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Dumendiak S, Halajian A, Mekonnen Y, Aschenborn O, Camacho G, Schuster R, Mackenstedt U, Romig T, Wassermann M. Hidden diversity of cestodes in wild African carnivores: I. Non-taeniid cyclophyllideans. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 24:100929. [PMID: 38601058 PMCID: PMC11002657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Our knowledge of parasites in wildlife remains limited, primarily due to restricted access to samples, especially of parasites from protected species. This present study contributes to the comprehension of the enigmatic world of helminths of African wild mammals and cestode biodiversity by combining both molecular and morphological analysis. Cestode samples were opportunistically collected from 77 individual definitive hosts in South Africa, Namibia and Ethiopia, encompassing 15 different species of wild African carnivores and additionally domestic cats. The analysis revealed 32 different cyclophyllidean species of which 21 (65.6 %) represent previously unknown genetic entities. They belong to the families Mesocestoididae, Hymenolepididae, Dipylidiidae and Taeniidae. Here we cover the non-taeniid cestodes, while the taeniids will be addressed in a separate publication. Three of the non-taeniid species uncovered in this study could be assigned to the genus Mesocestoides and were isolated from servals and domestic cats. The white-tailed mongoose was found to be a suitable host for a species belonging to the Hymenolepididae, which was identified as Pseudandrya cf. mkuzii. Both feline and canine genotypes of Dipylidium caninum were detected in domestic cats, the canine genotype also in an African wolf. In addition to these, a novel species of Dipylidium was discovered in an aardwolf. Lastly, four distinct species of Joyeuxiella were found in this study, revealing a cryptic species complex and emphasizing the need for a taxonomic reassessment of this genus. Despite the limited scope of our study in terms of geography and sample size, the results highlight that biodiversity of cestodes in African wild mammals is grossly under-researched and follow-up studies are urgently required, in particular linking morphology to gene sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Dumendiak
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A. Halajian
- Research Administration and Development, and 2-DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Y.T. Mekonnen
- Haramaya University, College of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
- Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - O. Aschenborn
- Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - G.J. Camacho
- Mpumalanga Tourism & Parks Agency, Nelspruit, South Africa
| | - R.K. Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - U. Mackenstedt
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - T. Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M. Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Department of Parasitology, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center of Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, Stuttgart, Germany
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2
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Duval E, Blanchet S, Quéméré E, Jacquin L, Veyssière C, Loot G. When does a parasite become a disease? eDNA unravels complex host-pathogen dynamics across environmental stress gradients in wild salmonid populations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174367. [PMID: 38955267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Infectious diseases stem from disrupted interactions among hosts, parasites, and the environment. Both abiotic and biotic factors can influence infection outcomes by shaping the abundance of a parasite's infective stages, as well as the host's ability to fight infection. However, disentangling these mechanisms within natural ecosystems remains challenging. Here, combining environmental DNA analysis and niche modelling at a regional scale, we uncovered the biotic and abiotic drivers of an infectious disease of salmonid fish, triggered by the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae. We found that the occurrence and abundance of the parasite in the water-i.e., the propagule pressure- were mainly correlated to the abundances of its two primary hosts, the bryozoan Fredericella sultana and the fish Salmo trutta, but poorly to local abiotic environmental stressors. In contrast, the occurrence and abundance of parasites within fish hosts-i.e., proxies for disease emergence-were closely linked to environmental stressors (water temperature, agricultural activities, dams), and to a lesser extent to parasite propagule pressure. These results suggest that pathogen distribution alone cannot predict the risk of disease in wildlife, and that local anthropogenic stressors may play a pivotal role in disease emergence among wild host populations, likely by modulating the hosts' immune response. Our study sheds light on the intricate interplay between biotic and abiotic factors in shaping pathogen distribution and raises concerns about the effects of global change on pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloïse Duval
- Bureau d'études Fish-Pass, 18 rue de la plaine, 35890 Laillé, France.
| | - Simon Blanchet
- CNRS, Station d'Écologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS, UAR-2029, 2 route du CNRS, F-09200 Moulis, France.
| | - Erwan Quéméré
- DECOD (Ecosystem Dynamics and Sustainability), INRAE, Institut Agro, IFREMER, 65 rue de Saint Brieuc F-35042, Rennes, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Veyssière
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Géraldine Loot
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, CNRS, IRD, UMR-5300 CRBE (Centre de Recherche sur la Biodiversité et l'Environnement), 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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3
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Del-Águila-Mejía J, Morilla F, Donado-Campos JDM. A system dynamics modelling and analytical framework for imported dengue outbreak surveillance and risk mapping. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107304. [PMID: 38942132 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
System Dynamics (SD) models have been used to understand complex, multi-faceted dengue transmission dynamics, but a gap persists between research and actionable public health tools for decision-making. Spain is an at-risk country of imported dengue outbreaks, but only qualitative assessments are available to guide public health action and control. We propose a modular SD model combining temperature-dependent vector population, transmission parameters, and epidemiological interactions to simulate outbreaks from imported cases accounting for heterogeneous local climate-related transmission patterns. Under our assumptions, 15 provinces sustain vector populations capable of generating outbreaks from imported cases, with heterogeneous risk profiles regarding seasonality, magnitude and risk window shifting from late Spring to early Autum. Results being relative to given vector-to-human populations allow flexibility when translating outcomes between geographic scales. The model and the framework are meant to serve public health by incorporating transmission dynamics and quantitative-qualitative input to the evidence-based decision-making chain. It is a flexible tool that can easily adapt to changing contexts, parametrizations and epidemiological settings thanks to the modular approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Del-Águila-Mejía
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Servicio de Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario de Móstoles, C. Dr. Luis Montes s/n, Madrid, Móstoles 28935, Spain.
