); (I.N.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath BA1 1RL, UK
| | - Ian N. Bruce
- Centre for Epidemiology Versus Arthritis, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.S.); (I.N.B.)
- National Institute for Health Research Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alan M. Jones
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - M. Yvonne Alexander
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
| | - Fiona L. Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK (R.W.); (A.M.M.); (F.S.-I.); (S.M.T.); (A.M.J.); (M.Y.A.)
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Bittar VP, Silva Borges AL, Justino AB, Carrillo MSP, Mateus Duarte RF, Silva NBS, Gonçalves DS, Prado DG, Araújo IAC, Martins MM, Gomes Martins CH, Botelho FV, Silva NM, de Oliveira A, Espíndola FS. Bioactive compounds from the leaves of Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek: Inhibition of LDL oxidation, glycation, lipid peroxidation, target enzymes, and microbial growth. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117315. [PMID: 37852339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek, a medicinal plant used for treating gastritis, ulcers, and gastric disorders, possesses therapeutic properties attributed to diverse leaf compounds-terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and tannins, reflecting the ethnopharmacological knowledge of traditional users. AIMS OF THE STUDY We aimed to assess the antioxidant and antiglycant capacities of Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions, identify bioactive compounds through HPLC-MS/MS analysis, and conduct phytochemical assessments. We also assessed their potential to inhibit digestive and cholinesterase enzymes, mitigate oxidation of human LDL and rat hepatic tissue, and examine their antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Organic fractions (hexane - HF-Mi, dichloromethane - DMF-Mi, ethyl acetate - EAF-Mi, n-butanol - BF-Mi, and hydromethanolic - HMF-Mi) were obtained via liquid-liquid partitioning. Antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, ORAC) and antiglycant (BSA/FRU, BSA/MGO, ARG/MGO/LDL/MGO models) capacities were tested. Phytochemical analysis employed HPLC-MS/MS. We also studied the inhibitory effects on α-amylase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, human LDL and rat hepatic tissue oxidation, antimicrobial activity, and cytotoxicity against RAW 264.7 macrophages. RESULTS HPLC-ESI-MS/MS identified antioxidant compounds such as catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol derivatives. Ethanolic extract (EE-Mi) and organic fractions demonstrated robust antioxidant and antiglycant activity. EAF-Mi and BF-Mi inhibited α-amylase (2.42 μg/mL and 7.95 μg/mL) compared to acarbose (0.144 μg/mL). Most organic fractions exhibited ∼50% inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, rivaling galantamine and rivastigmine. EAF-Mi, BF-Mi, and EE-Mi excelled in inhibiting lipid peroxidation. All fractions, except HMF-Mi, effectively countered LDL oxidation, evidenced by the area under the curve. These fractions protected LDL against lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION This study unveils Maytenus ilicifolia's ethanolic extract and organic fractions properties. Through rigorous analysis, we identify bioactive compounds and highlight their antioxidant, antiglycant, enzyme inhibition, and protective properties against oxidative damage. These findings underline its significance in modern pharmacology and its potential applications in healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Prado Bittar
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Silva Borges
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Allisson Benatti Justino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Maria Sol Peña Carrillo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Rener Francisco Mateus Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Nagela Bernadelli Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Daniela Silva Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Diego Godina Prado
- Nucleus of Research in Natural Products (NuPPeN), Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Iasmin Aparecida Cunha Araújo
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Mário Machado Martins
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology "Dr. Luiz Ricardo Goulart Filho", Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Testing, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Françoise Vasconcelos Botelho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Neide Maria Silva
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Alberto de Oliveira
- Nucleus of Research in Natural Products (NuPPeN), Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espíndola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, 38400-902, Brazil.
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Tsamoulis D, Kosmas CE, Rallidis LS. Is inverse association between lipoprotein(a) and diabetes mellitus another paradox in cardiometabolic medicine? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2024; 19:63-70. [PMID: 38078437 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2293108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The impact of Type II Diabetes mellitus (T2DM) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) is well-established, while lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has recently emerged as a recognized CVD risk factor. The rising prevalence of T2DM resulting from modern lifestyles and the development of specific Lp(a)-lowering agents brought the association between T2DM and Lp(a) in the forefront. AREAS COVERED Despite advancements in T2DM treatment, diabetic patients remain at very-high risk of CVD. Lp(a) may, to some extent, contribute to the persistent CVD risk seen in diabetic patients, and the coexistence of T2DM and elevated Lp(a) levels appears to synergistically amplify overall CVD risk. The relationship between T2DM and Lp(a) is paradoxical. On one hand, high Lp(a) plasma concentrations elevate the risk of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications. On the other hand, low Lp(a) plasma concentrations have been linked to an increased risk of developing T2DM. EXPERT OPINION Comprehending the association between T2DM and Lp(a) is critical due to the pivotal roles both entities play in overall CVD risk, as well as the unique aspects of their relationship. The mechanisms underlying the inverse association between T2DM and Lp(a) remain incompletely understood, necessitating further meticulous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatos Tsamoulis
- Second Department of Cardiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Constantine E Kosmas
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Loukianos S Rallidis
- Second Department of Cardiology, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Bashir B, Adam S, Ho JH, Linn Z, Durrington PN, Soran H. Established and potential cardiovascular risk factors in metabolic syndrome: Effect of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:221-233. [PMID: 37560987 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the role of novel biomarkers in metabolic syndrome, their association with cardiovascular risk and the impact of bariatric surgery on these biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS Metabolic syndrome encompasses an intricate network of health problems, and its constituents extend beyond the components of its operational definition. Obesity-related dyslipidaemia not only leads to quantitative changes in lipoprotein concentration but also alteration in qualitative composition of various lipoprotein subfractions, including HDL particles, rendering them proatherogenic. This is compounded by the concurrent existence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which pave the common pathway to inflammation and oxidative stress culminating in heightened atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Bariatric surgery is an exceptional modality to reverse both conventional and less recognised aspects of metabolic syndrome. It reduces the burden of atherosclerosis by ameliorating the impact of obesity and its related complications (OSA, NAFLD) on quantitative and qualitative composition of lipoproteins, ultimately improving endothelial function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY Several novel biomarkers, which are not traditionally considered as components of metabolic syndrome play a crucial role in determining ASCVD risk in metabolic syndrome. Due to their independent association with ASCVD, it is imperative that these are addressed. Bariatric surgery is a widely recognized intervention to improve the conventional risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome; however, it also serves as an effective treatment to optimize novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Bashir
