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Guarnieri JW, Lie T, Albrecht YES, Hewin P, Jurado KA, Widjaja GA, Zhu Y, McManus MJ, Kilbaugh TJ, Keith K, Potluri P, Taylor D, Angelin A, Murdock DG, Wallace DC. Mitochondrial antioxidants abate SARS-COV-2 pathology in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2321972121. [PMID: 39008677 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321972121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection inhibits mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS, mROS) which activates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1α), shifting metabolism toward glycolysis to drive viral biogenesis but also causing the release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and activation of innate immunity. To determine whether mitochondrially targeted antioxidants could mitigate these viral effects, we challenged mice expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with SARS-CoV-2 and intervened using transgenic and pharmacological mitochondrially targeted catalytic antioxidants. Transgenic expression of mitochondrially targeted catalase (mCAT) or systemic treatment with EUK8 decreased weight loss, clinical severity, and circulating levels of mtDNA; as well as reduced lung levels of HIF-1α, viral proteins, and inflammatory cytokines. RNA-sequencing of infected lungs revealed that mCAT and Eukarion 8 (EUK8) up-regulated OXPHOS gene expression and down-regulated HIF-1α and its target genes as well as innate immune gene expression. These data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 pathology can be mitigated by catalytically reducing mROS, potentially providing a unique host-directed pharmacological therapy for COVID-19 which is not subject to viral mutational resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Guarnieri
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Timothy Lie
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yentli E Soto Albrecht
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Peter Hewin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kellie A Jurado
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gabrielle A Widjaja
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Meagan J McManus
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Todd J Kilbaugh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kelsey Keith
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Prasanth Potluri
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Deanne Taylor
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alessia Angelin
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Deborah G Murdock
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- The Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Cwerman-Thibault H, Malko-Baverel V, Le Guilloux G, Ratcliffe E, Mouri D, Torres-Cuevas I, Millán I, Saubaméa B, Mignon V, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Gressens P, Corral-Debrinski M. Neuroglobin overexpression in cerebellar neurons of Harlequin mice improves mitochondrial homeostasis and reduces ataxic behavior. Mol Ther 2024; 32:2150-2175. [PMID: 38796706 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroglobin, a member of the globin superfamily, is abundant in the brain, retina, and cerebellum of mammals and localizes to mitochondria. The protein exhibits neuroprotective capacities by participating in electron transfer, oxygen supply, and protecting against oxidative stress. Our objective was to determine whether neuroglobin overexpression can be used to treat neurological disorders. We chose Harlequin mice, which harbor a retroviral insertion in the first intron of the apoptosis-inducing factor gene resulting in the depletion of the corresponding protein essential for mitochondrial biogenesis. Consequently, Harlequin mice display degeneration of the cerebellum and suffer from progressive blindness and ataxia. Cerebellar ataxia begins in Harlequin mice at the age of 4 months and is characterized by neuronal cell disappearance, bioenergetics failure, and motor and cognitive impairments, which aggravated with aging. Mice aged 2 months received adeno-associated viral vectors harboring the coding sequence of neuroglobin or apoptosis-inducing factor in both cerebellar hemispheres. Six months later, Harlequin mice exhibited substantial improvements in motor and cognitive skills; probably linked to the preservation of respiratory chain function, Purkinje cell numbers and connectivity. Thus, without sharing functional properties with apoptosis-inducing factor, neuroglobin was efficient in reducing ataxia in Harlequin mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Cwerman-Thibault
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Vassilissa Malko-Baverel
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Gwendoline Le Guilloux
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Edward Ratcliffe
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Djmila Mouri
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Isabel Torres-Cuevas
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ivan Millán
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Neonatal Research Group, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Université Paris Cité, Platform of Cellular and Molecular Imaging (PICMO), US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, UMR-S 1144 Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Université Paris Cité, Platform of Cellular and Molecular Imaging (PICMO), US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de Neurologie et Maladies métaboliques, CHU Paris - Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Marisol Corral-Debrinski
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Maladies neurodéveloppementales et neurovasculaires, F-75019 Paris, France.
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3
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Cwerman-Thibault H, Malko-Baverel V, Le Guilloux G, Torres-Cuevas I, Ratcliffe E, Mouri D, Mignon V, Saubaméa B, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Gressens P, Corral-Debrinski M. Harlequin mice exhibit cognitive impairment, severe loss of Purkinje cells and a compromised bioenergetic status due to the absence of Apoptosis Inducing Factor. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167272. [PMID: 38897257 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The functional integrity of the central nervous system relies on complex mechanisms in which the mitochondria are crucial actors because of their involvement in a multitude of bioenergetics and biosynthetic pathways. Mitochondrial diseases are among the most prevalent groups of inherited neurological disorders, affecting up to 1 in 5000 adults and despite considerable efforts around the world there is still limited curative treatments. Harlequin mice correspond to a relevant model of recessive X-linked mitochondrial disease due to a proviral insertion in the first intron of the Apoptosis-inducing factor gene, resulting in an almost complete depletion of the corresponding protein. These mice exhibit progressive degeneration of the retina, optic nerve, cerebellum, and cortical regions leading to irremediable blindness and ataxia, reminiscent of what is observed in patients suffering from mitochondrial diseases. We evaluated the progression of cerebellar degeneration in Harlequin mice, especially for Purkinje cells and its relationship with bioenergetics failure and behavioral damage. For the first time to our knowledge, we demonstrated that Harlequin mice display cognitive and emotional impairments at early stage of the disease with further deteriorations as ataxia aggravates. These functions, corresponding to higher-order cognitive processing, have been assigned to a complex network of reciprocal connections between the cerebellum and many cortical areas which could be dysfunctional in these mice. Consequently, Harlequin mice become a suitable experimental model to test innovative therapeutics, via the targeting of mitochondria which can become available to a large spectrum of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Isabel Torres-Cuevas
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Department of Physiology, University of Valencia, Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 12 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Edward Ratcliffe
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Djmila Mouri
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Mignon
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144 Inserm, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, Platform of Cellular and Molecular Imaging, US25 Inserm, UAR3612 CNRS, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Université de Paris, UMR-S 1144 Inserm, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Odile Boespflug-Tanguy
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de Neurologie et Maladies métaboliques, CHU Paris - Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Gressens
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France
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Autio KJ, Koivisto H, Schmitz W, Puronurmi A, Tanila H, Kastaniotis AJ. Exploration of dietary interventions to treat mitochondrial fatty acid disorders in a mouse model. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 131:109692. [PMID: 38879137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial fatty acids synthesis (mtFAS) is a conserved metabolic pathway essential for mitochondrial respiration. The best characterized mtFAS product is the medium-chain fatty acid octanoate (C8) used as a substrate in the synthesis of lipoic acid (LA), a cofactor required by several mitochondrial enzyme complexes. In humans, mutations in the mtFAS component enoyl reductase MECR cause childhood-onset neurodegenerative disorder MEPAN. A complete deletion of Mecr in mice is embryonically lethal, while selective deletion of Mecr in cerebellar Purkinje cells causes neurodegeneration in these cells. A fundamental question in the research of mtFAS deficiency is if the defect is amenable to treatment by supplementation with known mtFAS products. Here we used the Purkinje-cell specific mtFAS deficiency neurodegeneration model mice to study if feeding the mice with a medium-chain triacylglycerol-rich formula supplemented with LA could slow down or prevent the neurodegeneration in Purkinje cell-specific Mecr KO mice. Feeding started at the age of 4 weeks and continued until the age of 9 months. The neurological status on the mice was assessed at the age of 3, 6, and 9 months with behavioral tests and the state of the Purkinje cell deterioration in the cerebellum was studied histologically. We showed that feeding the mice with medium chain triacylglycerols and LA affected fatty acid profiles in the cerebellum and plasma but did not prevent the development of neurodegeneration in these mice. Our results indicate that dietary supplementation with medium chain fatty acids and LA alone is not an efficient way to treat mtFAS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaija J Autio
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Werner Schmitz
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Puronurmi
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Barros CDS, Coutinho A, Tengan CH. Arginine Supplementation in MELAS Syndrome: What Do We Know about the Mechanisms? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3629. [PMID: 38612442 PMCID: PMC11011289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
MELAS syndrome, characterized by mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes, represents a devastating mitochondrial disease, with the stroke-like episodes being its primary manifestation. Arginine supplementation has been used and recommended as a treatment for these acute attacks; however, insufficient evidence exists to support this treatment for MELAS. The mechanisms underlying the effect of arginine on MELAS pathophysiology remain unclear, although it is hypothesized that arginine could increase nitric oxide availability and, consequently, enhance blood supply to the brain. A more comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is necessary to improve treatment strategies, such as dose and regimen adjustments; identify which patients could benefit the most; and establish potential markers for follow-up. This review aims to analyze the existing evidence concerning the mechanisms through which arginine supplementation impacts MELAS pathophysiology and provide the current scenario and perspectives for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Celia H. Tengan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04039-032, Brazil; (C.D.S.B.); (A.C.)
