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Farias L, Beszteri B, Burfeid Castellanos AM, Doliwa A, Enss J, Feld CK, Grabner D, Lampert KP, Mayombo NAS, Prati S, Schürings C, Smollich E, Schäfer RB, Sures B, Le TTY. Influence of salinity on the thermal tolerance of aquatic organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 953:176120. [PMID: 39260473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are challenged by changes in their external environment, such as temperature and salinity fluctuations. If these variables interacted with each other, the response of organisms to temperature changes would be modified by salinity and vice versa. We tested for potential interaction between temperature and salinity effects on freshwater, brackish, and marine organisms, including algae, macrophytes, heterotrophic protists, parasites, invertebrates, and fish. We performed a meta-analysis that compared the thermal tolerance (characterised by the temperature optimum, lower and upper temperature limits, and thermal breadth) at various salinities. The meta-analysis was based on 90 articles (algae: 15; heterotrophic protists: 1; invertebrates: 43; and fish: 31). Studies on macrophytes and parasites were lacking. We found that decreasing salinity significantly increased and decreased the lower and upper temperature limits, respectively, in all groups. Thus, a lowered salinity increased the thermal sensitivity of organisms. These findings mainly reflect the response of brackish and marine organisms to salinity changes, which dominated our database. The few studies on freshwater species showed that their lower thermal limits increased and the upper thermal limits decreased with increasing salinity, albeit statistically nonsignificant. Although non-significant, the response of thermal tolerance to salinity changes differed between various organism groups. It generally decreased in the order of: algae > invertebrates > fish. Overall, our findings indicate adverse effects of salinity changes on the temperature tolerance of aquatic organisms. For freshwater species, studies are comparatively scarce and further studies on their thermal performance at various salinity gradients are required to obtain more robust evidence for interactions between salinity and temperature tolerance. Considering test conditions such as acclimation temperature and potential infection with parasites in future studies may decrease the variability in the relationship between salinity and thermal tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Farias
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bánk Beszteri
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Department of Phycology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | - Annemie Doliwa
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Julian Enss
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christian K Feld
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Sebastian Prati
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Schürings
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Esther Smollich
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Ralf B Schäfer
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Ecotoxicology, Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr of the University Alliance Ruhr, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - T T Yen Le
- Department of Aquatic Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany.
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Ingelbrecht J, Lear KO, Lymbery AJ, Bateman RL, Norman BM, Martin SB, Fazeldean T, Morgan DL. Ectoparasites of the Critically Endangered Giant Shovelnose Ray Glaucostegus typus in the Eastern Indian Ocean, with a Summary of the Known Metazoan Parasites. Acta Parasitol 2024:10.1007/s11686-024-00918-8. [PMID: 39287899 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the metazoan ectoparasites of the Critically Endangered giant shovelnose ray, Glaucostegus typus, in the eastern Indian Ocean. METHODS We screened 186 G. typus for ectoparasites in four coastal regions of Western Australia between 2020 and 2022: the Pilbara Region, Exmouth Gulf, Ningaloo Coast and Shark Bay. RESULTS Five parasite taxa were encountered on 186 G. typus: Caligus furcisetifer (Copepoda: Caligidae), Dermopristis cairae (Monopisthocotyla: Microbothriidae), Branchellion plicobranchus and Stibarobdella macrothela (Hirudinida: Piscicolidae), and praniza larvae of unidentified gnathiid isopod/s (Isopoda: Gnathiidae). Two of these species, B. plicobranchus and S. macrothela, are reported for the first time on G. typus. Only C. furcisetifer and S. macrothela were relatively common, encountered on 31% and 40% of G. typus, respectively. Gnathiids were observed infrequently, encountered on 13% of G. typus, and D. cairae and B. plicobranchus were scarce, encountered on 1% and 2% of G. typus, respectively. Intensity of infection for C. furcisetifer and gnathiids increased with host length. Likelihood of infection varied seasonally for C. furcisetifer, being considerably lower in summer, and regionally for gnathiids, being greatest at Shark Bay. Intensity and likelihood of infection for S. macrothela increased with host length and varied regionally, being greatest at Shark Bay. CONCLUSION These findings improve our understanding of the downstream impacts for dependent parasites that might arise should populations of G. typus continue to decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Ingelbrecht
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
| | - Karissa O Lear
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Alan J Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Rebecca L Bateman
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Bradley M Norman
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Storm B Martin
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Travis Fazeldean
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - David L Morgan
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
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Asakura H, Futamura R, Moriyama S, Iida S, Araki K, Ayumi M, Kumikawa S, Matsuoka Y, Takahashi T, Uchida J, Kishida O, Sato T. Two distinct host-parasite associations mediate seasonal ecosystem linkages. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20240065. [PMID: 39016002 PMCID: PMC11252854 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2024.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Nematomorph parasites manipulate terrestrial arthropods to enter streams where the parasites reproduce. These manipulated arthropods become a substantial prey subsidy for stream salmonids, causing cross-ecosystem energy flow. Diverse nematomorph-arthropod associations underlie the energy flow, but it remains unknown whether they can mediate the magnitude and temporal attributes of the energy flow. Here, we investigated whether distinct phylogenetic groups of nematomorphs manipulate different arthropod hosts and mediate seasonal prey subsidy for stream salmonids. The results of our molecular-based diagnoses show that Gordionus and Gordius nematomorphs infected ground beetle and orthopteran hosts, respectively. The presumable ground beetle hosts subsidized salmonid individuals in spring, whereas the presumable orthopteran hosts did so in autumn. Maintaining the two distinct nematomorph-arthropod associations thus resulted in the parasite-mediated prey subsidy in both spring and autumn in the study streams. Manipulative parasites are common, and often associated with a range of host lineages, suggesting that similar effects of phylogenetic variation in host-parasite associations on energy flow might be widespread in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinako Asakura
- Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Futamura
- Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Fish Biology, Fisheries and Aquaculture, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany
| | - Senri Moriyama
- Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoko Iida
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koume Araki
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Masato Ayumi
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shoji Kumikawa
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsuoka
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taro Takahashi
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jiro Uchida
- Tomakomai Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Kishida
- Wakayama Experimental Forest, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya Sato
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Klimov PB, He Q. Predicting host range expansion in parasitic mites using a global mammalian-acarine dataset. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5431. [PMID: 38926409 PMCID: PMC11208579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Multi-host parasites pose greater health risks to wildlife, livestock, and humans than single-host parasites, yet our understanding of how ecological and biological factors influence a parasite's host range remains limited. Here, we assemble the largest and most complete dataset on permanently parasitic mammalian mites and build a predictive model assessing the probability of single-host parasites to become multi-hosts, while accounting for potentially unobserved host-parasite links and class imbalance. This model identifies statistically significant predictors related to parasites, hosts, climate, and habitat disturbance. The most important predictors include the parasite's contact level with the host immune system and two variables characterizing host phylogenetic similarity and spatial co-distribution. Our model reveals an overrepresentation of mites associated with Rodentia (rodents), Chiroptera (bats), and Carnivora in the multi-host risk group. This highlights both the potential vulnerability of these hosts to parasitic infestations and the risk of serving as reservoirs of parasites for new hosts. In addition, we find independent macroevolutionary evidence that supports our prediction of several single-host species of Notoedres, the bat skin parasites, to be in the multi-host risk group, demonstrating the forecasting potential of our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel B Klimov
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
| | - Qixin He
- Lilly Hall of Life Sciences, Purdue University, 915 Mitch Daniels Blvd, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.