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Safwaan Adam
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jan H Ho
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Zara Linn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | | | - Handrean Soran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
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10
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Cheng W, Shu M, Kuang L, Bai X, Jia X, Zhao Y, Lu Y, Zhu L, Wang L, Zhu Y, Shu Y, Song Y, Jin S. Scavenger receptor a mediates glycated LDL transcytosis across endothelial cells to promote atherosclerosis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 235:123836. [PMID: 36849072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Glycated low-density lipoprotein (G-LDL) is an established proatherosclerotic factor, but the mechanism is not completely understood. In vitro, we evaluated the uptake and transcytosis rates of N-LDL and G-LDL in endothelial cells and the uptake and transcytosis rates of G-LDL were much higher than those of N-LDL. Then, using small interfering RNAs, the receptor mediating G-LDL uptake and transcytosis was screened among eight candidate receptors, and the mechanism of the receptor regulation was thoroughly examined. We discovered that scavenger receptor A (SR-A) knockdown dramatically decreased the uptake and transcytosis rates of G-LDL. Additionally, endothelial cells with overexpressed SR-A had enhanced G-LDL uptake and transcytosis. In vivo, G-LDL was injected in the tail vein of ApoE-/- mice to investigate whether G-LDL affects atherosclerotic plaque formation. Compared with the injection of N-LDL, the injection of G-LDL accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation in ApoE-/- mice, which was ameliorated by endothelial cells specific SR-A knockdown. Together, our results provide the first demonstration that the transcytosis of G-LDL across endothelial cells is much faster than that of N-LDL and SR-A is the major type of receptor responsible for G-LDL binding and transcytosis across endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhuo Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Meng Shu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liwen Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangli Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiong Jia
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yajing Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Shu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yi Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Si Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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11
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Wani MJ, Salman KA, Moin S, Arif A. Effect of crocin on glycated human low-density lipoprotein: A protective and mechanistic approach. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 286:121958. [PMID: 36244155 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is known to have a role in coronary artery diseases when it undergoes modification due to hyperglycaemic conditions. Plant products like crocin play an essential role in protecting against oxidative stress and in the production of advanced glycation end-products (A.G.E.s). In this study, the anti-glycating effect of crocin was analyzed using various biochemical, spectroscopic, and in silico approaches. Glycation-mediated oxidative stress was confirmed by nitroblue tetrazolium, carbonyl content, and lipid peroxidation assays, and it was efficiently protected by crocin in a concentration-dependent manner. A.N.S. fluorescence, thioflavin T (ThT) assay, and electron microscopy confirmed that the structural changes in LDL during glycation lead to the formation of fibrillar aggregates, which can be minimized by crocin treatment. Moreover, secondary structural perturbations in LDL were observed using circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where crocin was found to prevent the loss of secondary structure in glycated LDL. Spectroscopic studies like U.V. absorbance, fluorescence spectroscopy, CD, FTIR, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) provided insights into the interaction mechanism between LDL and crocin. Molecular docking supports these results with a highly negative binding energy of -10.3 kcal/mol, suggesting the formation of a stable ldl-crocin complex. Our study indicates that crocin may be a potent protective agent against coronary artery diseases by limiting the glycation of LDL in people with such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Junaid Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N.M.C., Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, (U.P.), India.
| | - Khushtar Anwar Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N.M.C., Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, (U.P.), India
| | - Shagufta Moin
- Department of Biochemistry, J.N.M.C., Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, (U.P.), India
| | - Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, (U.P.), India
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12
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The Role of Advanced Glycation End Products on Dyslipidemia. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13010077. [PMID: 36677002 PMCID: PMC9862879 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disorders of lipoprotein metabolism and glucose homeostasis are common consequences of insulin resistance and usually co-segregate in patients with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin-resistant subjects are characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, a specific lipid pattern which includes hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, and increased proportion of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Chronic hyperglycemia favors the processes of non-enzymatic glycation, leading to the increased production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Apart from direct harmful effects, AGEs are also potent inducers of oxidative stress and inflammation. In addition, increased AGEs' production may induce further qualitative modifications of small, dense LDL particles, converting them to glycated LDLs. These particles are even more atherogenic and may confer an increased cardiovascular risk. In this narrative review, we summarize the available evidence of the pathophysiological role and clinical importance of circulating AGEs and glycated LDLs in patients with dyslipidemia, particularly those with DM and related complications. In addition, we discuss recent advances and the issues that should be improved regarding laboratory assessment of AGEs and glycated LDLs, as well as the possibilities for their therapeutic modulation.
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13
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Aspalathin and Other Rooibos Flavonoids Trapped α-Dicarbonyls and Inhibited Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314738. [PMID: 36499065 PMCID: PMC9738946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The excessive dietary intake of simple sugars and abnormal metabolism in certain diseases contribute to the increased production of α-dicarbonyls (α-DCs), such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO), the main precursors of the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs play a vital role, for example, in the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Aspalathus linearis (Burman f.) R. Dahlgren (known as rooibos tea) exhibits a wide range of activities beneficial for cardio-metabolic health. Thus, the present study aims to investigate unfermented and fermented rooibos extracts and their constituents for the ability to trap MGO and GO. The individual compounds identified in extracts were tested for the capability to inhibit AGEs (with MGO or GO as a glycation agent). Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (UHPLC-ESI-MS) was used to investigate α-DCs' trapping capacities. To evaluate the antiglycation activity, fluorescence measurement was used. The extract from the unfermented rooibos showed a higher ability to capture MGO/GO and inhibit AGE formation than did the extract from fermented rooibos, and this effect was attributed to a higher content of dihydrochalcones. The compounds detected in the extracts, such as aspalathin, nothofagin, vitexin, isovitexin, and eriodictyol, as well as structurally related phloretin and phloroglucinol (formed by the biotransformation of certain flavonoids), trapped MGO, and some also trapped GO. AGE formation was inhibited the most by isovitexin. However, it was the high content of aspalathin and its higher efficiency than that of metformin that determined the antiglycation and trapping properties of green rooibos. Therefore, A. linearis, in addition to other health benefits, could potentially be used as an α-DC trapping agent and AGE inhibitor.