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6
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Del Dotto V, Musiani F, Baracca A, Solaini G. Variants in Human ATP Synthase Mitochondrial Genes: Biochemical Dysfunctions, Associated Diseases, and Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2239. [PMID: 38396915 PMCID: PMC10889682 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ATP synthase (Complex V) catalyzes the last step of oxidative phosphorylation and provides most of the energy (ATP) required by human cells. The mitochondrial genes MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 encode two subunits of the multi-subunit Complex V. Since the discovery of the first MT-ATP6 variant in the year 1990 as the cause of Neuropathy, Ataxia, and Retinitis Pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome, a large and continuously increasing number of inborn variants in the MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 genes have been identified as pathogenic. Variants in these genes correlate with various clinical phenotypes, which include several neurodegenerative and multisystemic disorders. In the present review, we report the pathogenic variants in mitochondrial ATP synthase genes and highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying ATP synthase deficiency that promote biochemical dysfunctions. We discuss the possible structural changes induced by the most common variants found in patients by considering the recent cryo-electron microscopy structure of human ATP synthase. Finally, we provide the state-of-the-art of all therapeutic proposals reported in the literature, including drug interventions targeting mitochondrial dysfunctions, allotopic gene expression- and nuclease-based strategies, and discuss their potential translation into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Del Dotto
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Francesco Musiani
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Baracca
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Giancarlo Solaini
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Mitochondrial Pathophysiology, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (V.D.D.); (G.S.)
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7
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Chin HL, Lai PS, Tay SKH. A clinical approach to diagnosis and management of mitochondrial myopathies. Neurotherapeutics 2024; 21:e00304. [PMID: 38241155 PMCID: PMC10903095 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurot.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the different types of mitochondrial myopathies (MM), associated phenotypes, genotypes as well as a practical clinical approach towards disease diagnosis, surveillance, and management. nDNA-related MM are more common in pediatric-onset disease whilst mtDNA-related MMs are more frequent in adults. Genotype-phenotype correlation in MM is challenging due to clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The multisystemic nature of many MMs adds to the diagnostic challenge. Diagnostic approaches utilizing genetic sequencing with next generation sequencing approaches such as gene panel, exome and genome sequencing are available. This aids molecular diagnosis, heteroplasmy detection in MM patients and furthers knowledge of known mitochondrial genes. Precise disease diagnosis can end the diagnostic odyssey for patients, avoid unnecessary testing, provide prognosis, facilitate anticipatory management, and enable access to available therapies or clinical trials. Adjunctive tests such as functional and exercise testing could aid surveillance of MM patients. Management requires a multi-disciplinary approach, systemic screening for comorbidities, cofactor supplementation, avoidance of substances that inhibit the respiratory chain and exercise training. This update of the current understanding on MMs provides practical perspectives on current diagnostic and management approaches for this complex group of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Chin
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Poh San Lai
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stacey Kiat Hong Tay
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Neurology, Department of Paediatrics, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, Singapore.
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8
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Wei Y, Jin M, Huang S, Yao F, Ren N, Xu K, Li S, Gao P, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Yang H, Li W, Xu C, Zhang M, Wang X. Enhanced C-To-T and A-To-G Base Editing in Mitochondrial DNA with Engineered DdCBE and TALED. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304113. [PMID: 37984866 PMCID: PMC10797475 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial base editing with DddA-derived cytosine base editor (DdCBE) is limited in the accessible target sequences and modest activity. Here, the optimized DdCBE tools is presented with improved editing activity and expanded C-to-T targeting scope by fusing DddA11 variant with different cytosine deaminases with single-strand DNA activity. Compared to previous DdCBE based on DddA11 variant alone, fusion of the activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) from Xenopus laevis not only permits cytosine editing of 5'-GC-3' sequence, but also elevates editing efficiency at 5'-TC-3', 5'-CC-3', and 5'-GC-3' targets by up to 25-, 10-, and 6-fold, respectively. Furthermore, the A-to-G editing efficiency is significantly improved by fusing the evolved DddA6 variant with TALE-linked deoxyadenosine deaminase (TALED). Notably, the authors introduce the reported high-fidelity mutations in DddA and add nuclear export signal (NES) sequences in DdCBE and TALED to reduce off-target editing in the nuclear and mitochondrial genome while improving on-target editing efficiency in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Finally, these engineered mitochondrial base editors are shown to be efficient in installing mtDNA mutations in human cells or mouse embryos for disease modeling. Collectively, the study shows broad implications for the basic study and therapeutic applications of optimized DdCBE and TALED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Wei
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- School of Future Technology on Bio‐BreedingCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology of First Affiliated HospitalInstitute of Neuroscience, and Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular NeurologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujian350004China
| | - Shuhong Huang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Fangyao Yao
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Ningxin Ren
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd.Shanghai200131China
| | - Kun Xu
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Shangpu Li
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Yingsi Zhou
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd.Shanghai200131China
| | - Yulin Chen
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- School of Future Technology on Bio‐BreedingCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
| | - Hui Yang
- HuidaGene Therapeutics Co., Ltd.Shanghai200131China
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceShanghai201602China
| | - Wen Li
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Chunlong Xu
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Inspired IntelligenceShanghai201602China
| | - Meiling Zhang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200030China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- International Joint Agriculture Research Center for Animal Bio‐Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
- School of Future Technology on Bio‐BreedingCollege of Animal Science and TechnologyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxi712100China
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9
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DiVito D, Wellik A, Burfield J, Peterson J, Flickinger J, Tindall A, Albanowski K, Vishnubhatt S, MacMullen L, Martin I, Muraresku C, McCormick E, George-Sankoh I, McCormack S, Goldstein A, Ganetzky R, Yudkoff M, Xiao R, Falk MJ, R Mascarenhas M, Zolkipli-Cunningham Z. Optimized Nutrition in Mitochondrial Disease Correlates to Improved Muscle Fatigue, Strength, and Quality of Life. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1723-1745. [PMID: 37723406 PMCID: PMC10684455 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to prospectively characterize the nutritional status of adults ≥ 19 years (n = 22, 27% males) and children (n = 38, 61% male) with genetically-confirmed primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) to guide development of precision nutritional support strategies to be tested in future clinical trials. We excluded subjects who were exclusively tube-fed. Daily caloric requirements were estimated using World Health Organization (WHO) equations to predict resting energy expenditure (REE) multiplied by an activity factor (AF) based on individual activity levels. We developed a Mitochondrial Disease Activity Factors (MOTIVATOR) score to encompass the impact of muscle fatigue typical of PMD on physical activity levels. PMD cohort daily diet intake was estimated to be 1,143 ± 104.1 kcal in adults (mean ± SEM, 76.2% of WHO-MOTIVATOR predicted requirement), and 1,114 ± 62.3 kcal in children (86.4% predicted). A total of 11/22 (50%) adults and 18/38 (47.4%) children with PMD consumed ≤ 75% predicted daily Kcal needs. Malnutrition was identified in 16/60 (26.7%) PMD subjects. Increased protein and fat intake correlated with improved muscle strength in those with insufficient daily Kcal intake (≤ 75% predicted); higher protein and fat intake correlated with decreased muscle fatigue; and higher protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake correlated with improved quality of life (QoL). These data demonstrate the frequent occurrence of malnutrition in PMD and emphasize the critical need to devise nutritional interventions to optimize clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna DiVito
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Wellik
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica Burfield
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Peterson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jean Flickinger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alyssa Tindall
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Albanowski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shailee Vishnubhatt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura MacMullen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colleen Muraresku
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCormick
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ibrahim George-Sankoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shana McCormack
