1
|
Milosavljevic S, Kauai F, Mortier F, Van de Peer Y, Bonte D. A metabolic perspective on polyploid invasion and the emergence of life histories: Insights from a mechanistic model. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2024; 111:e16387. [PMID: 39113228 PMCID: PMC7616395 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
PREMISE Whole-genome duplication (WGD, polyploidization) has been identified as a driver of genetic and phenotypic novelty, having pervasive consequences for the evolution of lineages. While polyploids are widespread, especially among plants, the long-term establishment of polyploids is exceedingly rare. Genome doubling commonly results in increased cell sizes and metabolic expenses, which may be sufficient to modulate polyploid establishment in environments where their diploid ancestors thrive. METHODS We developed a mechanistic simulation model of photosynthetic individuals to test whether changes in size and metabolic efficiency allow autopolyploids to coexist with, or even invade, ancestral diploid populations. Central to the model is metabolic efficiency, which determines how energy obtained from size-dependent photosynthetic production is allocated to basal metabolism as opposed to somatic and reproductive growth. We expected neopolyploids to establish successfully if they have equal or higher metabolic efficiency as diploids or to adapt their life history to offset metabolic inefficiency. RESULTS Polyploid invasion was observed across a wide range of metabolic efficiency differences between polyploids and diploids. Polyploids became established in diploid populations even when they had a lower metabolic efficiency, which was facilitated by recurrent formation. Competition for nutrients is a major driver of population dynamics in this model. Perenniality did not qualitatively affect the relative metabolic efficiency from which tetraploids tended to establish. CONCLUSIONS Feedback between size-dependent metabolism and energy allocation generated size and age differences between plants with different ploidies. We demonstrated that even small changes in metabolic efficiency are sufficient for the establishment of polyploids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvija Milosavljevic
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe Kauai
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frederik Mortier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, Karel Lodewijk Ledeganckstraat 35, BE-9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, VIB - UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, B-9052Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neyret M, Le Provost G, Boesing AL, Schneider FD, Baulechner D, Bergmann J, de Vries FT, Fiore-Donno AM, Geisen S, Goldmann K, Merges A, Saifutdinov RA, Simons NK, Tobias JA, Zaitsev AS, Gossner MM, Jung K, Kandeler E, Krauss J, Penone C, Schloter M, Schulz S, Staab M, Wolters V, Apostolakis A, Birkhofer K, Boch S, Boeddinghaus RS, Bolliger R, Bonkowski M, Buscot F, Dumack K, Fischer M, Gan HY, Heinze J, Hölzel N, John K, Klaus VH, Kleinebecker T, Marhan S, Müller J, Renner SC, Rillig MC, Schenk NV, Schöning I, Schrumpf M, Seibold S, Socher SA, Solly EF, Teuscher M, van Kleunen M, Wubet T, Manning P. A slow-fast trait continuum at the whole community level in relation to land-use intensification. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1251. [PMID: 38341437 PMCID: PMC10858939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Organismal functional strategies form a continuum from slow- to fast-growing organisms, in response to common drivers such as resource availability and disturbance. However, whether there is synchronisation of these strategies at the entire community level is unclear. Here, we combine trait data for >2800 above- and belowground taxa from 14 trophic guilds spanning a disturbance and resource availability gradient in German grasslands. The results indicate that most guilds consistently respond to these drivers through both direct and trophically mediated effects, resulting in a 'slow-fast' axis at the level of the entire community. Using 15 indicators of carbon and nutrient fluxes, biomass production and decomposition, we also show that fast trait communities are associated with faster rates of ecosystem functioning. These findings demonstrate that 'slow' and 'fast' strategies can be manifested at the level of whole communities, opening new avenues of ecosystem-level functional classification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margot Neyret
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Université Grenoble Alpes - CNRS - Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | - Florian D Schneider
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
- ISOE - Institute for social-ecological research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dennis Baulechner
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Joana Bergmann
- Leibniz Center for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Franciska T de Vries
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kezia Goldmann
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Soil Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Anna Merges
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ruslan A Saifutdinov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadja K Simons
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- Applied Biodiversity Sciences, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joseph A Tobias
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Andrey S Zaitsev
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Senckenberg Museum for Natural History Görlitz, Görlitz, Germany
| | - Martin M Gossner
- Forest Entomology, Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Jung
- Institut of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Penone
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schloter
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schulz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Michael Staab
- Ecological Networks, Technical University Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volkmar Wolters
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Antonios Apostolakis
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Birkhofer
- Department of Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Steffen Boch
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Runa S Boeddinghaus
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
- Department Plant Production and Production Related Environmental Protection, Center for Agricultural Technology Augustenberg (LTZ), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Bolliger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Bonkowski
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - François Buscot
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Soil Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena-, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kenneth Dumack
- Terrestrial Ecology, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Huei Ying Gan
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironments Tübingen (SHEP), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Heinze
- Department of Biodiversity, Heinz Sielmann Foundation, Wustermark, Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina John
- Justus Liebig University, Department of Animal Ecology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Forage Production and Grassland Systems, Agroscope, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute for Landscape Ecology and Resources Management (ILR), Research Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition (iFZ), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Centre for International Development and Environmental Research (ZEU), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Marhan
- Department of Soil Biology, Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Müller
- Department of Nature Conservation, Heinz Sielmann Foundation, Wustermark, Germany
| | - Swen C Renner
- Ornithology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Autria, Germany
| | | | - Noëlle V Schenk
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Schöning
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Marion Schrumpf
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seibold
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany
- TUD Dresden University of Technology, Forest Zoology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Stephanie A Socher
- Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Department Environment and Biodiversity, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Emily F Solly
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Computation Hydrosystems Department, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Miriam Teuscher
- University of Göttingen, Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mark van Kleunen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation, Taizhou University, Taizhou, China
- Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle - Jena-, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Community Ecology Department, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Peter Manning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thomas MK, Ranjan R. Designing More Informative Multiple-Driver Experiments. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2024; 16:513-536. [PMID: 37625127 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-041823-095913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
For decades, multiple-driver/stressor research has examined interactions among drivers that will undergo large changes in the future: temperature, pH, nutrients, oxygen, pathogens, and more. However, the most commonly used experimental designs-present-versus-future and ANOVA-fail to contribute to general understanding or predictive power. Linking experimental design to process-based mathematical models would help us predict how ecosystems will behave in novel environmental conditions. We review a range of experimental designs and assess the best experimental path toward a predictive ecology. Full factorial response surface, fractional factorial, quadratic response surface, custom, space-filling, and especially optimal and sequential/adaptive designs can help us achieve more valuable scientific goals. Experiments using these designs are challenging to perform with long-lived organisms or at the community and ecosystem levels. But they remain our most promising path toward linking experiments and theory in multiple-driver research and making accurate, useful predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mridul K Thomas
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
- Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, Delmenhorst, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li W, Zhang Q, Fan Y, Cheng Z, Lu X, Luo B, Long C. Traditional management of ancient Pu'er teagardens in Jingmai Mountains in Yunnan of China, a designated Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems site. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2023; 19:26. [PMID: 37393284 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-023-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pu'er Traditional Tea Agroecosystem is one of the projects included in the United Nations' Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) since 2012. Against the background of having rich biodiversity and a long history of tea culture, the ancient tea trees in Pu'er have experienced from wild-transition-cultivation for thousands of years, and the local people's knowledge about the management of ancient teagardens has not been rigorously recorded. For this reason, it is important to study and record the traditional management knowledge of Pu'er ancient teagardens and the influence on the formation of tea trees and communities. This study focuses on the traditional management knowledge of ancient teagardens in Jingmai Mountains, Pu'er, and monoculture teagardens (monoculture and intensively managed planting base for tea cultivation) were used as the control, through the community structure, composition and biodiversity of ancient teagardens to respond to the influence of traditional management, and this work with a view to providing a reference for further research on the stability and sustainable development of tea agroecosystem. METHODS From 2021 to 2022, information on traditional management of ancient teagardens was obtained through semi-structured interviews with 93 local people in the Jingmai Mountains area of Pu'er. Informed consent was obtained from each participant before conducting the interview process. The communities, tea trees and biodiversity of Jingmai Mountains ancient teagardens (JMATGs) and monoculture teagardens (MTGs) were examined through field surveys, measurements and biodiversity survey methods. The Shannon-Weiner (H), Pielou (E) and Margalef (M) indices were calculated for the biodiversity of the teagardens within the unit sample, using monoculture teagardens as a control. RESULTS The tea tree morphology, community structure and composition of Pu'er ancient teagardens are significantly different from those of monoculture teagardens, and the biodiversity is significantly higher than that of monoculture teagardens. The local people mainly manage the ancient tea trees mainly using several methods, including weeding (96.8%), pruning (48.4%) and pest control (33.3%). The pest control mainly relies on the removal of diseased branches. JMATGs annual gross output is approximately 6.5 times that of MTGs. The traditional management of ancient teagardens is through setting up forest isolation zones as protected areas, planting tea trees in the understory on the sunny side, keeping tea trees 1.5-7 m apart, as well as consciously protecting forest animals such as spiders, birds and bees, and reasonably rearing livestock in the teagardens. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that local people have rich traditional knowledge and experience in the management of ancient teagardens in Pu'er, and that this traditional management knowledge has impacted the growth of ancient tea trees, enriched the structure and composition of tea plantation communities and actively protected the biodiversity within ancient teagardens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yanxiao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhuo Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaoping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Binsheng Luo