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14
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Guerreiro V, Maia I, Neves JS, Salazar D, Ferreira MJ, Mendonça F, Silva MM, Borges-Canha M, Viana S, Costa C, Pedro J, Varela A, Lau E, Freitas P, Carvalho D. Oral glucose tolerance testing at 1 h and 2 h: relationship with glucose and cardiometabolic parameters and agreement for pre-diabetes diagnosis in patients with morbid obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:91. [PMID: 35794584 PMCID: PMC9258114 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One hour plasma glucose concentration (1hPG) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) may be an alternative to 2-h plasma glucose concentration (2hPG) in the identification of individuals at increased risk of hyperglycaemia, although its role is not fully understood. AIM We aim to investigate the relationship of these measures with other glucose parameters, as well as their relationship with cardiometabolic risk markers and the level of agreement for prediabetes mellitus diagnosis, in a sample of patients with morbid obesity. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 656 patients with morbid obesity without diagnosed diabetes. To define prediabetes with 2hPG, 2022 American Diabetes Association guidelines criteria were used, while for 1hPG, glucose ≥ 155 mg/dL was considered. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was used to assess the agreement between both measures of prediabetes mellitus diagnosis. RESULTS A Cohen's Kappa coefficient of 0.405 (p < 0.001) was obtained. The 1hPG were positively correlated with homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (ρ = 0.281, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (ρ = 0.581, p < 0.001), glycated haemoglobin (Hb1AC) (ρ = 0.347, p < 0.001) and were negatively correlated with homeostatic model assessment for cell-β function (HOMA-β) (ρ = -0.092, p = 0.018). 2hPG were also correlated with the same parameters, except for HOMA-β. CONCLUSION A fair agreement between 1 and 2hPG was verified. 1hPG criteria may be a useful indicator of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in patients with morbid obesity without diabetes diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Guerreiro
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Maia
- EPIUnit, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sérgio Neves
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniela Salazar
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Ferreira
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Mendonça
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuel Silva
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Borges-Canha
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Consulta de Avaliação Multidisciplinar Do Tratamento Cirúrgico da Obesidade Do Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Viana
- Serviço de Medicina Interna, Unidade Local de Saúde Do Norte Alentejano, Portalegre, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Costa
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pedro
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Varela
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Lau
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Consulta de Avaliação Multidisciplinar Do Tratamento Cirúrgico da Obesidade Do Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Freitas
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Consulta de Avaliação Multidisciplinar Do Tratamento Cirúrgico da Obesidade Do Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Davide Carvalho
- Departamento de Endocrinologia, Diabetes E Metabolismo, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação E Inovação Em Saúde, Universidade Do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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15
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Proteins in human body fluids contain in vivo antigen analog of the melibiose-derived glycation product: MAGE. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7520. [PMID: 35525899 PMCID: PMC9079080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11638-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Melibiose-derived AGE (MAGE) is an advanced glycation end-product formed in vitro in anhydrous conditions on proteins and protein-free amino acids during glycation with melibiose. Our previous studies revealed the presence of MAGE antigen in the human body and tissues of several other species, including muscles, fat, extracellular matrix, and blood. MAGE is also antigenic and induces generation of anti-MAGE antibody. The aim of this paper was to identify the proteins modified by MAGE present in human body fluids, such as serum, plasma, and peritoneal fluids. The protein-bound MAGE formed in vivo has been isolated from human blood using affinity chromatography on the resin with an immobilized anti-MAGE monoclonal antibody. Using mass spectrometry and immunochemistry it has been established that MAGE epitope is present on several human blood proteins including serum albumin, IgG, and IgA. In serum of diabetic patients, mainly the albumin and IgG were modified by MAGE, while in healthy subjects IgG and IgA carried this modification, suggesting the novel AGE can impact protein structure, contribute to auto-immunogenicity, and affect function of immunoglobulins. Some proteins in peritoneal fluid from cancer patients modified with MAGE were also observed and it indicates a potential role of MAGE in cancer.
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16
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Jebari-Benslaiman S, Galicia-García U, Larrea-Sebal A, Olaetxea JR, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K, Benito-Vicente A, Martín C. Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063346. [PMID: 35328769 PMCID: PMC8954705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis is initiated by endothelium activation and, followed by a cascade of events (accumulation of lipids, fibrous elements, and calcification), triggers the vessel narrowing and activation of inflammatory pathways. The resultant atheroma plaque, along with these processes, results in cardiovascular complications. This review focuses on the different stages of atherosclerosis development, ranging from endothelial dysfunction to plaque rupture. In addition, the post-transcriptional regulation and modulation of atheroma plaque by microRNAs and lncRNAs, the role of microbiota, and the importance of sex as a crucial risk factor in atherosclerosis are covered here in order to provide a global view of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Jebari-Benslaiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
| | - Unai Galicia-García
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asier Larrea-Sebal
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Fundación Biofisika Bizkaia, Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Iraide Alloza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Inflammation & Biomarkers Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Asier Benito-Vicente
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-V.); (C.M.); Tel.: +34-946-01-2741 (C.M.)
| | - César Martín
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (S.J.-B.); (I.A.); (K.V.)
- Biofisika Institute (UPV/EHU, CSIC), Barrio Sarriena s/n., 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; (U.G.-G.); (A.L.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.-V.); (C.M.); Tel.: +34-946-01-2741 (C.M.)
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17
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Liu H, Pietersz G, Peter K, Wang X. Nanobiotechnology approaches for cardiovascular diseases: site-specific targeting of drugs and nanoparticles for atherothrombosis. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:75. [PMID: 35135581 PMCID: PMC8822797 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis, the major contributors to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), represent the leading cause of death worldwide. Current pharmacological therapies have been associated with side effects or are insufficient at halting atherosclerotic progression effectively. Pioneering work harnessing the passive diffusion or endocytosis properties of nanoparticles and advanced biotechnologies in creating recombinant proteins for site-specific delivery have been utilized to overcome these limitations. Since CVDs are complex diseases, the most challenging aspect of developing site-specific therapies is the identification of an individual and unique antigenic epitope that is only expressed in lesions or diseased areas. This review focuses on the pathological mechanism of atherothrombosis and discusses the unique targets that are important during disease progression. We review recent advances in site-specific therapy using novel targeted drug-delivery and nanoparticle-carrier systems. Furthermore, we explore the limitations and future perspectives of site-specific therapy for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haikun Liu
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Pietersz
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Burnet Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Molecular Imaging and Theranostics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia. .,Atherothrombosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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18
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Glycated apolipoprotein B decreases after bariatric surgery in people with and without diabetes: A potential contribution to reduction in cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2022; 346:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Bonilha I, Hajduch E, Luchiari B, Nadruz W, Le Goff W, Sposito AC. The Reciprocal Relationship between LDL Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120807. [PMID: 34940565 PMCID: PMC8708656 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance feature substantial modifications of the lipoprotein profile, including a higher proportion of smaller and denser low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. In addition, qualitative changes occur in the composition and structure of LDL, including changes in electrophoretic mobility, enrichment of LDL with triglycerides and ceramides, prolonged retention of modified LDL in plasma, increased uptake by macrophages, and the formation of foam cells. These modifications affect LDL functions and favor an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in diabetic individuals. In this review, we discuss the main findings regarding the structural and functional changes in LDL particles in diabetes pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies targeting LDL in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Bonilha
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Beatriz Luchiari
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
| | - Wilson Nadruz
- Cardiology Division, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Laboratory, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil;
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Cardiovasculaires, le Métabolisme et la Nutrition, ICAN, Inserm, Sorbonne Université, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Andrei C. Sposito
- Cardiology Division, Atherosclerosis and Vascular Biology Laboratory (AtheroLab), State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas 13083-887, Brazil; (I.B.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-7098; Fax: +55-19-3289-410
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20
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Postprandial plasma glucose excursion is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258771. [PMID: 34669756 PMCID: PMC8528281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a prevalent complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The atherogenic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is an established risk factor of cardiovascular disease, and evidence also suggests that postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels closely delineate CHD mortality in diabetes. The investigators hypothesized that postprandial plasma glucose excursion (PPGE), defined as the difference between 2-hour PPG and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), may be associated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels in patients with T2DM. This study enrolled diabetic participants for whom FPG and lipid profile were sampled after a 12-hour fast, followed by PPG sampling two hours after consuming a standard meal with 75 grams of carbohydrates. The study enrolled 379 participants who were divided into PPGE tertiles according to the difference between their 2-hour PPG and FPG. Participants in the highest PPGE tertile had considerably greater plasma LDL cholesterol levels than patients in the lowest tertile (126.7 mg/dL vs. 99.5 mg/dL, P <0.001). Linear regression analysis also demonstrated that the PPGE was positively correlated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels (β coefficient: 0.165, P < 0.001). Postprandial glucose excursion positively correlated with plasma LDL cholesterol levels in individuals with T2DM. Participants with raised PPGE harbored greater LDL cholesterol levels than those with lower postprandial glucose fluctuations. Therefore, postprandial glucose excursion is associated with an atherogenic lipid profile and may be a modifiable risk factor of diabetic CHD.