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Ganetzky
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc Yudkoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria R Mascarenhas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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McCormick EM, Keller K, Taylor JP, Coffey AJ, Shen L, Krotoski D, Harding B, Gai X, Falk MJ, Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Rahman S. Expert Panel Curation of 113 Primary Mitochondrial Disease Genes for the Leigh Syndrome Spectrum. Ann Neurol 2023; 94:696-712. [PMID: 37255483 PMCID: PMC10763625 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) are heterogeneous disorders caused by inherited mitochondrial dysfunction. Classically defined neuropathologically as subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy, Leigh syndrome spectrum (LSS) is the most frequent manifestation of PMD in children, but may also present in adults. A major challenge for accurate diagnosis of LSS in the genomic medicine era is establishing gene-disease relationships (GDRs) for this syndrome with >100 monogenic causes across both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. METHODS The Clinical Genome Resource (ClinGen) Mitochondrial Disease Gene Curation Expert Panel (GCEP), comprising 40 international PMD experts, met monthly for 4 years to review GDRs for LSS. The GCEP standardized gene curation for LSS by refining the phenotypic definition, modifying the ClinGen Gene-Disease Clinical Validity Curation Framework to improve interpretation for LSS, and establishing a scoring rubric for LSS. RESULTS The GDR with LSS across the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes was classified as definitive for 31 of 114 GDRs curated (27%), moderate for 38 (33%), limited for 43 (38%), and disputed for 2 (2%). Ninety genes were associated with autosomal recessive inheritance, 16 were maternally inherited, 5 were autosomal dominant, and 3 were X-linked. INTERPRETATION GDRs for LSS were established for genes across both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Establishing these GDRs will allow accurate variant interpretation, expedite genetic diagnosis of LSS, and facilitate precision medicine, multisystem organ surveillance, recurrence risk counseling, reproductive choice, natural history studies, and determination of eligibility for interventional clinical trials. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:696-712.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M. McCormick
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kierstin Keller
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Pathology, CHOP, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie P. Taylor
- Illumina Clinical Services Laboratory, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alison J. Coffey
- Illumina Clinical Services Laboratory, Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lishuang Shen
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Danuta Krotoski
- IDDB/NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Harding
- Departments of Pathology and Lab Medicine (Neuropathology), Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Xiaowu Gai
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Marni J. Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shamima Rahman
- Mitochondrial Research Group, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, and Metabolic Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Muthusamy K, Sivadasan A, Dixon L, Sudhakar S, Thomas M, Danda S, Wszolek ZK, Wierenga K, Dhamija R, Gavrilova R. Adult-onset leukodystrophies: a practical guide, recent treatment updates, and future directions. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1219324. [PMID: 37564735 PMCID: PMC10410460 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1219324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset leukodystrophies though individually rare are not uncommon. This group includes several disorders with isolated adult presentations, as well as several childhood leukodystrophies with attenuated phenotypes that present at a later age. Misdiagnoses often occur due to the clinical and radiological overlap with common acquired disorders such as infectious, immune, inflammatory, vascular, metabolic, and toxic etiologies. Increased prevalence of non-specific white matter changes in adult population poses challenges during diagnostic considerations. Clinico-radiological spectrum and molecular landscape of adult-onset leukodystrophies have not been completely elucidated at this time. Diagnostic approach is less well-standardized when compared to the childhood counterpart. Absence of family history and reduced penetrance in certain disorders frequently create a dilemma. Comprehensive evaluation and molecular confirmation when available helps in prognostication, early initiation of treatment in certain disorders, enrollment in clinical trials, and provides valuable information for the family for reproductive counseling. In this review article, we aimed to formulate an approach to adult-onset leukodystrophies that will be useful in routine practice, discuss common adult-onset leukodystrophies with usual and unusual presentations, neuroimaging findings, recent advances in treatment, acquired mimics, and provide an algorithm for comprehensive clinical, radiological, and genetic evaluation that will facilitate early diagnosis and consider active treatment options when available. A high index of suspicion, awareness of the clinico-radiological presentations, and comprehensive genetic evaluation are paramount because treatment options are available for several disorders when diagnosed early in the disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Ajith Sivadasan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, India
| | - Luke Dixon
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College, NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sniya Sudhakar
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Thomas
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Christian Medical College, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, India
| | - Sumita Danda
- Department of Medical Genetics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Klaas Wierenga
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Radhika Dhamija
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Ralitza Gavrilova
- Department of Clinical Genomics and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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12
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Sahasrabudhe SA, Terluk MR, Kartha RV. N-acetylcysteine Pharmacology and Applications in Rare Diseases-Repurposing an Old Antioxidant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1316. [PMID: 37507857 PMCID: PMC10376274 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of cysteine and, thereby, glutathione (GSH), acts as an antioxidant through a variety of mechanisms, including oxidant scavenging, GSH replenishment, antioxidant signaling, etc. Owing to the variety of proposed targets, NAC has a long history of use as a prescription product and in wide-ranging applications that are off-label as an over-the-counter (OTC) product. Despite its discovery in the early 1960s and its development for various indications, systematic clinical pharmacology explorations of NAC pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamic targets, drug interactions, and dose-ranging are sorely limited. Although there are anecdotal instances of NAC benefits in a variety of diseases, a comprehensive review of the use of NAC in rare diseases does not exist. In this review, we attempt to summarize the existing literature focused on NAC explorations in rare diseases targeting mitochondrial dysfunction along with the history of NAC usage, approved indications, mechanisms of action, safety, and PK characterization. Further, we introduce the research currently underway on other structural derivatives of NAC and acknowledge the continuum of efforts through pre-clinical and clinical research to facilitate further therapeutic development of NAC or its derivatives for rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhee A Sahasrabudhe
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcia R Terluk
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Reena V Kartha
- Center for Orphan Drug Research, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Rm 4-214, McGuire Translational Research Facility, 2001 6th St. SE, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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13
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Haroon S, Yoon H, Seiler C, Osei-Frimpong B, He J, Nair RM, Mathew ND, Burg L, Kose M, Venkata CRM, Anderson VE, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. N-acetylcysteine and cysteamine bitartrate prevent azide-induced neuromuscular decompensation by restoring glutathione balance in two novel surf1-/- zebrafish deletion models of Leigh syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1988-2004. [PMID: 36795052 PMCID: PMC10244219 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SURF1 deficiency (OMIM # 220110) causes Leigh syndrome (LS, OMIM # 256000), a mitochondrial disorder typified by stress-induced metabolic strokes, neurodevelopmental regression and progressive multisystem dysfunction. Here, we describe two novel surf1-/- zebrafish knockout models generated by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. While gross larval morphology, fertility, and survival into adulthood appeared unaffected, surf1-/- mutants manifested adult-onset ocular anomalies and decreased swimming activity, as well as classical biochemical hallmarks of human SURF1 disease, including reduced complex IV expression and enzymatic activity and increased tissue lactate. surf1-/- larvae also demonstrated oxidative stress and stressor hypersensitivity to the complex IV inhibitor, azide, which exacerbated their complex IV deficiency, reduced supercomplex formation, and induced acute neurodegeneration typical of LS including brain death, impaired neuromuscular responses, reduced swimming activity, and absent heartrate. Remarkably, prophylactic treatment of surf1-/- larvae with either cysteamine bitartrate or N-acetylcysteine, but not other antioxidants, significantly improved animal resiliency to stressor-induced brain death, swimming and neuromuscular dysfunction, and loss of heartbeat. Mechanistic analyses demonstrated cysteamine bitartrate pretreatment did not improve complex IV deficiency, ATP deficiency, or increased tissue lactate but did reduce oxidative stress and restore glutathione balance in surf1-/- animals. Overall, two novel surf1-/- zebrafish models recapitulate the gross neurodegenerative and biochemical hallmarks of LS, including azide stressor hypersensitivity that was associated with glutathione deficiency and ameliorated by cysteamine bitartrate or N-acetylcysteine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Haroon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Heeyong Yoon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Zebrafish Core, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce Osei-Frimpong