- Lushan Botanical Garden, Jiangxi Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lushan, 332900, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunlin Long
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environment in Minority Areas, (Minzu University of China), National Ethnic Affairs Commission of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Institute of National Security Studies, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiao X, Ma Z, Zhang J, Sun B, Zhou J, Liang Y. Coupling temperature-dependent spatial turnover of microbes and plants using the metabolic theory of ecology. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:383-392. [PMID: 36564965 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the coupled relationship between belowground microbes and aboveground plants in response to temperature under climate change. The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) provides a way to predict the metabolic rate and species diversity, but the spatial scale dependence and connections between plants and microorganisms are still unclear. Here, we used two independent datasets to address this question. One is from comprehensive sampling of paddy fields targeting bacteria and microbial functional genes, and the other is a global metadata of spatial turnover for microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and archaea, n = 139) and plants (n = 206). Results showed that spatial turnover of bacterial communities and microbial functional genes increased with temperature and fitted MTE. Through meta-analysis, the temperature-dependent spatial scale pattern was further extended to the global scale, with the spatial turnover of microorganisms and plants being consistent with MTE. Belowground microorganisms and aboveground plants were closely linked with each other even when controlling for temperature, suggesting that factors other than shared relationships with temperature also contribute to their linkages. These results implied a broad application of MTE in biology and have important implications for predicting the ecological consequences of future climate warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210000, China
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210000, China
| | - Jizhong Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, Institute for Environmental Genomics, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100000, China
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Yuting Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210000, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Madin JS, Asbury M, Schiettekatte N, Dornelas M, Pizarro O, Reichert J, Torres-Pulliza D. A word on habitat complexity. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1021-1024. [PMID: 36964971 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
In their recent synopsis, Loke and Chisholm (Ecology Letters, 25, 2269-2288, 2022) present an overview of habitat complexity metrics for ecologists. They provide a review and some sound advice. However, we found several of their analyses and opinions misleading. This technical note provides a different perspective on the complexity metrics assessed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Madin
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, USA
| | - Mollie Asbury
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, USA
| | - Nina Schiettekatte
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, USA
| | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- MARE, Guia Marine Laboratory, University of Lisbon, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Oscar Pizarro
- Department of Marine Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Australian Centre for Field Robotics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jessica Reichert
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, USA
- Department of Animal Ecology & Systematics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Damaris Torres-Pulliza
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Hawai'i, Kāne'ohe, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Metabolic Scaling in Birds and Mammals: How Taxon Divergence Time, Phylogeny, and Metabolic Rate Affect the Relationship between Scaling Exponents and Intercepts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071067. [PMID: 36101445 PMCID: PMC9312277 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study is based on a large dataset and re-evaluates data on the metabolic rate, providing new insights into the similarities and differences across different groups of birds and mammals. We compared six taxonomic groups of mammals and birds according to their energetic characteristics and the geological time of evolutionary origin. The overall metabolic rate of a taxonomic group increases with the geological time of evolutionary origin. The terrestrial mammals and flightless birds have almost equal metabolic levels. The higher the metabolic rate in a group, the less it increases within increasing body size in this group. Abstract Analysis of metabolic scaling in currently living endothermic animal species allowed us to show how the relationship between body mass and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) has evolved in the history of endothermic vertebrates. We compared six taxonomic groups according to their energetic characteristics and the time of evolutionary divergence. We transformed the slope of the regression lines to the common value and analyzed three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body size. Correlation between average field metabolic rate (FMR) of the group and its average BMR was shown. We evaluated the efficiency of self-maintenance in ordinary life (defined BMR/FMR) in six main groups of endotherms. Our study has shown that metabolic scaling in the main groups of endothermic animals correlates with their evolutionary age: the younger the group, the higher the metabolic rate, but the rate increases more slowly with increasing body weight. We found negative linear relationship for scaling exponents and the allometric coefficient in five groups of endotherms: in units of mL O2/h per g, in relative units of allometric coefficients, and also in level or scaling elevation. Mammals that diverged from the main vertebrate stem earlier have a higher “b” exponent than later divergent birds. A new approach using three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body mass will be useful for many biological size-scaling relationships that follow the power function.
Collapse
|
8
|
Perkins DM. Temperature effects on community size structure: The value of large-scale biomonitoring programs. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:687-689. [PMID: 34748250 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Perkins
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mor JR, Muñoz I, Sabater S, Zamora L, Ruhi A. Energy limitation or sensitive predators? Trophic and non-trophic impacts of wastewater pollution on stream food webs. Ecology 2021; 103:e03587. [PMID: 34792187 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Impacts of environmental stressors on food webs are often difficult to predict because trophic levels can respond in divergent ways, and biotic interactions may dampen or amplify responses. Here we studied food-web level impacts of urban wastewater pollution, a widespread source of degradation that can alter stream food webs via top-down and bottom-up processes. Wastewater may (i) subsidize primary producers by decreasing nutrient limitation, inducing a wide-bottomed trophic pyramid. However, (ii) wastewater may also reduce the quality and diversity of resources, which could decrease energy transfer efficiency by reducing consumer fitness, leading to predator starvation. Additionally, (iii) if higher trophic levels are particularly sensitive to pollution, primary consumers could be released from predation pressure. We tested these hypotheses in 10 pairs of stream sites located upstream and downstream of urban wastewater effluents with different pollutant levels. We found that wastewater pollution reduced predator richness by ~34%. Community Size Spectra (CSS) slopes were steeper downstream than upstream of wastewater effluents-in all except one impact site where predators became locally extinct. Further, variation in downstream CSS slopes were correlated with pollution loads: the more polluted the stream, the steeper the CSS. We estimate that wastewater pollution decreased energy transfer efficiencies to primary consumers by ~70%, limiting energy supply to predators. Additionally, traits increasing vulnerability to chemical pollution were overrepresented among predators, which presented compressed trophic niches (δ15 N- δ13 C) downstream of effluents. Our results show that wastewater pollution can impact stream food webs via a combination of energy limitation to consumers and extirpation of pollution-sensitive top predators. Understanding the indirect (biotically-mediated) vs. direct (abiotic) mechanisms controlling responses to stress may help anticipating impacts of altered water quantity and quality-key signatures of global change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi-René Mor
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Muñoz
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Sabater
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona, Spain.,Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Zamora
- Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Albert Ruhi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Josué IIP, Sodré EO, Setubal RB, Cardoso SJ, Roland F, Figueiredo‐Barros MP, Bozelli RL. Zooplankton functional diversity as an indicator of a long‐term aquatic restoration in an Amazonian lake. Restor Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iollanda I. P. Josué
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Elder O. Sodré
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Rayanne B. Setubal
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Simone J. Cardoso
- Departamento de Zoologia Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Fabio Roland
- Departamento de Biologia Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Marcos P. Figueiredo‐Barros
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade (NUPEM/UFRJ) Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Reinaldo L. Bozelli
