1
|
Mednicoff SD, Barashy S, Vollweiler DJ, Benning SD, Snyder JS, Hannon EE. Misophonia reactions in the general population are correlated with strong emotional reactions to other everyday sensory-emotional experiences. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230253. [PMID: 39005036 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Misophonic experiences are common in the general population, and they may shed light on everyday emotional reactions to multi-modal stimuli. We performed an online study of a non-clinical sample to understand the extent to which adults who have misophonic reactions are generally reactive to a range of audio-visual emotion-inducing stimuli. We also hypothesized that musicality might be predictive of one's emotional reactions to these stimuli because music is an activity that involves strong connections between sensory processing and meaningful emotional experiences. Participants completed self-report scales of misophonia and musicality. They also watched videos meant to induce misophonia, autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) and musical chills, and were asked to click a button whenever they had any emotional reaction to the video. They also rated the emotional valence and arousal of each video. Reactions to misophonia videos were predicted by reactions to ASMR and chills videos, which could indicate that the frequency with which individuals experience emotional responses varies similarly across both negative and positive emotional contexts. Musicality scores were not correlated with measures of misophonia. These findings could reflect a general phenotype of stronger emotional reactivity to meaningful sensory inputs. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sensing and feeling: an integrative approach to sensory processing and emotional experience'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solena D Mednicoff
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| | - Sivan Barashy
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| | - David J Vollweiler
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| | - Stephen D Benning
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| | - Joel S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| | - Erin E Hannon
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-9900, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stroh AL, Radziun D, Korczyk M, Crucianelli L, Ehrsson HH, Szwed M. Blind individuals' enhanced ability to sense their own heartbeat is related to the thickness of their occipital cortex. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae324. [PMID: 39152673 PMCID: PMC11329624 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Blindness is associated with heightened sensory abilities, such as improved hearing and tactile acuity. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that blind individuals are better than sighted individuals at perceiving their own heartbeat, suggesting enhanced interoceptive accuracy. Structural changes in the occipital cortex have been hypothesized as the basis of these behavioral enhancements. Indeed, several studies have shown that congenitally blind individuals have increased cortical thickness within occipital areas compared to sighted individuals, but how these structural differences relate to behavioral enhancements is unclear. This study investigated the relationship between cardiac interoceptive accuracy and cortical thickness in 23 congenitally blind individuals and 23 matched sighted controls. Our results show a significant positive correlation between performance in a heartbeat counting task and cortical thickness only in the blind group, indicating a connection between structural changes in occipital areas and blind individuals' enhanced ability to perceive heartbeats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Stroh
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominika Radziun
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 4, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maksymilian Korczyk
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| | - Laura Crucianelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - H Henrik Ehrsson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, 171 65 Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcin Szwed
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, ul. Ingardena 6, 30-060, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zouki JJ, Eapen V, Efron D, Maxwell A, Corp DT, Silk TJ. Functional brain networks associated with the urge for action: Implications for pathological urge. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 163:105779. [PMID: 38936563 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Tics in Tourette syndrome (TS) are often preceded by sensory urges that drive the motor and vocal symptoms. Many everyday physiological behaviors are associated with sensory phenomena experienced as an urge for action, which may provide insight into the neural correlates of this pathological urge to tic that remains elusive. This study aimed to identify a brain network common to distinct physiological behaviors in healthy individuals, and in turn, examine whether this network converges with a network we previously localized in TS, using novel 'coordinate network mapping' methods. Systematic searches were conducted to identify functional neuroimaging studies reporting correlates of the urge to micturate, swallow, blink, or cough. Using activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis, we identified an 'urge network' common to these physiological behaviors, involving the bilateral insula/claustrum/inferior frontal gyrus/supplementary motor area, mid-/anterior- cingulate cortex (ACC), right postcentral gyrus, and left thalamus/precentral gyrus. Similarity between the urge and TS networks was identified in the bilateral insula, ACC, and left thalamus/claustrum. The potential role of the insula/ACC as nodes in the network for bodily representations of the urge to tic are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jade-Jocelyne Zouki
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, UNSW School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daryl Efron
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Amanda Maxwell
- Discipline of Psychiatry and Mental Health, UNSW School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel T Corp
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Turku Brain and Mind Center, Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Timothy J Silk
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development and School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia; Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brusa F, Suphi Erden M, Sedda A. Exploring the role of disgust in hands and feet laterality judgement tasks. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1418-1429. [PMID: 37800303 PMCID: PMC11181741 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231207336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The hand laterality task (HLT) and the foot laterality task (FLT) are used to explore motor imagery, the ability to imagine an action without executing it. With our limbs, we interact with our body, with others, and with the environment. These contacts might cause negative feelings, such as disgust. Disgust is elicited by different drivers. For instance, body products and body envelope violations provoke disgust to avoid contaminations and to avoid damaging our bodies. However, not much is known about how disgust changes our motor imagery processes. In this study, we examined whether there is any difference in the ability to imagine hands and feet when these are emotionally charged with reminders of disgust. Thirty-six participants completed an online version of a classic (neutral) HLT and FLT and two emotionally charged (disgust) versions. Our findings show that when body parts are modified so that they elicit emotional processing, disgust is salient overall, rather than being salient specifically for actions. This is true for both our hands and our feet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brusa
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mustafa Suphi Erden
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK; Edinburgh Centre for Robotics, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Sedda
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Applied Behavioural Sciences, School of Social Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kipping M, Mai-Lippold SA, Herbert BM, Desdentado L, Kammer T, Pollatos O. Insights into interoceptive and emotional processing: Lessons from studies on insular HD-tDCS. Psychophysiology 2024:e14639. [PMID: 38946148 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Interoception, the processing of internal bodily signals, is proposed as the fundamental mechanism underlying emotional experiences. Interoceptive and emotional processing appear distorted in psychiatric disorders. However, our understanding of the neural structures involved in both processes remains limited. To explore the feasibility of enhancing interoception and emotion, we conducted two studies using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) applied to the right anterior insula. In study one, we compared the effects of anodal HD-tDCS and sham tDCS on interoceptive abilities (sensibility, confidence, accuracy, emotional evaluation) in 52 healthy subjects. Study two additionally included physical activation through ergometer cycling at the beginning of HD-tDCS and examined changes in interoceptive and emotional processing in 39 healthy adults. In both studies, HD-tDCS was applied in a single-blind cross-over online design with two separate sessions. Study one yielded no significant effects of HD-tDCS on interoceptive dimensions. In study two, significant improvements in interoceptive sensibility and confidence were observed over time with physical preactivation, while no differential effects were found between sham and insula stimulation. The expected enhancement of interoceptive and emotional processing following insula stimulation was not observed. We conclude that HD-tDCS targeting the insula does not consistently increase interoceptive or emotional variables. The observed increase in interoceptive sensibility may be attributed to the activation of the interoceptive network through physical activity or training effects. Future research on HD-tDCS involving interoceptive network structures could benefit from protocols targeting larger regions within the network, rather than focusing solely on insula stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kipping
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sandra A Mai-Lippold
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Beate M Herbert
- Biological Psychology and Experimental Psychopathology, Charlotte-Fresenius-University, Munich, Germany
- Department Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lorena Desdentado
- Polibienestar Research Institute, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Section for Neurostimulation, Department of Psychiatry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olga Pollatos
- Clinical and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Balconi M, Angioletti L. Inter-brain entrainment (IBE) during interoception. A multimodal EEG-fNIRS coherence-based hyperscanning approach. Neurosci Lett 2024; 831:137789. [PMID: 38670524 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This work examined the impact of interoceptive manipulation and the presence of a shared goal on inter-brain entrainment (IBE) during a motor synchronization task. A multimodal functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy - Electroencephalogram (fNIRS-EEG) system-based hyperscanning approach was applied to 13 dyads performing the motor synchrony task during an interoceptive (focus on the breath) and control condition. Additionally, two version of the motor task-one with and one without a clearly defined common goal-were presented to participants to emphasize the task's collaborative purpose. The multimodal approach was exploited to record the electrophysiological (EEG) cortical oscillation and hemodynamic (oxy-Hb and deoxy-Hb) levels. Results revealed significant correlations between EEG delta, theta, and alpha band and hemodynamic oxy-Hb in the left compared to right hemisphere for the interoceptive confronted with the control condition. This significant EEG/fNIRS IBE correlation was also found for delta and theta band whereas the task was presented with an explicit shared goal confronted with the no-social version. In addition to separate functional connectivity EEG and fNIRS analysis, this study proposed a novel analysis pipeline including statistical tests for examining the coherence between functional connectivity EEG-fNIRS signals within couples. Besides proposing methodological advancements on EEG-fNIRS signals hyperscanning analysis, this research demonstrated that, in dyads undertaking a motor synchronization task, both the interoceptive attention to respiration and an explicit joint intention activate left anterior regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy; Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International research center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy; Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 20123 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adamic EM, Teed AR, Avery JA, de la Cruz F, Khalsa SS. Hemispheric divergence of interoceptive processing across psychiatric disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.08.570759. [PMID: 38105986 PMCID: PMC10723463 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between top-down attention and bottom-up visceral inputs are assumed to produce conscious perceptions of interoceptive states, and while each process has been independently associated with aberrant interoceptive symptomatology in psychiatric disorders, the neural substrates of this interface are unknown. We conducted a preregistered functional neuroimaging study of 46 individuals with anxiety, depression, and/or eating disorders (ADE) and 46 propensity-matched healthy comparisons (HC), comparing their neural activity across two interoceptive tasks differentially recruiting top-down or bottom-up processing within the same scan session. During an interoceptive attention task, top-down attention was voluntarily directed towards cardiorespiratory or visual signals, whereas during an interoceptive perturbation task, intravenous infusions of isoproterenol (a peripherally-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist) were administered in a double-blinded and placebo-controlled fashion to drive bottom-up cardiorespiratory sensations. Across both tasks, neural activation converged upon the insular cortex, localizing within the granular and ventral dysgranular subregions bilaterally. However, contrasting hemispheric differences emerged, with the ADE group exhibiting (relative to HCs) an asymmetric pattern of overlap in the left insula, with increased or decreased proportions of co-activated voxels within the left or right dysgranular insula, respectively. The ADE group also showed less agranular anterior insula activation during periods of bodily uncertainty (i.e., when anticipating possible isoproterenol-induced changes that never arrived). Finally, post-task changes in insula functional connectivity were associated with anxiety and depression severity. These findings confirm the dysgranular mid-insula as a key cortical interface where attention and prediction meet real-time bodily inputs, especially during heightened awareness of interoceptive states. Further, the dysgranular mid-insula may indeed be a "locus of disruption" for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Adamic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA, 74136