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie He
- Scheie Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rohini M Nair
- Scheie Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leonard Burg
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melis Kose
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chavali R M Venkata
- Scheie Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vernon E Anderson
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Osteraas ND, Dafer RM. Advances in Management of the Stroke Etiology One-Percenters. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:301-325. [PMID: 37247169 PMCID: PMC10225785 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Uncommon causes of stroke merit specific attention; when clinicians have less common etiologies of stoke in mind, the diagnosis may come more easily. This is key, as optimal management will in many cases differs significantly from "standard" care. RECENT FINDINGS Randomized controlled trials (RCT) on the best medical therapy in the treatment of cervical artery dissection (CeAD) have demonstrated low rates of ischemia with both antiplatelet and vitamin K antagonism. RCT evidence supports the use of anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonism in "high-risk" patients with antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLAS), and there is new evidence supporting the utilization of direct oral anticoagulation in malignancy-associated thrombosis. Migraine with aura has been more conclusively linked not only with increased risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, but also with cardiovascular mortality. Recent literature has surprisingly not provided support the utilization of L-arginine in the treatment of patients with mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); however, there is evidence at this time that support use of enzyme replacement in patients with Fabry disease. Additional triggers for reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) have been identified, such as capsaicin. Imaging of cerebral blood vessel walls utilizing contrast-enhanced MRA is an emerging modality that may ultimately prove to be very useful in the evaluation of patients with uncommon causes of stroke. A plethora of associations between cerebrovascular disease and COVID-19 have been described. Where pertinent, authors provide additional tips and guidance. Less commonly encountered conditions with updates in diagnosis, and management along with clinical tips are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rima M Dafer
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison St., Suite 1118, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Karaa A, Klopstock T. Clinical trials in mitochondrial diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:229-250. [PMID: 36813315 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases are some of the most common and complex inherited inborn errors of metabolism. Their molecular and phenotypic diversity has led to difficulties in finding disease-modifying therapies and clinical trial efforts have been slow due to multiple significant challenges. Lack of robust natural history data, difficulties in finding specific biomarkers, absence of well-validated outcome measures, and small patient numbers have made clinical trial design and conduct difficult. Encouragingly, new interest in treating mitochondrial dysfunction in common diseases and regulatory incentives to develop therapies for rare conditions have led to significant interest and efforts to develop drugs for primary mitochondrial diseases. Here, we review past and present clinical trials and future strategies of drug development in primary mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Karaa
- Mitochondrial Disease Program, Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Baur-Institute, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; German Network for mitochondrial disorders (mitoNET), Munich, Germany
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16
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Kornblum C, Lamperti C, Parikh S. Currently available therapies in mitochondrial disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 194:189-206. [PMID: 36813313 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821751-1.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of multisystem disorders caused by impaired mitochondrial function. These disorders occur at any age and involve any tissue, typically affecting organs highly dependent on aerobic metabolism. Diagnosis and management are extremely difficult due to various underlying genetic defects and a wide range of clinical symptoms. Preventive care and active surveillance are strategies to try to reduce morbidity and mortality by timely treatment of organ-specific complications. More specific interventional therapies are in early phases of development and no effective treatment or cure currently exists. A variety of dietary supplements have been utilized based on biological logic. For several reasons, few randomized controlled trials have been completed to assess the efficacy of these supplements. The majority of the literature on supplement efficacy represents case reports, retrospective analyses and open-label studies. We briefly review selected supplements that have some degree of clinical research support. In mitochondrial diseases, potential triggers of metabolic decompensation or medications that are potentially toxic to mitochondrial function should be avoided. We shortly summarize current recommendations on safe medication in mitochondrial diseases. Finally, we focus on the frequent and debilitating symptoms of exercise intolerance and fatigue and their management including physical training strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Kornblum
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Disease Section, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Center for Pediatric Neurosciences, Mitochondrial Medicine & Neurogenetics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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17
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Gain C, Song S, Angtuaco T, Satta S, Kelesidis T. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of infections with coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1111930. [PMID: 36713204 PMCID: PMC9880066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses can cause serious respiratory tract infections and may also impact other end organs such as the central nervous system, the lung and the heart. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had a devastating impact on humanity. Understanding the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of coronavirus infections, will set the foundation for development of new treatments to attenuate the impact of infections with coronaviruses on host cells and tissues. During infection of host cells, coronaviruses trigger an imbalance between increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced antioxidant host responses that leads to increased redox stress. Subsequently, increased redox stress contributes to reduced antiviral host responses and increased virus-induced inflammation and apoptosis that ultimately drive cell and tissue damage and end organ disease. However, there is limited understanding how different coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2, manipulate cellular machinery that drives redox responses. This review aims to elucidate the redox mechanisms involved in the replication of coronaviruses and associated inflammation, apoptotic pathways, autoimmunity, vascular dysfunction and tissue damage that collectively contribute to multiorgan damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Theodoros Kelesidis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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18
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Camacho-Caballero K, Malaga M, Peixoto de Barcelos I, Prentice AF, Berkowitz AL. A 47-Year-Old Man Presenting With Seizures and Prior Stroke. Neurohospitalist 2023; 13:74-77. [PMID: 36531844 PMCID: PMC9755623 DOI: 10.1177/19418744221122877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A 47-year-old man presented to his local hospital in Peru after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. His family reported a history of prior stroke of unclear etiology. This case report discusses the approach to a first seizure (including in tropical regions like Peru), the relationship between stroke and seizures, the approach to stroke in the young, and how to diagnose rare diseases in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara Camacho-Caballero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, CHANGE Research Working Group Lima, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
- Grupo Estudiantil de Investigación en Neurociencias, SOCIEM-USMP, Lima, Perú
| | - Marco Malaga
- Grupo Estudiantil de Investigación en Neurociencias, SOCIEM-USMP, Lima, Perú
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú
| | - Isabella Peixoto de Barcelos
- Center for Applied Genomics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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19
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Bharathidasan K, Evans A, Fernandez FMAO, Motes AT, Nugent K. Mitochondrial Myopathy in a 21-Year-Old Man Presenting With Bilateral Lower Extremity Weakness and Swelling. J Prim Care Community Health 2023; 14:21501319231172697. [PMID: 37162197 PMCID: PMC10184240 DOI: 10.1177/21501319231172697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bilateral lower extremity weakness and swelling can have several causes. Although often underdiagnosed, mitochondrial myopathy is more prevalent in the general population than more commonly suspected diseases, such as Guillain-Barre syndrome. The clinical manifestations of mitochondrial disease can be broadly classified into 3 categories: chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, skeletal muscle-central nervous system syndromes, or pure myopathy. Cardiac abnormalities occur in 30% to 32% of cases, mostly in the form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy, or conduction abnormalities. We report a case of a 21-year-old student who developed bilateral lower limb weakness, pain, and swelling diagnosed with mitochondrial myopathy on muscle biopsy. Initial laboratory tests revealed elevated creatinine kinase, brain natriuretic peptide, troponin, myoglobin, and lactic acid and reduced serum bicarbonate. Cardiac workup revealed systolic heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. Endomyocardial biopsy revealed punctate foci of lymphocytic myocarditis. However, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal either myocarditis or an infiltrative cardiac disease. An extensive autoimmune and infection work-up was negative. A muscle biopsy from the patient's rectus femoris revealed scattered ragged-blue fibers (stained with NADH dehydrogenase), scattered ragged-red fibers on modified Gomori trichrome stain, and cytochrome-c oxidase negative fibers with increased perimysial and endomysial connective tissue, consistent with active and chronic primary mitochondrial myopathy. The patient was treated successfully with furosemide, metoprolol, and methylprednisolone. Adult-onset mitochondrial myopathy is a rare clinical disorder, and our experience stresses the importance of using an inter-disciplinary team approach to diagnose uncommon clinical disorders with widely variable multisystem involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abbie Evans