- Departamento de Ecologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Katzenberger M, Duarte H, Relyea R, Beltrán JF, Tejedo M. Variation in upper thermal tolerance among 19 species from temperate wetlands. J Therm Biol 2021; 96:102856. [PMID: 33627284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communities usually possess a multitude of interconnected trophic interactions within food webs. Their regulation generally depends on a balance between bottom-up and top-down effects. However, if sensitivity to temperature varies among species, rising temperatures may change trophic interactions via direct and indirect effects. We examined the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of 19 species from temperate wetlands (insect predators, amphibian larvae, zooplankton and amphipods) and determined if they vary in their sensitivity to warming temperatures. CTmax differed between the groups, with predatory insects having higher CTmax than amphibians (both herbivorous larval anurans and predatory larval salamanders), amphipods and zooplankton. In a scenario of global warming, these differences in thermal tolerance may affect top-down and bottom-up processes, particularly considering that insect predators are more likely to maintain or improve their performance at higher temperatures, which could lead to increased predation rates on the herbivores in the food web. Further studies are needed to understand how the energy flows through communities, how species' energy budgets may change and whether other physiological and behavioral responses (such as phenotypic plasticity and thermoregulation) can buffer or increase these changes in the top-down regulation of wetland food webs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Katzenberger
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica Doñana, CSIC, c/ Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biologia Evolutiva, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, CEP 50670-901, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Helder Duarte
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica Doñana, CSIC, c/ Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rick Relyea
- Darrin Fresh Water Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Juan Francisco Beltrán
- Departament of Zoology, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miguel Tejedo
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica Doñana, CSIC, c/ Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Junker JR, Cross WF, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Hood JM, Nelson D, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Resource supply governs the apparent temperature dependence of animal production in stream ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1809-1819. [PMID: 33001542 PMCID: PMC7702057 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Rising global temperatures are changing how energy and materials move through ecosystems, with potential consequences for the role of animals in these processes. We tested a central prediction of the metabolic scaling framework-the temperature independence of animal community production-using a series of geothermally heated streams and a comprehensive empirical analysis. We show that the apparent temperature sensitivity of animal production was consistent with theory for individuals (Epind = 0.64 vs. 0.65 eV), but strongly amplified relative to theoretical expectations for communities, both among (Epamong = 0.67 vs. 0 eV) and within (Epwithin = 1.52 vs. 0 eV) streams. After accounting for spatial and temporal variation in resources, we show that the apparent positive effect of temperature was driven by resource supply, providing strong empirical support for the temperature independence of invertebrate production and the necessary inclusion of resources in metabolic scaling efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- University of Iceland, Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Institute of Marine and Freshwater Fisheries, Reykjavík, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghedini G, Malerba ME, Marshall DJ. How to estimate community energy flux? A comparison of approaches reveals that size-abundance trade-offs alter the scaling of community energy flux. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200995. [PMID: 32811317 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Size and metabolism are highly correlated, so that community energy flux might be predicted from size distributions alone. However, the accuracy of predictions based on interspecific energy-size relationships relative to approaches not based on size distributions is unknown. We compare six approaches to predict energy flux in phytoplankton communities across succession: assuming a constant energy use among species (per cell or unit biomass), using energy-size interspecific scaling relationships and species-specific rates (both with or without accounting for density effects). Except for the per cell approach, all others explained some variation in energy flux but their accuracy varied considerably. Surprisingly, the best approach overall was based on mean biomass-specific rates, followed by the most complex (species-specific rates with density). We show that biomass-specific rates alone predict community energy flux because the allometric scaling of energy use with size measured for species in isolation does not reflect the isometric scaling of these species in communities. We also find energy equivalence throughout succession, even when communities are not at carrying capacity. Finally, we discuss that species assembly can alter energy-size relationships, and that metabolic suppression in response to density might drive the allometry of community energy flux as biomass accumulates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Martino E Malerba
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ghedini G, Loreau M, Marshall DJ. Community efficiency during succession: a test of MacArthur's minimization principle in phytoplankton communities. Ecology 2020; 101:e03015. [PMID: 32068256 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Robert MacArthur's niche theory makes explicit predictions on how community function should change over time in a competitive community. A key prediction is that succession progressively minimizes the energy wasted by a community, but this minimization is a trade-off between energy losses from unutilised resources and costs of maintenance. By predicting how competition determines community efficiency over time MacArthur's theory may inform on the impacts of disturbance on community function and invasion risk. We provide a rare test of this theory using phytoplankton communities, and find that older communities wasted less energy than younger ones but that the reduction in energy wastage was not monotonic over time. While community structure followed consistent and clear trajectories, community function was more idiosyncratic among adjoining successional stages and driven by total community biomass rather than species composition. Our results suggest that subtle shifts in successional sequence can alter community efficiency and these effects determine community function independently of individual species membership. We conclude that, at least in phytoplankton communities, general trends in community function are predictable over time accordingly to MacArthur's theory. Tests of MacArthur's minimization principle across very different systems should be a priority given the potential of this theory to inform on the functional properties of communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Michel Loreau
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling, Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS and Paul Sabatier University, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
González-Benítez N, García-Corral LS, Morán XAG, Middelburg JJ, Pizay MD, Gattuso JP. Drivers of Microbial Carbon Fluxes Variability in Two Oligotrophic Mediterranean Coastal Systems. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17669. [PMID: 31776462 PMCID: PMC6881365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53650-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The carbon fluxes between phytoplankton and heterotrophic bacterioplankton were studied in two coastal oligotrophic sites in the NW Mediterranean. Phytoplankton and bacterial production rates were measured under natural conditions using different methods. In the Bay of Villefranche, the temporal variability revealed net heterotrophy in July-October and net autotrophy in December-March. The spatial variability was studied in the Bay of Palma, showing net autotrophic areas in the west and heterotrophic areas in the east. On average bacterial respiration, represented 62% of the total community respiration. Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) values were significantly higher in autotrophic conditions than in heterotrophic ones. During autotrophic periods, dissolved primary production (DPP) was enough to sustained bacterial metabolism, although it showed a positive correlation with organic carbon stock (DOC). Under heterotrophic conditions, DPP did not sustain bacterial metabolism but bacterial respiration correlated with DPP and bacterial production with DOC. Temperature affected positively, DOC, BGE, bacterial respiration and production when the trophic status was autotrophic. To summarize, the response of bacterial metabolism to temperature and carbon sources depends on the trophic status within these oligotrophic coastal systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia González-Benítez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France. .,Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007, Paris, France. .,Department of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, King Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lara S García-Corral
- Department of Biology, Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, King Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xosé Anxelu G Morán
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Red Sea Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, 23955-6900, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jack J Middelburg
- Department of Estuarine and Delta Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research and Utrecht University, Yerseke, The Netherlands.,Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Dominique Pizay
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, 181 chemin du Lazaret, F-06230, Villefranche-sur-mer, France.,Institute for Sustainable Development and International Relations, Sciences Po, 27 rue Saint Guillaume, F-75007, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Taverne M, Fabre A, King‐Gillies N, Krajnović M, Lisičić D, Martin L, Michal L, Petricioli D, Štambuk A, Tadić Z, Vigliotti C, Wehrle BA, Herrel A. Diet variability among insular populations of Podarcis lizards reveals diverse strategies to face resource-limited environments. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12408-12420. [PMID: 31788186 PMCID: PMC6875570 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to resources is a dynamic and multicausal process that determines the success and survival of a population. It is therefore often challenging to disentangle the factors affecting ecological traits like diet. Insular habitats provide a good opportunity to study how variation in diet originates, in particular in populations of mesopredators such as lizards. Indeed, high levels of population density associated with low food abundance and low predation are selection pressures typically observed on islands. In the present study, the diet of eighteen insular populations of two closely related species of lacertid lizards (Podarcis sicula and Podarcis melisellensis) was assessed. Our results reveal that despite dietary variability among populations, diet taxonomic diversity is not impacted by island area. In contrast, however, diet disparity metrics, based on the variability in the physical (hardness) and behavioral (evasiveness) properties of ingested food items, are correlated with island size. These findings suggest that an increase in intraspecific competition for access to resources may induce shifts in functional components of the diet. Additionally, the two species differed in the relation between diet disparity and island area suggesting that different strategies exist to deal with low food abundance in these two species. Finally, sexual dimorphism in diet and head dimensions is not greater on smaller islands, in contrast to our predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Taverne
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | | | - Nina King‐Gillies
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Maria Krajnović
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Duje Lisičić
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Louise Martin
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Leslie Michal
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Donat Petricioli
- D.I.I.V. Ltd. for Marine, Freshwater and Subterranean EcologySaliCroatia
| | - Anamaria Štambuk
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Zoran Tadić
- Department of BiologyFaculty of ScienceUniversity of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Chloé Vigliotti
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| | - Beck A. Wehrle
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCAUSA
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179Département Adaptations du VivantMuséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueParisFrance