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA, 74104
| | - Adam R Teed
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA, 74136
| | - Jason A Avery
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA, 20814
| | - Feliberto de la Cruz
- Laboratory for Autonomic Neuroscience, Imaging, and Cognition (LANIC), Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Thuringia, Germany, 07743
| | - Sahib S Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA, 74136
- Oxley College of Health Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA, 74119
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tunnell NC, Corner SE, Roque AD, Kroll JL, Ritz T, Meuret AE. Biobehavioral approach to distinguishing panic symptoms from medical illness. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1296569. [PMID: 38779550 PMCID: PMC11109415 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1296569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Panic disorder is a common psychiatric diagnosis characterized by acute, distressing somatic symptoms that mimic medically-relevant symptoms. As a result, individuals with panic disorder overutilize personal and healthcare resources in an attempt to diagnose and treat physical symptoms that are often medically benign. A biobehavioral perspective on these symptoms is needed that integrates psychological and medical knowledge to avoid costly treatments and prolonged suffering. This narrative review examines six common somatic symptoms of panic attacks (non-cardiac chest pain, palpitations, dyspnea, dizziness, abdominal distress, and paresthesia), identified in the literature as the most severe, prevalent, or critical for differential diagnosis in somatic illness, including long COVID. We review somatic illnesses that are commonly comorbid or produce panic-like symptoms, their relevant risk factors, characteristics that assist in distinguishing them from panic, and treatment approaches that are typical for these conditions. Additionally, this review discusses key factors, including cultural considerations, to assist healthcare professionals in differentiating benign from medically relevant symptoms in panic sufferers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C. Tunnell
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sarah E. Corner
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Andres D. Roque
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
- Primary Care Department, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Juliet L. Kroll
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Alicia E. Meuret
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fermin ASR, Sasaoka T, Maekawa T, Ono K, Chan HL, Yamawaki S. Insula-cortico-subcortical networks predict interoceptive awareness and stress resilience. Asian J Psychiatr 2024; 95:103991. [PMID: 38484483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2024.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interoception, the neural sensing of visceral signals, and interoceptive awareness (IA), the conscious perception of interoception, are crucial for life survival functions and mental health. Resilience, the capacity to overcome adversity, has been associated with reduced interoceptive disturbances. Here, we sought evidence for our Insula Modular Active Control (IMAC) model that suggest that the insula, a brain region specialized in the processing of interoceptive information, realizes IA and contributes to resilience and mental health via cortico-subcortical connections. METHODS 64 healthy participants (32 females; ages 18-34 years) answered questionnaires that assess IA and resilience. Mental health was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory II that assesses depressive mood. Participants also underwent a 15 minute resting-state functional resonance imaging session. Pearson correlations and mediation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between IA and resilience and their contributions to depressive mood. We then performed insula seed-based functional connectivity analyzes to identify insula networks involved in IA, resilience and depressive mood. RESULTS We first demonstrated that resilience mediates the relationship between IA and depressive mood. Second, shared and distinct intra-insula, insula-cortical and insula-subcortical networks were associated with IA, resilience and also predicted the degree of experienced depressive mood. Third, while resilience was associated with stronger insula-precuneus, insula-cerebellum and insula-prefrontal networks, IA was linked with stronger intra-insula, insula-striatum and insula-motor networks. CONCLUSIONS Our findings help understand the roles of insula-cortico-subcortical networks in IA and resilience. These results also highlight the potential use of insula networks as biomarkers for depression prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S R Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Sasaoka
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ono
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hui-Ling Chan
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kittleson AR, Woodward ND, Heckers S, Sheffield JM. The insula: Leveraging cellular and systems-level research to better understand its roles in health and schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 160:105643. [PMID: 38531518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heterogeneous disorder characterized by a multitude of complex and seemingly non-overlapping symptoms. The insular cortex has gained increasing attention in neuroscience and psychiatry due to its involvement in a diverse range of fundamental human experiences and behaviors. This review article provides an overview of the insula's cellular and anatomical organization, functional and structural connectivity, and functional significance. Focusing on specific insula subregions and using knowledge gained from humans and preclinical studies of insular tracings in non-human primates, we review the literature and discuss the functional roles of each subregion, including in somatosensation, interoception, salience processing, emotional processing, and social cognition. Building from this foundation, we then extend these findings to discuss reported abnormalities of these functions in individuals with schizophrenia, implicating insular involvement in schizophrenia pathology. This review underscores the insula's vast role in the human experience and how abnormal insula structure and function could result in the wide-ranging symptoms observed in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Kittleson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37235, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Neil D Woodward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| | - Julia M Sheffield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tisserand A, Blanc F, Mondino M, Muller C, Durand H, Demuynck C, Loureiro de Sousa P, Ravier A, Sanna L, Botzung A, Philippi N. Who am I with my Lewy bodies? The insula as a core region of the self-concept networks. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:85. [PMID: 38641653 PMCID: PMC11027417 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is characterized by insular atrophy, which occurs at the early stage of the disease. Damage to the insula has been associated with disorders reflecting impairments of the most fundamental components of the self, such as anosognosia, which is a frequently reported symptom in patients with Lewy bodies (LB). The purpose of this study was to investigate modifications of the self-concept (SC), another component of the self, and to identify neuroanatomical correlates, in prodromal to mild DLB. METHODS Twenty patients with prodromal to mild DLB were selected to participate in this exploratory study along with 20 healthy control subjects matched in terms of age, gender, and level of education. The Twenty Statements Test (TST) was used to assess the SC. Behavioral performances were compared between LB patients and control subjects. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance images (MRI) were acquired for all participants and correlational analyses were performed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in whole brain and using a mask for the insula. RESULTS The behavioral results on the TST showed significantly impaired performances in LB patients in comparison with control subjects (p < .0001). Correlational analyses using VBM revealed positive correlations between the TST and grey matter volume within insular cortex, right supplementary motor area, bilateral inferior temporal gyri, right inferior frontal gyrus, and left lingual gyrus, using a threshold of p = .001 uncorrected, including total intracranial volume (TIV), age, and MMSE as nuisance covariates. Additionally, correlational analysis using a mask for the insula revealed positive correlation with grey matter volume within bilateral insular cortex, using a threshold of p = .005. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral results confirm the existence of SC impairments in LB patients from the prodromal stage of the disease, compared to matched healthy controls. As we expected, VBM analyses revealed involvement of the insula, among that of other brain regions, already known to be involved in other self-components. While this study is exploratory, our findings provide important insights regarding the involvement of the insula within the self, confirming the insula as a core region of the self-networks, including for high-order self-representations such as the SC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tisserand
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), IMIS team and IRIS platform, Strasbourg, France.
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), IMIS team and IRIS platform, Strasbourg, France
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mary Mondino
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), IMIS team and IRIS platform, Strasbourg, France
| | - Candice Muller
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hélène Durand
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Demuynck
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paulo Loureiro de Sousa
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), IMIS team and IRIS platform, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alix Ravier
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Léa Sanna
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Botzung
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- University of Strasbourg and CNRS, ICube Laboratory UMR 7357 and FMTS (Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg), IMIS team and IRIS platform, Strasbourg, France
- University Hospitals of Strasbourg,CM2R (Research and Resources Memory Centre), Geriatric Day Hospital and Neuropsychology Unit, Geriatrics Department and Neurology Service, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Scalabrini A, Cavicchioli M, Benedetti F, Mucci C, Northoff G. The nested hierarchical model of self and its non-relational vs relational posttraumatic manifestation: an fMRI meta-analysis of emotional processing. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02520-w. [PMID: 38514803 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02520-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Different kinds of traumatic experiences like natural catastrophes vs. relational traumatic experiences (e.g., sex/physical abuse, interpersonal partner violence) are involved in the development of the self and PTSD psychopathological manifestations. Looking at a neuroscience approach, it has been proposed a nested hierarchical model of self, which identifies three neural-mental networks: (i) interoceptive; (ii) exteroceptive; (iii) mental. However, it is still unclear how the self and its related brain networks might be affected by non-relational vs relational traumatic experiences. Departing from this background, the current study aims at conducting a meta-analytic review of task-dependent fMRI studies (i.e., emotional processing task) among patients with PTSD due to non-relational (PTSD-NR) and relational (PTSD-R) traumatic experiences using two approaches: (i) a Bayesian network meta-analysis for a region-of-interest-based approach; (ii) a coordinated-based meta-analysis. Our findings suggested that the PTSD-NR mainly recruited areas ascribed to the mental self to process emotional stimuli. Whereas, the PTSD-R mainly activated regions associated with the intero-exteroceptive self. Accordingly, the PTSD-R compared to the PTSD-NR might not reach a higher symbolic capacity to process stimuli with an emotional valence. These results are also clinically relevant in support of the development of differential treatment approaches for non-relational vs. relational PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Scalabrini
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, P.le S. Agostino, 2, Bergamo, 24129, Italy.
| | - Marco Cavicchioli
- University Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy.