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21
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Lee CK, Liao CW, Meng SW, Wu WK, Chiang JY, Wu MS. Lipids and Lipoproteins in Health and Disease: Focus on Targeting Atherosclerosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080985. [PMID: 34440189 PMCID: PMC8393881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, intervention devices and techniques, residual cardiovascular risks still cause a large burden on public health. Whilst most guidelines encourage achieving target levels of specific lipids and lipoproteins to reduce these risks, increasing evidence has shown that molecular modification of these lipoproteins also has a critical impact on their atherogenicity. Modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by oxidation, glycation, peroxidation, apolipoprotein C-III adhesion, and the small dense subtype largely augment its atherogenicity. Post-translational modification by oxidation, carbamylation, glycation, and imbalance of molecular components can reduce the capacity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) for reverse cholesterol transport. Elevated levels of triglycerides (TGs), apolipoprotein C-III and lipoprotein(a), and a decreased level of apolipoprotein A-I are closely associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapies aimed at reducing TGs, lipoprotein(a), and apolipoprotein C-III, and enhancing apolipoprotein A-1 are undergoing trials, and promising preliminary results have been reported. In this review, we aim to update the evidence on modifications of major lipid and lipoprotein components, including LDL, HDL, TG, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a). We also discuss examples of translating findings from basic research to potential therapeutic targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Kuo Lee
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Liao
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Meng
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu 300, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kai Wu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Yang Chiang
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (M.-S.W.)
| | - Ming-Shiang Wu
- College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (C.-K.L.); (C.-W.L.); (S.-W.M.); (W.-K.W.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-Y.C.); (M.-S.W.)
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22
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Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes Is Aggravated by Glycated Lipoproteins; Novel Molecular Therapies. Biomedicines 2020; 9:biomedicines9010018. [PMID: 33375461 PMCID: PMC7823542 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and its vascular complications affect an increasing number of people. This disease of epidemic proportion nowadays involves abnormalities of large and small blood vessels, all commencing with alterations of the endothelial cell (EC) functions. Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of death and disability among diabetic patients. In diabetes, EC dysfunction (ECD) is induced by the pathological increase of glucose and by the appearance of advanced glycation end products (AGE) attached to the plasma proteins, including lipoproteins. AGE proteins interact with their specific receptors on EC plasma membrane promoting activation of signaling pathways, resulting in decreased nitric oxide bioavailability, increased intracellular oxidative and inflammatory stress, causing dysfunction and finally apoptosis of EC. Irreversibly glycated lipoproteins (AGE-Lp) were proven to have an important role in accelerating atherosclerosis in diabetes. The aim of the present review is to present up-to-date information connecting hyperglycemia, ECD and two classes of glycated Lp, glycated low-density lipoproteins and glycated high-density lipoproteins, which contribute to the aggravation of diabetes complications. We will highlight the role of dyslipidemia, oxidative and inflammatory stress and epigenetic risk factors, along with the specific mechanisms connecting them, as well as the new promising therapies to alleviate ECD in diabetes.
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23
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Belyaeva VS, Stepenko YV, Lyubimov II, Kulikov AL, Tietze AA, Kochkarova IS, Martynova OV, Pokopeyko ON, Krupen’kina LA, Nagikh AS, Pokrovskiy VM, Patrakhanov EA, Belashova AV, Lebedev PR, Gureeva AV. Non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-derived peptides for atheroprotection and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.6.58891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevance: Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of premature adult death.Lipid profile and atherogenesis: Dislipidaemia leads to subsequent lipid accumulation and migration of immunocompetent cells into the vessel intima. Macrophages accumulate cholesterol forming foam cells – the morphological substrate of atherosclerosis in its initial stage.Inflammation and atherogenesis: Pro-inflammatory factors provoke oxidative stress, vascular wall damage and foam cells formation.Endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of atherosclerosis: Endothelial mitochondria are some of the organelles most sensitive to oxidative stress. Damaged mitochondria produce excess superoxide and H2O2, which are the main factors of intracellular damage, further increasing endothelial dysfunction.Short non-hematopoietic erythropoietin-based peptides as innovative atheroprotectors: Research in recent decades has shown that erythropoietin has a high cytoprotective activity, which is mainly associated with exposure to the mitochondrial link and has been confirmed in various experimental models. There is also a short-chain derivative, the 11-amino acid pyroglutamate helix B surface peptide (PHBSP), which selectively binds to the erythropoietin heterodymic receptor and reproduces its cytoprotective properties. This indicates the promising use of short-chain derivatives of erythropoietin for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerotic vascular injury. In the future, it is planned to study the PHBSP derivatives, the modification of which consists in adding RGD and PGP tripeptides with antiaggregant properties to the original 11-member peptide.
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24
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Chronic Kidney Disease as Oxidative Stress- and Inflammatory-Mediated Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080752. [PMID: 32823917 PMCID: PMC7463588 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) is necessary for both physiology and pathology. An imbalance between endogenous oxidants and antioxidants causes oxidative stress, contributing to vascular dysfunction. The ROS-induced activation of transcription factors and proinflammatory genes increases inflammation. This phenomenon is of crucial importance in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), because atherosclerosis is one of the critical factors of their cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality. The effect of ROS disrupts the excretory function of each section of the nephron. It prevents the maintenance of intra-systemic homeostasis and leads to the accumulation of metabolic products. Renal regulatory mechanisms, such as tubular glomerular feedback, myogenic reflex in the supplying arteriole, and the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, are also affected. It makes it impossible for the kidney to compensate for water–electrolyte and acid–base disturbances, which progress further in the mechanism of positive feedback, leading to a further intensification of oxidative stress. As a result, the progression of CKD is observed, with a spectrum of complications such as malnutrition, calcium phosphate abnormalities, atherosclerosis, and anemia. This review aimed to show the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in renal impairment, with a particular emphasis on its influence on the most common disturbances that accompany CKD.