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Moore SE, Siwertsson A, Lafferty KD, Kuris AM, Soldánová M, Morton D, Primicerio R, Amundsen PA. Parasites alter food-web topology of a subarctic lake food web and its pelagic and benthic compartments. Oecologia 2024; 204:257-277. [PMID: 38326516 PMCID: PMC10907417 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We compared three sets of highly resolved food webs with and without parasites for a subarctic lake system corresponding to its pelagic and benthic compartments and the whole-lake food web. Key topological food-web metrics were calculated for each set of compartments to explore the role parasites play in food-web topology in these highly contrasting webs. After controlling for effects from differences in web size, we observed similar responses to the addition of parasites in both the pelagic and benthic compartments demonstrated by increases in trophic levels, linkage density, connectance, generality, and vulnerability despite the contrasting composition of free-living and parasitic species between the two compartments. Similar effects on food-web topology can be expected with the inclusion of parasites, regardless of the physical characteristics and taxonomic community compositions of contrasting environments. Additionally, similar increases in key topological metrics were found in the whole-lake food web that combines the pelagic and benthic webs, effects that are comparable to parasite food-web analyses from other systems. These changes in topological metrics are a result of the unique properties of parasites as infectious agents and the links they participate in. Trematodes were key contributors to these results, as these parasites have distinct characteristics in aquatic systems that introduce new link types and increase the food web's generality and vulnerability disproportionate to other parasites. Our analysis highlights the importance of incorporating parasites, especially trophically transmitted parasites, into food webs as they significantly alter key topological metrics and are thus essential for understanding an ecosystem's structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Moore
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Anna Siwertsson
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, at Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Armand M Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Miroslava Soldánová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, 370 05, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Morton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Raul Primicerio
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Per-Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang X, Zheng YD, Yuan T, Liu CF, Huang BW, Xin LS, Wang CM, Bai CM. Occurrence and seasonal variation of Perkinsus sp. Infection in wild mollusk populations from coastal waters of Qingdao, northern China. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 202:108044. [PMID: 38123122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.108044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Perkinsosis has been recognized as one of the major threats to natural and farmed bivalve populations, many of which are of commercial as well as environmental significance. Three Perkinsus species have been identified in China, and the Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) was the most frequently infected species in northern China. Although the occurrence and seasonal variation of Perkinsus spp. have previously been examined, the pathological characteristics of these infections in wild Manila clams and sympatric species in China have seldom been reported. In the present study, the prevalence and intensity of Perkinsus infection in wild populations of Manila clams and 10 sympatric species from three sites were investigated by Ray's fluid thioglycolate medium (RFTM) assay seasonally across a single year. Perkinsus infection was only identified in Manila clams, with a high prevalence (274/284 = 96.48 %) and low intensity (89.8 % with a Mackin value ≤ 2, suggesting generally low-intensity infections) throughout the year. Heavily infected clams were mainly identified in Tianheng in January, which displayed no macroscopic signs of disease. An overview of the whole visceral mass section showed that the trophozoites mostly aggregated in gills and connective tissue of the digestive tract, to a lesser extent in the mantle and foot, and even less frequently in adductor muscle and connective tissues of the gonad. PCR and ITS-5.8S rRNA sequencing of 93 representative RFTM-positive samples revealed a 99.69 to 100 % DNA sequence identity to Perkinsus olseni. Unexpectedly, significantly higher infection intensities were usually identified in January and April when the Condition Index (CI) was relatively high. We propose that factors associated with the anthropogenic harvesting pressure and irregular disturbances should be responsible for the uncommon seasonal infection dynamics of perkinsosis observed in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yu-Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Tian Yuan
- Dandong Fishery Development Service Center, Dandong 118000, China
| | - Chen-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bo-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chang-Ming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Svatos EC, Falke LP, Preston DL. Disturbance and disease: host-parasite interactions in freshwater streams remain stable following wildfire. Oecologia 2024; 204:401-411. [PMID: 37486411 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05422-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Increases in the intensity and frequency of wildfires highlight the need to understand how fire disturbance affects ecological interactions. Though the effects of wildfire on free-living aquatic communities are relatively well-studied, how host-parasite interactions respond to fire disturbance is largely unexplored. Using a Before-After-Control-Impact design, we surveyed 10 stream sites (5 burned and 5 unburned) in the Willamette River Basin, Oregon and quantified snail host infection status and trematode parasite community structure 1 year before and two years after historic wildfires. Despite the severity of the wildfires, snail host populations did not show significant shifts in density or size distributions. We detected nine taxa of trematode parasites and overall probability of infection remained consistent over the three-year study period. However, at the taxon-specific level, we found evidence that infection probability by one trematode decreased and another increased after fire. In a larger dataset focusing on the first year after fire (9 burned, 8 unburned sites), we found evidence for subtle differences in trematode community structure, including higher Shannon diversity and evenness at the burned sites. Taken together, host-parasite interactions were remarkably stable for most taxa; for trematodes that did show responses, changes in abundance or behavior of definitive hosts may underlie observed patterns. These results have implications for using parasites as bioindicators of environmental change and suggest that aquatic snail-trematode interactions may be relatively resistant to wildfire disturbance in some ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Svatos
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Landon P Falke
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Daniel L Preston
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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Virgilio LR, da Silva Lima F, Keppeler EC, Takemoto RM, Camargo LMA, de Oliveira Meneguetti DU. Endoparasite Communities of Fish at Different Trophic Levels in the Western Brazilian Amazon: Human, Environmental and Seasonal Influence. Acta Parasitol 2023; 68:612-636. [PMID: 37395992 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-023-00685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The composition of the fish parasite community depends on several factors related to the environment, the host and its biology. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of environmental factors in anthropized and conserved areas on the endoparasite community structure in fish at different trophic levels, in addition to verifying that some species of Digenea are indicators of conserved environments. METHODS The study was carried out in the Upper Juruá River region, Western Amazon, Brazil. Six sampling sites were selected in this region and grouped in conserved and degraded environments. Fish were caught from periods of drought and flood, using passive and active sampling methods. Fish collected were measured, weighed, necropsied and the parasites found were counted, fixed, and subjected to morphological analysis. Physical and chemical variables and environmental characteristics were measured in all sites. RESULTS The present study demonstrated that environmental variables in a floodplain system can influence the richness, diversity, composition and abundance of endoparasites in hosts at different trophic levels. In addition, anthropized environments may favor the abundance of some generalist parasites and present a more homogeneous biota between seasonal periods compared to conserved environments. CONCLUSION Study contributed with information supporting the importance of conservation of aquatic environments, and demonstrated that fish parasites can be excellent indicators of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucena Rocha Virgilio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil.
| | - Fabricia da Silva Lima
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Erlei Cassiano Keppeler
- Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Dionatas Ulises de Oliveira Meneguetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia, Bionorte, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil
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Sanchez JP, Berrizbeitia MFL, Ezquiaga MC. Host specificity of flea parasites of mammals from the Andean Biogeographic Region. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:511-522. [PMID: 37000587 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Host specificity of fleas affects their biodiversity that plays a major role in determining the potential transmission routes by pathogens through vertebrate hosts, including humans. In the Biogeographic Andean region, numerous systematic and ecological studies have been conducted, revealing a high diversity of flea taxa of mammals and the presence of pathogenic organisms transmitted by fleas; however, the degree of preference with which each flea species associates with a mammal host remains poorly understood in this region. Herein, host specificity in mammal fleas from the Andean region was analysed. We employed the number of host species for each flea species and the index of host specificity STD *. Following the literature, 144 species and 13 subspecies of fleas (31 genera and 10 families) have been described in the Andean biogeographic region; 76 taxa are endemic to this region. To carry out the analyses of host specificity, we considered 1759 records of fleas collected from 124 species and 59 genera of wild and domestic mammals, mostly rodent species (85.9%). Our results indicate that typical Andean fleas are genus or family host specific (mostly STD * less than 3.0). More diverse mammal hosts are parasitized by more diverse flea genera and families and these hosts are phylogenetically related. Otherwise, these hosts are associated with different flea lineages, suggesting the interaction of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms (host-switching, ecological adaptations and co-evolutionary alternation). The fields of disease ecology and One Health are considering the host specificity of arthropod vectors as an important point to understand the mechanisms of emergence and re-emergence of diseases. Our results allow us to estimate the risk of diseases involving fleas in the Andean region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana P Sanchez
- Centro de Bioinvestigaciones (CeBio), Centro de Investigaciones y Transferencia del Noroeste de la Provincia de, Buenos Aires-CITNOBA (CONICET-UNNOBA-UNSAdA), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - M Fernanda López Berrizbeitia
- PCMA (Programa de Conservación de los Murciélagos de Argentina), and PIDBA (Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, UNT, Miguel Lillo, Argentina
- Fundación Miguel Lillo, Miguel Lillo, Argentina
- CCT NOA Sur, CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - M Cecilia Ezquiaga
- Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CONICET, UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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10
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Lymbery AJ, Smit NJ. Conservation of parasites: A primer. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 21:255-263. [PMID: 37483309 PMCID: PMC10359719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Although parasites make up a substantial proportion of the biotic component of ecosystems, in terms of both biomass and number of species, they are rarely considered in conservation planning, except where they are thought to pose a threat to the conservation of their hosts. In this review, we address a number of unresolved questions concerning parasite conservation. Arguments for conserving parasite species refer to the intrinsic value conferred by their evolutionary heritage and potential, their functional role in the provision of ecosystem services, and their value as indicators of ecosystem quality. We propose that proper consideration of these arguments mean that it is not logically defensible to automatically exclude parasite species from conservation decisions; rather, endangered hosts and parasites should be considered together as a threatened ecological community. The extent to which parasites are threatened with extinction is difficult to estimate with any degree of confidence, because so many parasite species have yet to be identified and, even for those which have been formally described, we have limited information on the factors affecting their distribution and abundance. This lack of ecological information may partially explain the under-representation of parasites on threatened species lists. Effective conservation of parasites requires maintaining access to suitable hosts and the ecological conditions that permit successful transmission between hosts. When implementing recovery plans for threatened host species, this may be best achieved by attempting to restore the ecological conditions that maintain the host and its parasite fauna in dynamic equilibrium. Ecosystem-centred conservation may be a more effective strategy than species-centred (or host-parasite community-centred) approaches for preventing extinction of parasites, but the criteria which are typically used to identify protected areas do not provide information on the ecological conditions required for effective transmission. We propose a simple decision tree to aid the identification of appropriate conservation actions for threatened parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J. Lymbery
- Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, 6150, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nico J. Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
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11
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Santos JJD, Mascarenhas CS, Müller G. A new genus and new species of Cyclocoelidae (Digenea), a parasite in spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus (Gruiformes: Rallidae), in the Pampa biome, southern Brazil. Zootaxa 2023; 5319:120-126. [PMID: 37518246 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5319.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen specimens of the spotted rail, Pardirallus maculatus (Boddaert) (Gruiformes: Rallidae), from the southern Brazil were examined for helminths. Three birds were positive for specimens of Cyclocoelidae (Digenea), which were found in both nasal and abdominal cavities. Helminths were described as Nasuscoelum pampensis n. gen., n. sp. The new genus has an intertesticular ovary forming a triangle with the testis, characterizing the Cyclocoelinae. Nasuscoelum pampensis n. gen., n. sp. is similar to Cyclocoelum mutabile (Zeder, 1800), however it differs from the latter by the presence of vitelline follicles confluence in the posterior region. A revised key to the Cyclocoelinae was proposed to include the new genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Junior Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres (LAPASIL); Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Campus Universitário S/N; CEP 96160-000; Capão do Leão; RS; Brazil.