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Kenneth Nugent
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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20
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Starosta RT, Shinawi M. Primary Mitochondrial Disorders in the Neonate. Neoreviews 2022; 23:e796-e812. [PMID: 36450643 DOI: 10.1542/neo.23-12-e796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disorders (PMDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by functional or structural abnormalities in the mitochondria that lead to a disturbance of cellular energy, reactive oxygen species, and free radical production, as well as impairment of other intracellular metabolic functions, causing single- or multiorgan dysfunction. PMDs are caused by pathogenic variants in nuclear and mitochondrial genes, resulting in distinct modes of inheritance. Onset of disease is variable and can occur in the neonatal period, with a high morbidity and mortality. In this article, we review the most common methods used for the diagnosis of PMDs, as well as their prenatal and neonatal presentations. We highlight the shift in the diagnostic approach for PMDs since the introduction of nontargeted molecular tests into clinical practice, which has significantly reduced the use of invasive studies. We discuss common PMDs that can present in the neonate, including general, nonsyndromic presentations as well as specific syndromic disorders. We also review current treatment advances, including the use of mitochondrial "cocktails" based on limited scientific evidence and theoretical reasoning, as well as the impending arrival of personalized mitochondrial-specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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21
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Elander J, McCormick EM, Värendh M, Stenfeldt K, Ganetzky RD, Goldstein A, Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, MacMullen LE, Xiao R, Falk MJ, Ehinger JK. Pathogenic mtDNA variants, in particular single large-scale mtDNA deletions, are strongly associated with post-lingual onset sensorineural hearing loss in primary mitochondrial disease. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 137:230-238. [PMID: 36182714 PMCID: PMC9881581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this retrospective cohort study of 193 consecutive subjects with primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) seen at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, we assessed prevalence, severity, and time of onset of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) for PMD cases with different genetic etiologies. Subjects were grouped by genetic diagnosis: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) pathogenic variants, single large-scale mtDNA deletions (SLSMD), or nuclear DNA (nDNA) pathogenic variants. SNHL was audiometrically confirmed in 27% of PMD subjects (20% in mtDNA pathogenic variants, 58% in SLSMD and 25% in nDNA pathogenic variants). SLSMD had the highest odds ratio for SNHL. SNHL onset was post-lingual in 79% of PMD cases, interestingly including all cases with mtDNA pathogenic variants and SLSMD, which was significantly different from PMD cases caused by nDNA pathogenic variants. SNHL onset during school age was predominant in this patient population. Regular audiologic assessment is important for PMD patients, and PMD of mtDNA etiology should be considered as a differential diagnosis in pediatric patients and young adults with post-lingual SNHL onset, particularly in the setting of multi-system clinical involvement. Pathogenic mtDNA variants and SLSMD are less likely etiologies in subjects with congenital, pre-lingual onset SNHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Elander
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth M McCormick
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Maria Värendh
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Stenfeldt
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Logopedics, Phoniatrics and Audiology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rebecca D Ganetzky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Laura E MacMullen
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19146, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA.
| | - Johannes K Ehinger
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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22
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Broxton CN, Kaur P, Lavorato M, Ganesh S, Xiao R, Mathew ND, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Anderson VE, Falk MJ. Dichloroacetate and thiamine improve survival and mitochondrial stress in a C. elegans model of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156222. [PMID: 36278487 PMCID: PMC9714793 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency is a recessive mitochondrial disorder caused by depletion of DLD from α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. Caenorhabditis elegans animal models of DLD deficiency generated by graded feeding of dld-1(RNAi) revealed that full or partial reduction of DLD-1 expression recapitulated increased pyruvate levels typical of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex deficiency and significantly altered animal survival and health, with reductions in brood size, adult length, and neuromuscular function. DLD-1 deficiency dramatically increased mitochondrial unfolded protein stress response induction and adaptive mitochondrial proliferation. While ATP levels were reduced, respiratory chain enzyme activities and in vivo mitochondrial membrane potential were not significantly altered. DLD-1 depletion directly correlated with the induction of mitochondrial stress and impairment of worm growth and neuromuscular function. The safety and efficacy of dichloroacetate, thiamine, riboflavin, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR), l-carnitine, and lipoic acid supplemental therapies empirically used for human DLD disease were objectively evaluated by life span and mitochondrial stress response studies. Only dichloroacetate and thiamine showed individual and synergistic therapeutic benefits. Collectively, these C. elegans dld-1(RNAi) animal model studies demonstrate the translational relevance of preclinical modeling of disease mechanisms and therapeutic candidates. Results suggest that clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dichloroacetate and thiamine in human DLD disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chynna N. Broxton
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Manuela Lavorato
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Smruthi Ganesh
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Neal D. Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vernon E. Anderson
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marni J. Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Rodrigues KF, Yong WTL, Bhuiyan MSA, Siddiquee S, Shah MD, Venmathi Maran BA. Current Understanding on the Genetic Basis of Key Metabolic Disorders: A Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11091308. [PMID: 36138787 PMCID: PMC9495729 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Metabolic disorders (MD) are a challenge to healthcare systems; the emergence of the modern socio-economic system has led to a profound change in lifestyles in terms of dietary habits, exercise regimens, and behavior, all of which complement the genetic factors associated with MD. Diabetes Mellitus and Familial hypercholesterolemia are two of the 14 most widely researched MD, as they pose the greatest challenge to the public healthcare system and have an impact on productivity and the economy. Research findings have led to the development of new therapeutic molecules for the mitigation of MD as well as the invention of experimental strategies, which target the genes themselves via gene editing and RNA interference. Although these approaches may herald the emergence of a new toolbox to treat MD, the current therapeutic approaches still heavily depend on substrate reduction, dietary restrictions based on genetic factors, exercise, and the maintenance of good mental health. The development of orphan drugs for the less common MD such as Krabbe, Farber, Fabry, and Gaucher diseases, remains in its infancy, owing to the lack of investment in research and development, and this has driven the development of personalized therapeutics based on gene silencing and related technologies. Abstract Advances in data acquisition via high resolution genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic platforms have driven the discovery of the underlying factors associated with metabolic disorders (MD) and led to interventions that target the underlying genetic causes as well as lifestyle changes and dietary regulation. The review focuses on fourteen of the most widely studied inherited MD, which are familial hypercholesterolemia, Gaucher disease, Hunter syndrome, Krabbe disease, Maple syrup urine disease, Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Mitochondrial encephalopathy lactic acidosis stroke-like episodes (MELAS), Niemann-Pick disease, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Porphyria, Tay-Sachs disease, Wilson’s disease, Familial hypertriglyceridemia (F-HTG) and Galactosemia based on genome wide association studies, epigenetic factors, transcript regulation, post-translational genetic modifications and biomarker discovery through metabolomic studies. We will delve into the current approaches being undertaken to analyze metadata using bioinformatic approaches and the emerging interventions using genome editing platforms as applied to animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.F.R.); (B.A.V.M.); Tel.: +60-16-2096905 (B.A.V.M.)
| | - Wilson Thau Lym Yong
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (K.F.R.); (B.A.V.M.); Tel.: +60-16-2096905 (B.A.V.M.)