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- University Vita- Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Via Olgettina, 58, Milan, 20132, Italy
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Stamira d'Ancona, 20, 20127, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Mucci
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, P.le S. Agostino, 2, Bergamo, 24129, Italy
| | - Georg Northoff
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research & University of Ottawa. Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre for Neural Dynamics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, 145 Carling Avenue, Rm. 6435, Ottawa, ON, K1Z 7K412, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rogowska AM, Tataruch R. The relationship between mindfulness and athletes' mental skills may be explained by emotion regulation and self-regulation. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38504372 PMCID: PMC10949773 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00863-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although numerous psychological determinants of sports success have been identified in the scientific literature, research on the contribution of mindfulness and interoceptive awareness to sports achievements remains limited. This study investigates the relationship between self-reported mental skills determining sports success (i.e., flow state, attention, technique, sensitivity to error, commitment, and achievement), state mindfulness for physical activity (of the mind and the body), and interoceptive awareness (including scales of noticing, not distracting, not worrying, attention regulation, emotional awareness, self-regulation, body listening, and trusting). METHODS A cross-sectional online survey was conducted on a sample of elite athletes in speed skating (n = 54) and university students of physical education (n = 102) representing various sports disciplines and competitive levels. The Sports Success Scale (SSS), the State Mindfulness Scale for Physical Activity (SMS-PA), and the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) were used to assess psychological determinants of athletic achievements, state mindfulness, and interoceptive sensitivity, respectively. RESULTS Our findings indicate some small-to-moderate differences in particular dimensions of psychological traits related to sports success, mindfulness, and interoceptive awareness between athletes of different genders, groups, and competitive levels. A chain mediation model showed that the relationship between body mindfulness and psychological variables determining sports success is fully explained by two dimensions of interoception: self-regulation and attention regulation. CONCLUSIONS Cultivating the mindfulness state of the body can improve self-regulation and attention regulation, which in turn may increase the mental skills required for successful sports participation. Therefore, mental training should focus primarily on body mindfulness, attention regulation, and self-regulation to improve the mental skills responsible for athletes' sports achievements. In addition, individual differences in athletes' gender, sports discipline, and level of sports competition should be considered during mental training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Rogowska
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Social Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.
| | - Rafał Tataruch
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Radimecká M, Látalová A, Lamoš M, Jáni M, Bartys P, Damborská A, Theiner P, Linhartová P. Facial emotion processing in patients with borderline personality disorder as compared with healthy controls: an fMRI and ECG study. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2024; 11:4. [PMID: 38360712 PMCID: PMC10870473 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-024-00245-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptive behaviors and interpersonal difficulties in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) seem connected to biased facial emotion processing. This bias is often accompanied by heightened amygdala activity in patients with BPD as compared to healthy controls. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies exploring differences between patients and healthy controls in facial emotion processing have produced divergent results. The current study explored fMRI and heart rate variability (HRV) correlates of negative facial emotion processing in patients with BPD and healthy controls. METHODS The study included 30 patients with BPD (29 females; age: M = 24.22, SD = 5.22) and 30 healthy controls (29 females; M = 24.66, SD = 5.28). All participants underwent the "faces" task, an emotional face perception task, in an fMRI session simultaneously with ECG. In this task, participants are presented with emotional expressions of disgust, sadness, and fear (as a negative condition) and with the same pictures in a scrambled version (as a neutral condition). RESULTS We found no differences in brain activity between patients with BPD and healthy controls when processing negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. We observed activation in large-scale brain areas in both groups when presented with negative facial expressions as compared to neutral condition. Patients with BPD displayed lower HRV than healthy controls in both conditions. However, there were no significant associations between HRV and amygdala activity and BPD symptoms. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate no abnormal brain activity during emotional facial processing in patients with BPD. This result contrasts with previous studies and more studies are needed to clarify the relationship between facial emotion processing and brain activity in patients with BPD. Possible reasons for the absence of brain activity differences are discussed in the study. Consistent with previous findings, patients showed lower HRV than healthy controls. However, HRV was not associated with amygdala activity and BPD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Radimecká
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Adéla Látalová
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lamoš
- Brain and Mind Research Program, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jáni
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Bartys
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Damborská
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Theiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Linhartová
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Jihlavská 340/20, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rogowska AM, Tataruch R, Klimowska K. Validation of the shortened 24-item multidimensional assessment of interoceptive awareness, version 2 (Brief MAIA-2). Sci Rep 2023; 13:21270. [PMID: 38042880 PMCID: PMC10693589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48536-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) was translated into many languages and frequently used in the last decade to assess self-reported interoceptive awareness. However, many studies demonstrated weaknesses regarding unstable factor structure and poor reliability of some scales. The 24-item Brief MAIA-2 questionnaire was developed, with only three items demonstrating the highest factor loadings in each of the eight scales of the MAIA-2. The cross-sectional online study used the 37-item MAIA-2 questionnaire in a non-clinical sample of 323 people aged between 16 and 75 (M = 26.17, SD = 9.12), including 177 women (54.80%). The sample comprised 156 athletes (48.30%) and 167 non-athletes (51.70%). The Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed adequate fit indices for a multidimensional model of the Brief MAIA-2, with the original eight scales: Noticing (awareness of subtle bodily sensations, such as the heartbeat, digestive sensations, or the breath), Not Distracting (ability to maintain attention to bodily sensations without being easily distracted by external stimuli), Not Worrying (tendency to not be overly concerned or anxious about bodily sensations or changes in the body), Attention Regulation (ability to regulate attention to bodily sensations and to shift attention between internal and external stimuli), Emotional Awareness (awareness and understanding of how emotions are associated with bodily sensations), Self Regulation (ability to regulate emotional responses and manage distress through an awareness of bodily sensations), Body Listening (tendency to listen to the body for insight and understanding), and Trusting (trust in bodily sensations as a source of information about one's feelings and needs). The hierarchical bi-factor (S·I - 1) model showed even better-fit indices. Therefore, the general factor of interoception was considered in further statistical tests. Confirmatory composite analysis showed high reliability and discriminant and convergent validity for most Brief MAIA-2 scales, except Noticing. Measurement invariance was confirmed across genders (Women, Men) and sports participation (Athletes, Non-athletes). However, group differences were also found for mean scores in particular scales of the Brief MAIA-2. Men scored significantly lower than women in Not Distracting but higher in Not Worrying, Attention Regulation, Self Regulation, Trusting, and the total score of interoceptive awareness. Gender discrepancies may be influenced by linguistic socialization, which tends to categorize shifts in internal states as either physiological or emotional. Athletes scored significantly lower than Non-athletes on the Not Distracting scale, but they showed higher scores in Noticing, Attention Regulation, Emotion Awareness, Self-Regulation, Body Listening, Trusting, and the global score, suggesting that physical training can improve most areas of interoception. Therefore, physical exercises and mindfulness training may be recommended to improve interoception, especially in women and people suffering from somatic and mental problems. The Brief MAIA-2 is a reliable and valid tool to measure multidimensional interoceptive sensibility in a non-clinical population. To improve well-being and athletic performance, Brief MAIA-2 can be used to assess the body's current perception of interoception and to detect its weak areas requiring improvement. However, the study has some limitations, such as a cross-sectional online self-report survey in a conventional non-clinical sample from Poland. Future cross-cultural studies should include representative samples for non-clinical and clinical populations from different countries and geographic regions to compare the Brief MAIA-2 with more objective psychophysiological methods of measuring interoception to reduce the limitations of these studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafał Tataruch
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 758, Opole, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Herman AM, Olszewska A, Gaca M, Droździel D, Marchewka A. Interoception and the musical brain: Evidence from cross-sectional and longitudinal behavioral and resting-state fMRI study. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14402. [PMID: 37602704 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Musical training has been linked to enhanced interoceptive abilities and increased resting-state (RS) functional connectivity (FC) within the interoceptive brain network. We aimed to replicate and extend these findings with a unique cross-sectional and longitudinal study design. Professional musicians and matched individuals with no prior musical experience (training group) were recruited. Participants underwent RS fMRI scans and completed heartbeat counting and discrimination tasks outside of the scanner (time point 1). The training group additionally had RS scans and interoception tests repeated after a 6-month-long keyboard course training (time point 2). We found no evidence for increased interoceptive abilities in professional musicians relative to non-musicians, nor did we observe any improvements in interoception over the course of musical training. RS FC analysis revealed increased FC within the sensorimotor network in professional musicians compared to the training group at the first time point with no change in FC over time in the Training group. These findings challenge the view that musical training may improve interoceptive abilities. Yet, the results suggest that musical training is related to increased communication within the sensorimotor RS network, which consists of some hubs important for interoceptive processing (namely pre- and postcentral gyri and supplementary motor area).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Olszewska
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Gaca
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Droździel
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cantarella G, Vianello G, Vezzadini G, Frassinetti F, Ciaramelli E, Candini M. Time bisection and reproduction: Evidence for a slowdown of the internal clock in right brain damaged patients. Cortex 2023; 167:303-317. [PMID: 37595392 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies show that the right hemisphere is involved in time processing, and that damage to the right hemisphere is associated with a tendency to perceive time intervals as shorter than they are, and to reproduce time intervals as longer than they are. Whether time processing deficits following right hemisphere damage are related and what is their neurocognitive basis is unclear. In this study, right brain damaged (RBD) patients, left brain damaged (LBD) patients, and healthy controls underwent a time bisection task and a time reproduction task involving time intervals varying between each other by milliseconds (short durations) or seconds (long durations). The results show that in the time bisection task RBD patients underestimated time intervals compared to LBD patients and healthy controls, while they reproduced time intervals as longer than they are. Time underestimation and over-reproduction in RBD patients applied to short but not long time intervals, and were correlated. Voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) showed that time underestimation was associated with lesions to a right cortico-subcortical network involving the insula and inferior frontal gyrus. A small portion of this network was also associated with time over-reproduction. Our findings are consistent with a slowdown of an 'internal clock' timing mechanism following right brain damage, which likely underlies both the underestimation and the over-reproduction of time intervals, and their (overlapping) neural bases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Cantarella
- Department of Psychology 'Renzo Canestrari', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Studies and Research of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy
| | - Greta Vianello
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Castel Goffredo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Frassinetti
- Department of Psychology 'Renzo Canestrari', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Castel Goffredo, Italy
| | - Elisa Ciaramelli
- Department of Psychology 'Renzo Canestrari', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Center for Studies and Research of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.