| | - Fernando Morilla
- Departamento de Informática y Automática, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Juan del Rosal 16, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Juan de Mata Donado-Campos
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública y Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, Madrid 28029, Spain; Consorcio de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Calle Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Madrid 28029, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C. Tajo, s/n, Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón 28670, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz (IdiPAZ), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C. Arzobispo Morcillo 4, Madrid 28029, Spain
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4
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Byrne AW, Morgan ER. Emerging and Endemic Infections in Wildlife: Epidemiology, Ecology and Management in a Changing World. Pathogens 2024; 13:513. [PMID: 38921810 PMCID: PMC11207017 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The importance of gaining a greater understanding of the infectious diseases of wild animal populations and the impact of emerging and re-emerging pathogens has never been more sharply in focus than in the current post-COVID-19 world [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Byrne
- One-Health Scientific Support Unit, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Agriculture House, D02 WK12 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eric R. Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK;
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Dyab AK, Mohamed SAA, Abdel-Aziz FM, Gareh A, Osman F, Elgohary FA, Hassan EA, Alsowayeh N, Alzaylaee H, Ahmed AARS, Bravo-Barriga D, Elmahallawy EK. Microscopic and molecular detection of piroplasms among sheep in Upper Egypt. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1373842. [PMID: 38860006 PMCID: PMC11163088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1373842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Blood parasites pose a significant threat to livestock production in southern Egypt, yet there is a scarcity of information regarding their circulation and epidemiology in sheep in this region. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence of blood parasite infections in sheep in Assiut governorate, Upper Egypt. Methods A total of 400 blood samples were collected from sheep of varying ages and genders. The preliminary screening for the presence of piroplasms, mainly Babesia and Theileria spp., via microscopic examination, followed by investigation of the potential risk factors linked with the exposure to infection. Moreover, molecular identification of both parasites on some of positive samples was performed using PCR targeting Babesia 18S rRNA and Theileria annulata Tams1 gene. Results The microscopic examination revealed that among the examined sheep, there was an overall prevalence of blood parasites at 44% (176 out of 400), with Babesia spp. observed in 14% (56 out of 400) and Theileria spp. in 30% (120 out of 400). Furthermore, the infection rate was non-significantly higher in young animals (50%) compared to adults (38.5%) (P = 0.246). Male sheep exhibited a significantly higher vulnerability to both parasites' infection (63.3%) compared to females (35.7%) (P = 0.011). Interestingly, the prevalence of both blood parasites was significantly higher during the cold season (66.1%) compared to the hot season (15.9%) (P = < 0.001). The molecular analysis identified the presence of Babesia ovis and Theileria annulata among a subsample of the positive sheep's bloods films. The identified species were recorded in the GenBank™ databases and assigned specific accession numbers (OQ360720 and OQ360719 for B. ovis), and (OP991838 for T. annulata). Conclusions Taken together, this study confirms a high prevalence of piroplasmosis and offers epidemiological and molecular insights into blood parasites in sheep from Upper Egypt, highlighting the importance of detecting these parasites in various hosts and their competent vectors (ticks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Kamal Dyab
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
- Department of Parasitology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Assiut, New Nasser City, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdel-Aal Mohamed
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Gareh
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Fathy Osman
- New Valley Lab, Department of Parasitology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), New Valley province, Egypt
| | - Fatma A. Elgohary
- Department of Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ehssan Ahmed Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Alkharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, El-Sheikh Zayed, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noorah Alsowayeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Al-Zulfi, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind Alzaylaee
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abd Al-Rahman S. Ahmed
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Daniel Bravo-Barriga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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6
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Ilbeigi K, Barata C, Barbosa J, Bertram MG, Caljon G, Costi MP, Kroll A, Margiotta-Casaluci L, Thoré ES, Bundschuh M. Assessing Environmental Risks during the Drug Development Process for Parasitic Vector-Borne Diseases: A Critical Reflection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1026-1033. [PMID: 38533709 PMCID: PMC11019539 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Parasitic vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent nearly 20% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Moreover, the spread of VBDs is enhanced by global travel, urbanization, and climate change. Treatment of VBDs faces challenges due to limitations of existing drugs, as the potential for side effects in nontarget species raises significant environmental concerns. Consequently, considering environmental risks early in drug development processes is critically important. Here, we examine the environmental risk assessment process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and identify major gaps in the ecotoxicity data of these drugs. By highlighting the scarcity of ecotoxicological data for commonly used antiparasitic drugs, we stress the urgent need for considering the One Health concept. We advocate for employing predictive tools and nonanimal methodologies such as New Approach Methodologies at early stages of antiparasitic drug research and development. Furthermore, adopting progressive approaches to mitigate ecological risks requires the integration of nonstandard tests that account for real-world complexities and use environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Such a strategy is vital for a sustainable drug development process as it adheres to the principles of One Health, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayhan Ilbeigi
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carlos Barata
- Institute
of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - João Barbosa
- Blue
Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Bluebridge, Wetenschapspark 1, 8400 Ostend, Belgium
| | - Michael G. Bertram
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- School of
Biological Sciences, Monash University, 25 Rainforest Walk, 3800 Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory
of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Department
of Life Sciences, University of Modena and
Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alexandra Kroll
- Swiss
Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Margiotta-Casaluci
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King’s College London, WC2R 2LS London, United Kingdom
| | - Eli S.J. Thoré
- Department
of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
- Department
of Zoology, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 18b, 114 18 Stockholm, Sweden
- TRANSfarm - Science, Engineering,
& Technology Group, KU
Leuven, 3360 Lovenjoel, Belgium
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES
Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences,
RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fortstrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Department
of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Lennart Hjelms väg 9, SWE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Labana RV, Borda MCNM, Campo RTA, Ocampo MAV. The Interplay Between Household Risk Perception of Parasitic Infections and Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Practices: Evidence From an Urban Poor Community in the Philippines. Cureus 2024; 16:e57532. [PMID: 38707156 PMCID: PMC11067986 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic diseases pose challenges in impoverished urban settlements with limited access to clean water, proper hygiene, and sanitation (WASH). This study assesses WASH practices and risk perceptions of parasitic infections among households in the Bataan Shipyard and Engineering Corporation (BASECO) Compound in Manila, an urban poor community in the Philippines. METHODS A cross-sectional study design was employed to collect data through a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed to assess the sociodemographic profile, household WASH practices, and respondents' risk perception of parasitic infections. Linear regression analysis was utilized to examine the relationship between these variables. RESULTS A survey was conducted with 363 households, of which 237 (65.3%) used distilled and purified water from the water refilling stations in the community for drinking. Meanwhile, 120 households (33.10%) consumed tap water. Boiling water was a commonly used method (n=146; 56.60%) for treating drinking water. Most households had flush toilets with septic tanks (n=244; 67.20%), water sources for handwashing (n=307; 84.57%) and soap for handwashing (n=356; 98.10%). On average, they washed their hands 6-10 times daily (n=159; 43.80%). Most households were aware that drinking untreated water (n=318; 87.6%), improper food washing (n=309; 85.1%), using contaminated water sources (n=301; 82.9%), and consuming raw or undercooked meat (n=298; 82.1%) could lead to parasitic infections. 316 respondents (87.1%) identified diarrhea as the most common symptom of parasitic infection. Relationships were found between access to drinking water and the number of household members (B=0.191; p-value=0.001), personal hygiene and the respondents' knowledge of parasitic infections (B=0.112; p-value=0.047), and the overall WASH score with household income (B=0.105; p-value=0.045). CONCLUSIONS The WASH conditions in BASECO, Manila need improvement. Factors associated with their WASH practices include risk perception of parasitic diseases, socioeconomic disparity, and household overcrowding. These factors play a crucial role in identifying areas for improvement and promoting health policies for urban poor communities in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan V Labana
