1
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Tang Y, Fang Z, Fei Y, Wang S, Perrie W, Edwardson S, Dearden G. Wettability Behaviour of Metal Surfaces after Sequential Nanosecond and Picosecond Laser Texturing. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1146. [PMID: 39337806 PMCID: PMC11433857 DOI: 10.3390/mi15091146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
This study examines the wettability behaviour of 304 stainless steel (304SS) and Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) surfaces after sequential nanosecond (ns) and picosecond (ps) laser texturing; in particular, how the multi-scale surface structures created influence the lifecycle of surface hydrophobicity. The effect of different post-process treatments is also examined. Surfaces were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), a white light interferometer optical profiler, and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Wettability was assessed through sessile drop contact angle (CA) measurements, conducted at regular intervals over periods of up to 12 months, while EDX scans monitored elemental chemical changes. The results show that sequential (ns + ps) laser processing produced multi-scale surface texture with laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS). Compared to the ns laser case, the (ns + ps) laser processed surfaces transitioned more rapidly to a hydrophobic state and maintained this property for much longer, especially when the single post-process treatment was ultrasonic cleaning. Some interesting features in CA development over these extended timescales are revealed. For 304SS, hydrophobicity was reached in 1-2 days, with the CA then remaining in the range of 120 to 140° for up to 180 days; whereas the ns laser-processed surfaces took longer to reach hydrophobicity and only maintained the condition for up to 30 days. Similar results were found for the case of Ti64. The findings show that such multi-scale structured metal surfaces can offer relatively stable hydrophobic properties, the lifetime of which can be extended significantly through the appropriate selection of laser process parameters and post-process treatment. The addition of LIPSS appears to help extend the longevity of the hydrophobic property. In seeking to identify other factors influencing wettability, from our EDX results, we observed a significant and steady rate of increase in the carbon content at the surface over the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tang
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Zheng Fang
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Yang Fei
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Shuai Wang
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Walter Perrie
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Stuart Edwardson
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
| | - Geoff Dearden
- Laser Group, School of Engineering, University of Liverpool, Brownlow Street, Liverpool L69 3GQ, UK
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2
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Piatti E, Miola M, Verné E. Tailoring of bioactive glass and glass-ceramics properties for in vitro and in vivo response optimization: a review. Biomater Sci 2024; 12:4546-4589. [PMID: 39105508 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Bioactive glasses are inorganic biocompatible materials that can find applications in many biomedical fields. The main application is bone and dental tissue engineering. However, some applications in contact with soft tissues are emerging. It is well known that both bulk (such as composition) and surface properties (such as morphology and wettability) of an implanted material influence the response of cells in contact with the implant. This review aims to elucidate and compare the main strategies that are employed to modulate cell behavior in contact with bioactive glasses. The first part of this review is focused on the doping of bioactive glasses with ions and drugs, which can be incorporated into the bioceramic to impart several therapeutic properties, such as osteogenic, proangiogenic, or/and antibacterial ones. The second part of this review is devoted to the chemical functionalization of bioactive glasses using drugs, extra-cellular matrix proteins, vitamins, and polyphenols. In the third and final part, the physical modifications of the surfaces of bioactive glasses are reviewed. Both top-down (removing materials from the surface, for example using laser treatment and etching strategies) and bottom-up (depositing materials on the surface, for example through the deposition of coatings) strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Piatti
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Marta Miola
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Enrica Verné
- Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
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Aguilar-Planet T, Peralta E. Innovation Inspired by Nature: Applications of Biomimicry in Engineering Design. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:523. [PMID: 39329545 PMCID: PMC11429577 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9090523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sustainable development is increasingly driving the trend toward the application of biomimicry as a strategy to generate environmentally friendly solutions in the design of industrial products. Nature-inspired design can contribute to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals by improving efficiency and minimizing the environmental impact of each design. This research conducted an analysis of available biomimetic knowledge, highlighting the most applied tools and methodologies in each industrial sector. The primary objective was to identify sectors that have experienced greater adoption of biomimicry and those where its application is still in its early stages. Additionally, by applying the available procedures and tools to a selected case study (technologies in marine environments), the advantages and challenges of the methodologies and procedures were determined, along with potential gaps and future research directions necessary for widespread implementation of biomimetics in the industry. These results provide a comprehensive approach to biomimicry applied to more sustainable practices in product design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Estela Peralta
- Department of Engineering Design, University of Seville, C/Virgen de África 7, 41011 Seville, Spain;
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Wei Q, Lai Y, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xu R, Ma S, Zhou F. Bioinspired Self-Growing Layered Hydrogel Enabled by Catechol Chemistry-Mediated Interfacial Catalytic System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:44094-44104. [PMID: 39113176 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c10104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-inspired layered structural hydrogel has attracted increasing attention in artificial muscle, wound healing, wearable electronics, and soft robots. Despite numerous efforts being devoted to developing various layered hydrogels, the rapid and efficient preparation of layered hydrogels remains challenging. Herein, inspired by the self-growth concept of living organisms, an interfacial catalytic self-growth strategy based on catechol chemistry-mediated self-catalytic system of preparing layered hydrogels is demonstrated. Typically, the tannic acid-metal ion (e.g., TA-Fe3+) complex embedded in the hydrogel substrate would catalytically trigger rapid solid-liquid interfacial polymerization to grow the hydrogel layer without bulk solution polymerization. The self-growth process can be finely controlled by changing the growth time, the molar ratio of Fe3+/TA, and so on. The strategy is applicable to prepare various layered hydrogels as well as complex layered hydrogel patterns, allowing the customization of the physicochemical properties of the hydrogel. In addition, the self-adhesive layered hydrogel was prepared and can be utilized as a wearable strain sensor to monitor physiological activities and human motions. The demonstrated interfacial catalytic self-growth strategy will provide a route to design and fabricate layered hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangbing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yingying Lai
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuxin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chengyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Rongnian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shuanhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Wang G, Wang S, Shi F, Liu X, Wang D, Abuduwayiti A, Wang Z, Liu M, Wu Y, Bi J. Enhancing Swimming Performance of Magnetic Helical Microswimmers by Surface Microstructure. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:17731-17739. [PMID: 39108086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Artificial bacterial flagella (ABF), also known as a magnetic helical microswimmer, has demonstrated enormous potential in various future biomedical applications (e.g., targeted drug delivery and minimally invasive surgery). Nevertheless, when used for in vivo/in vitro treatment applications, it is essential to achieve the high motion efficiency of the microswimmers for rapid therapy. In this paper, inspired by microorganisms, the surface microstructure was introduced into ABFs to investigate its effect on the swimming behavior. It was confirmed that compared with smooth counterparts, the ABF with surface microstructure reveals a smaller forward velocity below the step-out frequency (i.e., the frequency corresponding to the maximum velocity) but a larger maximum forward velocity and higher step-out frequency. A hydrodynamic model of microstructured ABF is employed to reveal the underlying movement mechanism, demonstrating that the interfacial slippage and the interaction between the fluid and the microstructure are essential to the swimming behavior. Furthermore, the effect of surface wettability and solid fraction of microstructure on the swimming performance of ABFs was investigated experimentally and analytically, which further reveals the influence of surface microstructure on the movement mechanism. The results present an effective approach for designing fast microrobots for in vivo/in vitro biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Famin Shi
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xuefei Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Degui Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Aierken Abuduwayiti
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Mingqiang Liu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jinshun Bi
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
- School of Integrated Circuit, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Papachristopoulou K, Vainos NA. Bioarchitectonic Nanophotonics by Replication and Systolic Miniaturization of Natural Forms. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:487. [PMID: 39194466 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9080487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The mimesis of biological mechanisms by artificial devices constitutes the modern, rapidly expanding, multidisciplinary biomimetics sector. In the broader bioinspiration perspective, however, bioarchitectures may perform independent functions without necessarily mimicking their biological generators. In this paper, we explore such Bioarchitectonic notions and demonstrate three-dimensional photonics by the exact replication of insect organs using ultra-porous silica aerogels. The subsequent conformal systolic transformation yields their miniaturized affine 'clones' having higher mass density and refractive index. Focusing on the paradigms of ommatidia, the compound eye of the hornet Vespa crabro flavofasciata and the microtrichia of the scarab Protaetia cuprea phoebe, we fabricate their aerogel replicas and derivative clones and investigate their photonic functionalities. Ultralight aerogel microlens arrays are proven to be functional photonic devices having a focal length f ~ 1000 μm and f-number f/30 in the visible spectrum. Stepwise systolic transformation yields denser and affine functional elements, ultimately fused silica clones, exhibiting strong focusing properties due to their very short focal length of f ~ 35 μm and f/3.5. The fabricated transparent aerogel and xerogel replicas of microtrichia demonstrate a remarkable optical waveguiding performance, delivering light to their sub-100 nm nanotips. Dense fused silica conical clones deliver light through sub-50 nm nanotips, enabling nanoscale light-matter interactions. Super-resolution bioarchitectonics offers new and alternative tools and promises novel developments and applications in nanophotonics and other nanotechnology sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Papachristopoulou
- Photonics Nanotechnology Research Laboratory-PNRL, Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos A Vainos
- Photonics Nanotechnology Research Laboratory-PNRL, Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Nakajima T. Unification of Mind and Matter through Hierarchical Extension of Cognition: A New Framework for Adaptation of Living Systems. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:660. [PMID: 39202130 PMCID: PMC11354174 DOI: 10.3390/e26080660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024]
Abstract
Living systems (LSs) must solve the problem of adapting to their environment by identifying external states and acting appropriately to maintain external relationships and internal order for survival and reproduction. This challenge is akin to the philosophical enigma of how the self can escape solipsism. In this study, a comprehensive model is developed to address the adaptation problem. LSs are composed of material entities capable of detecting their external states. This detection is conceptualized as "cognition", a state change in relation to its external states. This study extends the concept of cognition to include three hierarchical levels of the world: physical, chemical, and semiotic cognitions, with semiotic cognition being closest to the conventional meaning of cognition. This radical extension of the cognition concept to all levels of the world provides a monistic model named the cognizers system model, in which mind and matter are unified as a single entity, the "cognizer". During evolution, LSs invented semiotic cognition based on physical and chemical cognitions to manage the probability distribution of events that occur to them. This study proposes a theoretical model in which semiotic cognition is an adaptive process wherein the inverse causality operation produces particular internal states as symbols that signify hidden external states. This operation makes LSs aware of the external world.