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wu CH, Holloway JD, Hill JK, Thomas CD, Chen IC, Ho CK. Reduced body sizes in climate-impacted Borneo moth assemblages are primarily explained by range shifts. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4612. [PMID: 31601806 PMCID: PMC6787050 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12655-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Both community composition changes due to species redistribution and within-species size shifts may alter body-size structures under climate warming. Here we assess the relative contribution of these processes in community-level body-size changes in tropical moth assemblages that moved uphill during a period of warming. Based on resurvey data for seven assemblages of geometrid moths (>8000 individuals) on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, in 1965 and 2007, we show significant wing-length reduction (mean shrinkage of 1.3% per species). Range shifts explain most size restructuring, due to uphill shifts of relatively small species, especially at high elevations. Overall, mean forewing length shrank by ca. 5%, much of which is accounted for by species range boundary shifts (3.9%), followed by within-boundary distribution changes (0.5%), and within-species size shrinkage (0.6%). We conclude that the effects of range shifting predominate, but considering species physiological responses is also important for understanding community size reorganization under climate warming. Body size shifts under climate change may arise from species range shifts, intraspecific size shifts, or both. Here the authors show that body size reduction in moth assemblages on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo, over 42 years are driven more by species range shifts than by within-species shrinkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Huey Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeremy D Holloway
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Chris D Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - I-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Chuan-Kai Ho
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marx JM, Rall BC, Phillips HRP, Brose U. Opening the black box of plant nutrient uptake under warming predicts global patterns in community biomass and biological carbon storage. OIKOS 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.06141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jori M. Marx
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Björn C. Rall
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Helen R. P. Phillips
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich Brose
- German Inst. for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle – Jena – Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, DE‐04103 Leipzig, Germany, and: Inst. of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller Univ. Jena Jena Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Baho DL, Pomati F, Leu E, Hessen DO, Moe SJ, Norberg J, Nizzetto L. A single pulse of diffuse contaminants alters the size distribution of natural phytoplankton communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:578-588. [PMID: 31150881 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a multitude of bioactive organic pollutants collectively classified as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in freshwaters is of concern, considering that ecological assessments of their potential impacts on natural systems are still scarce. In this field experiment we tested whether a single pulse exposure to a mixture of 12 pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which are commonly found in European inland waters, can influence the size distributions of natural lake phytoplankton communities. Size is one of the most influential determinants of community structure and functioning, particularly in planktonic communities and food webs. Using an in-situ microcosm approach, phytoplankton communities in two lakes with different nutrient levels (mesotrophic and eutrophic) were exposed to a concentration gradient of the PPCPs mixture at five levels. We tested whether sub-lethal PPCPs doses affect the scaling of organisms' abundances with their size, and the slope of these size spectra, which describe changes in the abundances of small relative to large phytoplankton. Our results showed that a large proportion (approximately 80%) of the dataset followed a power-law distribution, thus suggesting evidence of scale invariance of abundances, as expected in steady state ecosystems. PPCPs were however found to induce significant changes in the size spectra and community structure of natural phytoplankton assemblages. The two highest treatment levels of PPCPs were associated with decreased abundance of the most dominant size class (nano-phytoplankton: 2-5 μm), leading to a flattening of the size spectra slope. These results suggest that a pulse exposure to PPCPs induce changes that potentially lead to unsteady ecosystem states and cascading effects in the aquatic food webs, by favoring larger non-edible algae at the expense of small edible species. We propose higher susceptibility due to higher surface to volume ratio in small species as the likely cause of these structural changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Didier L Baho
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Francesco Pomati
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva Leu
- Akvaplan-niva, CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag O Hessen
- University of Oslo, Dept. Biosciences, Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - S Jannicke Moe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jon Norberg
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Science Park, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway; RECETOX, Masarik University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bideault A, Loreau M, Gravel D. Temperature Modifies Consumer-Resource Interaction Strength Through Its Effects on Biological Rates and Body Mass. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
21
|
White L, Donohue I, Emmerson MC, O'Connor NE. Combined effects of warming and nutrients on marine communities are moderated by predators and vary across functional groups. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5853-5866. [PMID: 30246490 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Warming, nutrient enrichment and biodiversity modification are among the most pervasive components of human-induced global environmental change. We know little about their cumulative effects on ecosystems; however, even though this knowledge is fundamental to predicting and managing their consequences in a changing world. Here, we show that shifts in predator species composition can moderate both the individual and combined effects of warming and nutrient enrichment in marine systems. However, all three aspects of global change also acted independently to alter different functional groups in our flow-through marine rock-pool mesocosms. Specifically, warming reduced macroalgal biomass and assemblage productivity, whereas enrichment led to increased abundance of meso-invertebrate consumers, and loss of predator species led to increased gastropod grazer biomass. This disparity in responses, both across trophic levels (macroalgae and intermediate consumers), and between detecting additive effects on aggregate measures of ecosystem functioning, yet interactive effects on community composition, illustrates that our forecasting ability depends strongly on the level of ecological complexity incorporated within global change experiments. We conclude that biodiversity change-and loss of predator species in particular-plays a critical and overarching role in determining how ecological communities respond to stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lydia White
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ian Donohue
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark C Emmerson
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Nessa E O'Connor
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Department of Zoology, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hillaert J, Hovestadt T, Vandegehuchte ML, Bonte D. Size-dependent movement explains why bigger is better in fragmented landscapes. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10754-10767. [PMID: 30519404 PMCID: PMC6262741 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is a fundamental trait known to allometrically scale with metabolic rate and therefore a key determinant of individual development, life history, and consequently fitness. In spatially structured environments, movement is an equally important driver of fitness. Because movement is tightly coupled with body size, we expect habitat fragmentation to induce a strong selection pressure on size variation across and within species. Changes in body size distributions are then, in turn, expected to alter food web dynamics. However, no consensus has been reached on how spatial isolation and resource growth affect consumer body size distributions. Our aim was to investigate how these two factors shape the body size distribution of consumers under scenarios of size-dependent and size-independent consumer movement by applying a mechanistic, individual-based resource-consumer model. We also assessed the consequences of altered body size distributions for important ecosystem traits such as resource abundance and consumer stability. Finally, we determined those factors that explain most variation in size distributions. We demonstrate that decreasing connectivity and resource growth select for communities (or populations) consisting of larger species (or individuals) due to strong selection for the ability to move over longer distances if the movement is size-dependent. When including size-dependent movement, intermediate levels of connectivity result in increases in local size diversity. Due to this elevated functional diversity, resource uptake is maximized at the metapopulation or metacommunity level. At these intermediate levels of connectivity, size-dependent movement explains most of the observed variation in size distributions. Interestingly, local and spatial stability of consumer biomass is lowest when isolation and resource growth are high. Finally, we highlight that size-dependent movement is of vital importance for the survival of populations or communities within highly fragmented landscapes. Our results demonstrate that considering size-dependent movement is essential to understand how habitat fragmentation and resource growth shape body size distributions-and the resulting metapopulation or metacommunity dynamics-of consumers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn Hillaert
- Department of BiologyTerrestrial Ecology UnitGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Thomas Hovestadt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyBiocenterUniversity of WuerzburgWuerzburgGermany
| | | | - Dries Bonte
- Department of BiologyTerrestrial Ecology UnitGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bernhardt JR, Sunday JM, O'Connor MI. Metabolic Theory and the Temperature-Size Rule Explain the Temperature Dependence of Population Carrying Capacity. Am Nat 2018; 192:687-697. [PMID: 30444656 DOI: 10.1086/700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of highly conserved subcellular metabolic systems affects ecological patterns and processes across scales, from organisms to ecosystems. Population density at carrying capacity plays an important role in evolutionary processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem function, yet how it varies with temperature-dependent metabolism remains unclear. Though the exponential effect of temperature on intrinsic population growth rate, r, is well known, we still lack clear evidence that population density at carrying capacity, K, declines with increasing per capita metabolic rate, as predicted by the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE). We experimentally tested whether temperature effects on photosynthesis propagate directly to population carrying capacity in a model species, the mobile phytoplankton Tetraselmis tetrahele. After maintaining populations at a fixed resource supply and fixed temperatures for 43 days, we found that carrying capacity declined with increasing temperature. This decline was predicted quantitatively when models included temperature-dependent metabolic rates and temperature-associated body-size shifts. Our results demonstrate that warming reduces carrying capacity and that temperature effects on body size and metabolic rate interact to determine how temperature affects population dynamics. These findings bolster efforts to relate metabolic temperature dependence to population and ecosystem patterns via MTE.