- Center for Integrated Community Science Research, Research Institute for Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Ma Cate Nicole M Borda
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Ryan Toribio A Campo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
| | - Maria Antonia V Ocampo
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Manila, PHL
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Boughton CJ, Lancaster LT, Morgan ER. Biotic interactions in soil and dung shape parasite transmission in temperate ruminant systems: An integrative framework. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2024; 34:e2956. [PMID: 38426805 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal helminth parasites undergo part of their life cycle outside their host, such that developmental stages interact with the soil and dung fauna. These interactions are capable of affecting parasite transmission on pastures yet are generally ignored in current models, empirical studies and practical management. Dominant methods of parasite control, which rely on anthelmintic medications for livestock, are becoming increasingly ineffective due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasite populations. Furthermore, consumer and regulatory pressure on decreased chemical use in agriculture and the consequential disruption of biological processes in the dung through nontarget effects exacerbates issues with anthelmintic reliance. This presents a need for the application and enhancement of nature-based solutions and biocontrol methods. However, successfully harnessing these options relies on advanced understanding of the ecological system and interacting effects among biotic factors and with immature parasite stages. Here, we develop a framework linking three key groups of dung and soil fauna-fungi, earthworms, and dung beetles-with each other and developmental stages of helminths parasitic in farmed cattle, sheep, and goats in temperate grazing systems. We populate this framework from existing published studies and highlight the interplay between faunal groups and documented ecological outcomes. Of 1756 papers addressing abiotic drivers of populations of these organisms and helminth parasites, only 112 considered interactions between taxa and 36 presented data on interactions between more than two taxonomic groups. Results suggest that fungi reduce parasite abundance and earthworms may enhance fungal communities, while competition between dung taxa may reduce their individual effect on parasite transmission. Dung beetles were found to impact fungal populations and parasite transmission variably, possibly tied to the prevailing climate within a specific ecological context. By exploring combinations of biotic factors, we consider how interactions between species may be fundamental to the ecological consequences of biocontrol strategies and nontarget impacts of anthelmintics on dung and soil fauna and how pasture management alterations to promote invertebrates might help limit parasite transmission. With further development and parameterization the framework could be applied quantitatively to guide, prioritize, and interpret hypothesis-driven experiments and integrate biotic factors into established models of parasite transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric R Morgan
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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9
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Wolfe CM, Barry A, Campos A, Farham B, Achu D, Juma E, Kalu A, Impouma B. Control, elimination, and eradication efforts for neglected tropical diseases in the World Health Organization African region over the last 30 years: A scoping review. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 141:106943. [PMID: 38266976 PMCID: PMC10927616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES NTDs historically receive less attention than other diseases in the same regions. Recent gap analyses revealed notable shortcomings despite NTD elimination progress. This systematic scoping review was conducted to understand NTD control, elimination, and eradication efforts in the WHO African region over the last 30 years. METHODS Peer-reviewed publications from PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases related to NTD control, elimination, and eradication in the WHO African Region from 1990 to 2022 were reviewed. Included articles were categorized based on NTD; study location, type, and period; and topic areas. Technical and guidance documents from WHO, UN, partner, and academic/research institutions were reviewed. Country-specific multi-year NTD master plans were documented. RESULTS Four hundred eighty peer-reviewed articles, six Cochrane reviews, and 134 technical reports were included. MDA and non-interventional/survey-related studies were common topics. Lymphatic filariasis, trachoma, schistosomiasis, and onchocerciasis were the most frequently studied NTDs. Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Nigeria were the most represented countries; multi-country studies were limited. CONCLUSION The review highlights progress made in NTD control, elimination, and eradication efforts in the WHO African Region and can inform national/regional strategies. Disease and geographical disparities were evident, warranting focus and research in certain countries. A standardized approach to NTD control programs is needed for sustained progress. FUNDING There was no funding source for this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Wolfe
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo; University of South Florida College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Abbie Barry
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Adriana Campos
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo; University of South Florida College of Public Health, 13201 Bruce B Downs Boulevard, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bridget Farham
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Dorothy Achu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Elizabeth Juma
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Akpaka Kalu
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
| | - Benido Impouma
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, B.P. 06 Cité de Djoué, Brazzaville, Congo
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10
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Quek ZBR, Ng SH. Hybrid-Capture Target Enrichment in Human Pathogens: Identification, Evolution, Biosurveillance, and Genomic Epidemiology. Pathogens 2024; 13:275. [PMID: 38668230 PMCID: PMC11054155 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionised the field of pathogen genomics, enabling the direct recovery of pathogen genomes from clinical and environmental samples. However, pathogen nucleic acids are often overwhelmed by those of the host, requiring deep metagenomic sequencing to recover sufficient sequences for downstream analyses (e.g., identification and genome characterisation). To circumvent this, hybrid-capture target enrichment (HC) is able to enrich pathogen nucleic acids across multiple scales of divergences and taxa, depending on the panel used. In this review, we outline the applications of HC in human pathogens-bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses-including identification, genomic epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance genotyping, and evolution. Importantly, we explored the applicability of HC to clinical metagenomics, which ultimately requires more work before it is a reliable and accurate tool for clinical diagnosis. Relatedly, the utility of HC was exemplified by COVID-19, which was used as a case study to illustrate the maturity of HC for recovering pathogen sequences. As we unravel the origins of COVID-19, zoonoses remain more relevant than ever. Therefore, the role of HC in biosurveillance studies is also highlighted in this review, which is critical in preparing us for the next pandemic. We also found that while HC is a popular tool to study viruses, it remains underutilised in parasites and fungi and, to a lesser extent, bacteria. Finally, weevaluated the future of HC with respect to bait design in the eukaryotic groups and the prospect of combining HC with long-read HTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. B. Randolph Quek
- Defence Medical & Environmental Research Institute, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore 117510, Singapore
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11
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Wang X, Chen G, Hu H, Zhang M, Rao Y, Yue Z. PDDGCN: A Parasitic Disease-Drug Association Predictor Based on Multi-view Fusion Graph Convolutional Network. Interdiscip Sci 2024; 16:231-242. [PMID: 38294648 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-023-00600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The precise identification of associations between diseases and drugs is paramount for comprehending the etiology and mechanisms underlying parasitic diseases. Computational approaches are highly effective in discovering and predicting disease-drug associations. However, the majority of these approaches primarily rely on link-based methodologies within distinct biomedical bipartite networks. In this study, we reorganized a fundamental dataset of parasitic disease-drug associations using the latest databases, and proposed a prediction model called PDDGCN, based on a multi-view graph convolutional network. To begin with, we fused similarity networks with binary networks to establish multi-view heterogeneous networks. We utilized neighborhood information aggregation layers to refine node embeddings within each view of the multi-view heterogeneous networks, leveraging inter- and intra-domain message passing to aggregate information from neighboring nodes. Subsequently, we integrated multiple embeddings from each view and fed them into the ultimate discriminator. The experimental results demonstrate that PDDGCN outperforms five state-of-the-art methods and four compared machine learning algorithms. Additionally, case studies have substantiated the effectiveness of PDDGCN in identifying associations between parasitic diseases and drugs. In summary, the PDDGCN model has the potential to facilitate the discovery of potential treatments for parasitic diseases and advance our comprehension of the etiology in this field. The source code is available at https://github.com/AhauBioinformatics/PDDGCN .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Wang
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Guojun Chen
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Hu
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Rao
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyu Yue