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Amador GJ, Klaassen van Oorschot B, Sen U, Karman B, Leenders R. Capillary adhesion of stick insects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1538:98-106. [PMID: 39091080 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Scientific progress within the last few decades has revealed the functional morphology of an insect's sticky footpads-a compliant pad that secretes thin liquid films. However, the physico-chemical mechanisms underlying their adhesion remain elusive. Here, we explore these underlying mechanisms by simultaneously measuring adhesive force and contact geometry of the adhesive footpads of live, tethered Indian stick insects, Carausius morosus, spanning more than two orders of magnitude in body mass. We find that the adhesive force we measure is similar to the previous measurements that use a centrifuge. Our measurements afford us the opportunity to directly probe the adhesive stress in vivo and use existing theory on capillary adhesion to predict the surface tension of the secreted liquid and compare it to previous assumptions. From our predictions, we find that the surface tension required to generate the adhesive stresses we observed ranges between 0.68 and 12 mNm - 1 ${\rm m}^{-1}$ . The low surface tension of the liquid would enhance the wetting of the stick insect's footpads and promote their ability to conform to various substrates. Our insights may inform the biomimetic design of capillary-based, reversible adhesives and motivate future studies on the physico-chemical properties of the secreted liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo J Amador
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Uddalok Sen
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Karman
- Biology Department, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Leenders
- Experimental Zoology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Marvaniya K, Dobariya P, Maurya A, Patel K, Kushwaha S. Epitaxially Grown Mechanically Robust 2D Thin Film of Secondary Interactions Led Molecularly Woven Material. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310797. [PMID: 38368253 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly woven materials with striking mechanical resilience, and 2D controlled topologies like textiles, fishing nets, and baskets are highly anticipated. Molecular weaving exclusively apprehended by the secondary interactions expanding to laterally grown 2D self-assemblies with retained crystalline arrangement is stimulating. The interlacing entails planar molecules screwed together to form 2D woven thin films. Here, secondary interactions led 2D interlaced molecularly woven material (2°MW) built by 1D helical threads of organic chromophores twisted together via end-to-end CH···O connections, held strongly at inter-crossing by multiple OH···N interactions to prevent slippage is presented. Whereas, 1D helical threads with face-to-face O-H···O connections sans interlacing led the non-woven material (2°NW). The polarity-driven directionality in 2°MW led the water-actuated epitaxial growth of 2D-sheets to lateral thin films restricted to nano-scale thickness. The molecularly woven thin film is self-healing, flexible, and mechanically resilient in nature, while maintaining the crystalline regularity is attributed to the supple secondary interactions (2°).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Marvaniya
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Priyanka Dobariya
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ashish Maurya
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ketan Patel
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shilpi Kushwaha
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, 364002, India
- CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), (CSIR-HRDC) Campus, Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Feng X, Deng N, Yu W, Peng Z, Su D, Kang W, Cheng B. Review: Application of Bionic-Structured Materials in Solid-State Electrolytes for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15387-15415. [PMID: 38843224 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) have gained significant attention in energy storage research due to their high energy density and significantly improved safety. But there are still certain problems with lithium dendrite growth, interface stability, and room-temperature practicality. Nature continually inspires human development and intricate design strategies to achieve optimal structural applications. Innovative solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), inspired by diverse natural species, have demonstrated exceptional physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. This review provides an overview of typical bionic-structured materials in SSEs, particularly those mimicking plant and animal structures, with a focus on their latest advancements in applications of solid-state lithium metal batteries. Commencing from plant structures encompassing roots, trunks, leaves, flowers, fruits, and cellular levels, the detailed influence of biomimetic strategies on SSE design and electrochemical performance are presented in this review. Subsequently, the recent progress of animal-inspired nanostructures in SSEs is summarized, including layered structures, surface morphologies, and interface compatibility in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) aspects. Finally, we also evaluate the current challenges and provide a concise outlook on future research directions. We anticipate that the review will provide useful information for future reference regarding the design of bionic-structured materials in SSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaozhao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, People's Republic of China
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Profitiliotis T, Koltsakidis S, Tsongas K, Tzetzis D. Innovative Design of a 3D Printed Esophageal Stent Inspired by Nature: Mitigating Migration Challenges in Palliative Esophageal Cancer Therapy. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:359. [PMID: 38921239 PMCID: PMC11201459 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Esophageal cancer is a complex and challenging tumor to treat, with esophageal stenting being used as a palliative measure to improve the quality of life of patients. Self-expandable metal stents (SEMS), self-expandable plastic stents (SEPS), and biodegradable stents are the most commonly used types of stents. However, complications can arise, such as migration, bleeding, and perforation. To address issues of migration, this study developed a novel 3D printed bioinspired esophageal stent utilizing a highly flexible and ductile TPU material. The stent was designed to be self-expanding and tubular with flared ends to provide secure anchorage at both the proximal and distal ends of the structure. Suction cups were strategically placed around the shaft of the stent to prevent migration. The stent was evaluated through compression-recovery, self-expansion, and anti-migration tests to evaluate its recovery properties, self-expansion ability, and anchoring ability, respectively. The results indicated that the novel stent was able to recover its shape, expand, keep the esophagus open, and resist migration, demonstrating its potential for further research and clinical applications. Finite element analysis (FEA) was leveraged to analyze the stent's mechanical behavior, providing insights into its structural integrity, self-expansion capability, and resistance against migration. These results, supported by FEA, highlight the potential of this innovative stent for further research and its eventual application in preclinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Profitiliotis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Savvas Koltsakidis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thermi, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsongas
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Engineering, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios Tzetzis
- Digital Manufacturing and Materials Characterization Laboratory, School of Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, 57001 Thermi, Greece
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12
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Sun Z, Inagaki S, Miyoshi K, Saito K, Hayashi S. Osiris gene family defines the cuticle nanopatterns of Drosophila. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae065. [PMID: 38652268 PMCID: PMC11151929 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanostructures of pores and protrusions in the insect cuticle modify molecular permeability and surface wetting and help insects sense various environmental cues. However, the cellular mechanisms that modify cuticle nanostructures are poorly understood. Here, we elucidate how insect-specific Osiris family genes are expressed in various cuticle-secreting cells in the Drosophila head during the early stages of cuticle secretion and cover nearly the entire surface of the head epidermis. Furthermore, we demonstrate how each sense organ cell with various cuticular nanostructures expressed a unique combination of Osiris genes. Osiris gene mutations cause various cuticle defects in the corneal nipples and pores of the chemosensory sensilla. Thus, our study emphasizes on the importance of Osiris genes for elucidating cuticle nanopatterning in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkuan Sun
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
| | - Sachi Inagaki
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keita Miyoshi
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
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13
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Sedira N, Pinto J, Bentes I, Pereira S. Bibliometric analysis of global research trends on biomimetics, biomimicry, bionics, and bio-inspired concepts in civil engineering using the Scopus database. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2024; 19:041001. [PMID: 38631363 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ad3ff6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a bibliometrics analysis aimed at discerning global trends in research on 'biomimetics', 'biomimicry', 'bionics', and 'bio-inspired' concepts within civil engineering, using the Scopus database. This database facilitates the assessment of interrelationships and impacts of these concepts within the civil engineering domain. The findings demonstrate a consistent growth in publications related to these areas, indicative of increasing interest and impact within the civil engineering community. Influential authors and institutions have emerged, making significant contributions to the field. The United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom are recognised as leaders in research on these concepts in civil engineering. Notably, emerging countries such as China and India have also made considerable contributions. The integration of design principles inspired by nature into civil engineering holds the potential to drive sustainable and innovative solutions for various engineering challenges. The conducted bibliometrics analysis grants perspective on the current state of scientific research on biomimetics, biomimicry, bionics, and bio-inspired concepts in the civil engineering domain, offering data to predict the evolution of each concept in the coming years. Based on the findings of this research, 'biomimetics' replicates biological substances, 'biomimicry' directly imitates designs, and 'bionics' mimics biological functions, while 'bio-inspired' concepts offer innovative ideas beyond direct imitation. Each term incorporates distinct strategies, applications, and historical contexts, shaping innovation across the field of civil engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Sedira