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25
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Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, Navar AM, Pencina M, Catapano A, Ference BA. Apolipoprotein B Particles and Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. JAMA Cardiol 2020; 4:1287-1295. [PMID: 31642874 DOI: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Importance The conventional model of atherosclerosis presumes that the mass of cholesterol within very low-density lipoprotein particles, low-density lipoprotein particles, chylomicron, and lipoprotein (a) particles in plasma is the principal determinant of the mass of cholesterol that will be deposited within the arterial wall and will drive atherogenesis. However, each of these particles contains one molecule of apolipoprotein B (apoB) and there is now substantial evidence that apoB more accurately measures the atherogenic risk owing to the apoB lipoproteins than does low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Observations Cholesterol can only enter the arterial wall within apoB particles. However, the mass of cholesterol per apoB particle is variable. Therefore, the mass of cholesterol that will be deposited within the arterial wall is determined by the number of apoB particles that are trapped within the arterial wall. The number of apoB particles that enter the arterial wall is determined primarily by the number of apoB particles within the arterial lumen. However, once within the arterial wall, smaller cholesterol-depleted apoB particles have a greater tendency to be trapped than larger cholesterol-enriched apoB particles because they bind more avidly to the glycosaminoglycans within the subintimal space of the arterial wall. Thus, a cholesterol-enriched particle would deposit more cholesterol than a cholesterol-depleted apoB particle whereas more, smaller apoB particles that enter the arterial wall will be trapped than larger apoB particles. The net result is, with the exceptions of the abnormal chylomicron remnants in type III hyperlipoproteinemia and lipoprotein (a), all apoB particles are equally atherogenic. Conclusions and Relevance Apolipoprotein B unifies, amplifies, and simplifies the information from the conventional lipid markers as to the atherogenic risk attributable to the apoB lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan D Sniderman
- Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George Thanassoulis
- Mike and Valeria Rosenbloom Centre for Cardiovascular Prevention, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Ann Marie Navar
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina.,Associate Editor
| | - Michael Pencina
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Deputy Editor for Statistics
| | - Alberico Catapano
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Multimedica IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.,MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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LDL and HDL Oxidative Modification and Atherosclerosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1276:157-169. [PMID: 32705599 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-6082-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are two kinds of common lipoproteins in plasma. The level of LDL cholesterol in plasma is positively correlated with atherosclerosis (AS), which is related to the complex macromolecular components, especially the easy oxygenation of protein and lipid components. However, the plasma HDL cholesterol level is negatively correlated with AS, but the results of recent studies show that the oxidative modified HDL in pathological state will not reduce and may aggravate the occurrence and development of AS. Therefore, the oxidative modification of lipoproteins is closely related to vascular homeostasis, which has become a hot research area for a long time.
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27
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Summerhill VI, Grechko AV, Yet SF, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN. The Atherogenic Role of Circulating Modified Lipids in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3561. [PMID: 31330845 PMCID: PMC6678182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid accumulation in the arterial wall is a crucial event in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is the major source of lipids that accumulate in the atherosclerotic plaques. It was discovered that not all LDL is atherogenic. In the blood plasma of atherosclerotic patients, LDL particles are the subject of multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that determine their atherogenicity. Desialylation is the primary and the most important atherogenic LDL modification followed by a cascade of other modifications that also increase blood atherogenicity. The enzyme trans-sialidase is responsible for the desialylation of LDL, therefore, its activity plays an important role in atherosclerosis development. Moreover, circulating modified LDL is associated with immune complexes that also have a strong atherogenic potential. Moreover, it was shown that antibodies to modified LDL are also atherogenic. The properties of modified LDL were described, and the strong evidence indicating that it is capable of inducing intracellular accumulation of lipids was presented. The accumulated evidence indicated that the molecular properties of modified LDL, including LDL-containing immune complexes can serve as the prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and molecular targets for the development of anti-atherosclerotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volha I Summerhill
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
| | - Andrey V Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 14-3 Solyanka Street, Moscow 109240, Russia
| | - Shaw-Fang Yet
- Institute of Cellular and System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3-rd Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 121609, Russia.
- Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, Moscow 117418, Russia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiiskaya Street, Moscow 125315, Russia.
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28
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Rivas-Urbina A, Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Electronegative LDL: An Active Player in Atherogenesis or a By- Product of Atherosclerosis? Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1665-1679. [PMID: 29600751 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180330093953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are the major plasma carriers of cholesterol. However, LDL particles must undergo various molecular modifications to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Modified LDL can be generated by different mechanisms, but as a common trait, show an increased electronegative charge of the LDL particle. A subfraction of LDL with increased electronegative charge (LDL(-)), which can be isolated from blood, exhibits several pro-atherogenic characteristics. LDL(-) is heterogeneous, due to its multiple origins but is strongly related to the development of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, the implication of LDL(-) in a broad array of pathologic conditions is complex and in some cases anti-atherogenic LDL(-) properties have been reported. In fact, several molecular modifications generating LDL(-) have been widely studied, but it remains unknown as to whether these different mechanisms are specific or common to different pathological disorders. In this review, we attempt to address these issues examining the most recent findings on the biology of LDL(-) and discussing the relationship between this LDL subfraction and the development of different diseases with increased cardiovascular risk. Finally, the review highlights the importance of minor apolipoproteins associated with LDL(-) which would play a crucial role in the different properties displayed by these modified LDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ordóñez-Llanos
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola, Spain
| | - José Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERDEM. Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
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29
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Li S, Gao G, Wu F, Liu D, Zhao H, Ke J, Liu Y, Li F, Li J, Chen Z, Tang Z, Bai L, Zhang J, Zheng W, Chen X. Programmed cell death protein 4 deficiency suppresses foam cell formation by activating autophagy in advanced glycation end-product low-density lipoprotein-induced macrophages. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:7689-7700. [PMID: 30426537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced glycation end-product is a modified form of low-density lipoprotein (AGE-LDL) and accelerates atherosclerosis through undefined mechanisms. Programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), a transcriptional regulator, plays an important role in the regulation of autophagy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of PDCD4 involved in AGE-LDL-induced foam cell formation. METHODS The characterization of AGE-LDL was measured by the thiobarbituric assay and agarose gel electrophoresis in vitro. RAW264.7, THP-1 cell line and primary peritoneal macrophages of mice were transfected with shPDCD4 plasmid AGE-LDL-induced foam cell formation was stained by Oil Red, and the levels of autophagy and apoptosis were determined by Western blot analysis. Autophagosome was observed with immunofluorescence microscopy. Mitochondrial membrane potential and autophagic flux were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS AGE modification resulted in significant reduction of absorbance shown by thiobarbituric assay and augmentation of electrophoresis mobility. Further studies suggest that macrophages exposed AGE-LDL triggered autophagy in the early stage of foam cell formation. PDCD4 deficiency enhanced lipoautophagy but inhibited apoptosis and mitochondria dysfunction. Previous studies have been reported that autophagy is an adaptive response might prevent lesional macrophage apoptosis. In our study, we found PDCD4 deficiency attenuated apoptosis and AGE-LDL-induced foam cell formation relied on increased autophagy. CONCLUSION Our data revealed that PDCD4 deficiency can facilitate autophagy and benefit for AGE-LDL-induced foam cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Guangdong Gao
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fuyun Wu
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jing Ke
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zongyun Chen
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhiming Tang
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Lei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Engineering, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jinxuan Zhang
- Department of biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Integrated Medicine, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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30
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Băbţan AM, Ilea A, Boşca BA, Crişan M, Petrescu NB, Collino M, Sainz RM, Gerlach JQ, Câmpian RS. Advanced glycation end products as biomarkers in systemic diseases: premises and perspectives of salivary advanced glycation end products. Biomark Med 2019; 13:479-495. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2018-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins associated with high dry temperature food processing, coloring and flavor modification of food products. Previous studies on diet-related disease support the role of the glycation products as biomarkers in local and general proinflammatory response. Exogenous and endogenous AGEs are involved in chronic low-level inflammation, which underlies the onset of metabolic syndrome influenced by food intake, there by demonstrating their implication in diet-related pathologies. Although studies have revealed a strong association between the accumulation of AGEs and the occurrence/worsening of metabolic diseases, their routine use for the diagnosis or monitoring of local and general disease has not yet been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anida M Băbţan