| | - Michela Candini
- Department of Psychology 'Renzo Canestrari', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hazelton JL, Devenney E, Ahmed R, Burrell J, Hwang Y, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Hemispheric contributions toward interoception and emotion recognition in left-vs right-semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia 2023; 188:108628. [PMID: 37348648 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hemispheric contributions toward interoception, the perception of internal bodily cues, and emotion recognition remains unclear. Semantic dementia cases with either left-dominant (i.e., left-SD) or right-dominant (i.e., right-SD) anterior temporal lobe atrophy experience emotion recognition difficulties, however, little is known about interoception in these syndromes. Here, we hypothesised that right-SD would show worse interoception and emotion recognition due to right-dominant atrophy. METHODS Thirty-five participants (8 left-SD; 6 right-SD; 21 controls) completed a monitoring task. Participants pressed a button when they: (1) felt their heartbeat, without pulse measurement (Interoception); or (2) heard a recorded heartbeat (Exteroception-control). Simultaneous ECG was recorded. Accuracy was calculated by comparing the event frequency (i.e., heartbeat or sound) to response frequency. Emotion recognition was assessed via the Facial Affect Selection Task. Voxel-based morphometry analyses identified neural correlates of interoception and emotion recognition. RESULTS Right-SD showed worse interoception than controls and left-SD (both p's < 0.001). Both patient groups showed worse emotion recognition than controls (right-SD: p < .001; left-SD: p = .018), and right-SD showed worse emotion recognition than left-SD (p = .003). Regression analyses revealed that worse emotion recognition was predicted by right-SD (p = .002), left-SD (p = .005), and impaired interoception (p = .004). Interoception and emotion were associated with the integrity of right-lateralised structures including the insula, temporal pole, thalamus, superior temporal gyrus, and hippocampus. CONCLUSION Our study provides the first evidence for impaired interoception in right-SD, suggesting that impaired emotion recognition in this syndrome is driven by inaccurate internal monitoring. Further we identified a common neurobiological basis for interoception and emotion in the right hemisphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Devenney
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health Translational Research Collective, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebekah Ahmed
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Memory and Cognition Clinic, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Burrell
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Concord Clinical School, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yun Hwang
- The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Gosford General Hospital, Gosford, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Elkommos S, Martin-Lopez D, Koreki A, Jolliffe C, Kandasamy R, Mula M, Critchley HD, Edwards MJ, Garfinkel S, Richardson MP, Yogarajah M. Changes in the heartbeat-evoked potential are associated with functional seizures. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:769-775. [PMID: 37230745 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with functional seizures (FS) can experience dissociation (depersonalisation) before their seizures. Depersonalisation reflects disembodiment, which may be related to changes in interoceptive processing. The heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) is an electroencephalogram (EEG) marker of interoceptive processing. AIM To assess whether alterations in interoceptive processing indexed by HEP occur prior to FS and compare this with epileptic seizures (ES). METHODS HEP amplitudes were calculated from EEG during video-EEG monitoring in 25 patients with FS and 19 patients with ES, and were compared between interictal and preictal states. HEP amplitude difference was calculated as preictal HEP amplitude minus interictal HEP amplitude. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of HEP amplitude difference in discriminating FS from ES. RESULTS The FS group demonstrated a significant reduction in HEP amplitude between interictal and preictal states at F8 (effect size rB=0.612, false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected q=0.030) and C4 (rB=0.600, FDR-corrected q=0.035). No differences in HEP amplitude were found between states in the ES group. Between diagnostic groups, HEP amplitude difference differed between the FS and ES groups at F8 (rB=0.423, FDR-corrected q=0.085) and C4 (rB=0.457, FDR-corrected q=0.085). Using HEP amplitude difference at frontal and central electrodes plus sex, we found that the ROC curve demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.893, with sensitivity=0.840 and specificity=0.842. CONCLUSION Our data support the notion that aberrant interoception occurs prior to FS. Changes in HEP amplitude may reflect a neurophysiological biomarker of FS and may have diagnostic utility in differentiating FS and ES.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samia Elkommos
- School of Neuroscience, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Epilepsy Group, St George's Hospital Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, London, UK
| | - David Martin-Lopez
- Clinical Neurophysiology, St George's Hospital Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, London, UK
| | - Akihiro Koreki
- Psychiatry, National Hospital Organisation Shimofusa Psychiatric Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
- Neuroscience Research Centre, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Claire Jolliffe
- Clinical Neurophysiology, St George's Hospital Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, London, UK
| | - Rohan Kandasamy
- Clinical Neurophysiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marco Mula
- Epilepsy Group, St George's Hospital Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, London, UK
- Institute of Medical and Biomedical Education, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Research and Development, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK
| | - Mark J Edwards
- Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, St George's University of London, London, UK
- Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Garfinkel
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mark P Richardson
- School of Neuroscience, King's College London Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
- Centre for Epilepsy, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mahinda Yogarajah
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London, London, UK
- Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shao H, Li S. A new perspective on HIV: effects of HIV on brain-heart axis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1226782. [PMID: 37600062 PMCID: PMC10436320 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1226782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can cause damage to multiple systems within the body, and the interaction among these various organ systems means that pathological changes in one system can have repercussions on the functions of other systems. However, the current focus of treatment and research on HIV predominantly centers around individual systems without considering the comprehensive relationship among them. The central nervous system (CNS) and cardiovascular system play crucial roles in supporting human life, and their functions are closely intertwined. In this review, we examine the effects of HIV on the CNS, the resulting impact on the cardiovascular system, and the direct damage caused by HIV to the cardiovascular system to provide new perspectives on HIV treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sijun Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Fourth People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fermin AS, Sasaoka T, Maekawa T, Chan HL, Machizawa MG, Okada G, Okamoto Y, Yamawaki S. Insula neuroanatomical networks predict interoceptive awareness. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18307. [PMID: 37520943 PMCID: PMC10374932 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive awareness (IA), the subjective and conscious perception of visceral and physiological signals from the body, has been associated with functions of cortical and subcortical neural systems involved in emotion control, mood and anxiety disorders. We recently hypothesized that IA and its contributions to mental health are realized by a brain interoception network (BIN) linking brain regions that receive ascending interoceptive information from the brainstem, such as the amygdala, insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). However, little evidence exists to support this hypothesis. In order to test this hypothesis, we used a publicly available dataset that contained both anatomical neuroimaging data and an objective measure of IA assessed with a heartbeat detection task. Whole-brain Voxel-Based Morphometry (VBM) was used to investigate the association of IA with gray matter volume (GMV) and the structural covariance network (SCN) of the amygdala, insula and ACC. The relationship between IA and mental health was investigated with questionnaires that assessed depressive symptoms and anxiety. We found a positive correlation between IA and state anxiety, but not with depressive symptoms. In the VBM analysis, only the GMV of the left anterior insula showed a positive association with IA. A similar association was observed between the parcellated GMV of the left dorsal agranular insula, located in the anterior insula, and IA. The SCN linking the right dorsal agranular insula with the left dorsal agranular insula and left hyper-granular insula were positively correlated with IA. No association between GMV or SCN and depressive symptoms or anxiety were observed. These findings revealed a previously unknown association between IA, insula volume and intra-insula SCNs. These results may support development of non-invasive neuroimaging interventions, e.g., neurofeedback, seeking to improve IA and to prevent development of mental health problems, such anxiety disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan S.R. Fermin
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sasaoka
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Toru Maekawa
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hui-Ling Chan
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Maro G. Machizawa
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Go Okada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Okamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shigeto Yamawaki
- Center for Brain, Mind and Kansei Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 734-8553, Hiroshima city, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Balconi M, Allegretta RA, Angioletti L. Autonomic synchrony induced by hyperscanning interoception during interpersonal synchronization tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1200750. [PMID: 37545591 PMCID: PMC10400890 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1200750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
According to previous research, people influence each other's emotional states during social interactions via resonance mechanisms and coordinated autonomic rhythms. However, no previous studies tested if the manipulation of the interoceptive focus (focused attention on the breath for a given time interval) in hyperscanning during synchronized tasks may have an impact on autonomic synchrony. Thus, this study aims to assess the psychophysiological synchrony through autonomic measures recording during dyadic linguistic and motor synchronization tasks performed in two distinct interoceptive conditions: the focus and no focus on the breath condition. 26 participants coupled in 13 dyads were recruited. Individuals' autonomic measures [electrodermal: skin conductance level and response (SCL, SCR); cardiovascular indices: heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV)] was continuously monitored during the experiment and correlational coefficients were computed to analyze dyads physiological synchrony. Inter-subject analysis revealed higher synchrony for HR, HRV, SCL, and SCR values in the focus compared to no focus condition during the motor synchronization task and in general more for motor than linguistic task. Higher synchrony was also found for HR, SCL, and SCR values during focus than no focus condition in linguistic task. Overall, evidence suggests that the manipulation of the interoceptive focus has an impact on the autonomic synchrony during distinct synchronization tasks and for different autonomic measures. Such findings encourage the use of hyperscanning paradigms to assess the effect of breath awareness practices on autonomic synchrony in ecological and real-time conditions involving synchronization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A Allegretta
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Boccia M, Raimo S, Di Vita A, Teghil A, Palermo L. Combining the Inner Self with the Map of the Body: Evidence for White Matter Contribution to the Relation Between Interoceptive Sensibility and Nonaction-oriented Body Representation. Neuroscience 2023; 521:157-165. [PMID: 37142183 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Very recent studies on healthy individuals suggest that changes in the sensibility toward internal bodily sensations across the lifespan affect the ability to mentally represent one's body, in terms of action-oriented and nonaction-oriented body representation (BR). Little is known about the neural correlates of this relation. Here we fill this gap using the neuropsychological model provided by focal brain damage. Sixty-five patients with unilateral stroke (20 with left and 45 with right brain damage, LBD and RBD, respectively) participated in this study. Both action-oriented BR and nonaction-oriented BR were tested; interoceptive sensibility was assessed as well. First, we tested whether interoceptive sensibility predicted action-oriented BR and nonaction-oriented BR, in RBD and LBD separately. Then, a track-wise hodological lesion-deficit analysis was performed in a subsample of twenty-four patients to test the brain network supporting this relation. We found that interoceptive sensibility predicted the performances in the task tapping nonaction-oriented BR. The higher interoceptive sensibility was, the worse patients performed. This relation was associated with the disconnection probability of the corticospinal tract, the fronto-insular tract, and the pons. We expand over the previous findings on healthy individuals, supporting the idea that high levels of interoceptive sensibility negatively affect BR. Specific frontal projections and frontal u-shaped tracts may play a pivotal role in such an effect, likely affecting the development of a first-order representation of the self within the brainstem autoregulatory centers and posterior insula and of a second-order representation of the self within the anterior insula and higher-order prefrontal areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Raimo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Vita