- School of Information and Artificial Intelligence, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center for Beidou Precision Agriculture Information, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Sensors for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Newman EA, Feng X, Onland JD, Walker KR, Young S, Smith K, Townsend J, Damian D, Ernst K. Defining the roles of local precipitation and anthropogenic water sources in driving the abundance of Aedes aegypti, an emerging disease vector in urban, arid landscapes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2058. [PMID: 38267474 PMCID: PMC10808563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50346-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding drivers of disease vectors' population dynamics is a pressing challenge. For short-lived organisms like mosquitoes, landscape-scale models must account for their highly local and rapid life cycles. Aedes aegypti, a vector of multiple emerging diseases, has become abundant in desert population centers where water from precipitation could be a limiting factor. To explain this apparent paradox, we examined Ae. aegypti abundances at > 660 trapping locations per year for 3 years in the urbanized Maricopa County (metropolitan Phoenix), Arizona, USA. We created daily precipitation layers from weather station data using a kriging algorithm, and connected localized daily precipitation to numbers of mosquitoes trapped at each location on subsequent days. Precipitation events occurring in either of two critical developmental periods for mosquitoes were correlated to suppressed subsequent adult female presence and abundance. LASSO models supported these analyses for female presence but not abundance. Precipitation may explain 72% of Ae. aegypti presence and 90% of abundance, with anthropogenic water sources supporting mosquitoes during long, precipitation-free periods. The method of using kriging and weather station data may be generally applicable to the study of various ecological processes and patterns, and lead to insights into microclimates associated with a variety of organisms' life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica A Newman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Kathleen R Walker
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, 1140 E South Campus Drive, Forbes 410, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Steven Young
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - Kirk Smith
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - John Townsend
- Maricopa County Environmental Services Vector Control Division, 3220 W Gibson Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85009, USA
| | - Dan Damian
- Maricopa County Office of Enterprise Technology, 301 S 4Th Ave #200, Phoenix, AZ, 85003, USA
| | - Kacey Ernst
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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13
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Pawłowska M, Mila-Kierzenkowska C, Szczegielniak J, Woźniak A. Oxidative Stress in Parasitic Diseases-Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Interactions between the Host and the Parasites. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:38. [PMID: 38247462 PMCID: PMC10812656 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and course of parasitic infections, both in the attacked host organism and the parasite organism struggling to survive. The host uses large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mainly superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), to fight the developing parasitic disease. On the other hand, the parasite develops the most effective defense mechanisms and resistance to the effects of ROS and strives to survive in the host organism it has colonized, using the resources and living environment available for its development and causing the host's weakening. The paper reviews the literature on the role of oxidative stress in parasitic diseases, which are the most critical epidemiological problem worldwide. The most common parasitosis in the world is malaria, with 300-500 million new cases and about 1 million deaths reported annually. In Europe and Poland, the essential problem is intestinal parasites. Due to a parasitic infection, the concentration of antioxidants in the host decreases, and the concentration of products of cellular components oxidation increases. In response to the increased number of reactive oxygen species attacking it, the parasites have developed effective defense mechanisms, including primarily the action of antioxidant enzymes, especially superoxide dismutase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH)-dependent complexes glutathione and thioredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pawłowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
| | - Celestyna Mila-Kierzenkowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
| | - Jan Szczegielniak
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland;
- Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration’s Specialist Hospital of St. John Paul II, 48-340 Glucholazy, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (C.M.-K.); (A.W.)
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14
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Neely WJ, Martins RA, Mendonça da Silva CM, Ferreira da Silva T, Fleck LE, Whetstone RD, Woodhams DC, Cook WH, Prist PR, Valiati VH, Greenspan SE, Tozetti AM, Earley RL, Becker CG. Linking microbiome and stress hormone responses in wild tropical treefrogs across continuous and fragmented forests. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1261. [PMID: 38087051 PMCID: PMC10716138 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05600-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The amphibian skin microbiome is an important component of anti-pathogen defense, but the impact of environmental change on the link between microbiome composition and host stress remains unclear. In this study, we used radiotelemetry and host translocation to track microbiome composition and function, pathogen infection, and host stress over time across natural movement paths for the forest-associated treefrog, Boana faber. We found a negative correlation between cortisol levels and putative microbiome function for frogs translocated to forest fragments, indicating strong integration of host stress response and anti-pathogen potential of the microbiome. Additionally, we observed a capacity for resilience (resistance to structural change and functional loss) in the amphibian skin microbiome, with maintenance of putative pathogen-inhibitory function despite major temporal shifts in microbiome composition. Although microbiome community composition did not return to baseline during the study period, the rate of microbiome change indicated that forest fragmentation had more pronounced effects on microbiome composition than translocation alone. Our findings reveal associations between stress hormones and host microbiome defenses, with implications for resilience of amphibians and their associated microbes facing accelerated tropical deforestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Neely
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA.
| | - Renato A Martins
- Department of Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, One Health Microbiome Center, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Camila M Mendonça da Silva
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Tainá Ferreira da Silva
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Lucas E Fleck
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Ross D Whetstone
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
| | - W Harrison Cook
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Paula R Prist
- EcoHealth Alliance, 520 Eight Avenue, Suite 1200, New York, NY, 10018, USA
| | - Victor H Valiati
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Alexandro M Tozetti
- Programa de Pos‑Graduacão em Biologia, Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo, RS, 93022‑750, Brazil
| | - Ryan L Earley
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, and Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, One Health Microbiome Center, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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15
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Bertos E, Sánchez-Cerdá M, Virgós E, Gil-Sánchez JM, Moleón M. Thelazia callipaeda as a potential new threat to european wildcats: insights from an eco-epidemiological study. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2153-2160. [PMID: 36648738 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Global warming and displacement of vectors and wild and domestic hosts by humans greatly change host-parasite interactions and parasite transmission rates. Thelazia callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910 (Spirurida: Thelaziidae) is a zoonotic parasite rapidly colonizing Europe from its Asian native range. This nematode is vectored by Phortica flies and may cause ocular disorders, such as keratitis and corneal ulcers, in wild mammals, dogs, cats and humans. With the aim of detecting possible threats for the European wildcat (Felis silvestris) in one of its last Mediterranean strongholds, we initiated in 2017 a long-term monitoring program in Sierra Arana (southeastern Spain), which includes exploring its epidemiological and spatial relationships with domestic cats (Felis catus). During routine medical check-ups, we detected ocular nematodes in 3 of 17 (17.6%) wildcats and 1 of 23 (4.3%) domestic cats tested, confirmed to be T. callipaeda by microscopic and molecular analyses. This nematode species was first detected in the study area in 2021. To our knowledge, this is the first case of infection in wildcats in Spain. Through telemetry, we detected little spatial overlap between the home ranges of wildcats and domestic cats, which seems to be sufficient to facilitate the inter-specific transmission of T. callipaeda. Our findings suggest that this pathogen could be a new threat to the wildcat, a locally endangered wild felid. Further eco-epidemiological monitoring and sanitary control of domestic cats will be strongly needed, especially given the ongoing global warming scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bertos
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Mariola Sánchez-Cerdá
- Harmusch - Asociación de Estudio y Conservación de Fauna, Almodóvar del Campo, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Emilio Virgós
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, University Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Gil-Sánchez
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Harmusch - Asociación de Estudio y Conservación de Fauna, Almodóvar del Campo, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marcos Moleón
- Department of Zoology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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16