| | - Carolina Silveira Mascarenhas
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres (LAPASIL); Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Campus Universitário S/N; CEP 96160-000; Capão do Leão; RS; Brazil.
| | - Gertrud Müller
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Laboratório de Parasitologia de Animais Silvestres (LAPASIL); Instituto de Biologia; Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia; Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel); Campus Universitário S/N; CEP 96160-000; Capão do Leão; RS; Brazil.
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12
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Abstract
Plant diseases are strongly influenced by host biodiversity, spatial structure, and abiotic conditions. All of these are undergoing rapid change, as the climate is warming, habitats are being lost, and nitrogen deposition is changing nutrient dynamics of ecosystems with ensuing consequences for biodiversity. Here, I review examples of plant-pathogen associations to demonstrate how our ability to understand, model and predict disease dynamics is becoming increasingly difficult, as both plant and pathogen populations and communities are undergoing extensive change. The extent of this change is influenced via both direct and combined effects of global change drivers, and especially the latter are still poorly understood. Change at one trophic level is expected to drive change also at the other, and hence feedback loops between plants and their pathogens are expected to drive changes in disease risk both through ecological as well as evolutionary mechanisms. Many of the examples discussed here demonstrate an increase in disease risk as a result of ongoing change, suggesting that unless we successfully mitigate global environmental change, plant disease is going to become an increasingly heavy burden on our societies with far-reaching consequences for food security and functioning of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Liisa Laine
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO BOX 65 00014, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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13
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Sures B, Nachev M, Schwelm J, Grabner D, Selbach C. Environmental parasitology: stressor effects on aquatic parasites. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:461-474. [PMID: 37061443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are causing fundamental changes in aquatic habitats and to the organisms inhabiting these ecosystems. Yet, we are still far from understanding the diverse responses of parasites and their hosts to these environmental stressors and predicting how these stressors will affect host-parasite communities. Here, we provide an overview of the impacts of major stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems in the Anthropocene (habitat alteration, global warming, and pollution) and highlight their consequences for aquatic parasites at multiple levels of organisation, from the individual to the community level. We provide directions and ideas for future research to better understand responses to stressors in aquatic host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessica Schwelm
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Selbach
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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14
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Rohner S, Boyi JO, Artemeva V, Zinke O, Kiendl A, Siebert U, Lehnert K. Back from Exile? First Records of Chewing Lice ( Lutridia exilis; Ischnocera; Mallophaga) in Growing Eurasian Otter ( Lutra lutra) Populations from Northern Germany. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040587. [PMID: 37111473 PMCID: PMC10143350 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod ectoparasites of aquatic wildlife often have complex relationships with their host species that have developed over long evolutionary time scales. Specialist parasite occurrence might depend on these hosts' distributions. Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) populations are recovering in Northern German federal states, such as Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony. Chewing lice (Lutridia exilis; Ischnocera; Mallophaga) are considered otter-specific yet rare parasites in their known range. In 2022, they were recorded for the first time on nine otters found dead in Northern Germany. All otters originated from the years 2021-2022 and were dissected during population health monitoring programs in 2022. Females (n = 6) were 0-5.5 years old and showed signs of disease in five cases. Males (n = 3), in contrast, were 0-1.6 years old and showed disease in a single case. Individual lice intensity of infection ranged from 1 to 75 specimens per otter. No direct adverse health effects of chewing lice on the otters were noted. Lutridia exilis morphological characteristics were documented and measurements were taken to study specialized adaptations that allow lice to attach to semi-aquatic otters. In addition, morphology was compared between lice from different geographical regions and specimens from previous reports. A region of the COI mDNA was amplified to molecularly characterize L. exilis for the first time and detect genetic differences between otter lice populations in Germany. It is believed that specialist parasites reduce in numbers even before their host populations decline. Recovering otter populations in Northern Germany could be an example of a reverse effect, where the comeback of a host species results in the return of a specialist parasite, which reflects an ultimate boost in overall species biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rohner
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Joy Ometere Boyi
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Valentina Artemeva
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Olaf Zinke
- Museum der Westlausitz Kamenz, 01717 Kamenz, Germany
| | - Astrid Kiendl
- Aktion Fischotterschutz e.V., Otterzentrum Hankensbüttel, 29386 Hankensbüttel, Germany
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
| | - Kristina Lehnert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Werftstrasse 6, 25761 Buesum, Germany
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15
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Influence of habitat alteration on the structure of helminth communities in small mammals: a systematic review and critical appraisal of theory and current evidence. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:1053-1070. [PMID: 36894783 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07804-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive information on the effects of habitat alteration on the structure of helminth communities in small mammals, the evidence is still inconclusive. A systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) guideline to compile and synthesize available literature on the influence of habitat alteration on the structure of helminth communities in small mammals. The aim of this review was to describe the variation in infection rates of helminth species associated with habitat alteration and to discuss the theoretical framework that may explain such changes in relation to parasite, host, and environmental features. Twenty-three scientific articles published between 2005 and 2022 were reviewed, 22 of which investigated parasite prevalence, 10 parasite burden, and 14 parasite richness in both altered and natural habitats. Information in assessed articles suggests that the structure of helminth communities in small mammals can be impacted by anthropogenic habitat alteration in various ways. Infection rates of monoxenous and heteroxenous helminths may increase or decrease in small mammals depending on whether their hosts (definitive and intermediate) are available, and environmental and host conditions modify the survival and transmission of parasitic forms. Also, given that habitat alteration may favor inter-species contacts, transmission rates of low host-specific helminths could be increased due to exposure to new reservoir hosts. In a continually changing world, it is essential to assess the spatio-temporal variations of helminth communities in wildlife inhabiting altered and natural habitats to determine potential impacts on wildlife conservation and public health.
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16
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Wood CL, Vanhove MPM. Is the world wormier than it used to be? We'll never know without natural history collections. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:250-262. [PMID: 35959636 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many disease ecologists and conservation biologists believe that the world is wormier than it used to be-that is, that parasites are increasing in abundance through time. This argument is intuitively appealing. Ecologists typically see parasitic infections, through their association with disease, as a negative endpoint, and are accustomed to attributing negative outcomes to human interference in the environment, so it slots neatly into our worldview that habitat destruction, biodiversity loss and climate change should have the collateral consequence of causing outbreaks of parasites. But surprisingly, the hypothesis that parasites are increasing in abundance through time remains entirely untested for the vast majority of wildlife parasite species. Historical data on parasites are nearly impossible to find, which leaves no baseline against which to compare contemporary parasite burdens. If we want to know whether the world is wormier than it used to be, there is only one major research avenue that will lead to an answer: parasitological examination of specimens preserved in natural history collections. Recent advances demonstrate that, for many specimen types, it is possible to extract reliable data on parasite presence and abundance. There are millions of suitable specimens that exist in collections around the world. When paired with contemporaneous environmental data, these parasitological data could even point to potential drivers of change in parasite abundance, including climate, pollution or host density change. We explain how to use preserved specimens to address pressing questions in parasite ecology, give a few key examples of how collections-based parasite ecology can resolve these questions, identify some pitfalls and workarounds, and suggest promising areas for research. Natural history specimens are 'parasite time capsules' that give ecologists the opportunity to test whether infectious disease is on the rise and to identify what forces might be driving these changes over time. This approach will facilitate major advances in a new sub-discipline: the historical ecology of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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17
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Gastrointestinal helminths in brown trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758) captured in Galician rivers (NW Spain). Parasitol Int 2023; 92:102676. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Simões RDO, Robles MDR. Editorial: Helminth biodiversity. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1126460. [PMID: 36744221 PMCID: PMC9893768 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1126460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel de Oliveira Simões
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural Do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil,*Correspondence: Raquel de Oliveira Simões ✉
| | - María del Rosario Robles
- Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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A reconstruction of parasite burden reveals one century of climate-associated parasite decline. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2211903120. [PMID: 36623180 PMCID: PMC9934024 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211903120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term data allow ecologists to assess trajectories of population abundance. Without this context, it is impossible to know whether a taxon is thriving or declining to extinction. For parasites of wildlife, there are few long-term data-a gap that creates an impediment to managing parasite biodiversity and infectious threats in a changing world. We produced a century-scale time series of metazoan parasite abundance and used it to test whether parasitism is changing in Puget Sound, United States, and, if so, why. We performed parasitological dissection of fluid-preserved specimens held in natural history collections for eight fish species collected between 1880 and 2019. We found that parasite taxa using three or more obligately required host species-a group that comprised 52% of the parasite taxa we detected-declined in abundance at a rate of 10.9% per decade, whereas no change in abundance was detected for parasites using one or two obligately required host species. We tested several potential mechanisms for the decline in 3+-host parasites and found that parasite abundance was negatively correlated with sea surface temperature, diminishing at a rate of 38% for every 1 °C increase. Although the temperature effect was strong, it did not explain all variability in parasite burden, suggesting that other factors may also have contributed to the long-term declines we observed. These data document one century of climate-associated parasite decline in Puget Sound-a massive loss of biodiversity, undetected until now.