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hazelton JL, Fittipaldi S, Fraile-Vazquez M, Sourty M, Legaz A, Hudson AL, Cordero IG, Salamone PC, Yoris A, Ibañez A, Piguet O, Kumfor F. Thinking versus feeling: How interoception and cognition influence emotion recognition in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Cortex 2023; 163:66-79. [PMID: 37075507 PMCID: PMC11177281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Disease-specific mechanisms underlying emotion recognition difficulties in behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD) are unknown. Interoceptive accuracy, accurately detecting internal cues (e.g., one's heart beating), and cognitive abilities are candidate mechanisms underlying emotion recognition. One hundred and sixty-eight participants (52 bvFTD; 41 AD; 24 PD; 51 controls) were recruited. Emotion recognition was measured via the Facial Affect Selection Task or the Mini-Social and Emotional Assessment Emotion Recognition Task. Interoception was assessed with a heartbeat detection task. Participants pressed a button each time they: 1) felt their heartbeat (Interoception); or 2) heard a recorded heartbeat (Exteroception-control). Cognition was measured via the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination-III or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Voxel-based morphometry analyses identified neural correlates associated with emotion recognition and interoceptive accuracy. All patient groups showed worse emotion recognition and cognition than controls (all P's ≤ .008). Only the bvFTD showed worse interoceptive accuracy than controls (P < .001). Regression analyses revealed that in bvFTD worse interoceptive accuracy predicted worse emotion recognition (P = .008). Whereas worse cognition predicted worse emotion recognition overall (P < .001). Neuroimaging analyses revealed that the insula, orbitofrontal cortex, and amygdala were involved in emotion recognition and interoceptive accuracy in bvFTD. Here, we provide evidence for disease-specific mechanisms for emotion recognition difficulties. In bvFTD, emotion recognition impairment is driven by inaccurate perception of the internal milieu. Whereas, in AD and PD, cognitive impairment likely underlies emotion recognition deficits. The current study furthers our theoretical understanding of emotion and highlights the need for targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Hazelton
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sol Fittipaldi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Matias Fraile-Vazquez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marion Sourty
- The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, School of Engineering, Sydney, Australia
| | - Agustina Legaz
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Anna L Hudson
- Flinders University, College of Medicine and Public Health, Adelaide, Australia; Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), Sydney, Australia; The University of New South Wales, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney, Australia
| | - Indira Garcia Cordero
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paula C Salamone
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Adrian Yoris
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience (INCYT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibañez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC) Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina; National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina; Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile; Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, USA; Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland
| | - Olivier Piguet
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fiona Kumfor
- The University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain & Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ho A, Orton R, Tayler R, Asamaphan P, Herder V, Davis C, Tong L, Smollett K, Manali M, Allan J, Rawlik K, McDonald SE, Vink E, Pollock L, Gannon L, Evans C, McMenamin J, Roy K, Marsh K, Divala T, Holden MTG, Lockhart M, Yirrell D, Currie S, O'Leary M, Henderson D, Shepherd SJ, Jackson C, Gunson R, MacLean A, McInnes N, Bradley-Stewart A, Battle R, Hollenbach JA, Henderson P, Odam M, Chikowore P, Oosthuyzen W, Chand M, Hamilton MS, Estrada-Rivadeneyra D, Levin M, Avramidis N, Pairo-Castineira E, Vitart V, Wilkie C, Palmarini M, Ray S, Robertson DL, da Silva Filipe A, Willett BJ, Breuer J, Semple MG, Turner D, Baillie JK, Thomson EC. Adeno-associated virus 2 infection in children with non-A-E hepatitis. Nature 2023; 617:555-563. [PMID: 36996873 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05948-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of acute hepatitis of unknown aetiology in children was reported in Scotland1 in April 2022 and has now been identified in 35 countries2. Several recent studies have suggested an association with human adenovirus with this outbreak, a virus not commonly associated with hepatitis. Here we report a detailed case-control investigation and find an association between adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) infection and host genetics in disease susceptibility. Using next-generation sequencing, PCR with reverse transcription, serology and in situ hybridization, we detected recent infection with AAV2 in plasma and liver samples in 26 out of 32 (81%) cases of hepatitis compared with 5 out of 74 (7%) of samples from unaffected individuals. Furthermore, AAV2 was detected within ballooned hepatocytes alongside a prominent T cell infiltrate in liver biopsy samples. In keeping with a CD4+ T-cell-mediated immune pathology, the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II HLA-DRB1*04:01 allele was identified in 25 out of 27 cases (93%) compared with a background frequency of 10 out of 64 (16%; P = 5.49 × 10-12). In summary, we report an outbreak of acute paediatric hepatitis associated with AAV2 infection (most likely acquired as a co-infection with human adenovirus that is usually required as a 'helper virus' to support AAV2 replication) and disease susceptibility related to HLA class II status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Ho
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Orton
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rachel Tayler
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patawee Asamaphan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chris Davis
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lily Tong
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Katherine Smollett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Manali
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jay Allan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Konrad Rawlik
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E McDonald
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elen Vink
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Louisa Pollock
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Clair Evans
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Celia Jackson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rory Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Neil McInnes
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Richard Battle
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (H&I) Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jill A Hollenbach
- Department of Neurology and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul Henderson
- Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miranda Odam
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Primrose Chikowore
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Wilna Oosthuyzen
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Melissa Shea Hamilton
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Estrada-Rivadeneyra
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Levin
- Section of Paediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nikos Avramidis
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Craig Wilkie
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Surajit Ray
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David L Robertson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ana da Silva Filipe
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - David Turner
- Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (H&I) Laboratory, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Pandemic Science Hub, Centre for Inflammation Research and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Leisman G, Melillo R, Melillo T. Prefrontal Functional Connectivities in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Connectopathic Disorder Affecting Movement, Interoception, and Cognition. Brain Res Bull 2023; 198:65-76. [PMID: 37087061 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is included in a neuronal system that includes the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. Most of the higher and more complex motor, cognitive, and emotional behavioral functions are thought to be found primarily in the frontal lobes. Insufficient connectivity between the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and other regions of the brain that are distant from each other involved in top-down information processing rely on the global integration of data from multiple input sources and enhance low level perception processes (bottom-up information processing). The reduced deactivation in mPFC and in the rest of the Default Network during global task processing is consistent with the integrative modulatory role served by the mPFC. We stress the importance of understanding the degree to which sensory and movement anomalies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can contribute to social impairment. Further investigation on the neurobiological basis of sensory symptoms and its relationship to other clinical features found in ASD is required Treatment perhaps should not be first behaviorally based but rather based on facilitating sensory motor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerry Leisman
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; University of the Medical Sciences of Havana, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Havana, Cuba.
| | - Robert Melillo
- Movement and Cognition Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ty Melillo
- Northeast College of the Health Sciencs, Seneca Falls, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tisserand A, Philippi N, Botzung A, Blanc F. Me, Myself and My Insula: An Oasis in the Forefront of Self-Consciousness. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040599. [PMID: 37106799 PMCID: PMC10135849 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The insula is a multiconnected brain region that centralizes a wide range of information, from the most internal bodily states, such as interoception, to high-order processes, such as knowledge about oneself. Therefore, the insula would be a core region involved in the self networks. Over the past decades, the question of the self has been extensively explored, highlighting differences in the descriptions of the various components but also similarities in the global structure of the self. Indeed, most of the researchers consider that the self comprises a phenomenological part and a conceptual part, in the present moment or extending over time. However, the anatomical substrates of the self, and more specifically the link between the insula and the self, remain unclear. We conducted a narrative review to better understand the relationship between the insula and the self and how anatomical and functional damages to the insular cortex can impact the self in various conditions. Our work revealed that the insula is involved in the most primitive levels of the present self and could consequently impact the self extended in time, namely autobiographical memory. Across different pathologies, we propose that insular damage could engender a global collapse of the self.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tisserand
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Philippi
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Botzung
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric Blanc
- Geriatrics and Neurology Units, Research and Resources Memory Center (CMRR), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- ICube Laboratory (CNRS, UMR 7357), 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dyadic inter-brain EEG coherence induced by interoceptive hyperscanning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4344. [PMID: 36927763 PMCID: PMC10020471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31494-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous single-brain studies suggested interoception plays a role in interpersonal synchronization. The aim of the present study was to assess the electrophysiological intersubject coherence through electrophysiological (EEG) hyperscanning recording during simple dyadic synchronization tasks when the participants focused on their breath. To this aim, the neural activity of 15 dyads of participants was collected during the execution of a cognitive and motor synchronization task in two distinct IA conditions: focus and no focus on the breath condition. Individuals' EEG frequency bands were recorded through EEG hyperscanning and coherence analysis was performed. Results showed greater EEG coherence was observed for the alpha band in frontopolar brain regions (Fp1, Fp2) and also in central brain regions (C3, C4) within the dyads, during the focus on the breath condition for the motor compared to the cognitive synchronization task; during the same experimental condition, delta and theta band showed augmented inter-individual coherence in the frontal region (Fz) and central areas (C3, C4). To conclude, the current hyperscanning study highlights how the manipulation of the interoceptive focus (obtained through the focus on the breath) strengthens the manifestation of the EEG markers of interpersonal tuning during a motor synchronization task in specific brain areas.