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Rollins RL, Medeiros MC, Cowie RH. Stressed snails release Angiostrongylus cantonensis (rat lungworm) larvae in their slime. One Health 2023; 17:100658. [PMID: 38116454 PMCID: PMC10728333 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of stress on release of Angiostrongylus cantonensis larvae from a snail host, Parmarion martensi. We subjected 140 infected, wild-caught P. martensi to three stress-inducing treatments (heat, molluscicide, physical disturbance) and an unstressed control treatment for 24 h, after which larval presence and abundance in the slime were quantified by qPCR targeting the ITS1 region of the parasite's DNA, and compared among treatments. The significance of stress and host infection load on larval release was determined by generalized linear mixed models and permutation tests. The results indicated that stress significantly increased the probability of larval presence in slime and the number of larvae released, and highly infected snails were also more likely to release larvae. Among stressed snails, 13.3% released larvae into slime, the number of larvae present in the slime ranging from 45.5 to 4216. Unstressed controls released no larvae. This study offers a partial explanation for conflicting results from prior studies regarding A. cantonensis presence in snail slime and sheds light on the broader One Health implications. Stress-induced larval release highlights the potential role of slime as a medium for pathogen transmission to accidental, paratenic, definitive and other intermediate hosts. These findings emphasize the importance of considering stress-mediated interactions in host-parasite systems and their implications for zoonotic disease emergence. As stressors continue to escalate because of anthropogenic activities and climate change, understanding the role of stress in pathogen shedding and transmission becomes increasingly important for safeguarding human and wildlife health within the One Health framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi L. Rollins
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3190 Maile Way, St. John 101, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Matthew C.I. Medeiros
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 1800 East West Road, LSB 316, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Robert H. Cowie
- Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 408, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
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17
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Rizwan HM, Zohaib HM, Sajid MS, Abbas H, Younus M, Farid MU, Iftakhar T, Muzaffar HA, Hassan SS, Kamran M, Raza MH, Bajwa MH. Inflicting Significant Losses in Slaughtered Animals: Exposing the Hidden Effects of Parasitic Infections. Pathogens 2023; 12:1291. [PMID: 38003757 PMCID: PMC10674797 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We started a campaign in the heart of Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, to expose the hidden threats of parasitic illnesses in ruminants and the severe financial consequences associated with them. Our in-depth investigations focused on the prevalence, impact, and astounding financial losses brought on by organ contamination in slaughtered animals. Of the 384 slaughtered ruminants examined for gastrointestinal parasites, a prevalence of 44.79% was recorded. It is interesting to note that we found no conclusive association between parasitic infection and the various ruminant species under study (p > 0.05). However, goats (52.0%) had the highest numerical prevalence of parasitic infection, followed by cattle (46.1%), buffalo (46.0%), and sheep (34.7%) in that order. A significant finding (p < 0.05) showed that the majority of animals had light parasitism (46.5%), as opposed to those with moderate (30.2%) or severe loads (23.2%). Our research revealed substantial (p < 0.05) relationships between ruminant age, sex, and parasitic infection prevalence. In comparison to females (56.4%) and adults (48.1%), males (36.1%) and young (36.9%) ruminants showed considerably decreased infection rates (p < 0.05). On the other hand, we discovered a non-significant (p > 0.05) association between the months and the prevalence of parasitic infection. As a result of the condemnation of contaminated organs such as the rumen, lungs, and liver, an estimated financial loss of PKR 133,731,400 (USD = 466,939.2) was incurred. The yearly economic losses caused by liver condemnation were much greater than those caused by rumen and lung condemnation (p < 0.05). Our research not only reported a significantly higher abundance but also economic threats of the parasitic diseases among the slaughtered animals in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. Our findings highlighted the critical need for preventive and therapeutic interventions for parasitic infections in animals, in order to mitigate the economic losses through strengthened animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Zohaib
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Muhammad Sohail Sajid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Haider Abbas
- Section of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.M.Z.); (H.A.)
| | - Muhammad Younus
- Section of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Muhammad Umar Farid
- Section of Meat Science, Department of Animal Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Tahira Iftakhar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (M.S.S.); (T.I.)
| | - Hizqeel Ahmed Muzaffar
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Syed Soban Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Kamran
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Hussnain Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
| | - Muhammad Haziq Bajwa
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Narowal, Sub Campus UVAS, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; (H.A.M.); (S.S.H.); (M.K.); (M.H.R.); (M.H.B.)
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18
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Ray AM, Gordon EC, Seeley TD, Rasgon JL, Grozinger CM. Signatures of adaptive decreased virulence of deformed wing virus in an isolated population of wild honeybees ( Apis mellifera). Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231965. [PMID: 37876196 PMCID: PMC10598435 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive host-pathogen interactions is critical for combating epidemics and conserving species. The Varroa destructor mite and deformed wing virus (DWV) are two synergistic threats to Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) populations across the globe. Distinct honeybee populations have been found to self-sustain despite Varroa infestations, including colonies within the Arnot Forest outside Ithaca, NY, USA. We hypothesized that in these bee populations, DWV has been selected to produce an avirulent infection phenotype, allowing for the persistence of both host and disease-causing agents. To investigate this, we assessed the titre of viruses in bees from the Arnot Forest and managed apiaries, and assessed genomic variation and virulence differences between DWV isolates. Across groups, we found viral abundance was similar, but DWV genotypes were distinct. We also found that infections with isolates from the Arnot Forest resulted in higher survival and lower rates of symptomatic deformed wings, compared to analogous isolates from managed colonies, providing preliminary evidence to support the hypothesis of adaptive decreased viral virulence. Overall, this multi-level investigation of virus genotype and phenotype indicates that host ecological context can be a significant driver of viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions in honeybees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyson M. Ray
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240-0002, USA
| | - Emma C. Gordon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
| | - Thomas D. Seeley
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Jason L. Rasgon
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
| | - Christina M. Grozinger
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-1503, USA
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19
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Candolin U, Rahman T. Behavioural responses of fishes to anthropogenic disturbances: Adaptive value and ecological consequences. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:773-783. [PMID: 36647916 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are changing at an accelerating rate because of human activities. The changes alter the abundance and distribution of fishes, with potential consequences for ecosystem structure and function. Behavioural responses often underlie these changes in population dynamics, such as altered habitat choice or foraging activity. Here, we present a framework for understanding how and why behaviour is affected by human activities and how the behavioural responses in turn influence higher ecological levels. We further review the literature to assess the present state of the field and identify gaps in our knowledge. We begin with discussing the factors that determine how an individual responds to a change in the environment and whether the response is adaptive or not. In particular, we explain the importance of the evolutionary history of the species. We then search the literature to assess our current knowledge of the impact of human disturbances on the behaviour of fishes and the consequences for ecosystems. The search reveals that much attention has been directed to the impact of human activities on the behaviour of fishes, but that worryingly little is known about the consequences of these responses for populations, communities and ecosystems. Yet, behavioural responses can have profound ecological consequences given that behaviour underly many, if not most, species interactions. Thus, more attention should be paid to the mechanisms and pathways through which behavioural responses influence higher ecological levels. Such information is needed if we are to determine the ultimate effects of human activities on biodiversity and the function and stability of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Candolin
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tawfiqur Rahman
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Namayanja C, Eregu EEI, Ongodia P, Okalebo CB, Okiror W, Okello F, Okibure A, Paasi G, Kakungulu H, Grace A, Muhindo R, Banks D, Martin C, Taylor-Robinson S, Olupot-Olupot P. Unusual clinical spectra of childhood severe malaria during malaria epidemic in eastern Uganda: a prospective study. Malar J 2023; 22:169. [PMID: 37259110 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04586-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), malaria remains a public health problem despite recent reports of declining incidence. Severe malaria is a multiorgan disease with wide-ranging clinical spectra and outcomes that have been reported to vary by age, geographical location, transmission intensity over time. There are reports of recent malaria epidemics or resurgences, but few data, if any, focus on the clinical spectrum of severe malaria during epidemics. This describes the clinical spectrum and outcomes of childhood severe malaria during the disease epidemic in Eastern Uganda. METHODS This prospective cohort study from October 1, 2021, to September 7, 2022, was nested within the 'Malaria Epidemiological, Pathophysiological and Intervention studies in Highly Endemic Eastern Uganda' (TMA2016SF-1514-MEPIE Study) at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital, Uganda. Children aged 60 days to 12 years who at admission tested positive for malaria and fulfilled the clinical WHO criteria for surveillance of severe malaria were enrolled on the study. Follow-up was performed until day 28. Data were collected using a customized proforma on social demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, and outcomes. Laboratory analyses included complete blood counts, malaria RDT (SD BIOLINE Malaria Ag P.f/Pan, Ref. 05FK60-40-1) and blood slide, lactate, glucose, blood gases and electrolytes. In addition, urinalysis using dipsticks (Multistix® 10 SG, SIEMENS, Ref.2300) at the bedside was done. Data were analysed using STATA V15.0. The study had prior ethical approval. RESULTS A total of 300 participants were recruited. The median age was 4.6 years, mean of 57.2 months and IQR of 44.5 months. Many children, 164/300 (54.7%) were under 5 years, and 171/300 (57.0%) were males. The common clinical features were prostration 236/300 (78.7%), jaundice in 205/300 (68.3%), severe malarial anaemia in 158/300 (52.7%), black water fever 158/300 (52.7%) and multiple convulsions 51/300 (17.0%), impaired consciousness 50/300(16.0%), acidosis 41/300(13.7%), respiratory distress 26/300(6.7%) and coma in 18/300(6.0%). Prolonged hospitalization was found in 56/251 (22.3%) and was associated with acidosis, P = 0.041. The overall mortality was 19/300 (6.3%). Day 28 follow-up was achieved in 247/300 (82.3%). CONCLUSION During the malaria epidemic in Eastern Uganda, severe malaria affected much older children and the spectrum had more of prostration, jaundice severe malarial anaemia, black water fever and multiple convulsions with less of earlier reported respiratory distress and cerebral malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate Namayanja