Collapse
|
24
|
Pellissier L, Rasmann S. The functional decoupling of processes in alpine ecosystems under climate change. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 29:126-132. [PMID: 30551819 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change may promote the decoupling of the different above-ground and below-ground compartments of high elevation ecosystems. Along elevation gradients, a trade-off between species tolerance to cold climates and metabolic rates dictates that cold adapted organisms display a lower efficiency in decomposition, growth or herbivory. As a consequence, if dispersal or evolution under climate change is systematically faster for agents of one compartment (e.g. insect herbivores, or soil microbes, respectively) compared to others, novel and more efficient functions will arise in the alpine systems and increase fluxes of elements to and through this compartment. We illustrate this potential decoupling using a mechanistic model, where the efficiency of agents in the compartments follows the metabolic theory. To detect and forecast ecosystem decoupling under climate change, we argue that the current efficiency of agents should be measured systematically along elevation gradients. In addition, future research should investigate the impact of dispersal and evolution in response to climate change on ecosystem processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Pellissier
- Landscape Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Züri ch, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Laboratory of Functional Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hillaert J, Vandegehuchte ML, Hovestadt T, Bonte D. Information use during movement regulates how fragmentation and loss of habitat affect body size. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180953. [PMID: 30111596 PMCID: PMC6111160 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An individual's body size is central to its behaviour and physiology, and tightly linked to its movement ability. The spatial arrangement of resources and a consumer's capacity to locate them are therefore expected to exert strong selection on consumer body size. We investigated the evolutionary impact of both the fragmentation and loss of habitat on consumer body size and its feedback effects on resource distribution, under varying levels of information used during habitat choice. We developed a mechanistic, individual-based, spatially explicit model, including several allometric rules for key consumer traits. Our model reveals that as resources become more fragmented and scarce, informed habitat choice selects for larger body sizes while random habitat choice promotes small sizes. Information use may thus be an overlooked explanation for the observed variation in body size responses to habitat fragmentation. Moreover, we find that resources can accumulate and aggregate if information about resource abundance is incomplete. Informed movement results in stable resource-consumer dynamics and controlled resources across space. However, habitat loss and fragmentation destabilize local dynamics and disturb resource suppression by the consumer. Considering information use during movement is thus critical to understand the eco-evolutionary dynamics underlying the functioning and structuring of consumer communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn Hillaert
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn L Vandegehuchte
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas Hovestadt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Emil-Fischer-Strasse 32, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Dries Bonte
- Department of Biology, Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Padfield D, Buckling A, Warfield R, Lowe C, Yvon‐Durocher G. Linking phytoplankton community metabolism to the individual size distribution. Ecol Lett 2018; 21:1152-1161. [PMID: 29797805 PMCID: PMC6849760 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying variation in ecosystem metabolism is critical to predicting the impacts of environmental change on the carbon cycle. We used a metabolic scaling framework to investigate how body size and temperature influence phytoplankton community metabolism. We tested this framework using phytoplankton sampled from an outdoor mesocosm experiment, where communities had been either experimentally warmed (+ 4 °C) for 10 years or left at ambient temperature. Warmed and ambient phytoplankton communities differed substantially in their taxonomic composition and size structure. Despite this, the response of primary production and community respiration to long- and short-term warming could be estimated using a model that accounted for the size- and temperature dependence of individual metabolism, and the community abundance-body size distribution. This work demonstrates that the key metabolic fluxes that determine the carbon balance of planktonic ecosystems can be approximated using metabolic scaling theory, with knowledge of the individual size distribution and environmental temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Padfield
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallTR10 9EZUK
| | - Angus Buckling
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallTR10 9FEUK
| | - Ruth Warfield
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallTR10 9EZUK
| | - Chris Lowe
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallTR10 9FEUK
| | - Gabriel Yvon‐Durocher
- Environment and Sustainability InstituteUniversity of ExeterPenrynCornwallTR10 9EZUK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghedini G, White CR, Marshall DJ. Metabolic scaling across succession: Do individual rates predict community‐level energy use? Funct Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Vic. Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vasseur F, Exposito-Alonso M, Ayala-Garay OJ, Wang G, Enquist BJ, Vile D, Violle C, Weigel D. Adaptive diversification of growth allometry in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:3416-3421. [PMID: 29540570 PMCID: PMC5879651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1709141115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed plants vary tremendously in size and morphology; however, variation and covariation in plant traits may be governed, at least in part, by universal biophysical laws and biological constants. Metabolic scaling theory (MST) posits that whole-organismal metabolism and growth rate are under stabilizing selection that minimizes the scaling of hydrodynamic resistance and maximizes the scaling of resource uptake. This constrains variation in physiological traits and in the rate of biomass accumulation, so that they can be expressed as mathematical functions of plant size with near-constant allometric scaling exponents across species. However, the observed variation in scaling exponents calls into question the evolutionary drivers and the universality of allometric equations. We have measured growth scaling and fitness traits of 451 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with sequenced genomes. Variation among accessions around the scaling exponent predicted by MST was correlated with relative growth rate, seed production, and stress resistance. Genomic analyses indicate that growth allometry is affected by many genes associated with local climate and abiotic stress response. The gene with the strongest effect, PUB4, has molecular signatures of balancing selection, suggesting that intraspecific variation in growth scaling is maintained by opposing selection on the trade-off between seed production and abiotic stress resistance. Our findings suggest that variation in allometry contributes to local adaptation to contrasting environments. Our results help reconcile past debates on the origin of allometric scaling in biology and begin to link adaptive variation in allometric scaling to specific genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Vasseur
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34090 Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Oscar J Ayala-Garay
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
- Programa de Recursos Genéticos y Productividad (RGP)-Fisiología Vegetal, Colegio de Postgraduados, 56230 Texcoco, Mexico
| | - George Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
| | - Denis Vile
- Laboratoire d'Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, UMR759, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), CNRS, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ghedini G, White CR, Marshall DJ. Does energy flux predict density‐dependence? An empirical field test. Ecology 2017; 98:3116-3126. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ghedini
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Padfield D, Lowe C, Buckling A, Ffrench-Constant R, Jennings S, Shelley F, Ólafsson JS, Yvon-Durocher G. Metabolic compensation constrains the temperature dependence of gross primary production. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1250-1260. [PMID: 28853241 PMCID: PMC6849571 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gross primary production (GPP) is the largest flux in the carbon cycle, yet its response to global warming is highly uncertain. The temperature dependence of GPP is directly linked to photosynthetic physiology, but the response of GPP to warming over longer timescales could also be shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that drive variation in community structure and functional trait distributions. Here, we show that selection on photosynthetic traits within and across taxa dampens the effects of temperature on GPP across a catchment of geothermally heated streams. Autotrophs from cold streams had higher photosynthetic rates and after accounting for differences in biomass among sites, biomass-specific GPP was independent of temperature in spite of a 20 °C thermal gradient. Our results suggest that temperature compensation of photosynthetic rates constrains the long-term temperature dependence of GPP, and highlights the importance of considering physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms when predicting how ecosystem-level processes respond to warming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Padfield
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| | - Chris Lowe
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Angus Buckling
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | -
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Simon Jennings
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, NR33 0HT, UK.,School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich Research Park, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.,International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, H. C. Andersens Boulevard 44-46, 1553, Copenhagen V, Denmark
| | - Felicity Shelley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Jón S Ólafsson
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Árleyni 22, 112, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gabriel Yvon-Durocher
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9EZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chungu D, Stadler J, Brandl R. Converting forests to agriculture decreases body size of Carabid assemblages in Zambia. Afr J Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donald Chungu
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; School of Natural Resources; Copperbelt University; Kitwe Zambia
| | - Jutta Stadler
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Roland Brandl