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24
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Valverde KD, McCormick EM, Falk MJ. Qualitative exploration of the lived experience of adults diagnosed with primary mitochondrial disease. JIMD Rep 2022; 63:494-507. [PMID: 36101828 PMCID: PMC9458611 DOI: 10.1002/jmd2.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary mitochondrial disease (PMD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of energy deficiency disorders that are typically progressive, with affected individuals experiencing an average of 16 multisystem symptoms. Clinical trials are emerging, but current treatment options remain limited. In PMD, the effect of specific disease factors and their relationship to meaning‐based coping has not been studied. Given the connection between prognostic uncertainty and psychological distress in other patient populations, we explored the lived experience of adults with PMD. Adults with PMD caused by pathogenic variant(s) in nuclear or mitochondrial genes impairing mitochondrial function were interviewed. Interview questions addressed the lived experience with PMD, diagnostic journey, practical learnings at the time of diagnosis, suggestions for supportive information to provide at diagnosis, diagnosis impact on daily living and self‐care, and sources of support and hope. Focus group transcripts were analyzed using thematic analysis. Four themes (diagnostic challenges, adaptations to daily living, social implications, and meaning‐based coping) and several subthemes (the importance of being hopeful and benefit finding) emerged. Most participants reported strong family support (9/14) and identified a benefit (9/14) derived from their PMD diagnosis, while (5/14) did not identify any benefits. Benefit finding, reframing, and maintaining a positive attitude emerged as common coping in adults living with PMD. Understanding how adults with PMD cope is essential to provide anticipatory guidance and ongoing support for those struggling with their disease diagnosis, progression, and broader life impact. Our findings suggest that adult PMD patients prefer healthcare providers to inquire about their emotional well‐being and meaning based coping with PMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D. Valverde
- Master of Science in Genetic Counseling Program University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Genetics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Elizabeth M. McCormick
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | - Marni J. Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Department of Pediatrics University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
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25
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Lavorato M, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Mathew ND, Herman E, Shah NK, Haroon S, Xiao R, Seiler C, Falk MJ. Dichloroacetate improves mitochondrial function, physiology, and morphology in FBXL4 disease models. JCI Insight 2022; 7:156346. [PMID: 35881484 PMCID: PMC9462489 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in the human F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 4 (FBXL4) gene result in an autosomal recessive, multisystemic, mitochondrial disorder involving variable mitochondrial depletion and respiratory chain complex deficiencies with lactic acidemia. As no FDA-approved effective therapies for this disease exist, we sought to characterize translational C. elegans and zebrafish animal models, as well as human fibroblasts, to study FBXL4–/– disease mechanisms and identify preclinical therapeutic leads. Developmental delay, impaired fecundity and neurologic and/or muscular activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered lactate metabolism were identified in fbxl-1(ok3741) C. elegans. Detailed studies of a PDHc activator, dichloroacetate (DCA), in fbxl-1(ok3741)C. elegans demonstrated its beneficial effects on fecundity, neuromotor activity, and mitochondrial function. Validation studies were performed in fbxl4sa12470 zebrafish larvae and in FBXL4–/– human fibroblasts; they showed DCA efficacy in preventing brain death, impairment of neurologic and/or muscular function, mitochondrial biochemical dysfunction, and stress-induced morphologic and ultrastructural mitochondrial defects. These data demonstrate that fbxl-1(ok3741) C. elegans and fbxl4sa12470 zebrafish provide robust translational models to study mechanisms and identify preclinical therapeutic candidates for FBXL4–/– disease. Furthermore, DCA is a lead therapeutic candidate with therapeutic benefit on diverse aspects of survival, neurologic and/or muscular function, and mitochondrial physiology that warrants rigorous clinical trial study in humans with FBXL4–/– disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Lavorato
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Herman
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Nina K Shah
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Suraiya Haroon
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Aquatics Core Facility, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
| | - Marni J Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, United States of America
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26
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Emmett M. Review of Clinical Disorders Causing Metabolic Acidosis. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2022; 29:355-363. [PMID: 36175073 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The various mechanisms responsible for the development of metabolic acidosis are briefly reviewed, and the metabolic acidoses are categorized both by mechanism and by the presence or absence of an increased anion gap. When a diagnosis of metabolic acidosis is established, it becomes imperative to identify the primary causative etiology as quickly as possible. This is often readily apparent from the history and physical exam (ie, diabetic ketoacidosis when the glucose is very high in a patient with diabetes mellitus; lactic acidosis in a patient with sepsis and hypotension, etc.). However, when the etiology is not obvious, it is very helpful to determine if the metabolic acidosis is of the hyperchloremic or high-anion-gap type (or a combination of both). Once this categorization has been established, a stepwise consideration of each of the potential causative etiologies will usually direct the clinician to order the appropriate diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Emmett
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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27
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Burns W, Chaudhari BP, Haffner DN. Neurogenetic and Metabolic Mimics of Common Neonatal Neurological Disorders. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2022; 42:100972. [PMID: 35868729 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2022.100972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenetic and metabolic diseases often present in the neonatal period, masquerading as other disorders, most commonly as neonatal encephalopathy and seizures. Advancements in our understanding of inborn errors of metabolism are leading to an increasing number of therapeutic options. Many of these treatments can improve long-term neurodevelopment and seizure control. However, the treatments are frequently condition-specific. A high index of suspicion is required for prompt identification and treatment. When suspected, simultaneous metabolic and molecular testing are recommended along with concurrent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Burns
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH.
| | - Bimal P Chaudhari
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Division of Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Darrah N Haffner
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH; Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
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28
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Assessment of Dietary Patterns and Supplement Use in Mitochondrial Disease. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:461-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Ng YS, Lim AZ, Panagiotou G, Turnbull DM, Walker M. Endocrine Manifestations and New Developments in Mitochondrial Disease. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:583-609. [PMID: 35552684 PMCID: PMC9113134 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases are a group of common inherited diseases causing disruption of oxidative phosphorylation. Some patients with mitochondrial disease have endocrine manifestations, with diabetes mellitus being predominant but also include hypogonadism, hypoadrenalism, and hypoparathyroidism. There have been major developments in mitochondrial disease over the past decade that have major implications for all patients. The collection of large cohorts of patients has better defined the phenotype of mitochondrial diseases and the majority of patients with endocrine abnormalities have involvement of several other systems. This means that patients with mitochondrial disease and endocrine manifestations need specialist follow-up because some of the other manifestations, such as stroke-like episodes and cardiomyopathy, are potentially life threatening. Also, the development and follow-up of large cohorts of patients means that there are clinical guidelines for the management of patients with mitochondrial disease. There is also considerable research activity to identify novel therapies for the treatment of mitochondrial disease. The revolution in genetics, with the introduction of next-generation sequencing, has made genetic testing more available and establishing a precise genetic diagnosis is important because it will affect the risk for involvement for different organ systems. Establishing a genetic diagnosis is also crucial because important reproductive options have been developed that will prevent the transmission of mitochondrial disease because of mitochondrial DNA variants to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shiau Ng
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Albert Zishen Lim
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Grigorios Panagiotou
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- NHS Highly Specialised Service for Rare Mitochondrial Disorders, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mark Walker
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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Stefanetti R, Ng Y, Errington L, Blain A, McFarland R, Gorman GS. L-arginine in Mitochondrial Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-like Episodes: A Systematic Review. Neurology 2022; 98:e2318-e2328. [PMID: 35428733 PMCID: PMC9202525 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Stroke management in the context of primary mitochondrial disease is clinically challenging, and the best treatment options for patients with stroke-like episodes remain uncertain. We sought to perform a systematic review of the safety and efficacy of l-arginine use in the acute and prophylactic management of stroke-like episodes in patients with mitochondrial disease. Methods The systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181230). We searched 6 databases from inception to January 15, 2021: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Original articles and registered trials available, in English, reporting l-arginine use in the acute or prophylactic management of stroke-like episodes in patients with genetically confirmed mitochondrial disease were eligible for inclusion. Data on safety and treatment response were extracted and summarized by multiple observers. Risk of bias was assessed by the methodologic quality of case reports, case series, and a risk-of-bias checklist for nonrandomized studies. Quality of evidence was synthesized with the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Levels of Evidence and Grade of Recommendations. The predetermined main outcome measures were clinical response to l-arginine treatment, adverse events, withdrawals, and deaths (on treatment and/or during follow-up), as defined by the author. Results Thirty-seven articles met inclusion criteria (0 randomized controlled trials; 3 open-label; 1 retrospective cohort; 33 case reports/case series) (N = 91 patients; 86% m.3243A>G). In the case reports, 54% of patients reported a positive clinical response to acute l-arginine, of which 40% were concomitantly treated with antiepileptic drugs. Improved headache at 24 hours was the greatest reported benefit in response to IV l-arginine in the open-label trials (31 of 39, 79%). In 15 of 48 patients (31%) who positively responded to prophylactic l-arginine, antiepileptic drugs were either used (7 of 15) or unreported (8 of 15). Moderate adverse events were reported in the follow-up of both IV and oral l-arginine treatment, and 11 patients (12%) died during follow-up or while on prophylactic treatment. Discussion The available evidence is of poor methodologic quality and classified as Level 5. IV and oral l-arginine confers no demonstrable clinical benefit in either the acute or prophylactic treatment of mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, with more robust controlled trials required to assess its efficacy and safety profile.