Collapse
|
29
|
Hsueh B, Chen R, Jo Y, Tang D, Raffiee M, Kim YS, Inoue M, Randles S, Ramakrishnan C, Patel S, Kim DK, Liu TX, Kim SH, Tan L, Mortazavi L, Cordero A, Shi J, Zhao M, Ho TT, Crow A, Yoo ACW, Raja C, Evans K, Bernstein D, Zeineh M, Goubran M, Deisseroth K. Cardiogenic control of affective behavioural state. Nature 2023; 615:292-299. [PMID: 36859543 PMCID: PMC9995271 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Emotional states influence bodily physiology, as exemplified in the top-down process by which anxiety causes faster beating of the heart1-3. However, whether an increased heart rate might itself induce anxiety or fear responses is unclear3-8. Physiological theories of emotion, proposed over a century ago, have considered that in general, there could be an important and even dominant flow of information from the body to the brain9. Here, to formally test this idea, we developed a noninvasive optogenetic pacemaker for precise, cell-type-specific control of cardiac rhythms of up to 900 beats per minute in freely moving mice, enabled by a wearable micro-LED harness and the systemic viral delivery of a potent pump-like channelrhodopsin. We found that optically evoked tachycardia potently enhanced anxiety-like behaviour, but crucially only in risky contexts, indicating that both central (brain) and peripheral (body) processes may be involved in the development of emotional states. To identify potential mechanisms, we used whole-brain activity screening and electrophysiology to find brain regions that were activated by imposed cardiac rhythms. We identified the posterior insular cortex as a potential mediator of bottom-up cardiac interoceptive processing, and found that optogenetic inhibition of this brain region attenuated the anxiety-like behaviour that was induced by optical cardiac pacing. Together, these findings reveal that cells of both the body and the brain must be considered together to understand the origins of emotional or affective states. More broadly, our results define a generalizable approach for noninvasive, temporally precise functional investigations of joint organism-wide interactions among targeted cells during behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hsueh
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ritchie Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - YoungJu Jo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Misha Raffiee
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yoon Seok Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sawyer Randles
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sneha Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Doo Kyung Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Tony X Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Soo Hyun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Longzhi Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leili Mortazavi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arjay Cordero
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Shi
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Theodore T Ho
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ailey Crow
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ai-Chi Wang Yoo
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cephra Raja
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Evans
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Zeineh
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maged Goubran
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abu-Tair T, Turial S, Willershausen I, Alkassar M, Staatz G, Kampmann C. Evaluating Cardiac Lateralization by MRI to Simplify Estimation of Cardiopulmonary Impairment in Pectus Excavatum. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050844. [PMID: 36899988 PMCID: PMC10001214 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severity of pectus excavatum is classified by the Haller Index (HI) and/or Correction Index (CI). These indices measure only the depth of the defect and, therefore, impede a precise estimation of the actual cardiopulmonary impairment. We aimed to evaluate the MRI-derived cardiac lateralization to improve the estimation of cardiopulmonary impairment in Pectus excavatum in connection with the Haller and Correction Indices. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included a total of 113 patients (mean age = 19.03 ± 7.8) with pectus excavatum, whose diagnosis was verified on cross-sectional MRI images using the HI and CI. For the development of an improved HI and CI index, the patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess the influence of the right ventricle's position on cardiopulmonary impairment. The indexed lateral position of the pulmonary valve was utilized as a surrogate parameter for right ventricle localization. RESULTS In patients with PE, the heart's lateralization significantly correlated with the severity of pectus excavatum (p ≤ 0.001). When modifying HI and CI for the individual's pulmonary valve position, those indices are present with greater sensitivity and specificity regarding the maximum oxygen-pulse as a pathophysiological correlate of reduced cardiac function (χ2 10.986 and 15.862, respectively). CONCLUSION The indexed lateral deviation of the pulmonary valve seems to be a valuable cofactor for HI and CI, allowing for an improved description of cardiopulmonary impairment in PE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Abu-Tair
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Centre for Diseases in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-8541190; Fax: +49-9131-8535987
| | - Salmai Turial
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Trauma Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Medical Centre Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ines Willershausen
- Department of Orthodontics and Orofacial Orthopedics, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muhannad Alkassar
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Centre for Diseases in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gundula Staatz
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Section of Pediatric Radiology, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kampmann
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Centre for Diseases in Childhood and Adolescence, University Medicine Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Boccia M, Teghil A, Raimo S, Di Vita A, Grossi D, Guariglia C, Palermo L. Neural substrates of interoceptive sensibility: An integrated study in normal and pathological functioning. Neuropsychologia 2023; 183:108504. [PMID: 36746344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In early studies interoception strictly referred to the awareness of visceral sensations, but recent theories have expanded this concept to denote the ongoing status of the body, including somatosensory feelings. Here, we integrated data from normal and pathological functioning to disclose neural underpinnings of interoceptive sensibility, taking into account the crucial distinction between visceral and somatosensory feelings. Twenty-seven healthy young individuals underwent structural MRI (including T1w images and DTI). Voxel-wise analyses of the gyrification index (GI) and fractional anisotropy (FA) data were performed to assess the relation between interoceptive sensibility and surface morphometry and anatomical connectivity. Thirty-three unilateral brain-damaged patients took part in this study for Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping (VLSM) and track-wise hodological lesion-deficit analysis (TWH). All participants completed the Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), a self-report tool assessing interoceptive sensibility of visceral (F1) and somatosensory feelings (F2). Tract-Based Spatial Statistics showed that F2 was positively associated with FA in the bilateral anterior thalamic radiation, corticospinal tract, cingulum, forceps, inferior longitudinal, fronto-occipital, superior longitudinal, and uncinate fasciculi; no significant association was detected for F1. However, F1 was positively associated with GI in the left anterior cingulate cortex. VLSM showed that F1 mainly relies on the right posterior insula, whereas F2 is related mostly to subcortical nuclei and surrounding white matter in the right hemisphere. Accordingly, patients with disconnection of the anterior thalamic projection, corticospinal tract, inferior fronto-occipital, inferior longitudinal, uncinate and superior longitudinal fasciculus III showed lower scores on F2. Overall, results support the dissociation between interoceptive sensibility of visceral and somatosensory feelings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Boccia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy.
| | - Alice Teghil
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Simona Raimo
- Department of Medical and Surgical in Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonella Di Vita
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Grossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical in Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fittipaldi S, Armony JL, Migeot J, Cadaveira M, Ibáñez A, Baez S. Overactivation of posterior insular, postcentral and temporal regions during preserved experience of envy in autism. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:705-717. [PMID: 36628571 PMCID: PMC11170468 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Social emotions are critical to successfully navigate in a complex social world because they promote self-regulation of behaviour. Difficulties in social behaviour are at the core of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, social emotions and their neural correlates have been scarcely investigated in this population. In particular, the experience of envy has not been addressed in ASD despite involving neurocognitive processes crucially compromised in this condition. Here, we used an fMRI adapted version of a well-validated task to investigate the subjective experience of envy and its neural correlates in adults with ASD (n = 30) in comparison with neurotypical controls (n = 28). Results revealed that both groups reported similarly intense experience of envy in association with canonical activation in the anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula, among other regions. However, in participants with ASD, the experience of envy was accompanied by overactivation of the posterior insula, the postcentral gyrus and the posterior superior temporal gyrus, regions subserving the processing of painful experiences and mentalizing. This pattern of results suggests that individuals with ASD may use compensatory strategies based on the embodied amplification of pain and additional mentalizing efforts to shape their subjective experience of envy. Results have relevant implications to better understand the heterogeneity of this condition and to develop new intervention targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sol Fittipaldi
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA, and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jorge L. Armony
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Dept. of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joaquín Migeot
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience (CSCN), School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
- Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), USA, and Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Ireland
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andres, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cardiac and Gastric Interoceptive Awareness Have Distinct Neural Substrates. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0157-22.2023. [PMID: 36653188 PMCID: PMC9887674 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0157-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Interoceptive awareness, an awareness of the internal body state, guides adaptive behavior by providing ongoing information on body signals, such as heart rate and energy status. However, it is still unclear how interoceptive awareness of different body organs are represented in the human brain. Hence, we directly compared the neural activations accompanying attention to cardiac (related to heartbeat) and gastric (related to stomach) sensations, which generate cardiac and gastric interoceptive awareness, in the same population (healthy humans, N = 31). Participants were asked to direct their attention toward heart and stomach sensations and become aware of them in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner. The results indicated that the neural activations underlying gastric attention encompassed larger brain regions, including the occipitotemporal visual cortices, bilateral primary motor cortices, primary somatosensory cortex, left orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampal regions. Cardiac attention, however, selectively activated the right anterior insula extending to the frontal operculum compared with gastric attention. Moreover, our detailed analyses focusing on the insula, the most relevant region for interoceptive awareness, revealed that the left dorsal middle insula encoded cardiac and gastric attention via different activation patterns, but the posterior insula did not. Our results demonstrate that cardiac and gastric attention evoke different brain activation patterns; in particular, the selective activation may reflect differences in the functional roles of cardiac and gastric interoceptive awareness.
Collapse
|
34
|
Datko M, Lutz J, Gawande R, Comeau A, To MN, Desel T, Gan J, Desbordes G, Napadow V, Schuman-Olivier Z. Increased insula response to interoceptive attention following mindfulness training is associated with increased body trusting among patients with depression. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2022; 327:111559. [PMID: 36308976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2022.111559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Interoceptive dysfunction is often present in anxiety and depression. We investigated the effects of an 8-week intervention, Mindfulness Training for Primary Care (MTPC), on brain mechanisms of interoceptive attention among patients with anxiety and/or depression. We hypothesized that fMRI brain response to interoception in the insula, a region known for interoceptive processing, would increase following the MTPC intervention, and that such increases would be associated with post-intervention changes in self-reported measures of interoceptive awareness. Adults (n = 28) with anxiety and/or depression completed baseline and post-intervention fMRI visits, including a task in which they alternated between focusing on their heartbeat (interoception (INT)) and a control visual attention task (exteroception (EXT)). Following MTPC, we observed increased evoked fMRI response (relative to baseline) in left anterior insula during the INT-EXT task contrast (z > 3.1, p < 0.001 corrected). In patients with moderate-to-severe depression as defined by the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), increased post-intervention insula response was associated with increased Body Trusting, a subscale of the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (z > 3.1, p = 0.007 corrected). This study demonstrates that patients with mood disorders may respond differentially to mindfulness-based treatment depending on depression severity, and that among those who are more depressed, increased trusting in one's own body sensations and experiencing the body as a safe place to attend to may be necessary components of positive responses to mindfulness-based interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Datko
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America.