- Department of Ecology-Animal Ecology; Faculty of Biology; University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Nawrot R, Albano PG, Chattopadhyay D, Zuschin M. Climate change and body size shift in Mediterranean bivalve assemblages: unexpected role of biological invasions. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:rspb.2017.0357. [PMID: 28768884 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Body size is a synthetic functional trait determining many key ecosystem properties. Reduction in average body size has been suggested as one of the universal responses to global warming in aquatic ecosystems. Climate change, however, coincides with human-enhanced dispersal of alien species and can facilitate their establishment. We address effects of species introductions on the size structure of recipient communities using data on Red Sea bivalves entering the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal. We show that the invasion leads to increase in median body size of the Mediterranean assemblage. Alien species are significantly larger than native Mediterranean bivalves, even though they represent a random subset of the Red Sea species with respect to body size. The observed patterns result primarily from the differences in the taxonomic composition and body-size distributions of the source and recipient species pools. In contrast to the expectations based on the general temperature-size relationships in marine ectotherms, continued warming of the Mediterranean Sea indirectly leads to an increase in the proportion of large-bodied species in bivalve assemblages by accelerating the entry and spread of tropical aliens. These results underscore complex interactions between changing climate and species invasions in driving functional shifts in marine ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Nawrot
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria .,Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Paolo G Albano
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Devapriya Chattopadhyay
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur WB-741246, India
| | - Martin Zuschin
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Richardson LE, Graham NAJ, Hoey AS. Cross-scale habitat structure driven by coral species composition on tropical reefs. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7557. [PMID: 28790429 PMCID: PMC5548803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of habitat structure across spatial scales can determine ecological organization and resilience. However, anthropogenic disturbances are altering the abundance and composition of habitat-forming organisms. How such shifts in the composition of these organisms alter the physical structure of habitats across ecologically important scales remains unclear. At a time of unprecedented coral loss and homogenization of coral assemblages globally, we investigate the inherent structural complexity of taxonomically distinct reefs, across five ecologically relevant scales of measurement (4–64 cm). We show that structural complexity was influenced by coral species composition, and was not a simple function of coral cover on the studied reefs. However, inter-habitat variation in structural complexity changed with scale. Importantly, the scales at which habitat structure was available also varied among habitats. Complexity at the smallest, most vulnerable scale (4 cm) varied the most among habitats, which could have inferences for as much as half of all reef fishes which are small-bodied and refuge dependent for much of their lives. As disturbances continue and species shifts persist, the future of these ecosystems may rely on a greater concern for the composition of habitat-building species and prioritization of particular configurations for protection of maximal cross-scale habitat structural complexity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Richardson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nelson D, Benstead JP, Huryn AD, Cross WF, Hood JM, Johnson PW, Junker JR, Gíslason GM, Ólafsson JS. Experimental whole-stream warming alters community size structure. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:2618-2628. [PMID: 27868314 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
How ecological communities respond to predicted increases in temperature will determine the extent to which Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem functioning can be maintained into a warmer future. Warming is predicted to alter the structure of natural communities, but robust tests of such predictions require appropriate large-scale manipulations of intact, natural habitat that is open to dispersal processes via exchange with regional species pools. Here, we report results of a two-year whole-stream warming experiment that shifted invertebrate assemblage structure via unanticipated mechanisms, while still conforming to community-level metabolic theory. While warming by 3.8 °C decreased invertebrate abundance in the experimental stream by 60% relative to a reference stream, total invertebrate biomass was unchanged. Associated shifts in invertebrate assemblage structure were driven by the arrival of new taxa and a higher proportion of large, warm-adapted species (i.e., snails and predatory dipterans) relative to small-bodied, cold-adapted taxa (e.g., chironomids and oligochaetes). Experimental warming consequently shifted assemblage size spectra in ways that were unexpected, but consistent with thermal optima of taxa in the regional species pool. Higher temperatures increased community-level energy demand, which was presumably satisfied by higher primary production after warming. Our experiment demonstrates how warming reassembles communities within the constraints of energy supply via regional exchange of species that differ in thermal physiological traits. Similar responses will likely mediate impacts of anthropogenic warming on biodiversity and ecosystem function across all ecological communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487 USA
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Aquatic Ecology Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43212, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - James R Junker
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Uyeda JC, Pennell MW, Miller ET, Maia R, McClain CR. The Evolution of Energetic Scaling across the Vertebrate Tree of Life. Am Nat 2017; 190:185-199. [PMID: 28731792 DOI: 10.1086/692326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is the link between ecology and physiology-it dictates the flow of energy through individuals and across trophic levels. Much of the predictive power of metabolic theories of ecology derives from the scaling relationship between organismal size and metabolic rate. There is growing evidence that this scaling relationship is not universal, but we have little knowledge of how it has evolved over macroevolutionary time. Here we develop a novel phylogenetic comparative method to investigate how often and in which clades the macroevolutionary dynamics of the metabolic scaling have changed. We find strong evidence that the metabolic scaling relationship has shifted multiple times across the vertebrate phylogeny. However, shifts are rare and otherwise strongly constrained. Importantly, both the estimated slope and intercept values vary widely across regimes, with slopes that spanned across theoretically predicted values such as 2/3 or 3/4. We further tested whether traits such as ecto-/endothermy, genome size, and quadratic curvature with body mass (i.e., energetic constraints at extreme body sizes) could explain the observed pattern of shifts. Though these factors help explain some of the variation in scaling parameters, much of the remaining variation remains elusive. Our results lay the groundwork for further exploration of the evolutionary and ecological drivers of major transitions in metabolic strategy and for harnessing this information to improve macroecological predictions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Mousing EA, Ribeiro S, Chisholm C, Kuijpers A, Moros M, Ellegaard M. Size differences of Arctic marine protists between two climate periods-using the paleoecological record to assess the importance of within-species trait variation. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3-13. [PMID: 28070270 PMCID: PMC5216622 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mean body size decreases with increasing temperature in a variety of organisms. This size-temperature relationship has generally been tested through space but rarely through time. We analyzed the sedimentary archive of dinoflagellate cysts in a sediment record taken from the West Greenland shelf and show that mean cell size decreased at both intra- and interspecific scales in a period of relatively warm temperatures, compared with a period of relatively cold temperatures. We further show that intraspecific changes accounted for more than 70% of the change in community mean size, whereas shifts in species composition only accounted for about 30% of the observed change. Literature values on size ranges and midpoints for individual taxa were in several cases not representative for the measured sizes, although changes in community mean size, calculated from literature values, did capture the direction of change. While the results show that intraspecific variation is necessary to accurately estimate the magnitude of change in protist community mean size, it may be possible to investigate general patterns, that is relative size differences, using interspecific-level estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik A. Mousing
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and ClimateNatural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Glaciology and ClimateGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Chelsea Chisholm
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and ClimateNatural History Museum of DenmarkUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Antoon Kuijpers
- Department of Glaciology and ClimateGeological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS)CopenhagenDenmark
| | - Matthias Moros
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW)WarnemündeGermany
| | - Marianne Ellegaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kenna D, Fincham WNW, Dunn AM, Brown LE, Hassall C. Antagonistic effects of biological invasion and environmental warming on detritus processing in freshwater ecosystems. Oecologia 2016; 183:875-886. [PMID: 28013390 PMCID: PMC5339318 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Global biodiversity is threatened by multiple anthropogenic stressors but little is known about the combined effects of environmental warming and invasive species on ecosystem functioning. We quantified thermal preferences and then compared leaf-litter processing rates at eight different temperatures (5.0–22.5 °C) by the invasive freshwater crustacean Dikerogammarus villosus and the Great Britain native Gammarus pulex at a range of body sizes. D. villosus preferred warmer temperatures but there was considerable overlap in the range of temperatures that the two species occupied during preference trials. When matched for size, G. pulex had a greater leaf shredding efficiency than D. villosus, suggesting that invasion and subsequent displacement of the native amphipod will result in reduced ecosystem functioning. However, D. villosus is an inherently larger species and interspecific variation in shredding was reduced when animals of a representative size range were compared. D. villosus shredding rates increased at a faster rate than G. pulex with increasing temperature suggesting that climate change may offset some of the reduction in function. D. villosus, but not G. pulex, showed evidence of an ability to select those temperatures at which its shredding rate was maximised, and the activation energy for shredding in D. villosus was more similar to predictions from metabolic theory. While per capita and mass-corrected shredding rates were lower in the invasive D. villosus than the native G. pulex, our study provides novel insights in to how the interactive effects of metabolic function, body size, behavioural thermoregulation, and density produce antagonistic effects between anthropogenic stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kenna
- School of Biology and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Alison M Dunn
- School of Biology and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lee E Brown
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Barneche DR, White CR, Marshall DJ. Temperature effects on mass‐scaling exponents in colonial animals: a manipulative test. Ecology 2016; 98:103-111. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego R. Barneche
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Craig R. White
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Dustin J. Marshall