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda.
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda.
| | - Egiru Emma Isaiah Eregu
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Paul Ongodia
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Charles Benard Okalebo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - William Okiror
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Francis Okello
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
- Varimetrics Group Limited, Mbale, Uganda
| | | | - George Paasi
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Hellen Kakungulu
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
- Varimetrics Group Limited, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Abongo Grace
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Rita Muhindo
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Duncan Banks
- Busitema University, TORORO, Uganda
- The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Chebet Martin
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Simon Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
- Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Olupot-Olupot
- Mbale Clinical Research Institute, P.O. Box 1966, Mbale, Uganda
- Department of Community and Public Health, Busitema University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mbale, Uganda
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21
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Sures B, Nachev M, Schwelm J, Grabner D, Selbach C. Environmental parasitology: stressor effects on aquatic parasites. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:461-474. [PMID: 37061443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic stressors are causing fundamental changes in aquatic habitats and to the organisms inhabiting these ecosystems. Yet, we are still far from understanding the diverse responses of parasites and their hosts to these environmental stressors and predicting how these stressors will affect host-parasite communities. Here, we provide an overview of the impacts of major stressors affecting aquatic ecosystems in the Anthropocene (habitat alteration, global warming, and pollution) and highlight their consequences for aquatic parasites at multiple levels of organisation, from the individual to the community level. We provide directions and ideas for future research to better understand responses to stressors in aquatic host-parasite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | - Milen Nachev
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jessica Schwelm
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Daniel Grabner
- Aquatic Ecology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Selbach
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Freshwater Ecology Group, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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22
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Ravazi A, de Oliveira J, Madeira FF, Nunes GM, dos Reis YV, de Oliveira ABB, Azevedo LMS, Galvão C, de Azeredo-Oliveira MTV, da Rosa JA, Alevi KCC. Climate and Environmental Changes and Their Potential Effects on the Dynamics of Chagas Disease: Hybridization in Rhodniini (Hemiptera, Triatominae). INSECTS 2023; 14:378. [PMID: 37103193 PMCID: PMC10143345 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects about eight million people. In view of the issues related to the influence of anthropogenic changes in the dynamics of the distribution and reproductive interaction of triatomines, we performed experimental crosses between species of the Rhodniini tribe in order to evaluate interspecific reproductive interactions and hybrid production capacity. Reciprocal crossing experiments were conducted among Rhodnius brethesi × R. pictipes, R. colombiensis × R. ecuadoriensis, R. neivai × R. prolixus, R. robustus × R. prolixus, R. montenegrensis × R. marabaensis; R. montenegrensis × R. robustus, R. prolixus × R. nasutus and R. neglectus × R. milesi. With the exception of crosses between R. pictipes ♀ × R. brethesi ♂, R. ecuadoriensis ♀ × R. colombiensis ♂ and R. prolixus ♀ × R. neivai ♂, all experimental crosses resulted in hybrids. Our results demonstrate that both allopatric and sympatric species produce hybrids, which can generate concern for public health agencies in the face of current anthropogenic events. Thus, we demonstrate that species of the Rhodniini tribe are capable of producing hybrids under laboratory conditions. These results are of great epidemiological importance and raise an important discussion about the influence of climatic and environmental interactions on Chagas disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Ravazi
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Jader de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fernandez Madeira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana Menezes Nunes
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Yago Visinho dos Reis
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Bortolozo de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luísa Martins Sensato Azevedo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Cleber Galvão
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brazil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Tercília Vilela de Azeredo-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, SP, Brazil
| | - João Aristeu da Rosa
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú km 1, Araraquara 14801-902, SP, Brazil
| | - Kaio Cesar Chaboli Alevi
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório de Entomologia em Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Dr. Arnaldo 715, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
- Laboratório Nacional e Internacional de Referência em Taxonomia de Triatomíneos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Brazil 4365, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, Sala 505, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Szalińska W, Otop I, Piekarska J, Rypuła K. Weather parameters as a predictive tool potentially allowing for better monitoring of dairy cattle against gastrointestinal parasites hazard. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5944. [PMID: 37045884 PMCID: PMC10097711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal production, yield is critically related to animal health status. To ensure high productivity, innovative control strategies for herd and parasites monitoring are required. Gastrointestinal parasites have a strong influence on changing feed intake or nutrient use, limiting animal productivity. Serological control has been proposed, given that parasite development is largely dependent on environmental temperature and humidity. However, breeders and field veterinarians lack readily accessible climate characteristics that provide information to determine whether and when herds require laboratory examination. To help reduce the testing costs incurred by farmers, we investigated whether selected meteorological data could serve as conclusive predictors to increase the precision of herd selection for serological monitoring. Our results indicate that the selection of herds by farmers for testing can be guided by regular checking of meteorological data, especially various temperature and humidity indicators. In general, ranges of 24-28 °C, as well as - 0.5 to 7.5 °C for the monthly maximum and minimum temperature, respectively, and relative humidity (68-79%) and vapour pressure (10-15 hPa) correspond to a high antiparasitic response of the herd, expressed as the optical density ratio. It is recommended to introduce coproscopic and/or serological tests if the observed weather pattern (covering the prepatent period of parasite development) ranges within the estimated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Płoneczka-Janeczko
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic for Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Wiwiana Szalińska
- Research and Development Centre, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Podleśna 61, 01-673, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Irena Otop
- Research and Development Centre, Institute of Meteorology and Water Management - National Research Institute, Podleśna 61, 01-673, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jolanta Piekarska
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 47, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rypuła
- Department of Epizootiology with Clinic for Birds and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Grunwaldzki Square 45, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
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24
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Fear generalization and behavioral responses to multiple dangers. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:369-380. [PMID: 36428124 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Animals often exhibit consistent-individual differences (CIDs) in boldness/fearfulness, typically studied in the context of predation risk. We focus here on fear generalization, where fear of one danger (e.g., predators) is correlated with fear of other dangers (e.g., humans, pathogens, moving vehicles, or fire). We discuss why fear generalization should be ecologically important, and why we expect fear to correlate across disparate dangers. CIDs in fear are well studied for some dangers in some taxa (e.g., human fear of pathogens), but not well studied for most dangers. Fear of some dangers has been found to correlate with general fearfulness, but some cases where we might expect correlated fears (e.g., between fear of humans, familiar predators, and exotic predators) are surprisingly understudied.