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31
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Tinker RJ, Falk MJ, Goldstein A, George-Sankoh I, Xiao R, Adang L, Ganetzky R. Early developmental delay in Leigh syndrome spectrum disorders is associated with poor clinical prognosis. Mol Genet Metab 2022; 135:342-349. [PMID: 35216885 PMCID: PMC8965798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leigh spectrum syndrome (LSS) is a primary mitochondrial disorder characterized by neurodevelopmental regression and metabolic stroke typically in early life. Developmental delay (DD) is known to follow episodes of neurologic regression in LSS, although primary developmental delay (pDD) has been rarely reported. We hypothesized that pDD precedes regression in a broader subset of LSS individuals and may associate with worse long-term educational outcomes. METHODS From a retrospective cohort, subjects with pathogenic variant(s) in a nuclear or mitochondrial gene associated with LSS and consistent clinical manifestations and neuroradiological findings. Detailed developmental histories and neurologic outcomes were extracted. RESULTS Of 69 LSS subjects, 47 (68.1%) had a history of pDD and 53 (76.8%) had neurodevelopmental regression. We identified 3 distinct developmental phenotypes: [1] pDD followed by regression (N = 31/69, 44.9%), [2] pDD without subsequent regression (16/69, 23.2%), [3] regression without pDD (N = 22/69, 31.9%). A history of pDD was associated with earlier disease onset (p = 0.0003) and worse educational outcomes (OR 22.14). CONCLUSION LSS is associated with multiple developmental phenotypes and pDD is associated with negative educational outcomes. pDD occurring prior to neurologic regression suggests that mitochondrial energetics impact developmental trajectories prior to acute metabolic failure and regression, providing an opportunity for earlier diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory J Tinker
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy Goldstein
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ibrahim George-Sankoh
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
| | - Laura Adang
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Ganetzky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Fan HC, Lee HF, Yue CT, Chi CS. Clinical Characteristics of Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, and Stroke-Like Episodes. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111111. [PMID: 34832987 PMCID: PMC8617702 DOI: 10.3390/life11111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, a maternally inherited mitochondrial disorder, is characterized by its genetic, biochemical and clinical complexity. The most common mutation associated with MELAS syndrome is the mtDNA A3243G mutation in the MT-TL1 gene encoding the mitochondrial tRNA-leu(UUR), which results in impaired mitochondrial translation and protein synthesis involving the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex subunits, leading to impaired mitochondrial energy production. Angiopathy, either alone or in combination with nitric oxide (NO) deficiency, further contributes to multi-organ involvement in MELAS syndrome. Management for MELAS syndrome is amostly symptomatic multidisciplinary approach. In this article, we review the clinical presentations, pathogenic mechanisms and options for management of MELAS syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan; (H.-C.F.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli 356, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Fen Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Tang Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan; (H.-C.F.); (C.-T.Y.)
| | - Ching-Shiang Chi
- Department of Pediatrics, Tungs’ Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung 435, Taiwan; (H.-C.F.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-26581919-4301
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Kuthethur R, Prasad K, Chakrabarty S, Kabekkodu SP, Singh KK, Thangaraj K, Satyamoorthy K. Advances in mitochondrial medicine and translational research. Mitochondrion 2021; 61:62-68. [PMID: 34363984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of mitochondrial biology and function has provided tools and technologies that helped a better understanding of the molecular etiology of complex mitochondrial disorders. Dual genetic control of this subcellular organelle function regulates various signaling mechanisms which are essential for metabolism, bioenergetics, fatty acid biosynthesis, and DNA replication & repair. Understanding nuclear mitochondrial crosstalk through advanced genomics as well as clinical perspectives is the overall basis of mitochondrial research and medicine, also the sole objective of Society for Mitochondrial Medicine and Research (SMRM) - India. The eighth virtual international conference on 'Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research' was organized at the Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India, during 6 - 7 November 2020. The aim of the virtual conference was to highlight the recent advances and future perspectives that represent comprehensive clinical and fundamental research interests in the area of mitochondrial biology of human diseases. To systematically present the various findings in mitochondrial biology, the meeting was themed with specific aspects comprising (a) mitochondrial disorders: clinical & genomic perspectives, (b) mitochondria in cancer, (c) mitochondrial metabolism & disorders, and (d) mitochondrial diseases & therapy. This report provides an overview of the recent advancements in the area of mitochondrial biology and medicine that was discussed at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprasad Kuthethur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Rm. 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, United States
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad 500 039, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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34
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TAT for Enzyme/Protein Delivery to Restore or Destroy Cell Activity in Human Diseases. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11090924. [PMID: 34575072 PMCID: PMC8466028 DOI: 10.3390/life11090924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much effort has been dedicated in the recent decades to find novel protein/enzyme-based therapies for human diseases, the major challenge of such therapies being the intracellular delivery and reaching sub-cellular organelles. One promising approach is the use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) for delivering enzymes/proteins into cells. In this review, we describe the potential therapeutic usages of CPPs (mainly trans-activator of transcription protein, TAT) in enabling the uptake of biologically active proteins/enzymes needed in cases of protein/enzyme deficiency, concentrating on mitochondrial diseases and on the import of enzymes or peptides in order to destroy pathogenic cells, focusing on cancer cells.
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Abstract
Although most patients recover from acute COVID-19, some experience postacute sequelae of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection (PASC). One subgroup of PASC is a syndrome called "long COVID-19," reminiscent of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). ME/CFS is a debilitating condition, often triggered by viral and bacterial infections, leading to years-long debilitating symptoms including profound fatigue, postexertional malaise, unrefreshing sleep, cognitive deficits, and orthostatic intolerance. Some are skeptical that either ME/CFS or long COVID-19 involves underlying biological abnormalities. However, in this review, we summarize the evidence that people with acute COVID-19 and with ME/CFS have biological abnormalities including redox imbalance, systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, an impaired ability to generate adenosine triphosphate, and a general hypometabolic state. These phenomena have not yet been well studied in people with long COVID-19, and each of them has been reported in other diseases as well, particularly neurological diseases. We also examine the bidirectional relationship between redox imbalance, inflammation, energy metabolic deficits, and a hypometabolic state. We speculate as to what may be causing these abnormalities. Thus, understanding the molecular underpinnings of both PASC and ME/CFS may lead to the development of novel therapeutics.