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20
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McLeish MJ, Zamfir AD, Babalola BM, Peláez A, Fraile A, García-Arenal F. Metagenomics show high spatiotemporal virus diversity and ecological compartmentalisation: Virus infections of melon, Cucumis melo, crops, and adjacent wild communities. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac095. [PMID: 36405340 PMCID: PMC9667876 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viral diseases results from novel transmission dynamics between wild and crop plant communities. The bias of studies towards pathogenic viruses of crops has distracted from knowledge of non-antagonistic symbioses in wild plants. Here, we implemented a high-throughput approach to compare the viromes of melon (Cucumis melo) and wild plants of crop (Crop) and adjacent boundaries (Edge). Each of the 41-plant species examined was infected by at least one virus. The interactions of 104 virus operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with these hosts occurred largely within ecological compartments of either Crop or Edge, with Edge having traits of a reservoir community. Local scale patterns of infection were characterised by the positive correlation between plant and virus richness at each site, the tendency for increased specialist host use through seasons, and specialist host use by OTUs observed only in Crop, characterised local-scale patterns of infection. In this study of systematically sampled viromes of a crop and adjacent wild communities, most hosts showed no disease symptoms, suggesting non-antagonistic symbioses are common. The coexistence of viruses within species-rich ecological compartments of agro-systems might promote the evolution of a diversity of virus strategies for survival and transmission. These communities, including those suspected as reservoirs, are subject to sporadic changes in assemblages, and so too are the conditions that favour the emergence of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J McLeish
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián D Zamfir
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bisola M Babalola
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Peláez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurora Fraile
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Arenal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) and Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, and E.T.S.I. Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Campus de Montegancedo, UPM, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Bitters ME, Meyers J, Resasco J, Sarre SD, Tuff KT, Davies KF. Experimental habitat fragmentation disrupts host-parasite interaction over decades via life-cycle bottlenecks. Ecology 2022; 103:e3758. [PMID: 35581950 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Habitat loss and fragmentation are likely to seriously impact parasites, a less studied but critical component of ecosystems, yet we lack long-term experimental evidence. Parasites structure communities, increase connectivity in food webs, and account for a large proportion of an ecosystem's total biomass. Food web models predict that parasites with multiple obligate hosts are at greater risk of extinction because the local extinction, or reduction in abundance, of any host will result in a life-cycle bottleneck for the parasite. We examine the response of a parasite and its multiple hosts to forest fragmentation over 26 years in the Wog Wog Habitat Fragmentation Experiment in southeastern Australia. The parasite is the nematode Hedruris wogwogensis, its intermediate host is the amphipod, Arcitalitrus sylvaticus, and its definitive host is the skink, Lampropholis guichenoti. In the first decade after fragmentation, nematodes completely disappeared from the matrix (plantation forestry) and all but disappeared from their definitive host (skinks) in fragments, and by the third decade after fragmentation had not appreciably recovered anywhere in the fragmented landscape compared to continuous forest. The low prevalence of the nematode in the fragmented landscape was associated with the low abundance of one or the other host in different decades: low abundance of the intermediate host (amphipod) in the first decade and low abundance of the definitive host (skink) in the third decade. In turn, the low abundance of each host was associated with changes to the abiotic environment over time due largely to the dynamically changing matrix as the plantation trees grew. Our study provides rare long-term experimental evidence of how disturbance can cause local extinction in parasites with life cycles dependent on more than one host species through population bottlenecks at any life stage. Mismatches in the abundance of multiple hosts over time are likely to be common following disturbance, thus causing parasites with complex life cycles to be particularly susceptible to habitat fragmentation and other disturbances. The integrity of food webs, communities, and ecosystems in fragmented landscapes may be more compromised than presently appreciated due to the sensitivity of parasites to habitat fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bitters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Jacqui Meyers
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, Canberra, Australia Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Julian Resasco
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Kika T Tuff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO.,Impact Media Lab, Boulder, CO
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
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22
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Liu W, Chen H. Idea paper: Trophic transmission as a potential mechanism underlying the distribution of parasite diversity in food webs. Ecol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1703.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Chung Liu
- Institute of Statistical Science Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Hsuan‐Wien Chen
- Department of Biological Resources National Chiayi University Chiayi City Taiwan
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23
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Titcomb GC, Pansu J, Hutchinson MC, Tombak KJ, Hansen CB, Baker CCM, Kartzinel TR, Young HS, Pringle RM. Large-herbivore nemabiomes: patterns of parasite diversity and sharing. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212702. [PMID: 35538775 PMCID: PMC9091847 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst global shifts in the distribution and abundance of wildlife and livestock, we have only a rudimentary understanding of ungulate parasite communities and parasite-sharing patterns. We used qPCR and DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples to characterize gastrointestinal nematode (Strongylida) community composition and sharing among 17 sympatric species of wild and domestic large mammalian herbivore in central Kenya. We tested a suite of hypothesis-driven predictions about the role of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness in describing parasite infections. Host species identity explained 27-53% of individual variation in parasite prevalence, richness, community composition and phylogenetic diversity. Host and parasite phylogenies were congruent, host gut morphology predicted parasite community composition and prevalence, and hosts with low evolutionary distinctiveness were centrally positioned in the parasite-sharing network. We found no evidence that host body size, social-group size or feeding height were correlated with parasite composition. Our results highlight the interwoven evolutionary and ecological histories of large herbivores and their gastrointestinal nematodes and suggest that host identity, phylogeny and gut architecture-a phylogenetically conserved trait related to parasite habitat-are the overriding influences on parasite communities. These findings have implications for wildlife management and conservation as wild herbivores are increasingly replaced by livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C. Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Johan Pansu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kaia J. Tombak
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher C. M. Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,US Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tyler R. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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24
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Prati S, Grabner DS, Pfeifer SM, Lorenz AW, Sures B. Generalist parasites persist in degraded environments: a lesson learned from microsporidian diversity in amphipods. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-10. [PMID: 35485747 PMCID: PMC10090640 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study provides new insight into suitable microsporidian–host associations. It relates regional and continental-wide host specialization in microsporidians infecting amphipods to degraded and recovering habitats across 2 German river catchments. It provides a unique opportunity to infer the persistence of parasites following anthropogenic disturbance and their establishment in restored rivers. Amphipods were collected in 31 sampling sites with differing degradation and restoration gradients. Specimens were morphologically (hosts) and molecularly identified (host and parasites). Amphipod diversity and abundance, microsporidian diversity, host phylogenetic specificity and continental-wide β-specificity were investigated and related to each other and/or environmental variables. Fourteen microsporidian molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs), mainly generalist parasites, infecting 6 amphipod MOTUs were detected, expanding the current knowledge on the host range by 17 interactions. There was no difference in microsporidian diversity and host specificity among restored and near-natural streams (Boye) or between those located in urban and rural areas (Kinzig). Similarly, microsporidian diversity was generally not influenced by water parameters. In the Boye catchment, host densities did not influence microsporidian MOTU richness across restored and near-natural sites. High host turnover across the geographical range suggests that neither environmental conditions nor host diversity plays a significant role in the establishment into restored areas. Host diversity and environmental parameters do not indicate the persistence and dispersal of phylogenetic host generalist microsporidians in environments that experienced anthropogenic disturbance. Instead, these might depend on more complex mechanisms such as the production of resistant spores, host switching and host dispersal acting individually or conjointly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Prati
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel S. Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Svenja M. Pfeifer
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Armin W. Lorenz
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitaetsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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25
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Morton DN, Lafferty KD. Parasites in kelp‐forest food webs increase food‐chain length, complexity, and specialization, but reduce connectance. ECOL MONOGR 2022; 92:e1506. [PMID: 35865510 PMCID: PMC9286845 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana N. Morton
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara California USA
- Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, at Marine Science Institute University of California Santa Barbara California USA
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26
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FALKENBERG JULIAM, LIMA VITÓRIAMDE, VIEIRA GUSTAVOH, LACERDA ANACAROLINAF. Metazoan parasites of white mullet Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) and new records of occurrence in the western Atlantic, Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20200496. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- JULIA M. FALKENBERG
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - GUSTAVO H.C. VIEIRA