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Jorge Pinto
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Isabel Bentes
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sandra Pereira
- University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
- C-MADE-Centre of Materials and Building Technologies, UBI, Covilhã, Portugal
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14
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Liu X, Tan H, Stråka E, Hu X, Chen M, van Dijken S, Scacchi A, Sammalkorpi M, Ikkala O, Peng B. Trainable bioinspired magnetic sensitivity adaptation using ferromagnetic colloidal assemblies. CELL REPORTS. PHYSICAL SCIENCE 2024; 5:101923. [PMID: 38680545 PMCID: PMC11043831 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Nature has already suggested bioinspired functions. Beyond them, adaptive and trainable functions could be the inspiration for novel responsive soft matter beyond the state-of-the-art classic static bioinspired, stimulus-responsive, and shape-memory materials. Here, we describe magnetic assembly/disassembly of electrically conducting soft ferromagnetic nickel colloidal particles into surface topographical pillars for bistable electrical trainable memories. They allow magnetic sensing with adaptable and rescalable sensitivity ranges, enabled by bistable memories and kinetic concepts inspired by biological sensory adaptations. Based on the soft ferromagnetism of the nanogranular composition and the resulting rough particle surfaces prepared via a solvothermal synthesis, triggerable structural memory is achieved by the magnetic field-driven particle assembly and disassembly, promoted by interparticle jamming. Electrical conversion from current to frequency for electrical spikes facilitates rescalable and trainable frequency-based sensitivity on magnetic fields. This work suggests an avenue for designing trainable and adaptable life-inspired materials, for example, for soft robotics and interactive autonomous devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhu Liu
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Emil Stråka
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Xichen Hu
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Materials Science, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sebastiaan van Dijken
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Alberto Scacchi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Maria Sammalkorpi
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Bo Peng
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Materials Science, Advanced Coatings Research Center of Ministry of Education of China, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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15
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Kumar R, Rezapourian M, Rahmani R, Maurya HS, Kamboj N, Hussainova I. Bioinspired and Multifunctional Tribological Materials for Sliding, Erosive, Machining, and Energy-Absorbing Conditions: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:209. [PMID: 38667221 PMCID: PMC11048303 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Friction, wear, and the consequent energy dissipation pose significant challenges in systems with moving components, spanning various domains, including nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) and bio-MEMS (microrobots), hip prostheses (biomaterials), offshore wind and hydro turbines, space vehicles, solar mirrors for photovoltaics, triboelectric generators, etc. Nature-inspired bionic surfaces offer valuable examples of effective texturing strategies, encompassing various geometric and topological approaches tailored to mitigate frictional effects and related functionalities in various scenarios. By employing biomimetic surface modifications, for example, roughness tailoring, multifunctionality of the system can be generated to efficiently reduce friction and wear, enhance load-bearing capacity, improve self-adaptiveness in different environments, improve chemical interactions, facilitate biological interactions, etc. However, the full potential of bioinspired texturing remains untapped due to the limited mechanistic understanding of functional aspects in tribological/biotribological settings. The current review extends to surface engineering and provides a comprehensive and critical assessment of bioinspired texturing that exhibits sustainable synergy between tribology and biology. The successful evolving examples from nature for surface/tribological solutions that can efficiently solve complex tribological problems in both dry and lubricated contact situations are comprehensively discussed. The review encompasses four major wear conditions: sliding, solid-particle erosion, machining or cutting, and impact (energy absorbing). Furthermore, it explores how topographies and their design parameters can provide tailored responses (multifunctionality) under specified tribological conditions. Additionally, an interdisciplinary perspective on the future potential of bioinspired materials and structures with enhanced wear resistance is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Mansoureh Rezapourian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
| | - Ramin Rahmani
- CiTin–Centro de Interface Tecnológico Industrial, 4970-786 Arcos de Valdevez, Portugal;
- proMetheus–Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC), 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Himanshu S. Maurya
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Nikhil Kamboj
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
- TCBC–Turku Clinical Biomaterials Centre, Department of Biomaterials Science, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Irina Hussainova
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate Tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (M.R.); (H.S.M.); (N.K.); (I.H.)
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16
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Nakauchi Y, Minamisawa H, Okada T. Formation of moth-eye-like structures on silicon through in situ crystallization of layered Mg silicate. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2558-2564. [PMID: 38221845 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Coating subwavelength-scale pinnacles/thorns on surfaces usually results in antireflection, known as "moth-eye effect". However, fabrication of such coatings is often complicated and expensive. Herein, we present a bottom-up approach for forming a moth-eye-like structure on Si by directly growing layered Mg silicate using a one-step process. When an aqueous solution containing LiF, MgCl2, and urea is heated at 150 °C in the presence of Si, fine crystals of the layered silicate completely cover the Si surface. The resulting thorn-like structures reduce the reflectance of Si in the visible-wavelength range, exhibiting a graded-refractive index profile from air to the Si substrate. The antireflection feature is observed when the height of the thorns is 0.1 μm, which is equivalent to the crystal size of Mg silicate and is influenced by the heating temperature. The heating period is optimized to be 48 h to avoid coprecipitation of light-scattering fine particles, such as amorphous silica and Mg silicate, in excess quantities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakauchi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| | - Hikari Minamisawa
- Technical Unit, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Okada
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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17
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Espíndola SP, Norder B, Jansen KMB, Zlopasa J, Picken SJ. Affine Deformation and Self-Assembly Alignment in Hydrogel Nanocomposites. Macromolecules 2023; 56:9839-9852. [PMID: 38105930 PMCID: PMC10720479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the order in hierarchical structures is a key goal of bioinspired nanocomposite design. Recently, nacre-like materials have been developed by solvent evaporation methods that are scalable and attain advanced functionalities. However, understanding the alignment mechanisms of 2D fillers, nanosheets, or platelets remains challenging. This work explores possible pathways for nanocomposite ordering via orientation distribution functions. We demonstrate how the immobilization of 2D materials via (pseudo)network formation is crucial to alignment based on evaporation. We show a modified affine deformation model that describes such evaporative methods. In this, a gel network develops enough yield stress and uniformly deforms as drying proceeds, along with the immobilized particles, causing an in-plane orientation. Herein, we tested the dominance of this approach by using a thermo-reversible gel for rapid montmorillonite (MMT) particle fixation. We researched gelatin/MMT as a model system to investigate the effects of high loadings, orientational order, and aspect ratio. The nacre-like nanocomposites showed a semiconstant order parameter (⟨P2⟩ ∼ 0.7) over increasing nanofiller content up to 64 vol % filler. This remarkable alignment resulted in continuously improved mechanical and water vapor barrier properties over unusually large filler fractions. Some variations in stiffness and diffusion properties were observed, possibly correlated to the applied drying conditions of the hybrid hydrogels. The affine deformation strategy holds promise for developing next-generation advanced materials with tailored properties even at (very) high filler loadings. Furthermore, a gelling approach offers the advantages of simplicity and versatility in the formulation of the components, which is useful for large-scale fabrication methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Pereira Espíndola
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ben Norder
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Kaspar M. B. Jansen
- Department
of Sustainable Design Engineering, Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Landbergstraat 15, 2628 CE Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Jure Zlopasa