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25
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Berkhout BW, Budria A, Thieltges DW, Slabbekoorn H. Anthropogenic noise pollution and wildlife diseases. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:181-190. [PMID: 36658057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a global rise in anthropogenic noise and a growing awareness of its negative effects on wildlife, but to date the consequences for wildlife diseases have received little attention. In this paper, we discuss how anthropogenic noise can affect the occurrence and severity of infectious wildlife diseases. We argue that there is potential for noise impacts at three main stages of pathogen transmission and disease development: (i) the probability of preinfection exposure, (ii) infection upon exposure, and (iii) severity of postinfection consequences. We identify potential repercussions of noise pollution effects for wildlife populations and call for intensifying research efforts. We provide an overview of knowledge gaps and outline avenues for future studies into noise impacts on wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Budria
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands; Office Français de la Biodiversité, Direction générale déléguée 'Police, Connaissance, Expertise', rue du Bouchet, 45370 DRY, France
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands; Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life-Sciences, GELIFES, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Wood CL, Vanhove MPM. Is the world wormier than it used to be? We'll never know without natural history collections. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:250-262. [PMID: 35959636 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many disease ecologists and conservation biologists believe that the world is wormier than it used to be-that is, that parasites are increasing in abundance through time. This argument is intuitively appealing. Ecologists typically see parasitic infections, through their association with disease, as a negative endpoint, and are accustomed to attributing negative outcomes to human interference in the environment, so it slots neatly into our worldview that habitat destruction, biodiversity loss and climate change should have the collateral consequence of causing outbreaks of parasites. But surprisingly, the hypothesis that parasites are increasing in abundance through time remains entirely untested for the vast majority of wildlife parasite species. Historical data on parasites are nearly impossible to find, which leaves no baseline against which to compare contemporary parasite burdens. If we want to know whether the world is wormier than it used to be, there is only one major research avenue that will lead to an answer: parasitological examination of specimens preserved in natural history collections. Recent advances demonstrate that, for many specimen types, it is possible to extract reliable data on parasite presence and abundance. There are millions of suitable specimens that exist in collections around the world. When paired with contemporaneous environmental data, these parasitological data could even point to potential drivers of change in parasite abundance, including climate, pollution or host density change. We explain how to use preserved specimens to address pressing questions in parasite ecology, give a few key examples of how collections-based parasite ecology can resolve these questions, identify some pitfalls and workarounds, and suggest promising areas for research. Natural history specimens are 'parasite time capsules' that give ecologists the opportunity to test whether infectious disease is on the rise and to identify what forces might be driving these changes over time. This approach will facilitate major advances in a new sub-discipline: the historical ecology of parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maarten P M Vanhove
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Research Group Zoology: Biodiversity & Toxicology, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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27
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Yessinou RE, Cazan CD, Panait LC, Mollong E, Biguezoton AS, Bonnet SI, Farougou S, Groschup MH, Mihalca AD. New geographical records for tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. Vet Med Sci 2022; 9:345-352. [PMID: 36508582 PMCID: PMC9856996 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ticks are obligate hematophagous arthropods capable of transmitting a great variety of endemic and emerging pathogens causing diseases in animals and humans. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. METHODS Overall, 396 (148 males, 205 females and 43 nymphs) ticks were collected from cattle in 17 districts (Benin and Togo) between 2019 and 2020. Ticks were pooled into groups of 2-6 ticks per pool according to individual host, location, species and developmental stage. The DNA of each pool was extracted for molecular screening. RESULTS PCR results revealed that 20 tick pools were positive for Bartonella spp. (Benin and Togo) and 23 tick pools positive for Rickettsia spp. (Benin), while all pools were negative for A. phagocytophilum and B. burgdorferi s.l. Sequence analysis of positive Rickettsia samples revealed the presence of Rickettsia aeschlimannii. CONCLUSIONS The present study highlights the presence of zoonotic agents in ticks collected from cattle in Benin and Togo. This information will raise awareness of tick-borne diseases among physicians and veterinarians, stimulate further studies to monitor these pathogens, and advise on necessary measures to control the spread of these zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Eric Yessinou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT)University of Abomey‐CalaviCotonouBenin
| | - Cristina Daniela Cazan
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj‐NapocaCluj‐NapocaRomania,CDS‐9, Molecular Biology and Veterinary Parasitology UnitFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj‐NapocaCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Luciana Cătălina Panait
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj‐NapocaCluj‐NapocaRomania
| | - Eyabana Mollong
- Laboratory of Applied EntomologySection: Agro‐Resources Protection, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of LomeLomeTogo
| | - Abel S. Biguezoton
- Unité Maladies à Vecteurs et Biodiversité (UMaVeB)Centre International de Recherche‐Développement sur l'Elevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES)Bobo‐DioulassoBurkina Faso
| | - Sarah Irène Bonnet
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases UnitInstitut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 2000Université de Paris, Paris 7France,Animal Health DepartmentNouzillyFrance
| | - Souaïbou Farougou
- Communicable Disease Research Unit (URMaT)University of Abomey‐CalaviCotonouBenin
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich‐Loeffler‐Insitut (FLI)Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthInstitute of Novel and Emerging Infectious DiseasesGreifswald‐Insel RiemsGermany
| | - Andrei Daniel Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic DiseasesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj‐NapocaCluj‐NapocaRomania
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28
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Human social conditions predict the risk of exposure to zoonotic parasites in companion animals in East and Southeast Asia. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:144. [PMID: 36380151 PMCID: PMC9666534 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A recent dramatic surge in pet ownership has been observed across metropolitan areas in Asia. To date, there is a dearth of information on the risk associated with pet ownership for the transmission of parasites on a large scale in Asia, despite this continent giving rise to the largest burden of zoonotic infections worldwide. Methods We explored the nature and extent of zoonotic internal (endo-) and external (ecto-) parasites and arthropod-borne pathogens in 2381 client-owned dogs and cats living in metropolitan areas of eight countries in East and Southeast Asia using reliable diagnostic tests and then undertook extensive statistical analyses to define predictors of exposure to zoonotic pathogens. Results The estimated ORs for overall parasite infections are 1.35 [95% CIs 1.07;1.71] in young animals and 4.10 [1.50;11.2] in the animal group older than 15 years as compared with adult animals, 0.61 [0.48;0.77] in neutered animals as compared to unneutered animals, 0.36 [0.26;0.50] in animals living in urban areas as compared with rural areas, 1.14 [1.08;1.21] for each 1 °C increase of annual mean temperature which varies from 12.0 to 28.0 °C, and 0.86 [0.78;0.95] for each year of life expectancy which varies from 70.9 to 83.3 years. Conclusions Here we highlight the influence of human life expectancy and the neutering status of the animals, which reflect increased living standards through access to education and human and veterinary health care, to be both strongly associated with exposure to zoonotic parasites. An integrated approach of local and international authorities to implement and manage educational programs will be crucial for the control of zoonotic infections of companion animals in Asia. Parasites live on or inside animals or humans and can cause disease. Companion animals (pets) with parasites present a potential risk to the health of their owners, as certain kinds of parasites (known as zoonotic parasites) can affect both animal and human health. Here, we investigated whether human social conditions are associated with zoonotic parasite infections in companion animals in East and Southeast Asia. We found that higher human life expectancy and neutering of the companion animals were associated with fewer zoonotic parasite infections in the animals. These findings highlight the need for an enhanced commitment of local authorities to establish prevention campaigns, including education programs, against zoonotic pathogens. These measures will play a crucial role in alleviating the impact of these diseases in companion animals and humans in Asia. Colella, Wongnak et al. test pet dogs and cats from metropolitan areas of eight countries in East and Southeast Asia for zoonotic parasites. The authors identify factors associated with potential exposure to zoonotic parasites, including animal characteristics and human living conditions.