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Brazil
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27
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Strona G, Beck PSA, Cabeza M, Fattorini S, Guilhaumon F, Micheli F, Montano S, Ovaskainen O, Planes S, Veech JA, Parravicini V. Ecological dependencies make remote reef fish communities most vulnerable to coral loss. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7282. [PMID: 34907163 PMCID: PMC8671472 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27440-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystems face both local hazards, such as over-exploitation, and global hazards, such as climate change. Since the impact of local hazards attenuates with distance from humans, local extinction risk should decrease with remoteness, making faraway areas safe havens for biodiversity. However, isolation and reduced anthropogenic disturbance may increase ecological specialization in remote communities, and hence their vulnerability to secondary effects of diversity loss propagating through networks of interacting species. We show this to be true for reef fish communities across the globe. An increase in fish-coral dependency with the distance of coral reefs from human settlements, paired with the far-reaching impacts of global hazards, increases the risk of fish species loss, counteracting the benefits of remoteness. Hotspots of fish risk from fish-coral dependency are distinct from those caused by direct human impacts, increasing the number of risk hotspots by ~30% globally. These findings might apply to other ecosystems on Earth and depict a world where no place, no matter how remote, is safe for biodiversity, calling for a reconsideration of global conservation priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Strona
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Pieter S A Beck
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Mar Cabeza
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simone Fattorini
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - François Guilhaumon
- MARBEC, IRD, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Ifremer, France
- IRD, Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France
| | - Fiorenza Micheli
- Hopkins Marine Station and Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Simone Montano
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences (DISAT), University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Center), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Republic of Maldives
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (Survontie 9C), FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", EPHE, PSL Research University, UPVD, CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Joseph A Veech
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, 78666, USA
| | - Valeriano Parravicini
- PSL Research University: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, 66860, Perpignan Cedex, France
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28
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Alves FM, Rangel DA, Vilar EM, Pavan MG, Moratelli R, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. Trypanosoma spp. Neobats: Insights about those poorly known trypanosomatids. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:145-152. [PMID: 34567969 PMCID: PMC8449017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Bats are infected with several trypanosomatid species; however, assessing the diversity of this interaction remains challenging since there are species apparently unable to grow in conventional culture media. Accordingly, the ecology and biology of the Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) Trypanosoma spp. Neobats are unknown. Therefore, we performed the molecular characterization targeting the 18S small subunit rDNA from the blood clot of 280 bats of three Brazilian regions (Paraíba, Rio de Janeiro and Acre states), bypassing the selective pressure of hemoculture. From 68 (24%) positive blood clot samples, we obtained 49 satisfactory sequences. Of these successfully sequenced results, T. spp. Neobats (1, 3 and 4) represented 67%, with the most abundant T. sp. Neobat 4 (53%). Our results show: (1) high abundance and wide geographic range of T. sp. Neobat 4, restricted to Carollia bats; (2) high infection rate of T. sp. Neobat 4 in Carollia perspicillata populations (mean 26%); (3) infection with the monoxenous Crithidia mellificae; and (4) a new MOTU (T. sp. Neobat 5) in Artibeus cinereus, positioning in the Trypanosoma wauwau clade. These data corroborate the importance of bats as hosts of many Trypanosoma species and C. mellificae. They also show that the diversity of the T. wauwau clade is underestimated and warn about the high magnitude of trypanosomes we overpass with the hemoculture. Our findings combined with previous data show that T. spp. Neobats include host-specific and host-generalist species, probably playing different ecological roles: T. sp. Neobat 1 shows broad host range; T. spp. Neobat 3 and 4 are restricted to Artibeus and Carollia, respectively. Finally, T. Neobat 4 seems to be a well-succeeded parasite, especially within C. perspicillata metapopulations across a wide geographical distribution. This work is a step forward to understand the biology and life history of T. spp. Neobats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Moreira Alves
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diana Azeredo Rangel
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Parasite Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emmanuel Messias Vilar
- Laboratory of Mammals, Department of Systematics and Ecology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Galvão Pavan
- Laboratory of Hematozoan-Transmitting Mosquitoes, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratory of Trypanosomatid Biology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Schwelm J, Selbach C, Kremers J, Sures B. Rare inventory of trematode diversity in a protected natural reserve. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22066. [PMID: 34764355 PMCID: PMC8586355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of ongoing habitat degradation and the biodiversity crisis, natural reserves are important refuges for wildlife. Since most free-living organisms serve as hosts to parasites, the diverse communities in protected areas can be expected to provide suitable habitats for a species-rich parasite fauna. However, to date, assessments of parasite diversity in protected nature reserves are rare. To expand our knowledge of parasite communities in natural habitats, we examined 1994 molluscs belonging to 15 species for trematode infections in a central European natural reserve. The parasitological examination revealed an overall prevalence of 17.3% and a total species richness of 40 trematode species. However, the parasite diversity and prevalence did not differ markedly from trematode communities in non-protected environments, which might be partly explained by a dilution effect caused by a high number of non-host organisms in our study system. The proportion of complex and long life cycles of parasites in the present study is high, indicating complex biotic interactions. We conclude that life cycle complexity, in addition to parasite diversity and trematode species richness, can provide valuable information on ecosystem health and should therefore be considered in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Schwelm
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Christian Selbach
- Department of Biology, Aquatic Biology, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jenia Kremers
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.,Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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30
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Huang S, Farrell M, Stephens PR. Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200350. [PMID: 34538145 PMCID: PMC8450632 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Maxwell Farrell
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick R. Stephens
- Odum School of Ecology and Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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31
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Farrell MJ, Park AW, Cressler CE, Dallas T, Huang S, Mideo N, Morales-Castilla I, Davies TJ, Stephens P. The ghost of hosts past: impacts of host extinction on parasite specificity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200351. [PMID: 34538147 PMCID: PMC8450631 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of research is focused on the extinction of parasite species in response to host endangerment and declines. Beyond the loss of parasite species richness, host extinction can impact apparent parasite host specificity, as measured by host richness or the phylogenetic distances among hosts. Such impacts on the distribution of parasites across the host phylogeny can have knock-on effects that may reshape the adaptation of both hosts and parasites, ultimately shifting the evolutionary landscape underlying the potential for emergence and the evolution of virulence across hosts. Here, we examine how the reshaping of host phylogenies through extinction may impact the host specificity of parasites, and offer examples from historical extinctions, present-day endangerment, and future projections of biodiversity loss. We suggest that an improved understanding of the impact of host extinction on contemporary host-parasite interactions may shed light on core aspects of disease ecology, including comparative studies of host specificity, virulence evolution in multi-host parasite systems, and future trajectories for host and parasite biodiversity. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Clayton E. Cressler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nicole Mideo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, GloCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2092, South Africa
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32
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Herrera JP, Moody J, Nunn CL. Predictions of primate-parasite coextinction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200355. [PMID: 34538137 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Future biodiversity loss threatens the integrity of complex ecological associations, including among hosts and parasites. Almost half of primate species are threatened with extinction, and the loss of threatened hosts could negatively impact parasite associations and ecosystem functions. If endangered hosts are highly connected in host-parasite networks, then future host extinctions will also drive parasite extinctions, destabilizing ecological networks. If threatened hosts are not highly connected, however, then network structure should not be greatly affected by the loss of threatened hosts. Networks with high connectance, modularity, nestedness and robustness are more resilient to perturbations such as the loss of interactions than sparse, nonmodular and non-nested networks. We analysed the interaction network involving 213 primates and 763 parasites and removed threatened primates (114 species) to simulate the effects of extinction. Our analyses revealed that connections to 23% of primate parasites (176 species) may be lost if threatened primates go extinct. In addition, measures of network structure were affected, but in varying ways because threatened hosts have fewer parasite interactions than non-threatened hosts. These results reveal that host extinctions will perturb the host-parasite network and potentially lead to secondary extinctions of parasites. The ecological consequences of these extinctions remain unclear. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Herrera
- Duke Lemur Center SAVA Conservation, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James Moody
- Department of Sociology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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33