| | - Jacqueline Lutz
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Richa Gawande
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Comeau
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - My Ngoc To
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Tenzin Desel
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Jenny Gan
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Desbordes
- Mind and Life Institute, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Vitaly Napadow
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Charlestown, MA, United States of America
| | - Zev Schuman-Olivier
- Center for Mindfulness and Compassion, Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Health Alliance, Cambridge, MA, United States of America; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Müller V, Fairhurst MT, van Vugt FT, Keller PE, Müller MF. Editorial: Interpersonal synchrony and network dynamics in social interaction. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:1095735. [DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.1095735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
36
|
Parviainen T, Lyyra P, Nokia MS. Cardiorespiratory rhythms, brain oscillatory activity and cognition: review of evidence and proposal for significance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Angioletti L, Balconi M. Delta-Alpha EEG pattern reflects the interoceptive focus effect on interpersonal motor synchronization. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2022; 3:1012810. [PMID: 38235477 PMCID: PMC10790895 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2022.1012810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about how the modulation of the interoceptive focus impacts the neural correlates of high-level social processes, such as synchronization mechanisms. Therefore, the current study aims to explore the intraindividual electrophysiological (EEG) patterns induced by the interoceptive focus on breath when performing cognitive and motor tasks requiring interpersonal synchronization. A sample of 28 healthy caucasian adults was recruited and asked to perform two tasks requiring interpersonal synchronization during two distinct conditions: while focusing on the breath or without the focus on the breath. EEG frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta band) were recorded from the frontal, temporo-central, and parieto-occipital regions of interest. Significant results were observed for the delta and alpha bands. Notably, higher mean delta values and alpha desynchronization were observed in the temporo-central area during the focus on the breath condition when performing the motor compared to the cognitive synchronization task. Taken together these results could be interpreted considering the functional meaning of delta and alpha band in relation to motor synchronization. Indeed, motor delta oscillations shape the dynamics of motor behaviors and motor neural processes, while alpha band attenuation was previously observed during generation, observation, and imagery of movement and is considered to reflect cortical motor activity and action-perception coupling. Overall, the research shows that an EEG delta-alpha pattern emerges in the temporo-central areas at the intra-individual level, indicating the attention to visceral signals, particularly during interpersonal motor synchrony.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Angioletti L, Balconi M. EEG brain oscillations are modulated by interoception in response to a synchronized motor vs. cognitive task. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:991522. [PMID: 36213612 PMCID: PMC9540215 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.991522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, little is known about how conscious attention to internal body signals, that is, interoception, affects the synchronization with another person, a necessary or required social process that promotes affiliations and cooperation during daily joint social interactions. The effect of explicit interoceptive attentiveness (IA) modulation, conceived as the focus on the breath for a given time interval, on electrophysiological (EEG) correlates during an interpersonal motor task compared with a cognitive synchronization task was investigated in this study. A total of 28 healthy participants performed a motor and a cognitive synchronization task during the focus and no-focus breath conditions. During the tasks, frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta bands) from the frontal, temporo-central, and parieto-occipital regions of interest (ROIs) were acquired. According to the results, significantly higher delta and theta power were found in the focus condition in the frontal ROI during the execution of the motor than the cognitive synchronization task. Moreover, in the same experimental condition, delta and beta band power increased in the temporo-central ROI. The current study suggested two main patterns of frequency band modulation during the execution of a motor compared with the cognitive synchronization task while a person is focusing the attention on one's breath. This study can be considered as the first attempt to classify the different effects of interoceptive manipulation on motor and cognitive synchronization tasks using neurophysiological measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Millman LSM, Hunter ECM, David AS, Orgs G, Terhune DB. Assessing responsiveness to direct verbal suggestions in depersonalization-derealization disorder. Psychiatry Res 2022; 315:114730. [PMID: 35870293 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The dissociative disorders and germane conditions are reliably characterized by elevated responsiveness to direct verbal suggestions. However, it remains unclear whether atypical responsiveness to suggestion is similarly present in depersonalization-derealization disorder (DDD). 55 DDD patients and 36 healthy controls completed a standardised behavioural measure of direct verbal suggestibility that includes a correction for compliant responding (BSS-C), and psychometric measures of depersonalization-derealization (CDS), mindfulness (FFMQ), imagery vividness (VVIQ), and anxiety (GAD-7). Relative to controls, patients did not exhibit elevated suggestibility (g = 0.26, BF10 = .11) but displayed significantly lower mindfulness (g = 1.38), and imagery vividness (g = 0.63), and significantly greater anxiety (g = 1.39). Although suggestibility did not correlate with severity of depersonalization-derealization symptoms in controls, r = -.03 [95% CI: -.36, .30], there was a weak tendency for a positive association in patients, r = .25, [95% CI: -.03, .48]. Exploratory analyses revealed that patients with more severe anomalous bodily experiences were also more responsive to suggestion, an effect not seen in controls. This study demonstrates that DDD is not characterized by elevated responsiveness to direct verbal suggestions. These results have implications for the aetiology and treatment of this condition, as well as its classification as a dissociative disorder in psychiatric nosology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Merritt Millman
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, 8 Lewisham Way, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom.
| | - Elaine C M Hunter
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, Fitzrovia, London W1T 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Mental Health, University College London, Maple House, 149 Tottenham Court Rd, Fitzrovia, London W1T 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Orgs
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, 8 Lewisham Way, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom
| | - Devin B Terhune
- Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, 8 Lewisham Way, New Cross, London SE14 6NW, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kang SS, Sponheim SR, Lim KO. Interoception Underlies Therapeutic Effects of Mindfulness Meditation for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2022; 7:793-804. [PMID: 34688923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mindfulness-based interventions have proven efficacy in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but the neurobiological mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects is unknown. As mindfulness meditation cultivates attention to the present moment and bodily sensations, neural functions related to interoception (i.e., central processes of bodily signals) might be such a mechanism. METHODS We conducted a clinical trial in which veterans with PTSD were randomly assigned to receive an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) intervention (n = 47) or an active control intervention (present-centered group therapy; n = 51). We assessed pre- and postintervention PTSD symptoms and electroencephalography measures of neural outcomes, including spontaneous brain activity, cognitive task-related brain responses, and interoceptive brain responses (heartbeat-evoked brain responses). We conducted statistical causal mediation analyses using treatment type as a predictor, pre- and postintervention measures of symptom severity as treatment response, and the neural outcomes as mediators. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the MBSR group had greater improvements in PTSD symptoms and increases in spontaneous alpha power (8-13 Hz), task-related frontal theta power (4-7 Hz in 140-220 ms after stimulus), and frontal theta heartbeat-evoked brain responses (3-5 Hz and 265-336 ms after R peak). The mediation analysis using latent difference score modeling revealed that only changes in frontal theta heartbeat-evoked brain responses mediated the MBSR treatment effect. CONCLUSIONS Mindfulness meditation improves brain functions of attentional control and resting brain states reflective of internally oriented relaxation. However, interoceptive neural functions enhanced by MBSR seem to be a primary cerebral mechanism that improves symptoms of PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Suk Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aksu S, Soyata AZ, Mursalova Z, Eskicioğlu G, Tükel R. Transcranial direct current stimulation does not improve clinical and neurophysiological outcomes in panic disorder: A randomized sham-controlled trial. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:384-392. [PMID: 35587504 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Emerging evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has anxiolytic effects and may enhance emotional processing of threat and reduce threat-related attentional bias. Panic disorder (PD) is considered to be a fear network disorder along with prefrontal activity alterations. We aim to assess the effect of tDCS on clinical and physiological parameters in PD for the first time. METHODS In this triple-blind randomized sham-controlled pilot study, 30 individuals with PD were allocated into active and sham groups to receive 10 sessions of tDCS targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally at 2 mA for 20-min duration over 2 weeks. The clinical severity, threat-related attentional bias, interoceptive accuracy, and emotional recognition were assessed before, immediately after, and 1 month after tDCS. RESULTS Active tDCS, in comparison to sham, did not elicit more favorable clinical and neuropsychological/physiological outcomes in PD. CONCLUSION The present study provides the first clinical and neurobehavioral results of prefrontal tDCS in PD and indicates that prefrontal tDCS was not superior to sham in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Aksu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Zhala Mursalova
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gaye Eskicioğlu
- Department of Psychology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Raşit Tükel
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Smith JA, Eikenberry SA, Scott KA, Baumer-Harrison C, de Lartigue G, de Kloet AD, Krause EG. Oxytocin and cardiometabolic interoception: Knowing oneself affects ingestive and social behaviors. Appetite 2022; 175:106054. [PMID: 35447163 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining homeostasis while navigating one's environment involves accurately assessing and interacting with external stimuli while remaining consciously in tune with internal signals such as hunger and thirst. Both atypical social interactions and unhealthy eating patterns emerge as a result of dysregulation in factors that mediate the prioritization and attention to salient stimuli. Oxytocin is an evolutionarily conserved peptide that regulates attention to exteroceptive and interoceptive stimuli in a social environment by functioning in the brain as a modulatory neuropeptide to control social behavior, but also in the periphery as a hormone acting at oxytocin receptors (Oxtr) expressed in the heart, gut, and peripheral ganglia. Specialized sensory afferent nerve endings of Oxtr-expressing nodose ganglia cells transmit cardiometabolic signals via the Vagus nerve to integrative regions in the brain that also express Oxtr(s). These brain regions are influenced by vagal sensory pathways and coordinate with external events such as those demanding attention to social stimuli, thus the sensations related to cardiometabolic function and social interactions are influenced by oxytocin signaling. This review investigates the literature supporting the idea that oxytocin mediates the interoception of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and that the modulation of this awareness likewise influences social cognition. These concepts are then considered in relation to Autism Spectrum Disorder, exploring how atypical social behavior is comorbid with cardiometabolic dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Smith
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sophia A Eikenberry
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Karen A Scott
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Caitlin Baumer-Harrison
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guillaume de Lartigue
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Annette D de Kloet
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Eric G Krause
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Evelyn F. and William L. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hübner AM, Trempler I, Schubotz RI. Interindividual differences in interoception modulate behavior and brain responses in emotional inference. Neuroimage 2022; 261:119524. [PMID: 35907498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional experiences are proposed to arise from contextualized perception of bodily responses, also referred to as interoceptive inferences. The recognition of emotions benefits from adequate access to one's own interoceptive information. However, direct empirical evidence of interoceptive inferences and their neural basis is still lacking. In the present fMRI study healthy volunteers performed a probabilistic emotion classification task with videotaped dynamically unfolding facial expressions. In a first step, we aimed to determine functional areas involved in the processing of dynamically unfolding emotional expressions. We then tested whether individuals with higher interoceptive accuracy (IAcc), as assessed by the Heartbeat detection task (HDT), or higher interoceptive sensitivity (IS), as assessed by the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, Version 2 (MAIA-2), benefit more from the contextually given likelihood of emotional valence and whether brain regions reflecting individual IAcc and/or IS play a role in this. Individuals with higher IS benefitted more from the biased probability of emotional valence. Brain responses to more predictable emotions elicited a bilateral activity pattern comprising the inferior frontal gyrus and the posterior insula. Importantly, individual IAcc scores positively covaried with brain responses to more surprising and less predictable emotional expressions in the insula and caudate nucleus. We show for the first time that IAcc score is associated with enhanced processing of interoceptive prediction errors, particularly in the anterior insula. A higher IS score seems more likely to be associated with a stronger weighting of attention to interoceptive changes processed by the posterior insula and ventral prefrontal cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ima Trempler