- Department
of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Picken
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
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18
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Wysokowski M, Luu RK, Arevalo S, Khare E, Stachowiak W, Niemczak M, Jesionowski T, Buehler MJ. Untapped Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Synthesis of Bioinspired Inorganic-Organic Materials. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:7878-7903. [PMID: 37840775 PMCID: PMC10568971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in 2003, significant progress has been made in the field, specifically advancing aspects of their preparation and physicochemical characterization. Their low-cost and unique tailored properties are reasons for their growing importance as a sustainable medium for the resource-efficient processing and synthesis of advanced materials. In this paper, the significance of these designer solvents and their beneficial features, in particular with respect to biomimetic materials chemistry, is discussed. Finally, this article explores the unrealized potential and advantageous aspects of DESs, focusing on the development of biomineralization-inspired hybrid materials. It is anticipated that this article can stimulate new concepts and advances providing a reference for breaking down the multidisciplinary borders in the field of bioinspired materials chemistry, especially at the nexus of computation and experiment, and to develop a rigorous materials-by-design paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Wysokowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rachel K. Luu
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sofia Arevalo
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eesha Khare
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Witold Stachowiak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Niemczak
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute
of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Markus J. Buehler
- Laboratory
for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Center
for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Hasegawa H, Sakamoto K, Shomura K, Sano Y, Kasai K, Tanaka S, Okada-Shudo Y, Otomo A. Biomaterial-Based Biomimetic Visual Sensors: Inkjet Patterning of Bacteriorhodopsin. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45137-45145. [PMID: 37702224 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c07540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic visual sensors utilizing bacteriorhodopsin (bR) were fabricated by using an inkjet method. The inkjet printer facilitated the jetting of the bR suspension, allowing for the deposition of bR films. The resulting inkjet-printed bR film exhibited time-differential photocurrent response characteristics similar to those of a dip-coated bR film. By adjusting the number of printed bR film layers, the intensity of the photocurrent could be easily controlled. Moreover, the inkjet printing technique enabled unconstrained patterning, facilitating the design of various visual information processing functions, such as visual filters. In this study, we successfully fabricated two visual filters, namely, a two-dimensional Difference of Gaussian (DOG) filter and a Gabor filter. The printed DOG filter demonstrated edge detection capabilities corresponding to contour recognition in visual receptive fields. On the other hand, the printed Gabor filter proved effective in detecting objects of specific sizes as well as their motion and orientation. The integration of bR and the inkjet method holds significant potential for the widespread implementation of highly functional biomaterial-based visual sensors. These sensors have the capability to provide real-time visual information while operating in an energy-efficient manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Hasegawa
- Faculty of Education, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Kairi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Kazuya Shomura
- Faculty of Education, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yuka Sano
- Faculty of Education, Shimane University, Matsue, Shimane 690-8504, Japan
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Kasai
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Shukichi Tanaka
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okada-Shudo
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Akira Otomo
- Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Kobe 651-2492, Japan
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20
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Meng F, Arai N. The Relationship between Nanostructured Bio-Inspired Material Surfaces and the Free Energy Barrier Using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:453. [PMID: 37887584 PMCID: PMC10604192 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8060453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired (biomimetic) materials, which are inspired by living organisms, offer exciting opportunities for the development of advanced functionalities. Among them, bio-inspired superhydrophobic surfaces have attracted considerable interest due to their potential applications in self-cleaning surfaces and reducing fluid resistance. Although the mechanism of superhydrophobicity is understood to be the free energy barrier between the Cassie and Wenzel states, the solid-surface technology to control the free energy barrier is still unclear. Therefore, previous studies have fabricated solid surfaces with desired properties through trial and error by measuring contact angles. In contrast, our study directly evaluates the free energy barrier using molecular simulations and attempts to relate it to solid-surface parameters. Through a series of simulations, we explore the behavior of water droplets on surfaces with varying values of surface pillar spacing and surface pillar height. The results show that the free energy barrier increases significantly as the pillar spacing decreases and/or as the pillar height increases. Our study goes beyond traditional approaches by exploring the relationship between free energy barriers, surface parameters, and hydrophobicity, providing a more direct and quantified method to evaluate surface hydrophobicity. This knowledge contributes significantly to material design by providing valuable insights into the relationship between surface parameters, free energy barriers, and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama 2238522, Japan;
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21
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Peng S, Xie B, Wang Y, Wang M, Chen X, Ji X, Zhao C, Lu G, Wang D, Hao R, Wang M, Hu N, He H, Ding Y, Zheng S. Low-grade wind-driven directional flow in anchored droplets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303466120. [PMID: 37695920 PMCID: PMC10515142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303466120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade wind with airspeed Vwind < 5 m/s, while distributed far more abundantly, is still challenging to extract because current turbine-based technologies require particular geography (e.g., wide-open land or off-shore regions) with year-round Vwind > 5 m/s to effectively rotate the blades. Here, we report that low-speed airflow can sensitively enable directional flow within nanowire-anchored ionic liquid (IL) drops. Specifically, wind-induced air/liquid friction continuously raises directional leeward fluid transport in the upper portion, whereas three-phase contact line (TCL) pinning blocks further movement of IL. To remove excessive accumulation of IL near TCL, fluid dives, and headwind flow forms in the lower portion, as confirmed by microscope observation. Such stratified circulating flow within single drop can generate voltage output up to ~0.84 V, which we further scale up to ~60 V using drop "wind farms". Our results demonstrate a technology to tap the widespread low-grade wind as a reliable energy resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Peng
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei071002, China
| | - Binglin Xie
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
| | - Yanlei Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Mi Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei071002, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ji
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei071002, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei071002, China
| | - Gang Lu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dianyu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou450001, China
| | - Ruiran Hao
- School of Environmental Engineering, Yellow River Conservancy Technical Institute, Kaifeng475004, China
| | - Mingzhan Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, ChicagoIL60637
| | - Nan Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510641, China
- Pazhou Lab., Guangzhou510005, China
| | - Hongyan He
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Longzihu New Energy Laboratory, Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou451150, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, BirminghamB15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Kaidarova A, Geraldi NR, Wilson RP, Kosel J, Meekan MG, Eguíluz VM, Hussain MM, Shamim A, Liao H, Srivastava M, Saha SS, Strano MS, Zhang X, Ooi BS, Holton M, Hopkins LW, Jin X, Gong X, Quintana F, Tovasarov A, Tasmagambetova A, Duarte CM. Wearable sensors for monitoring marine environments and their inhabitants. Nat Biotechnol 2023; 41:1208-1220. [PMID: 37365259 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-023-01827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Human societies depend on marine ecosystems, but their degradation continues. Toward mitigating this decline, new and more effective ways to precisely measure the status and condition of marine environments are needed alongside existing rebuilding strategies. Here, we provide an overview of how sensors and wearable technology developed for humans could be adapted to improve marine monitoring. We describe barriers that have slowed the transition of this technology from land to sea, update on the developments in sensors to advance ocean observation and advocate for more widespread use of wearables on marine organisms in the wild and in aquaculture. We propose that large-scale use of wearables could facilitate the concept of an 'internet of marine life' that might contribute to a more robust and effective observation system for the oceans and commercial aquaculture operations. These observations may aid in rationalizing strategies toward conservation and restoration of marine communities and habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altynay Kaidarova
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- Central Asian Institute of Ecological Research, Almaty, Kazakhstan.