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36
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Kuthethur R, Prasad K, Chakrabarty S, Prasada Kabekkodu S, Singh KK, Thangaraj K, Satyamoorthy K. Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research. Mitochondrion 2021:S1567-7249(21)00102-1. [PMID: 34363984 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of mitochondrial biology and function has provided with tools and technologies that helped a better understanding of the molecular etiology of complex mitochondrial disorders. Dual genetic control of this subcellular organelle function regulates various signaling mechanisms which are essential for metabolism, bioenergetics, fatty acid biosynthesis, and DNA replication & repair. Understanding nuclear mitochondrial crosstalk through advanced genomics as well as clinical perspectives is the overall basis of mitochondrial research and medicine, also the sole objective of Society for Mitochondrial Medicine and Research (SMRM) - India. The eighth virtual international conference on 'Advances in Mitochondrial Medicine and Translational Research' was organized at the Manipal School of Life Sciences, MAHE, Manipal, India, during 6 - 7 November 2020. The aim of the virtual conference was to highlight the recent advances and future perspectives that represent comprehensive clinical and fundamental research interests in the area of mitochondrial biology of human diseases. To systematically present the various findings in mitochondrial biology, the meeting was themed with specific aspects comprising (a) mitochondrial disorders: clinical & genomic perspectives, (b) mitochondria in cancer, (c) mitochondrial metabolism & disorders, and (d) mitochondrial diseases & therapy. This report provides an overview of the recent advancements in the area of mitochondrial biology and medicine that was discussed at the conference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raviprasad Kuthethur
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshava Prasad
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Sanjiban Chakrabarty
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Kaul Genetics Building, Rm. 620, 720 20th St. South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kumarasamy Thangaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India; Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, 500 039, India
| | - Kapaettu Satyamoorthy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, India.
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Guha S, Mathew ND, Konkwo C, Ostrovsky J, Kwon YJ, Polyak E, Seiler C, Bennett M, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. Combinatorial glucose, nicotinic acid and N-acetylcysteine therapy has synergistic effect in preclinical C. elegans and zebrafish models of mitochondrial complex I disease. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:536-551. [PMID: 33640978 PMCID: PMC8120136 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders are empirically managed with variable antioxidant, cofactor and vitamin 'cocktails'. However, clinical trial validated and approved compounds, or doses, do not exist for any single or combinatorial mitochondrial disease therapy. Here, we sought to pre-clinically evaluate whether rationally designed mitochondrial medicine combinatorial regimens might synergistically improve survival, health and physiology in translational animal models of respiratory chain complex I disease. Having previously demonstrated that gas-1(fc21) complex I subunit ndufs2-/-C. elegans have short lifespan that can be significantly rescued with 17 different metabolic modifiers, signaling modifiers or antioxidants, here we evaluated 11 random combinations of these three treatment classes on gas-1(fc21) lifespan. Synergistic rescue occurred only with glucose, nicotinic acid and N-acetylcysteine (Glu + NA + NAC), yielding improved mitochondrial membrane potential that reflects integrated respiratory chain function, without exacerbating oxidative stress, and while reducing mitochondrial stress (UPRmt) and improving intermediary metabolic disruptions at the levels of the transcriptome, steady-state metabolites and intermediary metabolic flux. Equimolar Glu + NA + NAC dosing in a zebrafish vertebrate model of rotenone-based complex I inhibition synergistically rescued larval activity, brain death, lactate, ATP and glutathione levels. Overall, these data provide objective preclinical evidence in two evolutionary-divergent animal models of mitochondrial complex I disease to demonstrate that combinatorial Glu + NA + NAC therapy significantly improved animal resiliency, even in the face of stressors that cause severe metabolic deficiency, thereby preventing acute neurologic and biochemical decompensation. Clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the efficacy of this lead combinatorial therapy regimen to improve resiliency and health outcomes in human subjects with mitochondrial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Guha
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chigoziri Konkwo
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julian Ostrovsky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young Joon Kwon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Aquatics Core Facility, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Nesci S, Trombetti F, Pagliarani A, Ventrella V, Algieri C, Tioli G, Lenaz G. Molecular and Supramolecular Structure of the Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation System: Implications for Pathology. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:242. [PMID: 33804034 PMCID: PMC7999509 DOI: 10.3390/life11030242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Under aerobic conditions, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) converts the energy released by nutrient oxidation into ATP, the currency of living organisms. The whole biochemical machinery is hosted by the inner mitochondrial membrane (mtIM) where the protonmotive force built by respiratory complexes, dynamically assembled as super-complexes, allows the F1FO-ATP synthase to make ATP from ADP + Pi. Recently mitochondria emerged not only as cell powerhouses, but also as signaling hubs by way of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, when ROS removal systems and/or OXPHOS constituents are defective, the physiological ROS generation can cause ROS imbalance and oxidative stress, which in turn damages cell components. Moreover, the morphology of mitochondria rules cell fate and the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the mtIM, which, most likely with the F1FO-ATP synthase contribution, permeabilizes mitochondria and leads to cell death. As the multiple mitochondrial functions are mutually interconnected, changes in protein composition by mutations or in supercomplex assembly and/or in membrane structures often generate a dysfunctional cascade and lead to life-incompatible diseases or severe syndromes. The known structural/functional changes in mitochondrial proteins and structures, which impact mitochondrial bioenergetics because of an impaired or defective energy transduction system, here reviewed, constitute the main biochemical damage in a variety of genetic and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Alessandra Pagliarani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Vittoria Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Cristina Algieri
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy; (F.T.); (V.V.); (C.A.)
| | - Gaia Tioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Giorgio Lenaz
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
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Falk MJ. The pursuit of precision mitochondrial medicine: Harnessing preclinical cellular and animal models to optimize mitochondrial disease therapeutic discovery. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:312-324. [PMID: 33006762 PMCID: PMC7994194 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria share extensive evolutionary conservation across nearly all living species. This homology allows robust insights to be gained into pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic targets for the heterogeneous class of primary mitochondrial diseases (PMDs) through the study of diverse in vitro cellular and in vivo animal models. Dramatic advances in genetic technologies, ranging from RNA interference to achieve graded knock-down of gene expression to CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing that yields a stable gene knock-out or targeted mutation knock-in, have enabled the ready establishment of mitochondrial disease models for a plethora of individual nuclear gene disorders. These models are complemented and extended by the use of pharmacologic inhibitor-based stressors to characterize variable degrees, onset, duration, and combinations of acute on chronic mitochondrial dysfunction in individual respiratory chain enzyme complexes or distinct biochemical pathways within mitochondria. Herein is described the rationale for, and progress made in, "therapeutic cross-training," a novel approach meant to improve the validity and rigor of experimental conclusions when testing therapies by studying treatment effects in multiple, evolutionarily-distinct species, including Caenorhabditis elegans (invertebrate, worm), Danio rerio (vertebrate, zebrafish), Mus musculus (mammal, mouse), and/or human patient primary fibroblast cell line models of PMD. The goal of these preclinical studies is to identify lead therapies from candidate molecules or library screens that consistently demonstrate efficacy, with minimal toxicity, in specific subtypes of mitochondrial disease. Conservation of in vitro and in vivo therapeutic effects of lead molecules across species has proven extensive, where molar concentrations found to be toxic or efficacious in one species are often consistent with therapeutic effects at similar doses seen in other mitochondrial disease models. Phenotypic outcome studies in all models are prioritized at the level of survival and function, to reflect the ultimate goal of developing highly potent therapies for human mitochondrial disease. Lead compounds that demonstrate significant benefit on gross phenotypes may be further scrutinized in these same models to decipher their cellular targets, mechanism(s), and detailed biochemical effects. High-throughput, automated technologic advances will be discussed that enable efficient, parallel screening in a diverse array of mitochondrial disease disorders and overarching subclasses of compounds, concentrations, libraries, and combinations. Overall, this therapeutic cross-training approach has proven valuable to identify compounds with optimal potency and safety profiles among major biochemical subtypes or specific genetic etiologies of mitochondrial disease. This approach further supports rational prioritization of lead compounds, target concentrations, and specific disease phenotypes, outcomes, and subgroups to optimally inform the design of clinical trials that test their efficacy in human mitochondrial disease subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marni J. Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Corresponding Author: Marni J. Falk, M.D., The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, ARC1002c, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office 1-267-426-4961, Fax 1-267-476-2876,
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