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Pérez-Lachaud G, Lachaud JP. Co-occurrence in ant primary parasitoids: a Camponotus rectangularis colony as host of two eucharitid wasp genera. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11949. [PMID: 34466288 PMCID: PMC8380026 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Different assemblages of parasitoids may attack a given host species and non-random distribution patterns in parasitoid species assemblages have been reported on various occasions, resulting in co-occurrence at the population, colony, or even individual host levels. This is the case for different closely related species of eucharitid wasps (a family of specialized ant parasitoids) sharing similar niches and co-occurring on the same host at different levels. Here we reviewed all known associations between eucharitid wasps and the ant host genus Camponotus Mayr, 1861 and reported new ant-parasitoid associations. In addition, we report a new case of co-occurrence in eucharitid wasps, at the host colony level, involving a new undescribed species of Pseudochalcura Ashmead, 1904 and an unidentified species of Obeza Heraty, 1985, which attack the common but very poorly known neotropical arboreal ant Camponotus rectangularis Emery, 1890. Most attacks were solitary, but various cocoons were parasitized by two (16%) or three (8%) parasitoids. Globally, parasitism prevalence was very low (3.7%) but showed an important variability among samples. Low parasitism prevalence along with host exposure to parasitoid attack on host plants and overlapping reproductive periods of both parasitoid species may have allowed the evolution of co-occurrence. We also provided some additional data regarding the host ant nesting habits, the colony composition and new symbiotic associations with membracids and pseudococcids. The seemingly polydomous nesting habits of C. rectangularis could play a part in the reduction of parasitism pressure at the population level and, combined with occasionally important local parasitism rates, could also contribute to some parts of the colonies escaping from parasites, polydomy possibly representing an effective parasitism avoidance trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud
- Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México
| | - Jean-Paul Lachaud
- Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, México.,Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS-UMR 5169, Toulouse, France
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34
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Susi H, Laine A. Agricultural land use disrupts biodiversity mediation of virus infections in wild plant populations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2447-2458. [PMID: 33341977 PMCID: PMC8248426 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Human alteration of natural habitats may change the processes governing species interactions in wild communities. Wild populations are increasingly impacted by agricultural intensification, yet it is unknown whether this alters biodiversity mediation of disease dynamics. We investigated the association between plant diversity (species richness, diversity) and infection risk (virus richness, prevalence) in populations of Plantago lanceolata in natural landscapes as well as those occurring at the edges of cultivated fields. Altogether, 27 P. lanceolata populations were surveyed for population characteristics and sampled for PCR detection of five recently characterized viruses. We find that plant species richness and diversity correlated negatively with virus infection prevalence. Virus species richness declined with increasing plant diversity and richness in natural populations while in agricultural edge populations species richness was moderately higher, and not associated with plant richness. This difference was not explained by changes in host richness between these two habitats, suggesting potential pathogen spill-over and increased transmission of viruses across the agro-ecological interface. Host population connectivity significantly decreased virus infection prevalence. We conclude that human use of landscapes may change the ecological laws by which natural communities are formed with far reaching implications for ecosystem functioning and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Susi
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65Helsinki00014Finland
| | - Anna‐Liisa Laine
- Research Centre for Ecological Change, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research ProgrammeUniversity of HelsinkiPO Box 65Helsinki00014Finland
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of ZurichWinterthurerstrasse 190ZurichCH‐8057Switzerland
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35
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Parker A, David AA. Genetic Characterization of the Giant Liver Fluke, Fascioloides magna (Platyhelminthes: Fasciolidae) From the Adirondack Region of Northern New York. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:259-263. [PMID: 32734444 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, is an important parasite of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus), a commercially important game species in the northeastern United States. However, the parasite has never been genetically characterized from this region and so its genetic interrelationships with other enzootic populations on the continent are unknown. The purpose of this study was to genetically characterize F. magna from the Adirondack region of northern New York (NNY) and determine its relationship with its enzootic cohorts. METHODS Flukes were extracted from seven livers of O. virginanus at three localities in and around the Adirondack Park in northern New York. DNA was extracted from eight individuals using standard procedures, and a 440-bp fragment of the COI gene was amplified using species-specific primers. F. magna sequences generated from a previous phylogeographic study were obtained from the GenBank database and a mtDNA dataset was compiled, aligned, and edited for molecular analyses. Analyses based on eight mtDNA sequences included haplotype network reconstruction, along with hierarchical and pairwise (ФST) AMOVA tests. RESULTS F. magna from the Adirondacks was found to be most genetically similar to specimens from Minnesota based on shared haplotypes and relatively low genetic differentiation (ФST = 0.331). East coast enzootic populations exhibited panmixia while their west coast cohorts were genetically distinct. CONCLUSION Based on the strong genetic similarities between F. magna from northern New York and Minnesota, we propose that the GLR enzootic range of F. magna be extended to encompass the Adirondack region of NNY.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Parker
- Biology Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Andrew A David
- Biology Department, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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36
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Quinn J, Lee S, Greeley D, Gehman A, Kuris AM, Wood CL. Long-term change in the parasite burden of shore crabs ( Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Hemigrapsus nudus) on the northwestern Pacific coast of North America. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20203036. [PMID: 33622132 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The abundances of free-living species have changed dramatically in recent decades, but little is known about change in the abundance of parasitic species. We investigated whether populations of several parasites have shifted over time in two shore crab hosts, Hemigrapsus oregonensis and Hemigrapsus nudus, by comparing the prevalence and abundance of three parasite taxa in a historical dataset (1969-1970) to contemporary parasite abundance (2018-2020) for hosts collected from 11 intertidal sites located from Oregon, USA, to British Columbia, Canada. Our data suggest that the abundance of the parasitic isopod Portunion conformis has varied around a stable mean for the past 50 years. No change over time was observed for larval acanthocephalans. However, larval microphallid trematodes increased in prevalence over time among H. oregonensis hosts, from a mean of 8.4-61.8% between the historical and contemporary time points. The substantial increase in the prevalence of larval microphallid trematodes could be owing to increased abundances of their bird final hosts, increased production of parasite infective stages by snail intermediate hosts or both. Our study highlights the variability among parasite species in their temporal trajectories of change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sarah Lee
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Department of Biology, Depauw University, Greencastle, IN 46135, USA
| | - Duncan Greeley
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Alyssa Gehman
- Zoology Department, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6K 1H8.,Hakai Institute, End of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Armand M Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, and Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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If you build it, they will come: Restoration positively influences free-living and parasite diversity in a restored tidal marsh. FOOD WEBS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fooweb.2020.e00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Bojko J, Burgess AL, Baker AG, Orr CH. Invasive Non-Native Crustacean Symbionts: Diversity and Impact. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 186:107482. [PMID: 33096058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Invasive non-native species (INNS) pose a risk as vectors of parasitic organisms (Invasive Parasites). Introducing invasive parasites can result in ecological disturbances, leading to biodiversity loss and native species illness/mortality, but occasionally can control INNS limiting their impact. Risks to human health and the economy are also associated with INNS and invasive parasites; however, we understand little about the diversity of symbiotic organisms co-invading alongside INNS. This lack of clarity is an important aspect of the 'One Health' prerogative, which aims to bridge the gap between human, wildlife, and ecosystem health. To explore symbiont diversity associated with the invasive crustacean group (including: crab, lobster, crayfish, shrimp, amphipod, isopod, copepod, barnacle, other) (n = 323) derived from 1054 aquatic invertebrates classed as INNS across databases, we compile literature (year range 1800-2017) from the native and invasive range to provide a cumulative symbiont profile for each species. Our search indicated that 31.2% of INN crustaceans were known to hold at least one symbiont, whereby the remaining 68.8% had no documented symbionts. The symbiont list mostly consisted of helminths (27% of the known diversity) and protists (23% of the known diversity), followed by bacteria (12%) and microsporidians (12%). Carcinus maenas, the globally invasive and extremely well-studied green crab, harboured the greatest number of symbionts (n = 72). Additional screening is imperative to become more informed on invasive symbiont threats. We reveal that few studies provide truly empirical data that connect biodiversity loss with invasive parasites and suggest that dedicated studies on available systems will help to provide vital case studies. Despite the lack of empirical data, co-invasive parasites of invasive invertebrates appear capable of lowering local biodiversity, especially by causing behavioural change and mortality in native species. Alternatively, several invasive parasites appear to protect ecosystems by controlling the impact and population size of their invasive host. We provide a protocol that could be followed to explore symbiont diversity in invasive groups as part of our case studies. The consequence of limited parasite screening of INNS, in addition to the impacts invasive parasites impart on local ecologies, are explored throughout the review. We conclude in strong support of the 'One Health' prerogative and further identify a need to better explore disease in invasion systems, many of which are accountable for economic, human health and ecological diversity impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Bojko
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre of Excellence in Bioscience Industry, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom.