| | - Nathan R Geraldi
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- NatureMetrics, Guildford, UK
| | - Rory P Wilson
- Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Jürgen Kosel
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Sensors Systems Division, Silicon Austria Labs, High Tech Campus, Villach, Austria
| | - Mark G Meekan
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, the Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Oceans Institute, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Víctor M Eguíluz
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinary Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | | | - Atif Shamim
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanguang Liao
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mani Srivastava
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Swapnil Sayan Saha
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Strano
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xiangliang Zhang
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Boon S Ooi
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Holton
- Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Lloyd W Hopkins
- Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Xiaojia Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xun Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Flavio Quintana
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR), CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | | | | | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center and Computational Biosciences Research Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Gangwar T, Schillinger D. Thermodynamically consistent concurrent material and structure optimization of elastoplastic multiphase hierarchical systems. STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION : JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR STRUCTURAL AND MULTIDISCIPLINARY OPTIMIZATION 2023; 66:195. [PMID: 37600469 PMCID: PMC10439103 DOI: 10.1007/s00158-023-03648-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The concept of concurrent material and structure optimization aims at alleviating the computational discovery of optimum microstructure configurations in multiphase hierarchical systems, whose macroscale behavior is governed by their microstructure composition that can evolve over multiple length scales from a few micrometers to centimeters. It is based on the split of the multiscale optimization problem into two nested sub-problems, one at the macroscale (structure) and the other at the microscales (material). In this paper, we establish a novel formulation of concurrent material and structure optimization for multiphase hierarchical systems with elastoplastic constituents at the material scales. Exploiting the thermomechanical foundations of elastoplasticity, we reformulate the material optimization problem based on the maximum plastic dissipation principle such that it assumes the format of an elastoplastic constitutive law and can be efficiently solved via modified return mapping algorithms. We integrate continuum micromechanics based estimates of the stiffness and the yield criterion into the formulation, which opens the door to a computationally feasible treatment of the material optimization problem. To demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of our framework, we define new benchmark tests with several material scales that, for the first time, become computationally feasible. We argue that our formulation naturally extends to multiscale optimization under further path-dependent effects such as viscoplasticity or multiscale fracture and damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Gangwar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, India
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominik Schillinger
- Institute for Mechanics, Computational Mechanics Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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24
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Sezgin B, Liu J, N. Gonçalves DP, Zhu C, Tilki T, Prévôt ME, Hegmann T. Controlling the Structure and Morphology of Organic Nanofilaments Using External Stimuli. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2023; 3:295-309. [PMID: 37601923 PMCID: PMC10436377 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
In our continuing pursuit to generate, understand, and control the morphology of organic nanofilaments formed by molecules with a bent molecular shape, we here report on two bent-core molecules specifically designed to permit a phase or morphology change upon exposure to an applied electric field or irradiation with UV light. To trigger a response to an applied electric field, conformationally rigid chiral (S,S)-2,3-difluorooctyloxy side chains were introduced, and to cause a response to UV light, an azobenzene core was incorporated into one of the arms of the rigid bent core. The phase behavior as well as structure and morphology of the formed phases and nanofilaments were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, cross-polarized optical microscopy, circular dichroism spectropolarimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, UV-vis spectrophotometry, as well as X-ray diffraction experiments. Both bent-core molecules were characterized by the coexistence of two nanoscale morphologies, specifically helical nanofilaments (HNFs) and layered nanocylinders, prior to exposure to an external stimulus and independent of the cooling rate from the isotropic liquid. The application of an electric field triggers the disappearance of crystalline nanofilaments and instead leads to the formation of a tilted smectic liquid crystal phase for the material featuring chiral difluorinated side chains, whereas irradiation with UV light results in the disappearance of the nanocylinders and the sole formation of HNFs for the azobenzene-containing material. Combined results of this experimental study reveal that in addition to controlling the rate of cooling, applied electric fields and UV irradiation can be used to expand the toolkit for structural and morphological control of suitably designed bent-core molecule-based structures at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barış Sezgin
- Department
of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Çünür, Turkey
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Jiao Liu
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Materials
Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Diana P. N. Gonçalves
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
| | - Tahir Tilki
- Department
of Chemistry, Süleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Çünür, Turkey
| | - Marianne E. Prévôt
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Advanced
Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Materials
Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State
University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
- Brain Health
Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242 United States
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25
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Snell-Rood EC, Smirnoff D. Biology for biomimetics I: function as an interdisciplinary bridge in bio-inspired design. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:052001. [PMID: 37429293 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/ace5fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In bio-inspired design, the concept of 'function' allows engineers and designers to move between biological models and human applications. Abstracting a problem to general functions allows designers to look to traits that perform analogous functions in biological organisms. However, the idea of function can mean different things across fields, presenting challenges for interdisciplinary research. Here we review core ideas in biology that relate to the concept of 'function,' including adaptation, tradeoffs, and fitness, as a companion to bio-inspired design approaches. We align these ideas with a top-down approach in biomimetics, where engineers or designers start with a problem of interest and look to biology for ideas. We review how one can explore a range of biological analogies for a given function by considering function across different parts of an organism's life, such as acquiring nutrients or avoiding disease. Engineers may also draw inspiration from biological traits or systems that exhibit a particular function, but did not necessarily evolve to do so. Such an evolutionary perspective is important to how biodesigners search biological space for ideas. A consideration of the evolution of trait function can also clarify potential trade-offs and biological models that may be more promising for an application. This core set of concepts from evolutionary and organismal biology can aid engineers and designers in their search for biological inspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Dimitri Smirnoff
- Department of Curriculum and Instruction, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- Department of Biology Teaching and Learning, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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26
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S M D, S WF. An automated algorithm for the determination of oil absorption strategy of magnetic nanoparticles from SEM images. Micron 2023; 172:103505. [PMID: 37442026 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) are employed as efficient absorbents for oil removal from water. In this research, the particle size (diameter) obtained from Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of MNPs, before and after oil-absorption, are utilized to determine the oil-absorption capacity. However, the manual evaluation of the particle size and particle size distribution (PSD) are highly time-consuming and needs expertised people for accurate analysis. Hence, an image processing algorithm is employed for the determination of particle size and PSD from the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images. The key objective revolves with the preparation of the Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene anchored Magnetic Nanoparticles (MAPP-a-MNPs) to absorb crude oil from the marine water. The shape, size, and size distribution of MAPP-a-MNPs were assessed by both manual and automated analysis. For this purpose, expertise people help with the manual analysis and Threshold Adaptive-Canny Edge Detection (TA-CED) and Accumulator Updated-Circular Hough Transform (AU-CHT) method is employed for automated analysis. All the automated process were conducted in MATLAB and the measurements were taken for both before and after the oil absorption images. These measurements aid us to determine the quantity of oil absorbed by MAPP-a-MNPs. The results demonstrates excellent oil removal capacity of MAPP-a-MNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiepthie S M
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CSI Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Anna University,Tamil Nadu, India), Thovalai, Nagercoil, 629302, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Wilfred Franklin S
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, CSI Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Anna University,Tamil Nadu, India), Thovalai, Nagercoil, 629302, Tamil Nadu, India
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27
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Ebbinghaus T, Lang G, Scheibel T. Biomimetic polymer fibers-function by design. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:041003. [PMID: 37307815 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acddc1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicry applies the fundamental principles of natural materials, processes, and structures to technological applications. This review presents the two strategies of biomimicry-bottom-up and top-down approaches, using biomimetic polymer fibers and suitable spinning techniques as examples. The bottom-up biomimicry approach helps to acquire fundamental knowledge on biological systems, which can then be leveraged for technological advancements. Within this context, we discuss the spinning of silk and collagen fibers due to their unique natural mechanical properties. To achieve successful biomimicry, it is imperative to carefully adjust the spinning solution and processing parameters. On the other hand, top-down biomimicry aims to solve technological problems by seeking solutions from natural role models. This approach will be illustrated using examples such as spider webs, animal hair, and tissue structures. To contextualize biomimicking approaches in practical applications, this review will give an overview of biomimetic filter technologies, textiles, and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebbinghaus
- Chair of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gregor Lang
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry, University Hospital of Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Chair of Biomaterials, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Str. 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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28
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Chu J, Tian G, Feng X. Recent advances in prevailing antifogging surfaces: structures, materials, durability, and beyond. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37368459 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01767b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In past decades, antifogging surfaces have drawn more and more attention owing to their promising and wide applications such as in aerospace, traffic transportation, optical devices, the food industry, and medical and other fields. Therefore, the potential hazards caused by fogging need to be solved urgently. At present, the up-and-coming antifogging surfaces have been developing swiftly, and can effectively achieve antifogging effects primarily by preventing fog formation and rapid defogging. This review analyzes and summarizes current progress in antifogging surfaces. Firstly, some bionic and typical antifogging structures are described in detail. Then, the antifogging materials explored thus far, mainly focusing on substrates and coatings, are extensively introduced. After that, the solutions for improving the durability of antifogging surfaces are explicitly classified in four aspects. Finally, the remaining big challenges and future development trends of the ascendant antifogging surfaces are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Chu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Guizhong Tian
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, P. R. China.