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Aranka Ilea
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Bianca A Boşca
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Louis Pasteur Street, no 4, Cluj-Napoca, 400349, Romania
| | - Maria Crişan
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Louis Pasteur Street, no 4, Cluj-Napoca, 400349, Romania
| | - Nausica B Petrescu
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Drug Science & Technology, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello 33, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Rosa M Sainz
- Department of Morphology & Cell Biology, University of Oviedo, Campus del Cristo. C/Julián Clavería 6. 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jared Q Gerlach
- Glycoscience Group, National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland
| | - Radu S Câmpian
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, Oral Health & Dental Office Management, Faculty of Dentistry, ‘Iuliu Haţieganu’ University of Medicine & Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Victor Babe? Street, no 15, 400012, Romania
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31
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Immunochemical studies on native and glycated LDL – An approach to uncover the structural perturbations. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:287-299. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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32
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Shen Y, Ding FH, Dai Y, Wang XQ, Zhang RY, Lu L, Shen WF. Reduced coronary collateralization in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic total occlusion. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:26. [PMID: 29422093 PMCID: PMC5804044 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0671-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent of coronary collateral formation is a primary determinant of the severity of myocardial damage and mortality after coronary artery occlusion. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents an important risk factor for impaired collateral vessel growth. However, the mechanism of reduced coronary collateralization in type 2 diabetic patients remains unclear. METHODS With the reference to the recent researches, this review article describes the pathogenic effects of T2DM on collateral development and outlines possible clinical and biochemical markers associated with reduced coronary collateralization in type 2 diabetic patients with chronic total occlusion (CTO). RESULTS Diffuse coronary atherosclerosis in T2DM reduces pressure gradient between collateral donor artery and collateral recipient one, limiting collateral vessel growth and function. An interaction between advanced glycation end-products and their receptor activates several intracellular signaling pathways, enhances oxidative stress and aggravates inflammatory process. Diabetic condition decreases pro-angiogenic factors especially vascular endothelial growth factor and other collateral vessel growth related parameters. Numerous clinical and biochemical factors that could possibly attenuate the development of coronary collaterals have been reported. Increased serum levels of glycated albumin, cystatin C, and adipokine C1q tumor necrosis factor related protein 1 were associated with poor coronary collateralization in type 2 diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease and CTO. Diastolic blood pressure and stenosis severity of the predominant collateral donor artery also play a role in coronary collateral formation. CONCLUSIONS T2DM impairs collateral vessel growth through multiple mechanisms involving arteriogenesis and angiogenesis, and coronary collateral formation in patients with T2DM and CTO is influenced by various clinical, biochemical and angiographic factors. This information provides insights into the understanding of coronary pathophysiology and searching for potential new therapeutic targets in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Feng Hua Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Dai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Qun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Yan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Road II, Shanghai, 200025 People’s Republic of China
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Gritti BB, Binder C. Oxidation-specific epitopes are major targets of innate immunity in atherothrombosis. Hamostaseologie 2017; 36:89-96. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ZusammenfassungAtherosklerose ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung der Gefäßwände, die durch das Zusammenspiel von Dyslipidämie und vermehrtem oxidativen Stress verursacht wird. Die damit verbundene Lipidperoxidation führt zu einer Reihe von Abbauprodukten von Membranlipiden, sogenannten oxidations-spezifischen Epitopen (OSE). OSE finden sich in oxidierten Lipoproteinen und auf der Oberfläche absterbender Zellen, und ihre Fähigkeit inflammatorische und thrombogene Reaktionen auszulösen ist weithin bekannt. Jüngste Studien konnten zeigen, daß OSE spezifische Zielstrukturen für eine Reihe von zellulären und humoralen Rezeptoren des angeborenen Immunsystems darstellen. Dadurch kann das Immunsystem, metabolische Abbaubprodukte erkennen und wichtige physiologische “Haushaltsfunktionen” vermitteln, z.B. durch die kontrollierte Entsorgung abgestorbener Zellen und oxidierten Moleküle. So wurde gezeigt, daß natürliche IgM Antikörper mit Spezifität für OSE Mäuse vor der Entstehung atherosklerotischer Läsionen schützen. So können spezifische natürliche IgM Antikörper die pro-inflammatorischen und pro-thrombotischen Effekte von OSE neutralisieren, währenddessen niedrige Plasmaspiegel OSE-spezifischer IgM Antikörper mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Myokardinfarkt assoziiert sind. Schlussfolgerung: Das Verständnis der molekularen Komponenten und Mechanismen, die an diesem Prozess beteiligt sind, werden in Zukunft dazu beitragen, Personen mit einem erhöhten Risiko für Atherothrombose besser zu identifizieren und möglicherweise neue therapeutische Ansatzpunkte zu definieren.
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Diabetic Atherosclerosis: Herbal Medicines as a Potential Therapeutic Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:9080869. [PMID: 28883907 PMCID: PMC5572632 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9080869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus eventually develop severe coronary atherosclerosis disease. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus increase the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms affecting the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis are still unclear, as are appropriate strategies for the prevention and treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis. In this review, we discuss progress in the study of herbs as potential therapeutic agents for diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Nikiforov NG, Elizova NV, Bukrinsky M, Dubrovsky L, Makeev VJ, Wakabayashi Y, Liu P, Foxx KK, Kruth HS, Jin X, Zakiev ER, Orekhov AN. Use of Primary Macrophages for Searching Novel Immunocorrectors. Curr Pharm Des 2017; 23:915-920. [PMID: 28124601 DOI: 10.2174/1381612823666170125110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this mini-review, the role of macrophage phenotypes in atherogenesis is considered. Recent studies on distribution of M1 and M2 macrophages in different types of atherosclerotic lesions indicate that macrophages exhibit a high degree of plasticity of phenotype in response to various conditions in microenvironment. The effect of the accumulation of cholesterol, a key event in atherogenesis, on the macrophage phenotype is also discussed. The article presents the results of transcriptome analysis of cholesterol-loaded macrophages revealing genes involved in immune response whose expression rate has changed the most. It turned out that the interaction of macrophages with modified LDL leads to higher expression levels of pro-inflammatory marker TNF-α and antiinflammatory marker CCL18. Phenotypic profile of macrophage activation could be a good target for testing of novel anti-atherogenic immunocorrectors. A number of anti-atherogenic drugs were tested as potential immunocorrectors using primary macrophage-based model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita G Nikiforov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia V Elizova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 20037 Washington, DC, United States
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- GW School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, 20037 Washington, DC, United States
| | - Vsevolod J Makeev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119333 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Yoshiyuki Wakabayashi
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Poching Liu
- DNA Sequencing and Genomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kathy K Foxx
- Kalen Biomedical, LLC, 20886 Montgomery Village, MD, United States
| | - Howard S Kruth
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xueting Jin
- Experimental Atherosclerosis Section, Center for Molecular, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute , National Institutes of Health, 20892 Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Emile R Zakiev
- INSERM UMR_S 1166, Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere, University of Pierre and Marie Curie - Paris 6, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation
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Bobryshev YV, Nikiforov NG, Elizova NV, Orekhov AN. Macrophages and Their Contribution to the Development of Atherosclerosis. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:273-298. [PMID: 28455713 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis can be regarded as chronic inflammatory disease driven by lipid accumulation in the arterial wall. Macrophages play a key role in the development of local inflammatory response and atherosclerotic lesion growth. Atherosclerotic plaque is a complex microenvironment, in which different subsets of macrophages coexist executing distinct, although in some cases overlapping functions. According to the classical simplified nomenclature, lesion macrophages can belong to pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated types. While the former promote the inflammatory response and participate in lipid accumulation, the latter are responsible for the inflammation resolution and plaque stabilisation. Atherosclerotic lesion dynamics depends therefore on the balance between these macrophages populations. The diverse functions of macrophages make them an attractive therapeutic target for the development of novel anti-atherosclerotic treatments. In this chapter, we discuss different types of macrophages and their roles in atherosclerotic lesion dynamics and describe the results of several experiments studying macrophage polarisation in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, 2052, Sydney, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia.