| | - Amy L Burgess
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre of Excellence in Bioscience Industry, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom
| | - Ambroise G Baker
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre of Excellence in Bioscience Industry, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Orr
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BA, United Kingdom; National Horizons Centre of Excellence in Bioscience Industry, Teesside University, Darlington DL1 1HG, United Kingdom
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Mathews PD, Mertins O, Milanin T, Espinoza LL, Flores-Gonzales AP, Audebert F, Morandini AC. Molecular Phylogeny and taxonomy of a new Myxobolus species from the endangered ornamental fish, Otocinclus cocama endemic to Peru: A host-parasite coextinction approach. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105545. [PMID: 32502480 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new Myxobolus species is described infecting gill filaments of the endangered ornamental fish Otocinclus cocama from Peruvian Amazon. In a total of 35 fish examined, five (14.3%) had myxozoan plasmodia. Taxonomic analysis was performed integrating multiple characters, including morphometrical, biological traits, ssrDNA sequence data and host ecological characters. Myxospores of M. iquitoensis n. sp. were ovoid in shape from the frontal view and measured 17.6±1.2 µm (16.2-19.8 µm) in length and 10.5±0.7 µm (9.8-12 µm) in width. The two polar capsules were elongate in shape, equal in size and occupying almost half of the myxospore body. They measured 8.7±0.4 µm (6.9-9.3 µm) in length and 3.3±0.2 µm (3-3.6 µm) in width. The polar tubules presented six to seven turns. Molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed that the obtained ssrDNA sequence did not match any existing sequences in GenBank but showed M. iquitoensis n. sp. to be a close species of M. figueirae. Nonetheless, the ssrDNA sequences of those species show large genetic divergence. This is the first description and phylogenetic study of a myxozoan parasitizing fish of the genus Otocinclus from South America, as well the first report of these parasites infecting a fish belonging to the Loricariidae family from Amazon basin. Considering the endangered status of the host, the high degree of host-specificity of freshwater histozoic myxobolids, the low occurrence shown by the new myxozoan, and the fact that this is the only host known for this myxozoan, the conservation status of the new species of myxozoan is likely to be connected to the future survival of its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Mathews
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil; Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Omar Mertins
- Department of Biophysics, Paulista Medical Scholl, Federal University of São Paulo, 04023-062 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Milanin
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Technology, University of São Paulo, 13635-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis L Espinoza
- Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of San Marcos, 2800 San Borja, Lima, Peru
| | - Anai P Flores-Gonzales
- Post-Graduate Program in Tropical Biodiversity, Federal University of Amapá, 68903-419 Macapá, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Audebert
- Unité de Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, IRD, UCA, CP 26, 75005 Paris, France
| | - André C Morandini
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
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Peuß R, Box AC, Chen S, Wang Y, Tsuchiya D, Persons JL, Kenzior A, Maldonado E, Krishnan J, Scharsack JP, Slaughter BD, Rohner N. Adaptation to low parasite abundance affects immune investment and immunopathological responses of cavefish. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1416-1430. [PMID: 32690906 PMCID: PMC11062081 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced parasitic infection rates in the developed world are suspected to underlie the rising prevalence of autoimmune disorders. However, the long-term evolutionary consequences of decreased parasite exposure on an immune system are not well understood. We used the Mexican tetra Astyanax mexicanus to understand how loss of parasite diversity influences the evolutionary trajectory of the vertebrate immune system, by comparing river with cave morphotypes. Here, we present field data affirming a strong reduction in parasite diversity in the cave ecosystem, and show that cavefish immune cells display a more sensitive pro-inflammatory response towards bacterial endotoxins. Surprisingly, other innate cellular immune responses, such as phagocytosis, are drastically decreased in cavefish. Using two independent single-cell approaches, we identified a shift in the overall immune cell composition in cavefish as the underlying cellular mechanism, indicating strong differences in the immune investment strategy. While surface fish invest evenly into the innate and adaptive immune systems, cavefish shifted immune investment to the adaptive immune system, and here, mainly towards specific T-cell populations that promote homeostasis. Additionally, inflammatory responses and immunopathological phenotypes in visceral adipose tissue are drastically reduced in cavefish. Our data indicate that long-term adaptation to low parasite diversity coincides with a more sensitive immune system in cavefish, which is accompanied by a reduction in the immune cells that play a role in mediating the pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Peuß
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Andrew C Box
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Yongfu Wang
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Dai Tsuchiya
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jenna L Persons
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Ernesto Maldonado
- EvoDevo Research Group, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Mexico
| | - Jaya Krishnan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jörn P Scharsack
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Thünen Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | | | - Nicolas Rohner
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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41
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Halliday FW, Heckman RW, Wilfahrt PA, Mitchell CE. Eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and species invasions modify the relationship between host and parasite richness during host community assembly. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4854-4867. [PMID: 32427383 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Host and parasite richness are generally positively correlated, but the stability of this relationship in response to global change remains poorly understood. Rapidly changing biotic and abiotic conditions can alter host community assembly, which in turn, can alter parasite transmission. Consequently, if the relationship between host and parasite richness is sensitive to parasite transmission, then changes in host composition under various global change scenarios could strengthen or weaken the relationship between host and parasite richness. To test the hypothesis that host community assembly can alter the relationship between host and parasite richness in response to global change, we experimentally crossed host diversity (biodiversity loss) and resource supply to hosts (eutrophication), then allowed communities to assemble. As previously shown, initial host diversity and resource supply determined the trajectory of host community assembly, altering post-assembly host species richness, richness-independent host phylogenetic diversity, and colonization by exotic host species. Overall, host richness predicted parasite richness, and as predicted, this effect was moderated by exotic abundance-communities dominated by exotic species exhibited a stronger positive relationship between post-assembly host and parasite richness. Ultimately, these results suggest that, by modulating parasite transmission, community assembly can modify the relationship between host and parasite richness. These results thus provide a novel mechanism to explain how global environmental change can generate contingencies in a fundamental ecological relationship-the positive relationship between host and parasite richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fletcher W Halliday
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Heckman
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Peter A Wilfahrt
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Disturbance Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Charles E Mitchell
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Environment, Ecology and Energy Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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42
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Claar DC, Wood CL. Pulse Heat Stress and Parasitism in a Warming World. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:704-715. [PMID: 32439076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks emerged across the globe during the recent 2015-2016 El Niño event, re-igniting research interest in how climate events influence disease dynamics. While the relationship between long-term warming and the transmission of disease-causing parasites has received substantial attention, we do not yet know how pulse heat events - common phenomena in a warming world - will alter parasite transmission. The effects of pulse warming on ecological and evolutionary processes are complex and context dependent, motivating research to understand how climate oscillations drive host health and disease. Here, we develop a framework for evaluating and predicting the effects of pulse warming on parasitic infection. Specifically, we synthesize how pulse heat stress affects hosts, parasites, and the ecological interactions between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C Claar
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98105, USA; NOAA Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Scholar, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
| | - Chelsea L Wood
- University of Washington School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
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Abstract
Rates of urbanization are increasing globally, with consequences for the dynamics of parasites and their wildlife hosts. A small subset of mammal species have the dietary and behavioural flexibility to survive in urban settings. The changes that characterize urban ecology—including landscape transformation, modified diets and shifts in community composition—can either increase or decrease susceptibility and exposure to parasites. We used a meta-analytic approach to systematically assess differences in endoparasitism between mammals in urban and non-urban habitats. Parasite prevalence estimates in matched urban and non-urban mammal populations from 33 species were compiled from 46 published studies, and an overall effect of urban habitation on parasitism was derived after controlling for study and parasite genus. Parasite life cycle type and host order were investigated as moderators of the effect sizes. We found that parasites with complex life cycles were less prevalent in urban carnivore and primate populations than in non-urban populations. However, we found no difference in urban and non-urban prevalence for parasites in rodent and marsupial hosts, or differences in prevalence for parasites with simple life cycles in any host taxa. Our findings therefore suggest the disruption of some parasite transmission cycles in the urban ecological community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney S Werner
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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44
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Fiorenza EA, Wendt CA, Dobkowski KA, King TL, Pappaionou M, Rabinowitz P, Samhouri JF, Wood CL. It's a wormy world: Meta-analysis reveals several decades of change in the global abundance of the parasitic nematodes Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. in marine fishes and invertebrates. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2854-2866. [PMID: 32189441 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Anthropocene has brought substantial change to ocean ecosystems, but whether this age will bring more or less marine disease is unknown. In recent years, the accelerating tempo of epizootic and zoonotic disease events has made it seem as if disease is on the rise. Is this apparent increase in disease due to increased observation and sampling effort, or to an actual rise in the abundance of parasites and pathogens? We examined the literature to track long-term change in the abundance of two parasitic nematode genera with zoonotic potential: Anisakis spp. and Pseudoterranova spp. These anisakid nematodes cause the disease anisakidosis and are transmitted to humans in undercooked and raw marine seafood. A total of 123 papers published between 1967 and 2017 met our criteria for inclusion, from which we extracted 755 host-parasite-location-year combinations. Of these, 69.7% concerned Anisakis spp. and 30.3% focused on Pseudoterranova spp. Meta-regression revealed an increase in Anisakis spp. abundance (average number of worms/fish) over a 53 year period from 1962 to 2015 and no significant change in Pseudoterranova spp. abundance over a 37 year period from 1978 to 2015. Standardizing changes to the period of 1978-2015, so that results are comparable between genera, we detected a significant 283-fold increase in Anisakis spp. abundance and no change in the abundance of Pseudoterranova spp. This increase in Anisakis spp. abundance may have implications for human health, marine mammal health, and fisheries profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan A Fiorenza