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29
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Briciu-Burghina C, Power S, Delgado A, Regan F. Sensors for Coastal and Ocean Monitoring. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:451-469. [PMID: 37314875 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091922-085746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In situ water monitoring sensors are critical to gain an understanding of ocean biochemistry and ecosystem health. They enable the collection of high-frequency data and capture ecosystem spatial and temporal changes, which in turn facilitate long-term global predictions. They are used as decision support tools in emergency situations and for risk mitigation, pollution source tracking, and regulatory monitoring. Advanced sensing platforms exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. To be fit-for-purpose, sensors must withstand the challenging marine environment and provide data at an acceptable cost. Significant technological advancements have catalyzed the development of new and improved sensors for coastal and oceanographic applications. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, more cost-effective, and increasingly specialized and diversified. This article, therefore, provides a review of the state-of-the art oceanographic and coastal sensors. Progress in sensor development is discussed in terms of performance and the key strategies used for achieving robustness, marine rating, cost reduction, and antifouling protection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean Power
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Adrian Delgado
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Fiona Regan
- DCU Water Institute, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland;
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30
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Jastrzembski MG, Watson BC, Weissburg MJ, Bras B. Assessing the state of biologically inspired design from three perspectives: academic, public, and practitioners. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:046005. [PMID: 37023773 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/accb31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biologically inspired design (BID) applies natural solutions to engineering challenges. Due to the widespread success of BID, we examine the following research question: how does the purpose of applying, the inspiration source, and the application of BID differ between academics, the public, and practitioners? Answering this question can help us design the tools used to support BID, provide an understanding of the current 'state of BID' and identify where BID solutions have not been widely utilized. Identifying gaps in utilization could prompt investigations into BID methods in new fields. To answer this research question, 660 BID samples were gathered equally from three data sources: Google Scholar, Google News, and the Asknature.org 'Innovations' database. The data were classified across seven dimensions and 68 subcategories. The conclusions of our research deliver insights into three areas. First, we identify trends in BID independent of source. For example, 72.5% of the biomimicry samples had the purpose of improving functionality and 87.6% of the samples impacted the usage phase of a product's life cycle. Secondly, by examining the distribution of BID within each source, we identify areas for potential outreach or application. Finally, by contrasting BID results between three sources (academic, news, and practical case studies) we gain an understanding of the disparities between the three. This analysis provides BID researchers and practitioners with a useful insight into the present state of this field, with the goal of motivating future research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Jastrzembski
- Biomedical Engineering at Mercer University, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA 31207, United States of America
| | - B C Watson
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Boulevard, Daytona Beach, FL 32119, United States of America
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - M J Weissburg
- School of Biological Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - B Bras
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
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31
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Pragya A, Ghosh TK. Soft Functionally Gradient Materials and Structures - Natural and Manmade: A Review. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300912. [PMID: 37031358 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) have gradual variations in their properties along one or more dimensions due to local compositional or structural distinctions by design. Traditionally, hard materials (e.g., metals, ceramics) are used to design and fabricate FGMs; however, there is increasing interest in polymer-based soft and compliant FGMs mainly because of their potential application in the human environment. Soft FGMs are ideally suitable to manage interfacial problems in dissimilar materials used in many emerging devices and systems for human interaction, such as soft robotics and electronic textiles and beyond. Soft systems are ubiquitous in everyday lives; they are resilient and can easily deform, absorb energy, and adapt to changing environments. Here, the basic design and functional principles of biological FGMs and their manmade counterparts are discussed using representative examples. The remarkable multifunctional properties of natural FGMs resulting from their sophisticated hierarchical structures, built from a relatively limited choice of materials, offer a rich source of new design paradigms and manufacturing strategies for manmade materials and systems for emerging technological needs. Finally, the challenges and potential pathways are highlighted to leverage soft materials' facile processability and unique properties toward functional FGMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pragya
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Tushar K Ghosh
- Department of Textile Engineering Chemistry and Science, Fiber, and Polymer Science Program, Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
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32
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Sharma SK, Grewal HS. Tribological Behavior of Bioinspired Surfaces. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010062. [PMID: 36810393 PMCID: PMC9944884 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy losses due to various tribological phenomena pose a significant challenge to sustainable development. These energy losses also contribute toward increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Various attempts have been made to reduce energy consumption through the use of various surface engineering solutions. The bioinspired surfaces can provide a sustainable solution to address these tribological challenges by minimizing friction and wear. The current study majorly focuses on the recent advancements in the tribological behavior of bioinspired surfaces and bio-inspired materials. The miniaturization of technological devices has increased the need to understand micro- and nano-scale tribological behavior, which could significantly reduce energy wastage and material degradation. Integrating advanced research methods is crucial in developing new aspects of structures and characteristics of biological materials. Depending upon the interaction of the species with the surrounding, the present study is divided into segments depicting the tribological behavior of the biological surfaces inspired by animals and plants. The mimicking of bio-inspired surfaces resulted in significant noise, friction, and drag reduction, promoting the development of anti-wear and anti-adhesion surfaces. Along with the reduction in friction through the bioinspired surface, a few studies providing evidence for the enhancement in the frictional properties were also depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar Sharma
- Surface Science and Tribology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harpreet Singh Grewal
- Surface Science and Tribology Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Gautam Buddha Nagar 201314, Uttar Pradesh, India
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33
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de Sá AAM, Viana DM. Design and Biomimicry: A Review of Interconnections and Creative Potentials. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010061. [PMID: 36810392 PMCID: PMC9944943 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study and application of biological knowledge favor the creation of innovative projects in several areas, so it is necessary to better understand the use of these resources specifically in the field of design. Thus, a systematic review was undertaken to identify, describe, and analyze the contributions of biomimicry to design. For this purpose, the integrative systematic review model, called the Theory of Consolidated Meta-Analytical Approach, was used, carrying out a search on the Web of Science with the descriptors "design" and "biomimicry". For the period from 1991 to 2021, 196 publications were retrieved. The results were organized according to areas of knowledge, countries, journals, institutions, authors, and years. Citation, co-citation, and bibliographic coupling analyses were also performed. The investigation highlighted the following research emphases: the conception of products, buildings, and environments; the exploration of natural structures and systems to create materials and technologies; the use of biomimetic creative tools in product design; and projects focused on saving resources and implementing sustainability. It was noted that there was a tendency for authors to adopt a problem-based approach. It was concluded that the study of biomimicry can stimulate the development of multiple skills in design, improving creativity, and enhancing the potential integration of sustainability into production cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Araujo Marques de Sá
- Department of Design, Institute of Arts, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Dianne Magalhães Viana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
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34
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Laucirica G, Toum Terrones Y, Wagner MFP, Cayón VM, Cortez ML, Toimil-Molares ME, Trautmann C, Marmisollé W, Azzaroni O. Electrochemically addressed FET-like nanofluidic channels with dynamic ion-transport regimes. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1782-1793. [PMID: 36602003 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04510a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanofluidic channels in which the ionic transport can be modulated by the application of an external voltage to the nanochannel walls have been described as nanofluidic field effect transistors (nFETs) because of their analogy with electrolyte-gated field effect transistors. The creation of nFETs is attracting increasing attention due to the possibility of controlling ion transport by using an external voltage as a non-invasive stimulus. In this work, we show that it is possible to extend the actuation range of nFETs by using the supporting electrolyte as a "chemical effector". For this aim, a gold-coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) membrane was modified with electroactive poly-o-aminophenol. By exploiting the interaction between the electroactive poly-o-aminophenol and the ions in the electrolyte solution, the magnitude and surface charge of the nanochannels were fine-tuned. In this way, by setting the electrolyte nature it has been possible to set different ion transport regimes, i.e.: cation-selective or anion-selective ion transport, whereas the rectification efficiency of the ionic transport was controlled by the gate voltage applied to the electroactive polymer layer. Remarkably, under both regimes, the platform displays a reversible and rapid response. We believe that this strategy to preset the actuation range of nFETs by using the supporting electrolyte as a chemical effector can be extended to other devices, thus offering new opportunities for the development of stimulus-responsive solid-state nanochannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Laucirica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Yamili Toum Terrones
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Michael F P Wagner
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Vanina M Cayón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - María Lorena Cortez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | | | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität Darmstadt, Materialwissenschaft, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Waldemar Marmisollé
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Omar Azzaroni
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CONICET - CC 16 Suc. 4, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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35
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Ghobara M, Oschatz C, Fratzl P, Reissig L. Numerical Analysis of the Light Modulation by the Frustule of Gomphonema parvulum: The Role of Integrated Optical Components. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:nano13010113. [PMID: 36616023 PMCID: PMC9823621 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Siliceous diatom frustules present a huge variety of shapes and nanometric pore patterns. A better understanding of the light modulation by these frustules is required to determine whether or not they might have photobiological roles besides their possible utilization as building blocks in photonic applications. In this study, we propose a novel approach for analyzing the near-field light modulation by small pennate diatom frustules, utilizing the frustule of Gomphonema parvulum as a model. Numerical analysis was carried out for the wave propagation across selected 2D cross-sections in a statistically representative 3D model for the valve based on the finite element frequency domain method. The influences of light wavelength (vacuum wavelengths from 300 to 800 nm) and refractive index changes, as well as structural parameters, on the light modulation were investigated and compared to theoretical predictions when possible. The results showed complex interference patterns resulting from the overlay of different optical phenomena, which can be explained by the presence of a few integrated optical components in the valve. Moreover, studies on the complete frustule in an aqueous medium allow the discussion of its possible photobiological relevance. Furthermore, our results may enable the simple screening of unstudied pennate frustules for photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghobara
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cathleen Oschatz
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Louisa Reissig
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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36
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Chang MH, Oh-e M. Kinetic arrest during the drying of cellulose nanocrystal films from aqueous suspensions analogous to the freezing of thermal motions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21042. [PMID: 36470939 PMCID: PMC9722664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of controlling the iridescence of cellulose films by manipulating the alignment and helical pitch of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) is required to advance cellulose photonics and its optoelectronic applications. Aqueous suspensions of CNCs exhibit a cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) phase with structural color; however, attaining a uniformly colored film is extremely difficult. Presumably, because multiple interrelated factors influence the CNC molecular alignment and helical pitch, existing models are not necessarily conclusive and remain a subject of debate. To eventually achieve homogeneously colored films, we compare aqueous CNC suspensions as a lyotropic liquid LC with thermotropic ones, and we spectroscopically confirm that the coloration of CNC droplets originates from the periodic CNC structure. The suspension drying process significantly influences the quality of iridescence of CNC films. Rapidly drying a droplet of a CNC suspension forms a concentric rainbow film, with red edges and a blue center, typical of the coffee-ring effect observed in air-dried films. By contrast, slow drying under controlled humidity, which reduces capillary flow, provides higher uniformity and a large blue area. Orbitally shaking films while drying under high humidity further improves the uniformity. Therefore, the evaporation rate significantly influences the thermodynamically stabilized helical pitch of CNCs, which determines the structural color. We qualitatively model the kinetic arrest induced by the rapid evaporation of lyotropic LCs in a manner equivalent to that induced by the rate of temperature change in thermotropic LCs and other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Hsiang Chang
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
| | - Masahito Oh-e
- grid.38348.340000 0004 0532 0580Institute of Photonics Technologies, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Sec. 2 Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu, 30013 Taiwan
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37
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Experimental and theoretical studies of hexylmeythylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid as cathodic corrosion inhibitor for mild steel. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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38
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Brun PT. Fluid-Mediated Fabrication of Complex Assemblies. JACS AU 2022; 2:2417-2425. [PMID: 36465550 PMCID: PMC9709784 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This Perspective accounts for recent progress in the directed control of interfacial fluid flows harnessed to assemble architected soft materials. We are focusing on the paradigmatic problem of free-surface flows in curable elastomers. These elastomers are initially liquid and cure into elastic solids whose shape is imparted by concomitant and competing phenomena: flow-induced deformations and curing. Particular attention is given to the role of capillary forces in these systems. Originating from the cohesive nature of liquids and thus favoring smooth interfaces, capillary forces can also promote the destabilization of interfaces, e.g., into droplets. In turn, such mechanical instabilities tend to grow into regular patterns, e.g., forming hexagonal lattices. We discuss how the universality, robustness, and ultimate regularity of these out-of-equilibrium processes could serve as a basis for new fabrication paradigms, where instabilities are directed to generate target architected solids obtained without each element laid in place by direct mechanized intervention.