| | - Nikita G Nikiforov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Natalia V Elizova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 143025, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 125315, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, 143025, Russia
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Moscow, 101000, Russia
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a considerably increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Intensive glycemic control has essentially failed to significantly improve cardiovascular outcomes in clinical trials. Dyslipidemia is common in diabetes and there is strong evidence that cholesterol lowering improves cardiovascular outcomes, even in patients with apparently unremarkable lipid profiles. Here, the authors review the pathophysiology and implications of the alterations in lipoproteins observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the effect of medications commonly used in the management of diabetes on the lipid profile, the evidence for lifestyle and pharmaceutical interventions, and national and international recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Schofield
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yifen Liu
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Prasanna Rao-Balakrishna
- University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Rayaz A Malik
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Handrean Soran
- University Department of Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Lu M, Gursky O. Aggregation and fusion of low-density lipoproteins in vivo and in vitro. Biomol Concepts 2015; 4:501-18. [PMID: 25197325 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2013-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs, also known as 'bad cholesterol') are the major carriers of circulating cholesterol and the main causative risk factor of atherosclerosis. Plasma LDLs are 20- to 25-nm nanoparticles containing a core of cholesterol esters surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and a single copy of apolipoprotein B (550 kDa). An early sign of atherosclerosis is the accumulation of LDL-derived lipid droplets in the arterial wall. According to the widely accepted 'response-to-retention hypothesis', LDL binding to the extracellular matrix proteoglycans in the arterial intima induces hydrolytic and oxidative modifications that promote LDL aggregation and fusion. This enhances LDL uptake by the arterial macrophages and triggers a cascade of pathogenic responses that culminate in the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Hence, LDL aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation are important early steps in atherogenesis. In vitro, a variety of enzymatic and nonenzymatic modifications of LDL can induce these reactions and thereby provide useful models for their detailed analysis. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the in vivo and in vitro modifications of LDLs leading to their aggregation, fusion, and lipid droplet formation; outline the techniques used to study these reactions; and propose a molecular mechanism that underlies these pro-atherogenic processes. Such knowledge is essential in identifying endogenous and exogenous factors that can promote or prevent LDL aggregation and fusion in vivo and to help establish new potential therapeutic targets to decelerate or even block these pathogenic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, W321, 700 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Máchal J, Pávková-Goldbergová M, Hlinomaz O, Groch L, Vašků A. Patients with chronic three-vessel disease in a 15-year follow-up study: genetic and non-genetic predictors of survival. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e278. [PMID: 25526459 PMCID: PMC4603099 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and non-genetic predictors of 15-year survival in patients with chronic three-vessel disease (3VD) were investigated. Coronary angiography was performed on 810 subjects with symptoms of stable ischemic heart disease in 1998. The patients with 3VD were genotyped for 23 candidate polymorphisms covering the PPAR-RXR pathway, matrix metalloproteinase-2, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, endothelin-1, cytokine genes, MTHFR and APO E variants. Fifteen-year survival data were obtained from the national insurance registry. All data were available in the case of 150 patients with 3VD. Statistical analysis used stepwise Cox regression with dominant, recessive, or additive mode of genetic expression. Involved variables included age, sex, BMI, blood pressure, diabetes, ejection fraction, left main stenosis, previously diagnosed coronary stenosis, myocardial infarction in personal history, and coronary bypass along with polymorphisms pre-selected by log-rank tests. Out of the 23 polymorphisms, four were included in the model construction. SNP in the IL-6 gene rs1800795 (-174 G/C) has been found to be a significant predictor of survival. This SNP was in a linkage disequilibrium with rs1800797 (-597 G/A) in the same gene (D'=1.0), which was also found to constitute a significant predictor of survival when rs1800795 was not included in the model construction. Age, increased BMI, diabetes, low EF, and left main stenosis were also significant predictors in all models. Age, increased BMI, diabetes, low ejection fraction, left main stenosis, and genetic variation in the IL-6 promoter were established as significant independent risk factors for the survival of patients with three-vessel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Máchal
- From the Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic (JM, MPG, AV); International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (JM, LG, OH); and First Department of Internal Medicine - Cardioangiology, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic (OH, LG)
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Sobenin IA, Melnichenko AA, Chistiakov DA. Modified low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of atherosclerosis and type 1 diabetes macrovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12807-41. [PMID: 25050779 PMCID: PMC4139876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Ahmad S, Khan MS, Akhter F, Khan MS, Khan A, Ashraf JM, Pandey RP, Shahab U. Glycoxidation of biological macromolecules: A critical approach to halt the menace of glycation. Glycobiology 2014; 24:979-90. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Rashid S, Sniderman A, Melone M, Brown PE, Otvos JD, Mente A, Schulze K, McQueen MJ, Anand SS, Yusuf S. Elevated cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, a major determinant of the atherogenic dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2014; 22:468-77. [PMID: 24659026 DOI: 10.1177/2047487314528461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Why South Asians are at increased risk of premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases compared with other ethnic groups is not fully understood. Atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia - hypertriglyceridemia, elevated numbers of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) - is more common in South Asians but the mechanisms responsible have not been explicated. Here we examined whether the circulating lipid transfer protein, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), plays a role in the pathogenesis of the atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia among South Asians. METHODS AND RESULTS CETP activity was determined by exogenous substrate assay in the serum of healthy, metabolically well-characterized individuals of South Asian and European descent (N = 244 and 238, respectively). Serum and lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins were measured and lipoprotein particle number and size were quantified via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All the elements of the atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia were more severe in South Asians and CETP activity was significantly greater by 30% in South Asians compared with Europeans, adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and waist circumference (p < 0.0001). CETP activity was directly associated with serum triglycerides and inversely with HDL-C in the whole population. CETP activity was also directly related to apoB and LDL particle number. Finally, increased CETP activity was associated with pro-atherogenic reductions in HDL and LDL particle size. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel associations between elevated CETP activity and the triad of quantitative and qualitative lipoprotein abnormalities in the atherogenic dyslipidemia in South Asians, a major contributor of increased atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases in South Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada
| | | | - Michelle Melone
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Patrick E Brown
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, University of Toronto and Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - James D Otvos
- LipoScience Inc., Wilmington, USA North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Andrew Mente
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Karleen Schulze
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Matthew J McQueen