- Centre for Geometric Biology/School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Barneche DR, Kulbicki M, Floeter SR, Friedlander AM, Allen AP. Energetic and ecological constraints on population density of reef fishes. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:rspb.2015.2186. [PMID: 26791611 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Population ecology has classically focused on pairwise species interactions, hindering the description of general patterns and processes of population abundance at large spatial scales. Here we use the metabolic theory of ecology as a framework to formulate and test a model that yields predictions linking population density to the physiological constraints of body size and temperature on individual metabolism, and the ecological constraints of trophic structure and species richness on energy partitioning among species. Our model was tested by applying Bayesian quantile regression to a comprehensive reef-fish community database, from which we extracted density data for 5609 populations spread across 49 sites around the world. Our results indicate that population density declines markedly with increases in community species richness and that, after accounting for richness, energetic constraints are manifested most strongly for the most abundant species, which generally are of small body size and occupy lower trophic groups. Overall, our findings suggest that, at the global scale, factors associated with community species richness are the major drivers of variation in population density. Given that populations of species-rich tropical systems exhibit markedly lower maximum densities, they may be particularly susceptible to stochastic extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Barneche
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - M Kulbicki
- IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), UR-CoRéUs, Laboratoire Arago, Banyuls/mer BP 44, 66651, France CESAB-FRB, Immeuble Henri Poincaré, Domaine du Petit Arbois, Aix-en-Provence cedex 3 13857, France
| | - S R Floeter
- Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88010-970, Brazil
| | - A M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas-National Geographic, Washington, DC 20036, USA Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - A P Allen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Striebel M, Schabhüttl S, Hodapp D, Hingsamer P, Hillebrand H. Phytoplankton responses to temperature increases are constrained by abiotic conditions and community composition. Oecologia 2016; 182:815-27. [PMID: 27488200 PMCID: PMC5042995 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effects of temperature changes on phytoplankton communities seem to be highly context-specific, but few studies have analyzed whether this context specificity depends on differences in the abiotic conditions or in species composition between studies. We present an experiment that allows disentangling the contribution of abiotic and biotic differences in shaping the response to two aspects of temperature change: permanent increase of mean temperature versus pulse disturbance in form of a heat wave. We used natural communities from six different sites of a floodplain system as well as artificially mixed communities from laboratory cultures and grew both, artificial and natural communities, in water from the six different floodplain lakes (sites). All 12 contexts (2 communities × 6 sites) were first exposed to three different temperature levels (12, 18, 24 °C, respectively) and afterward to temperature pulses (4 °C increase for 7 h day(-1)). Temperature-dependent changes in biomass and community composition depended on the initial composition of phytoplankton communities. Abiotic conditions had a major effect on biomass of phytoplankton communities exposed to different temperature conditions, however, the effect of biotic and abiotic conditions together was even more pronounced. Additionally, phytoplankton community responses to pulse temperature effects depended on the warming history. By disentangling abiotic and biotic effects, our study shows that temperature-dependent effects on phytoplankton communities depend on both, biotic and abiotic constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Striebel
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany. .,Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Max Emanuel-Strasse 17, 1180, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Schabhüttl
- WasserCluster Lunz, Dr. Carl Kupelwieser Promenade 5, 3293, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Dorothee Hodapp
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Peter Hingsamer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Schleusenstrasse 1, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Williamson TJ, Cross WF, Benstead JP, Gíslason GM, Hood JM, Huryn AD, Johnson PW, Welter JR. Warming alters coupled carbon and nutrient cycles in experimental streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:2152-2164. [PMID: 26719040 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although much effort has been devoted to quantifying how warming alters carbon cycling across diverse ecosystems, less is known about how these changes are linked to the cycling of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus. In freshwater ecosystems, benthic biofilms (i.e. thin films of algae, bacteria, fungi, and detrital matter) act as biogeochemical hotspots by controlling important fluxes of energy and material. Understanding how biofilms respond to warming is thus critical for predicting responses of coupled elemental cycles in freshwater systems. We developed biofilm communities in experimental streamside channels along a gradient of mean water temperatures (7.5-23.6 °C), while closely maintaining natural diel and seasonal temperature variation with a common water and propagule source. Both structural (i.e. biomass, stoichiometry, assemblage structure) and functional (i.e. metabolism, N2 -fixation, nutrient uptake) attributes of biofilms were measured on multiple dates to link changes in carbon flow explicitly to the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus. Temperature had strong positive effects on biofilm biomass (2.8- to 24-fold variation) and net ecosystem productivity (44- to 317-fold variation), despite extremely low concentrations of limiting dissolved nitrogen. Temperature had surprisingly minimal effects on biofilm stoichiometry: carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios were temperature-invariant, while carbon:phosphorus (C:P) ratios declined slightly with increasing temperature. Biofilm communities were dominated by cyanobacteria at all temperatures (>91% of total biovolume) and N2 -fixation rates increased up to 120-fold between the coldest and warmest treatments. Although ammonium-N uptake increased with temperature (2.8- to 6.8-fold variation), the much higher N2 -fixation rates supplied the majority of N to the ecosystem at higher temperatures. Our results demonstrate that temperature can alter how carbon is cycled and coupled to nitrogen and phosphorus. The uncoupling of C fixation from dissolved inorganic nitrogen supply produced large unexpected changes in biofilm development, elemental cycling, and likely downstream exports of nutrients and organic matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wyatt F Cross
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Jonathan P Benstead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Gísli M Gíslason
- Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Iceland, Askja, Sturlugata, 7 101 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - James M Hood
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Alexander D Huryn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Philip W Johnson
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Jill R Welter
- Department of Biology, St. Catherine University, Saint Paul, MN, 55105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Woodward G, Bonada N, Brown LE, Death RG, Durance I, Gray C, Hladyz S, Ledger ME, Milner AM, Ormerod SJ, Thompson RM, Pawar S. The effects of climatic fluctuations and extreme events on running water ecosystems. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150274. [PMID: 27114576 PMCID: PMC4843695 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most research on the effects of environmental change in freshwaters has focused on incremental changes in average conditions, rather than fluctuations or extreme events such as heatwaves, cold snaps, droughts, floods or wildfires, which may have even more profound consequences. Such events are commonly predicted to increase in frequency, intensity and duration with global climate change, with many systems being exposed to conditions with no recent historical precedent. We propose a mechanistic framework for predicting potential impacts of environmental fluctuations on running-water ecosystems by scaling up effects of fluctuations from individuals to entire ecosystems. This framework requires integration of four key components: effects of the environment on individual metabolism, metabolic and biomechanical constraints on fluctuating species interactions, assembly dynamics of local food webs, and mapping the dynamics of the meta-community onto ecosystem function. We illustrate the framework by developing a mathematical model of environmental fluctuations on dynamically assembling food webs. We highlight (currently limited) empirical evidence for emerging insights and theoretical predictions. For example, widely supported predictions about the effects of environmental fluctuations are: high vulnerability of species with high per capita metabolic demands such as large-bodied ones at the top of food webs; simplification of food web network structure and impaired energetic transfer efficiency; and reduced resilience and top-down relative to bottom-up regulation of food web and ecosystem processes. We conclude by identifying key questions and challenges that need to be addressed to develop more accurate and predictive bio-assessments of the effects of fluctuations, and implications of fluctuations for management practices in an increasingly uncertain world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Woodward
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Núria Bonada
- Group de Recerca Freshwater Ecology and Management (FEM), Departament d'Ecologia, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08028, Spain
| | - Lee E Brown
- School of Geography and Water, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Russell G Death
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment-Ecology, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Isabelle Durance
- Water Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Clare Gray
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Sally Hladyz
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mark E Ledger
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Alexander M Milner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Steve J Ormerod
- Water Research Institute and Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ross M Thompson
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Samraat Pawar
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Temperature imposes a constraint on the rates and outcomes of ecological processes that determine community- and ecosystem-level patterns. The application of metabolic scaling theory has advanced our understanding of the influence of temperature on pattern and process in marine communities. Metabolic scaling theory uses the fundamental and ubiquitous patterns of temperature-dependent metabolism to predict how environmental temperature influences patterns and processes at higher levels of biological organization. Here, we outline some of these predictions to review recent advances and illustrate how scaling theory might be applied to new challenges. For example, warming can alter species interactions and food-web structure and can also reduce total animal biomass supportable by a given amount of primary production by increasing animal metabolism and energetic demand. Additionally, within a species, larval development is faster in warmer water, potentially influencing dispersal and other demographic processes like population connectivity and gene flow. These predictions can be extended further to address major questions in marine ecology, and present an opportunity for conceptual unification of marine ecological research across levels of biological organization. Drawing on work by ecologists and oceanographers over the last century, a metabolic scaling approach represents a promising way forward for applying ecological understanding to basic questions as well as conservation challenges.