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39
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Liu X, Tan H, Rigoni C, Hartikainen T, Asghar N, van Dijken S, Timonen JVI, Peng B, Ikkala O. Magnetic field-driven particle assembly and jamming for bistable memory and response plasticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9394. [PMID: 36367936 PMCID: PMC9651856 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unlike classic synthetic stimulus-responsive and shape-memory materials, which remain limited to fixed responses, the responses of living systems dynamically adapt based on the repetition, intensity, and history of stimuli. Such plasticity is ubiquitous in biology, which is profoundly linked to memory and learning. Concepts thereof are searched for rudimentary forms of "intelligent materials." Here, we show plasticity of electroconductivity in soft ferromagnetic nickel colloidal supraparticles with spiny surfaces, assembling/disassembling to granular conducting micropillars between two electrodes driven by magnetic field B. Colloidal jamming leads to conduction hysteresis and bistable memory upon increasing and subsequently decreasing B. Abrupt B changes induce larger conduction changes than gradual B-changes. Periodic B pulsing drives to frequency-dependent facilitation or suppression of conductivity compared to exposing the same constant field. The concepts allow remotely controlled switching plasticity, illustrated by a rudimentary device. More generally, we foresee adaptive functional materials inspired by response plasticity and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bo Peng
- Corresponding author. (B.P.); (O.I.)
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40
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Advances in the Fabrication and Characterization of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Inspired by the Lotus Leaf. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040196. [PMID: 36412724 PMCID: PMC9680393 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature has proven to be a valuable resource in inspiring the development of novel technologies. The field of biomimetics emerged centuries ago as scientists sought to understand the fundamental science behind the extraordinary properties of organisms in nature and applied the new science to mimic a desired property using various materials. Through evolution, living organisms have developed specialized surface coatings and chemistries with extraordinary properties such as the superhydrophobicity, which has been exploited to maintain structural integrity and for survival in harsh environments. The Lotus leaf is one of many examples which has inspired the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces. In this review, the fundamental science, supported by rigorous derivations from a thermodynamic perspective, is presented to explain the origin of superhydrophobicity. Based on theory, the interplay between surface morphology and chemistry is shown to influence surface wetting properties of materials. Various fabrication techniques to create superhydrophobic surfaces are also presented along with the corresponding advantages and/or disadvantages. Recent advances in the characterization techniques used to quantify the superhydrophobicity of surfaces is presented with respect to accuracy and sensitivity of the measurements. Challenges associated with the fabrication and characterization of superhydrophobic surfaces are also discussed.
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41
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Stevens LL, Whitehead C, Singhal A. Cultivating Cooperative Relationships: Identifying Learning Gaps When Teaching Students Systems Thinking Biomimicry. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7040184. [PMID: 36412712 PMCID: PMC9680354 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The methodology of biomimicry design thinking is based on and builds upon the overarching patterns that all life abides by. "Cultivating cooperative relationships" within an ecosystem is one such pattern we as humans can learn from to nurture our own mutualistic and symbiotic relationships. While form and process translations from biology to design have proven accessible by students learning biomimicry, the realm of translating biological functions in a systematic approach has proven to be more difficult. This study examines how higher education students can approach the gap that many companies in transition are struggling with today; that of thinking within the closed loops of their own ecosystem, to do good without damaging the system itself. Design students should be able to assess and advise on product design choices within such systems after graduation. We know when tackling a design challenge, teams have difficulties sifting through the mass of information they encounter, and many obstacles are encountered by students and their professional clients when trying to implement systems thinking into their design process. While biomimicry offers guidelines and methodology, there is insufficient research on complex, systems-level problem solving that systems thinking biomimicry requires. This study looks at factors found in course exercises, through student surveys and interviews that helped (novice) professionals initiate systems thinking methods as part of their strategy. The steps found in this research show characteristics from student responses and matching educational steps which enabled them to develop their own approach to challenges in a systems thinking manner. Experiences from the 2022 cohort of the semester "Design with Nature" within the Industrial Design Engineering program at The Hague University of Applied Sciences in the Netherlands have shown that the mixing and matching of connected biological design strategies to understand integrating functions and relationships within a human system is a promising first step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lee Stevens
- Industrial Design Engineering, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Celina Whitehead
- Industrial Design Engineering, The Hague University of Applied Sciences, 2521 EN Den Haag, The Netherlands
| | - Asha Singhal
- Hybrid Futures, Strassmannstr., 10249 Berlin, Germany
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42
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Tailoring Structure: Current Design Strategies and Emerging Trends to Hierarchical Catalysts. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature mimicking implies the design of nanostructured materials, which can be assembled into a hierarchical structure, thus outperforming the features of the neat components because of their multiple length scale organization. This approach can be effectively exploited for the design of advanced photocatalysts with superior catalytic activity for energy and environment applications with considerable development in the recent six years. In this context, we propose a review on the state of the art for hierarchical photocatalyst production. Particularly, different synthesis strategies are presented, including template-free structuring, and organic, inorganic, and hybrid templating. Furthermore, emerging approaches based on hybrid and bio-waste templating are also highlighted. Finally, a critical comparison among available methods is carried out based on the envisaged application.