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Catrin A Wendt
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Katie A Dobkowski
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
| | | | - Marguerite Pappaionou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Peter Rabinowitz
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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45
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Laidemitt MR, Anderson LC, Wearing HJ, Mutuku MW, Mkoji GM, Loker ES. Antagonism between parasites within snail hosts impacts the transmission of human schistosomiasis. eLife 2019; 8:e50095. [PMID: 31845890 PMCID: PMC6917487 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human disease agents exist within complex environments that have underappreciated effects on transmission, especially for parasites with multi-host life cycles. We examined the impact of multiple host and parasite species on transmission of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni in Kenya. We show S. mansoni is impacted by cattle and wild vertebrates because of their role in supporting trematode parasites, the larvae of which have antagonistic interactions with S. mansoni in their shared Biomphalaria vector snails. We discovered the abundant cattle trematode, Calicophoron sukari, fails to develop in Biomphalaria pfeifferi unless S. mansoni larvae are present in the same snail. Further development of S. mansoni is subsequently prevented by C. sukari's presence. Modeling indicated that removal of C. sukari would increase S. mansoni-infected snails by two-fold. Predictable exploitation of aquatic habitats by humans and their cattle enable C. sukari to exploit S. mansoni, thereby limiting transmission of this human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina R Laidemitt
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI)University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Larissa C Anderson
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI)University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Helen J Wearing
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI)University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
| | - Martin W Mutuku
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and DevelopmentKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Gerald M Mkoji
- Centre for Biotechnology Research and DevelopmentKenya Medical Research InstituteNairobiKenya
| | - Eric S Loker
- Department of BiologyUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology (CETI)University of New MexicoAlbuquerqueUnited States
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46
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Hernández-Gómez O, Kimble SJ, Hua J, Wuerthner VP, Jones DK, Mattes BM, Cothran RD, Relyea RA, Meindl GA, Hoverman JT. Local adaptation of the MHC class IIβ gene in populations of wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) correlates with proximity to agriculture. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 73:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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47
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Li XY, Pape T, Zhang D. Gasterophilus flavipes (Oestridae: Gasterophilinae): A horse stomach bot fly brought back from oblivion with morphological and molecular evidence. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220820. [PMID: 31404100 PMCID: PMC6690546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Gasterophilus Leach are obligate parasites in domestic and wild equids and responsible for cosmopolitan gasterophilosis. Although with only eight species known so far, they have received considerable attention because of their significant veterinary and economic importance. Surprisingly, we found that G. flavipes (Olivier) is a valid species based on morphological characters from male, female and the egg, after spending half a century as a synonym of G. haemorrhoidalis (Linnaeus). In the present study, G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis (Brauer), which are the three closely related species possessing a remarkable mixture of shared morphological characters, are diagnosed and comparatively redescribed; the key to separate adults and eggs are provided, together with a series of high-resolution photographs from all the body parts. COI barcodes do not allow for a separation of G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, but showed a closer relationship between G. flavipes and G. haemorrhoidalis than the other two combinations, which is consistent with the morphological evidence. Geographically, G. flavipes seems to be common and widespread in the warmer parts of the Palaearctic region. Thus, the epidemiology of gasterophilosis where G. flavipes is known or supposed to occur calls for a more careful veterinarian re-assessment. A decline in the populations of Gasterophilus spp. has been noticed in Europe, but all seven Palaearctic species of Gasterophilus appear to maintain stable populations in Xinjiang (China), which may be explained by a higher biodiversity of equids and less use of anti-parasitic treatments in Xinjiang than in Europe. Our study shows that morphological characters still provide the solid backbone in classification of Gasterophilus at species-level, and updated diagnoses and a key is provided to distinguish G. flavipes, G. haemorrhoidalis and G. inermis, and to facilitate studies of epidemiology, phylogeny and host-parasite co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Pape
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Non-Invasive Research Technology for Endangered Species, School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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48
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Morand S, Blasdell K, Bordes F, Buchy P, Carcy B, Chaisiri K, Chaval Y, Claude J, Cosson JF, Desquesnes M, Jittapalapong S, Jiyipong T, Karnchanabanthoen A, Pornpan P, Rolain JM, Tran A. Changing landscapes of Southeast Asia and rodent-borne diseases: decreased diversity but increased transmission risks. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 29:e01886. [PMID: 30986339 DOI: 10.1002/eap.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in biodiversity from land use change due to urbanization and agricultural intensification appears to be linked to major epidemiological changes in many human diseases. Increasing disease risks and the emergence of novel pathogens result from increased contact among wildlife, domesticated animals, and humans. We investigated the relationship between human alteration of the environment and the occurrence of generalist and synanthropic rodent species in relation to the diversity and prevalence of rodent-borne pathogens in Southeast Asia, a hotspot of threatened and endangered species, and a foci of emerging infectious diseases. We used data from an extensive pathogen survey of rodents from seven sites in mainland Southeast Asia in conjunction with past and present land cover analyses. At low spatial resolutions, we found that rodent-borne pathogen richness is negatively associated with increasing urbanization, characterized by increased habitat fragmentation, agriculture cover and deforestation. However, at a finer spatial resolution, we found that some major pathogens are favored by environmental characteristics associated with human alteration including irrigation, habitat fragmentation, and increased agricultural land cover. In addition, synanthropic rodents, many of which are important pathogen reservoirs, were associated with fragmented and human-dominated landscapes, which may ultimately enhance the opportunities for zoonotic transmission and human infection by some pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Morand
- CNRS - CIRAD, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchavithi Road, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kim Blasdell
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Road, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS-IRD-UM2, Université de Montpellier, 35095, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, 5 Monivong Boulevard, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Gateway West, 150 Beach Road, Singapore City, 189720, Singapore
| | - Bernard Carcy
- LBCM/EA4558 VAP, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kittipong Chaisiri
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 420/6 Ratchavithi Road, Ratchathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Yannick Chaval
- Comportement et Ecologie de la Faune Sauvage, INRA, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Auzeville, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS-IRD-UM2, Université de Montpellier, 35095, Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Cosson
- BIPAR-INRA Biologie Moléculaire et Immunologie Parasitaires et Fongiques, ENVA Maisons Alfort, 7 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- CIRAD-Bios, UMR17 InterTryp, Montpellier, F-34000, France
| | | | - Tawisa Jiyipong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- URMITE CNRS INSERM IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Anamika Karnchanabanthoen
- LBCM/EA4558 VAP, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pumhom Pornpan
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- URMITE CNRS INSERM IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 5, France
| | - Annelise Tran
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, F-34093, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, Montpellier, France
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Metazoan parasite infracommunities of the dusky flounder (Syacium papillosum) as bioindicators of environmental conditions in the continental shelf of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:277. [PMID: 31151478 PMCID: PMC6545031 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3524-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We assessed metrics of the metazoan parasite infracommunities of the dusky flounder (Syacium papillosum) as indicators of aquatic environmental health of the Yucatan Shelf (YS) prior to oil extraction. We sampled the dusky flounder and its parasites along the YS, mostly during the 2015 north wind season (November–April). Our aims were: (i) to determine whether the parasite infracommunity metrics of S. papillosum exhibit significant differences among YS subregions; (ii) to determine whether the probability of the occurrence of its parasite species and individuals were affected by environmental variables, nutrients, heavy metals and hydrocarbons at the seascape level; and (iii) to determine whether there were statistical differences between the parasite infracommunity metrics of S. papillosum from YS and those of Syacium gunteri from the Campeche Sound. Multivariate statistical analyses and generalised additive models (GAMs) were used to examine the potential statistical associations between the contaminants, environmental variables and parasite community metrics, and the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) was used to characterise the habitat’s suitability for the parasite’s probability of occurrence. Results We recovered 48 metazoan parasite species from 127 S. papillosum, with larval cestodes and digeneans being the most numerically-dominant. Multivariate analyses showed significant differences in parasite infracommunity metrics among Western YS, Mid YS and Caribbean subregions, with the latter being the richest in species but not in individuals. The GAM and MaxEnt results indicated a negative effect of top predators (e.g. sharks and rays) removal on parasite metrics. The parasite infracommunities of S. papillosum were twice as rich in the number of species and individuals as those reported for S. gunteri from the Campeche Sound. Conclusions The significant differences among subregions in parasite metrics were apparently due to the interruption of the Yucatan current during the north wind season. The fishing of top predators in combination with an influx of nutrients and hydrocarbons in low concentrations coincides with an increase in larval cestodes and digeneans in S. papillosum. The dusky flounder inhabits a region (YS) with a larger number of metazoan parasite species compared with those available for S. gunteri in the Campeche Sound, suggesting better environmental conditions for transmission in the YS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3524-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Henriksen EH, Frainer A, Knudsen R, Kristoffersen R, Kuris AM, Lafferty KD, Amundsen P. Fish culling reduces tapeworm burden in Arctic charr by increasing parasite mortality rather than by reducing density‐dependent transmission. J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik H. Henriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - André Frainer
- Norwegian College of Fishery ScienceFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Tromsø Norway
| | - Rune Knudsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Roar Kristoffersen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Armand M. Kuris
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine BiologyMarine Science InstituteUC Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Kevin D. Lafferty
- U.S. Geological SurveyWestern Ecological Research CenterMarine Science InstituteUC Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyFaculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and EconomicsUiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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