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeldt-Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, Germany; Otto-Creutzfeldt-Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tan Y, Yan R, Gao Y, Zhang M, Northoff G. Spatial-topographic nestedness of interoceptive regions within the networks of decision making and emotion regulation: Combining ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis. Neuroimage 2022; 260:119500. [PMID: 35872175 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent theories propose that interoception modulates our behavioral and emotional responses involving decision-making and emotion regulation. Are the regions implicated in interoception also spatially related to and possibly nested within the networks of decision making and emotion regulation? Addressing this question, we performed three meta-analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies to identify the regions that are commonly activated by the three domains using activation likelihood estimation (ALE). Additionally, we assessed the coactivation pattern of identified common regions using meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM). The results showed major overlaps of interoception with both decision making and emotion regulation in specifically the right dorsal anterior insula. The pairwise contrast analyses confirmed this finding and revealed conjunction-based activities in decision making and emotion regulation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC). MACM based on the identified insula revealed a widespread convergent coactivation pattern with the left anterior insula, dACC, and bilateral thalamus which, together, constitute the salience network. Among these co-activated regions, bilateral insula and the dACC were shared among all three domains. These results suggest that the regions mediating interoception including intero-exteroceptive integration and salience attribution are contained and thus spatially nested within the more extensive networks recruited during decision making and emotion regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Tan
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China; Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior, Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ranran Yan
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China; Mental Illness and Cognitive Neuroscience Key Laboratory of Xinxiang (Xinxiang Medical University), Xinxiang 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health, Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1Z 7K4, Canada; Mental Health Center, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang Province, China; Centre for Cognition and Brain Disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310013, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Riegel B, De Maria M, Barbaranelli C, Matarese M, Ausili D, Stromberg A, Vellone E, Jaarsma T. Symptom Recognition as a Mediator in the Self-Care of Chronic Illness. Front Public Health 2022; 10:883299. [PMID: 35655456 PMCID: PMC9152258 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.883299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recognition of a symptom is needed to initiate a decision to engage in a behavior to ameliorate the symptom. Yet, a surprising number of individuals fail to detect symptoms and delay in addressing early warnings of a health problem. Purpose The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that symptom recognition mediates the relationship between monitoring for and management of symptoms of a chronic illness. Methods A secondary analysis of existing cross-sectional data. A sample of 1,629 patients diagnosed with one or more chronic conditions was enrolled in the United States (US) (n = 407), Italy (n = 784) and Sweden (n = 438) between March 2015 and May 2019. Data on self-care monitoring, symptom recognition, and self-care management was assessed using the Self-Care of Chronic Illness Inventory. After confirming metric invariance in cultural assessment, we used structural equation modeling to test a mediation model where symptom recognition was conceptualized as the mediator linking self-care monitoring and self-care management with autonomous (e.g., Change your activity level) and consulting behaviors (e.g., Call your healthcare provider for guidance). Results Symptom recognition mediated the relation between self-care monitoring and autonomous self-care management behaviors (β = 0.098, β = 0.122, β = 0.081, p < 0.001 for US, Italy, and Sweden, respectively). No mediation effect was found for consulting self-care management behaviors. Conclusion Our findings suggests that symptom recognition promotes autonomous self-care behaviors in people with a chronic condition. Self-care monitoring directly affects consulting self-care management behaviors but not through symptom recognition. Further research is needed to fully understand the role of symptom recognition in the self-care process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Riegel
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maddalena De Maria
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Barbaranelli
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Matarese
- Research Unit of Nursing Sciences, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Ausili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Stromberg
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Department of Cardiology, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ercole Vellone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiny Jaarsma
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kim KI, Jung WH, Woo CW, Kim H. Neural signatures of individual variability in context-dependent perception of ambiguous facial expression. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119355. [PMID: 35660000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
How do we incorporate contextual information to infer others' emotional state? Here we employed a naturalistic context-dependent facial expression estimation task where participants estimated pleasantness levels of others' ambiguous expression faces when sniffing different contextual cues (e.g., urine, fish, water, and rose). Based on their pleasantness rating data, we placed participants on a context-dependency continuum and mapped the individual variability in the context-dependency onto the neural representation using a representational similarity analysis. We found that the individual variability in the context-dependency of facial expression estimation correlated with the activity level of the pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) and the amygdala and was also decoded by the neural representation of the ventral anterior insula (vAI). A dynamic causal modeling revealed that those with higher context-dependency exhibited a greater degree of the modulation from vAI to the pgACC. These findings provide novel insights into the neural circuitry associated with the individual variability in context-dependent facial expression estimation and the first empirical evidence for individual variability in the predictive accounts of affective states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Il Kim
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wi Hoon Jung
- Department of Psychology, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hackjin Kim
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Angioletti L, Balconi M. The Increasing Effect of Interoception on Brain Frontal Responsiveness During a Socially Framed Motor Synchronization Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:834619. [PMID: 35669205 PMCID: PMC9163315 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.834619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This research explored the effect of explicit Interoceptive Attentiveness (IA) manipulation on hemodynamic brain correlates during a task involving interpersonal motor coordination framed with a social goal. Participants performed a task requiring interpersonal movement synchrony with and without a social framing in both explicit IA and control conditions. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) changes during the tasks. According to the results, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), which is involved in high-order social cognition and interpersonal relations processing, was more responsive when inducing the explicit focus (IA) on the breath during the socially framed motor task requiring synchronization, as indicated by increased O2Hb. In the absence of a broader social frame, this effect was not significant for the motor task. Overall, the present study suggests that when a joint task is performed and the individual focuses on his/her physiological body reactions, the brain hemodynamic correlates are “boosted” in neuroanatomical regions that support sustained attention, reorientation of attention, social responsiveness, and synchronization. Furthermore, the PFC responds significantly more as the person consciously focuses on physiological interoceptive correlates and performs a motor task requiring synchronization, particularly when the task is socially framed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Angioletti,
| | - Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Angioletti L, Tormen F, Balconi M. Judgment and Embodied Cognition of Lawyers. Moral Decision-Making and Interoceptive Physiology in the Legal Field. Front Psychol 2022; 13:853342. [PMID: 35401313 PMCID: PMC8987697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.853342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Past research showed that the ability to focus on one’s internal states (e.g., interoceptive ability) positively correlates with the self-regulation of behavior in situations that are accompanied by somatic and/or physiological changes, such as emotions, physical workload, and decision-making. The analysis of moral oriented decision-making can be the first step for better understanding the legal reasoning carried on by the main players in the field, as lawyers are. For this reason, this study investigated the influence of the decision context and interoceptive manipulation on the moral decision-making process in the legal field gathering the responses of two groups of lawyers. A total of 20 lawyers were randomly divided into an experimental group (EXP), which was explicitly required to focus the attention on its interoceptive correlates, and a control group (CON), which only received the general instruction to perform the task. Both groups underwent a modified version of the Ultimatum Game (UG), where are presented three different moral conditions (professional, company, and social) and three different offers (fair, unfair, and equal). Results highlighted a significant increase of Acceptance Rate (AR) in those offers that should be considered more equal than fair or unfair ones, associated with a general increase of Reaction Times (RTs) in the equal offers. Furthermore, the interoceptive manipulation oriented the Lawyers toward a more self-centered decision. This study shows how individual, situational, contextual, and interoceptive factors may influence the moral decision-making of lawyers. Future research in the so-called Neurolaw field is needed to replicate and expand current findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Angioletti
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Laura Angioletti,
| | - Federico Tormen
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Michela Balconi
- International Research Center for Cognitive Applied Neuroscience (IrcCAN), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Research Unit in Affective and Social Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gatus A, Jamieson G, Stevenson B. Past and Future Explanations for Depersonalization and Derealization Disorder: A Role for Predictive Coding. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:744487. [PMID: 35321264 PMCID: PMC8934883 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.744487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Depersonalization (DP) and derealization (DR) refer to states of dissociation in which one feels a sense of alienation in relation to one's self and environment, respectively. Whilst transient episodes often diminish without treatment, chronic experiences of DP and DR may last for years, with common treatments lacking a strong evidence base for their efficacy. We propose a theoretical explanation of DP and DR based on interoceptive predictive coding, and discuss how transient experiences of DP and DR may be induced in the non-clinical population using virtual reality. Further, we review the use of heartbeat evoked potentials in detecting the neural correlates of DP and DR allowing for an objective measure of these experiences in the non-clinical population. Finally, we discuss how the induction and detection of transient experiences of DP and DR in the non-clinical population could shed light on how the brain constructs one's sense of self and reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gatus
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Interoceptive Attentiveness Induces Significantly More PFC Activation during a Synchronized Linguistic Task Compared to a Motor Task as Revealed by Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12030301. [PMID: 35326258 PMCID: PMC8946073 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, there is little understanding of how interoceptive attentiveness (IA) affects brain responses during synchronized cognitive or motor tasks. This pilot study explored the effect of explicit IA manipulation on hemodynamic correlates of simple cognitive tasks implying linguistic or motor synchronization. Eighteen healthy participants completed two linguistic and motor synchronization tasks during explicit IA and control conditions while oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin variations were recorded by functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). The findings suggested that the brain regions associated with sustained attention, such as the right prefrontal cortex (PFC), were more involved when an explicit focus on the breath was induced during the cognitive linguistic task requiring synchronization with a partner, as indicated by increased O2Hb. Interestingly, this effect was not significant for the motor task. In conclusion, for the first time, this pilot research found increased activity in neuroanatomical regions that promote sustained attention, attention reorientation, and synchronization when a joint task is carried out and the person is focusing on their physiological body reactions. Moreover, the results suggested that the benefits of conscious concentration on physiological interoceptive correlates while executing a task demanding synchronization, particularly verbal alignment, may be related to the right PFC.
Collapse
|