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Saint John and Halifax, Canada Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hamilton, McMaster University, Canada Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Sun Z, Shen Y, Lu L, Zhang RY, Pu LJ, Zhang Q, Yang ZK, Hu J, Chen QJ, Shen WF. Increased Serum Level of Soluble Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Is Associated With Poor Coronary Collateralization in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease. Circ J 2014; 78:1191-6. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
| | - Ying Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | | | - Li Jin Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
| | | | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
| | - Qiu Jing Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
| | - Wei Feng Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University
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Lipoproteínas modificadas como marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular en la diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:518-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Sánchez-Quesada JL, Vinagre I, De Juan-Franco E, Sánchez-Hernández J, Bonet-Marques R, Blanco-Vaca F, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Pérez A. Impact of the LDL subfraction phenotype on Lp-PLA2 distribution, LDL modification and HDL composition in type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:112. [PMID: 23915379 PMCID: PMC3750253 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Qualitative alterations of lipoproteins underlie the high incidence of atherosclerosis in diabetes. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfraction phenotype on the qualitative characteristics of LDL and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods One hundred twenty two patients with type 2 diabetes in poor glycemic control and 54 healthy subjects were included in the study. Patients were classified according to their LDL subfraction phenotype. Seventy-seven patients presented phenotype A whereas 45 had phenotype B. All control subjects showed phenotype A. Several forms of modified LDL, HDL composition and the activity and distribution of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) were analyzed. Results Oxidized LDL, glycated LDL and electronegative LDL were increased in both groups of patients compared with the control group. Patients with phenotype B had increased oxidized LDL and glycated LDL concentration than patients with phenotype A. HDL composition was abnormal in patients with diabetes, being these abnormalities more marked in patients with phenotype B. Total Lp-PLA2 activity was higher in phenotype B than in phenotype A or in control subjects. The distribution of Lp-PLA2 between HDL and apoB-containing lipoproteins differed in patients with phenotype A and phenotype B, with higher activity associated to apoB-containing lipoproteins in the latter. Conclusions The presence of LDL subfraction phenotype B is associated with increased oxidized LDL, glycated LDL and Lp-PLA2 activity associated to apoB-containing lipoproteins, as well as with abnormal HDL composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Sánchez-Quesada
- Biomedical Research Institute IIB Sant Pau, Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, C/ Antoni Maria Claret, 167, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
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Younis NN, Soran H, Charlton-Menys V, Sharma R, Hama S, Pemberton P, Elseweidy MM, Durrington PN. High-density lipoprotein impedes glycation of low-density lipoprotein. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2013; 10:152-60. [PMID: 22890407 DOI: 10.1177/1479164112454309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) increases its atherogenicity, but whether high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can protect LDL against glycation is not known. LDL and HDL were isolated from 32 volunteers with serum HDL cholesterol concentrations ranging from 0.76 to 2.01 (mean = 1.36) mmol/L. Glycation of LDL was induced by incubation with 0-80 mmol/L glucose for 7 days at 37°C under nitrogen in the presence of and absence of human HDL. Glycation of LDL apolipoprotein B (apoB) doubled at glucose 50 and 80 mmol/L (both p < 0.001), and this increase was ameliorated by HDL. In the absence of glucose, 0.11 (0.01) [mean (standard error, SE)] mg apoB/mg LDL protein was glycated increasing to 0.22 (0.02) mg/mg at glucose 80 mmol/L in the absence of HDL, but remaining at 0.13 (0.01) mg/mg when autologous HDL was present. Heterologous HDL from a further study of 12 healthy participants was similarly effective in impeding LDL apoB glycation. HDL impeded not only glycation but also the lipid peroxidation, free amino group consumption and increased electrophoretic mobility of LDL which accompanied glycation. HDL from participants with higher serum paraoxonase1 (PON1) was more effective in impeding glycation and the related processes. In conclusion, HDL can impede the glucose-induced glycoxidation of LDL. PON1 may be important for this function of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla N Younis
- Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Biomedicine, University of Manchester, UK
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Small dense LDL is more susceptible to glycation than more buoyant LDL in Type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 124:343-9. [PMID: 22985435 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycation of apoB (apolipoprotein B) of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) increases its atherogenicity. Concentrations of both serum glyc-apoB (glycated apoB) and SD-LDL (small dense LDL) (syn LDL3; D=1.044–1.063 g/ml) are increased in diabetes and are closely correlated. We studied whether SD-LDL is more susceptible to glycation in vitro than more buoyant LDL in statin- and non-statin-treated Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Serum SD-LDL apoB and glyc-apoB on statins was 20±2 (means±S.D.) and 3.6±0.41 compared with 47±3 and 5.89±0.68 mg/dl in those not receiving statins (P<0.001 and <0.01, respectively). There was a dose-dependent increase in glycation on incubation of LDL subfractions with glucose, which was accompanied by an increase in LPO (lipid peroxide) and electrophoretic mobility and a decrease in free amino groups. SD-LDL was more susceptible to these changes than more buoyant LDL. Both SD-LDL and more buoyant LDL from statin-treated patients were less susceptible to glycation. There were fewer free amino groups on LDL subfractions from statin-treated patients, which may contribute to this resistance. In conclusion, greater susceptibility of SD-LDL to glycation is likely to contribute to the raised levels of circulating glyc-apoB in diabetes. Statins are associated with lower levels of both SD-LDL and glyc-apoB.
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Younis NN, Durrington PN. HDL functionality in diabetes mellitus: potential importance of glycation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Oliveira CP, Maranhão RC, Bertato MP, Wajchenberg BL, Lerario AC. Removal from the plasma of the free and esterified forms of cholesterol and transfer of lipids to HDL in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:65. [PMID: 22676273 PMCID: PMC3423018 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to investigate new markers for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) dyslipidemia related with LDL and HDL metabolism. Removal from plasma of free and esterified cholesterol transported in LDL and the transfer of lipids to HDL are important aspects of the lipoprotein intravascular metabolism. The plasma kinetics (fractional clearance rate, FCR) and transfers of lipids to HDL were explored in T2DM patients and controls, using as tool a nanoemulsion that mimics LDL lipid structure (LDE). RESULTS 14C- cholesteryl ester FCR of the nanoemulsion was greater in T2DM than in controls (0.07 ± 0.02 vs. 0.05 ± 0.01 h-1, p = 0.02) indicating that LDE was removed faster, but FCR 3 H- cholesterol was equal in both groups. Esterification rates of LDE free-cholesterol were equal. Cholesteryl ester and triglyceride transfer from LDE to HDL was greater in T2DM (4.2 ± 0.8 vs. 3.5 ± 0.7%, p = 0.03 and 6.8 ± 1.6% vs. 5.0 ± 1.1, p = 0.03, respectively). Phospholipid and free cholesterol transfers were not different. CONCLUSIONS The kinetics of free and esterified cholesterol tended to be independent in T2DM patients and the lipid transfers to HDL were also disturbed. These novel findings may be related with pathophysiological mechanisms of diabetic macrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina P Oliveira
- Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Pharmaceutic Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração do HC-FMUSP, Av Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44, CEP- 05423-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina P Bertato
- Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Wajchenberg
- Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Lerario
- Heart Institute (InCor) of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Endocrinology Service of the Medical School Hospital, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Stancu CS, Toma L, Sima AV. Dual role of lipoproteins in endothelial cell dysfunction in atherosclerosis. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 349:433-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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