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43
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Topçu A, Kılıç S, Özgür E, Türkmen D, Denizli A. Inspirations of Biomimetic Affinity Ligands: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:32897-32907. [PMID: 36157742 PMCID: PMC9494661 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Affinity chromatography is a well-known method dependent on molecular recognition and is used to purify biomolecules by mimicking the specific interactions between the biomolecules and their substrates. Enzyme substrates, cofactors, antigens, and inhibitors are generally utilized as bioligands in affinity chromatography. However, their cost, instability, and leakage problems are the main drawbacks of these bioligands. Biomimetic affinity ligands can recognize their target molecules with high selectivity. Their cost-effectiveness and chemical and biological stabilities make these antibody analogs favorable candidates for affinity chromatography applications. Biomimetics applies to nature and aims to develop nanodevices, processes, and nanomaterials. Today, biomimetics provides a design approach to the biomimetic affinity ligands with the aid of computational methods, rational design, and other approaches to meet the requirements of the bioligands and improve the downstream process. This review highlighted the recent trends in designing biomimetic affinity ligands and summarized their binding interactions with the target molecules with computational approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aykut
Arif Topçu
- Medical
Laboratory Program, Vocational School of Health Service, Aksaray University, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Seçkin Kılıç
- Department
of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Özgür
- Department
of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Türkmen
- Department
of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department
of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
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Ishihara K. Biomimetic materials based on zwitterionic polymers toward human-friendly medical devices. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:498-524. [PMID: 36117516 PMCID: PMC9481090 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2119883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the design of polymer material systems based on biomimetic concepts and reports on the medical devices that implement these systems. Biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, present in living organisms, play important roles in biological activities. These molecules are characterized by heterogenic nature with hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, and a balance of positive and negative charges, which provide unique reaction fields, interfaces, and functionality. Incorporating these molecules into artificial systems is expected to advance material science considerably. This approach to material design is exceptionally practical for medical devices that are in contact with living organisms. Here, it is focused on zwitterionic polymers with intramolecularly balanced charges and introduce examples of their applications in medical devices. Their unique properties make these polymers potential surface modification materials to enhance the performance and safety of conventional medical devices. This review discusses these devices; moreover, new surface technologies have been summarized for developing human-friendly medical devices using zwitterionic polymers in the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, orthopedic, and ophthalmology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Ishihara
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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45
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Song CW, Song DH, Kang DG, Park KH, Park CE, Kim H, Hur Y, Jo SD, Nam YS, Yeom J, Han SM, Chang JB. Multiscale Functional Metal Architectures by Antibody-Guided Metallization of Specific Protein Assemblies in Ex Vivo Multicellular Organisms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200408. [PMID: 35799313 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems consist of hierarchical protein structures, each of which has unique 3D geometries optimized for specific functions. In the past decades, the growth of inorganic materials on specific proteins has attracted considerable attention. However, the use of specific proteins as templates has only been demonstrated in relatively simple organisms, such as viruses, limiting the range of structures that can be used as scaffolds. This study proposes a method for synthesizing metallic structures that resemble the 3D assemblies of specific proteins in mammalian cells and animal tissues. Using 1.4 nm nanogold-conjugated antibodies, specific proteins within cells and ex vivo tissues are labeled, and then the nanogold acts as nucleation sites for growth of metal particles. As proof of concept, various metal particles are grown using microtubules in cells as templates. The metal-containing cells are applied as catalysts and show catalytic stability in liquid-phase reactions due to the rigid support provided by the microtubules. Finally, this method is used to produce metal structures that replicate the specific protein assemblies of neurons in the mouse brain or the extracellular matrices in the mouse kidney and heart. This new biotemplating approach can facilitate the conversion of specific protein structures into metallic forms in ex vivo multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Woo Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gyu Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan E Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongsuk Hur
- BioMedical Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Duk Jo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Sung Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Byum Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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46
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Strong energy component is more important than spectral selectivity in modeling responses of midbrain auditory neurons to wide-band environmental sounds. Biosystems 2022; 221:104752. [PMID: 36028002 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2022.104752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modeling central auditory neurons in response to complex sounds not only helps understanding neural processing of speech signals but can also provide insights for biomimetics in neuro-engineering. While modeling responses of midbrain auditory neurons to synthetic tones is rather good, modeling those to environmental sounds is less satisfactory. Environmental sounds typically contain a wide range of frequency components, often with strong and transient energy. These stimulus features have not been examined in the conventional approach of auditory modeling centered on spectral selectivity. To this end, we firstly compared responses to an environmental sound of auditory midbrain neurons across 3 subpopulations of neurons with frequency selectivity in the low, middle and high ranges; secondly, we manipulated the sound energy, both in power and in spectrum, and compared across these subpopulations how their modeled responses were affected. The environmental sound was recorded when a rat was drinking from a feeding bottle (called the 'drinking sound'). The sound spectrum was divided into 20 non-overlapping frequency bands (from 0 to 20 kHz, at 1 kHz width) and presented to an artificial neural model built on a committee machine with parallel spectral inputs to simulate the known tonotopic organization of the auditory system. The model was trained to predict empirical response probability profiles of neurons to the repeated sounds. Results showed that model performance depended more on the strong energy components than on the spectral selectivity. Findings were interpreted to reflect general sensitivity to rapidly changing sound intensities at the auditory midbrain and in the cortex.
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47
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Jangir H, Das M. Designing water vapor fuelled brine-silk cocoon protein bio-battery for a self-lighting kettle and water-vapor panels. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13999. [PMID: 35978100 PMCID: PMC9385712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water vapor increases the electrical conductivity of silk cocoons, human hair, jute, and corn silk. This phenomenon is unclear. In the present study, XPS analysis of cocoons showed that water vapor reduces the surface presence of low-energy carbon species (C–C, C–H). In contrast, electron-dense, high-energy carbon species (C–N, C=C, C=O) remained unchanged, possibly enhancing surface charge hopping. While water vapor improves the conduction, the deficiency of charge carrier diminishes the effect. We increase the charge carrier by soaking the cocoon in an aqueous solution of common salt (NaCl) to amplify the current. Salt treatment followed by 2-min exposure to water vapor results in a sharp upward spike in the current (3.6 ± 1.07 mA, n = 12; mean ± SE) from the baseline (0.06 ± 0.02 mA, n = 12). After 1 h, it maintains an average value of 0.39 ± 0.12 mA; n = 12, indicating an upward shift in the baseline. Every time the cocoon charges with water vapor, the next charging cycle initiates after the cocoon dries up. Inspired by the cocoon ecology, we demonstrate an alternating 'water vapor–dry air' cycle for rapid charging and discharging of the cocoon battery. Finally, we designed a prototype of a self-lighting kettle and water–vapor panels for futuristic homes using a 'brine-silk cocoon protein bio-battery,' where moist waste heat generates electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Jangir
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Fl, 32826, USA.
| | - Mainak Das
- Design Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India.
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48
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Metal deposition and shape reproduction at biological temperatures on cell-level samples. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13328. [PMID: 35922439 PMCID: PMC9349294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17562-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of metal deposition has been limited to a limited number of applicable samples due to the increased temperature caused by accelerated electron impact on the substrate surface. The surfaces of various biological samples have a nanoscale structure with specific properties, which have been simulated in numerous studies. However, no examples of nano/microscale reproductions of biological surface features have used moulds. In this study, a mould that imitates the surface shape of a cellular-level biological material was fabricated, for the first time, and the shape was successfully reproduced using the mould. Al thin films were deposited on bovine sperm using magnetron sputtering without thermal denaturation with a cathode operating at a biological temperature. It is difficult to deposit films used as metal coatings on pre-treated biological materials at temperatures below 40 °C during evaporation. The Al thin film was peeled off and used as a mould to reproduce the shape of the sperm with high accuracy using a polymer. The results of this study represent a major innovation in reproducible biomimetic moulding technology, demonstrating biological temperature sputtering. We expect our non-destructive metal deposition and metal nano-moulding methods for biological samples to be the basis for the effective utilization of various biological structures.
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Bu X, Bai H. Recent Progress of Bio-inspired Camouflage Materials: From Visible to Infrared Range. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2170-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Liz Paola NZ, Torgerson PR, Hartnack S. Alternative Paradigms in Animal Health Decisions: A Framework for Treating Animals Not Only as Commodities. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141845. [PMID: 35883391 PMCID: PMC9311748 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Since zoonotic diseases can be transmitted from animals to humans, more comprehensive measures are needed when preventing and controlling these diseases. Because the value of animals is mainly based on monetary terms, animals are typically treated as commodities, impacting public health decisions. Therefore, a framework is proposed to value the health of animals beyond money for public health decision-making with a “One Health” approach. The aim is to have more comprehensive animal values based on the opinion of societies. However, tackling the dilemmas related to animal diseases, public health, and welfare still represents a challenge and a work in progress. Abstract Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from (vertebrate) animals to humans in the environment. The control and prevention of these diseases require an appropriate way to measure health value for prudent and well-balanced decisions in public health, production costs, and market values. Currently, the impact of diseases and animal disease control measures are typically assessed in monetary values, thus lacking consideration of other values such as emotional, societal, ecological, among others. Therefore, a framework is proposed that aims to explore, understand, and open up a conversation about the non-monetary value of animals through environmental and normative ethics. This method might help us complement the existing metrics in health, which are currently DALY and zDALY, adding more comprehensive values for animal and human health to the “One Health” approach. As an example of this framework application, participants can choose what they are willing to give in exchange for curing an animal in hypothetical scenarios selecting a human health condition to suffer, the amount of money, and lifetime as a tradeoff. Considering animals beyond their monetary value in public health decisions might contribute to a more rigorous assessment of the burden of zoonotic diseases, among other health decisions. This study is structured as follows: after a brief introduction of zoonoses, animal health, and health metrics, briefly, different environmental health perspectives are presented. Based on this, a framework for animal health decisions is proposed. This framework introduces the “anthropozoocentric interface” based on anthropocentrism and zoocentrism perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noguera Z. Liz Paola
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence: or
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; (P.R.T.); (S.H.)
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