Collapse
|
44
|
Brose U, Blanchard JL, Eklöf A, Galiana N, Hartvig M, R Hirt M, Kalinkat G, Nordström MC, O'Gorman EJ, Rall BC, Schneider FD, Thébault E, Jacob U. Predicting the consequences of species loss using size-structured biodiversity approaches. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2016; 92:684-697. [PMID: 26756137 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of species loss in complex ecological communities is one of the great challenges in current biodiversity research. For a long time, this topic has been addressed by traditional biodiversity experiments. Most of these approaches treat species as trait-free, taxonomic units characterizing communities only by species number without accounting for species traits. However, extinctions do not occur at random as there is a clear correlation between extinction risk and species traits. In this review, we assume that large species will be most threatened by extinction and use novel allometric and size-spectrum concepts that include body mass as a primary species trait at the levels of populations and individuals, respectively, to re-assess three classic debates on the relationships between biodiversity and (i) food-web structural complexity, (ii) community dynamic stability, and (iii) ecosystem functioning. Contrasting current expectations, size-structured approaches suggest that the loss of large species, that typically exploit most resource species, may lead to future food webs that are less interwoven and more structured by chains of interactions and compartments. The disruption of natural body-mass distributions maintaining food-web stability may trigger avalanches of secondary extinctions and strong trophic cascades with expected knock-on effects on the functionality of the ecosystems. Therefore, we argue that it is crucial to take into account body size as a species trait when analysing the consequences of biodiversity loss for natural ecosystems. Applying size-structured approaches provides an integrative ecological concept that enables a better understanding of each species' unique role across communities and the causes and consequences of biodiversity loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Brose
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia L Blanchard
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies and Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point TAS 7004, Australia
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Theoretical Biology, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nuria Galiana
- Ecological Networks and Global Change Group, Experimental Ecology Station, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 09200, Moulis, France
| | - Martin Hartvig
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark.,Systemic Conservation Biology Group, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Myriam R Hirt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Gregor Kalinkat
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, 12587, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Eawag, 6047, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
| | - Marie C Nordström
- Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520, Åbo, Finland
| | - Eoin J O'Gorman
- Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Björn C Rall
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Pharmacy, Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Florian D Schneider
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, CC065, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Elisa Thébault
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR 7618 (UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, UPEC, Paris Diderot), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Ute Jacob
- Department of Biology, Institute for Hydrobiology and Fisheries Science, Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability (CEN), KlimaCampus, University of Hamburg, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yen JDL, Paganin DM, Thomson JR, Mac Nally R. Thermodynamics predicts density-dependent energy use in organisms and ecological communities. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:042708. [PMID: 25974528 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.042708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Linking our knowledge of organisms to our knowledge of ecological communities and ecosystems is a key challenge for ecology. Individual size distributions (ISDs) link the size of individual organisms to the structure of ecological communities, so that studying ISDs might provide insight into how organism functioning affects ecosystems. Similarly shaped ISDs among ecosystems, coupled with allometric links between organism size and resource use, suggest the possibility of emergent resource-use patterns in ecological communities. We drew on thermodynamics to develop a maximization principle that predicted both organism and community energy use. These predictions highlighted the importance of density-dependent metabolic rates and were able to explain nonlinear relationships between community energy use and community biomass. We analyzed data on fish community energy use and biomass and found evidence of nonlinear scaling, which was predicted by the thermodynamic principle developed here and is not explained by other theories of ISDs. Detailed measurements of organism energy use will clarify the role of density dependence in driving metabolic rates and will further test our derived thermodynamic principle. Importantly, our study highlights the potential for fundamental links between ecology and thermodynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian D L Yen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - David M Paganin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - James R Thomson
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, VIC 3084, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Ralph Mac Nally
- Institute for Applied Ecology, The University of Canberra, ACT 2617, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Barneche DR, Kulbicki M, Floeter SR, Friedlander AM, Maina J, Allen AP. Scaling metabolism from individuals to reef-fish communities at broad spatial scales. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1067-76. [PMID: 24943721 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fishes contribute substantially to energy and nutrient fluxes in reef ecosystems, but quantifying these roles is challenging. Here, we do so by synthesising a large compilation of fish metabolic-rate data with a comprehensive database on reef-fish community abundance and biomass. Individual-level analyses support predictions of Metabolic Theory after accounting for significant family-level variation, and indicate that some tropical reef fishes may already be experiencing thermal regimes at or near their temperature optima. Community-level analyses indicate that total estimated respiratory fluxes of reef-fish communities increase on average ~2-fold from 22 to 28 °C. Comparisons of estimated fluxes among trophic groups highlight striking differences in resource use by communities in different regions, perhaps partly reflecting distinct evolutionary histories, and support the hypothesis that piscivores receive substantial energy subsidies from outside reefs. Our study demonstrates one approach to synthesising individual- and community-level data to establish broad-scale trends in contributions of biota to ecosystem dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D R Barneche
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, 2109, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Nash KL, Allen CR, Barichievy C, Nyström M, Sundstrom S, Graham NAJ. Habitat structure and body size distributions: cross-ecosystem comparison for taxa with determinate and indeterminate growth. OIKOS 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty L. Nash
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ.; Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| | - Craig R. Allen
- US Geological Survey - Nebraska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Univ. of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| | - Chris Barichievy
- Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Ithala Game Reserve; Louwsberg 3150 South Africa
- Centre for African Ecology, Univ. of Witwatersrand 2050; Johannesburg South Africa
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm Univ.; SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Shana Sundstrom
- School of Natural Resources, Univ. of Nebraska; Lincoln NE 68583 USA
| | - Nicholas A. J. Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook Univ.; Townsville QLD 4811 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Thuiller W, Münkemüller T, Lavergne S, Mouillot D, Mouquet N, Schiffers K, Gravel D. A road map for integrating eco-evolutionary processes into biodiversity models. Ecol Lett 2013; 16 Suppl 1:94-105. [PMID: 23679011 PMCID: PMC3790307 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The demand for projections of the future distribution of biodiversity has triggered an upsurge in modelling at the crossroads between ecology and evolution. Despite the enthusiasm around these so-called biodiversity models, most approaches are still criticised for not integrating key processes known to shape species ranges and community structure. Developing an integrative modelling framework for biodiversity distribution promises to improve the reliability of predictions and to give a better understanding of the eco-evolutionary dynamics of species and communities under changing environments. In this article, we briefly review some eco-evolutionary processes and interplays among them, which are essential to provide reliable projections of species distributions and community structure. We identify gaps in theory, quantitative knowledge and data availability hampering the development of an integrated modelling framework. We argue that model development relying on a strong theoretical foundation is essential to inspire new models, manage complexity and maintain tractability. We support our argument with an example of a novel integrated model for species distribution modelling, derived from metapopulation theory, which accounts for abiotic constraints, dispersal, biotic interactions and evolution under changing environmental conditions. We hope such a perspective will motivate exciting and novel research, and challenge others to improve on our proposed approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR CNRS 5553, Université J. Fourier, Grenoble I, BP 53, Grenoble Cedex 9, 38041, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rall BC, Brose U, Hartvig M, Kalinkat G, Schwarzmüller F, Vucic-Pestic O, Petchey OL. Universal temperature and body-mass scaling of feeding rates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:2923-34. [PMID: 23007080 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of feeding rates is the basis to understand interaction strength and subsequently the stability of ecosystems and biodiversity. Feeding rates, as all biological rates, depend on consumer and resource body masses and environmental temperature. Despite five decades of research on functional responses as quantitative models of feeding rates, a unifying framework of how they scale with body masses and temperature is still lacking. This is perplexing, considering that the strength of functional responses (i.e. interaction strengths) is crucially important for the stability of simple consumer-resource systems and the persistence, sustainability and biodiversity of complex communities. Here, we present the largest currently available database on functional response parameters and their scaling with body mass and temperature. Moreover, these data are integrated across ecosystems and metabolic types of species. Surprisingly, we found general temperature dependencies that differed from the Arrhenius terms predicted by metabolic models. Additionally, the body-mass-scaling relationships were more complex than expected and differed across ecosystems and metabolic types. At local scales (taxonomically narrow groups of consumer-resource pairs), we found hump-shaped deviations from the temperature and body-mass-scaling relationships. Despite the complexity of our results, these body-mass- and temperature-scaling models remain useful as a mechanistic basis for predicting the consequences of warming for interaction strengths, population dynamics and network stability across communities differing in their size structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn C Rall
- J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|