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Purwaningsih P, Palulungan JA, Tethool AN, Noviyanti N, Satrija F, Murtini S. Seasonal dynamics of Fasciola gigantica transmission in Prafi district, Manokwari Regency, West Papua, Indonesia. Vet World 2022; 15:2558-2564. [PMID: 36590131 PMCID: PMC9798046 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2558-2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Indonesia's farming practices are a perfect setting for establishing an infection with Fasciola gigantica which can result in economically detrimental. The objectives of the current study were to describe and analyze the transmission dynamics of fasciolosis (F. gigantica) in Prafi District, to provide information on effective control strategies and to identify risk factors associated with fasciolosis in cattle. Materials and Methods Fecal samples were purposively collected from the rectum of 60 beef cattle in Prafi District, Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province, Indonesia. The samples were collected once a month for 8 months from April 2019 to November 2019. Furthermore, the samples were taken from two rearing system groups: 30 stall cattle and 30 cattle in a palm oil garden. The presence of F. gigantica eggs in the fecal samples was examined using a modified Danish Bilharziasis Laboratory technique-sedimentation. Meanwhile, the antigenic diagnosis of Fasciola in the fecal samples was analyzed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit to perform an indirect sandwich assay on feces. Snails were collected from an irrigation canal, rice field, and palm oil garden canal around Prafi District. These snails were examined for infection with cercariae larvae of F. gigantica by cercarial shedding and crushing techniques. Results The peak occurrence of F. gigantica infection was identified in August (65.00%) and the lowest in June (35.00%). The highest prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle was recorded in August and November (90.00%) and the lowest was in May (40.00%). Moreover, the highest prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle exposed to the palm oil garden was recorded in April (53.33%) and the lowest prevalence of F. gigantica infection was recorded in June (23.33%). In total, 2046 snails were screened by the cercarial shedding and crushing method; of these, 426 (20.82%) were found to be positive for trematode cercariae. The prevalence of F. gigantica infection in Lymnaea spp. snails was highest in November (47.46%) and lowest in April (9.28%). Conclusion The current study shows that beef cattle grown in two types of rearing systems in Prafi District were infected with F. gigantica during the dry and rainy season. It was revealed that Lymnaea spp. are common snails found in and around Prafi District, and can act as intermediate hosts with an infective stage of trematode. The transmission to cattle was highly effective, despite the short activity period, the low infection rate of snails, and the incidental anthelminthic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purwaningsih Purwaningsih
- Animal Health Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua, West Papua, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Purwaningsih Purwaningsih, e-mail: Co-authors: JAP: , ANT: , NN: , FS: , SM:
| | - John Arnold Palulungan
- Animal Health Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua, West Papua, Indonesia
| | - Angelina Novita Tethool
- Animal Health Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua, West Papua, Indonesia
| | - Noviyanti Noviyanti
- Animal Health Study Program, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, University of Papua, West Papua, Indonesia
| | - Fadjar Satrija
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Sri Murtini
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, West Java, Indonesia
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Scharsack JP, Franke F. Temperature effects on teleost immunity in the light of climate change. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 101:780-796. [PMID: 35833710 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important environmental modulator of teleost immune activity. Susceptibility of teleosts to temperature variation depends on the species-specific adaptive temperature range, and the activity of the teleost immune system is generally temperature-dependent. Similar to many physiological and metabolic traits of ectotherms, temperature modulates the activity of immune traits. At low temperatures, acquired immunity of many teleost species is down-modulated, and their immuno-competence mainly depends on innate immunity. At intermediate temperatures, both innate and acquired immunity are fully active and provide optimal protection, including long-lasting immunological memory. When temperatures increase and reach the upper permissive range, teleost immunity is compromised. Moreover, temperature shifts may have negative effects on teleost immune functions, in particular if shifts occur rapidly with high amplitudes. On the contrary, short-term temperature increase may help teleost immunity to fight against pathogens transiently. A major challenge to teleosts therefore is to maintain immuno-competence throughout the temperature range they are exposed to. Climate change coincides with rising temperatures, and more frequent and more extreme temperature shifts. Both are likely to influence the immuno-competence of teleosts. Nonetheless, teleosts exist in habitats that differ substantially in temperature, ranging from below zero in the Arctic's to above 40°C in warm springs, illustrating their enormous potential to adapt to different temperature regimes. The present review seeks to discuss how changes in temperature variation, induced by climate change, might influence teleost immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn Peter Scharsack
- Department for Fish Diseases, Thuenen-Institute of Fisheries Ecology, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Frederik Franke
- Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Department of Biodiversity, Nature Protection & Wildlife Management, Freising, Germany
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Neely WJ, Greenspan SE, Stahl LM, Heraghty SD, Marshall VM, Atkinson CL, Becker CG. Habitat Disturbance Linked with Host Microbiome Dispersion and Bd Dynamics in Temperate Amphibians. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 84:901-910. [PMID: 34671826 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01897-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic habitat disturbances can dramatically alter ecological community interactions, including host-pathogen dynamics. Recent work has highlighted the potential for habitat disturbances to alter host-associated microbial communities, but the associations between anthropogenic disturbance, host microbiomes, and pathogens are unresolved. Amphibian skin microbial communities are particularly responsive to factors like temperature, physiochemistry, pathogen infection, and environmental microbial reservoirs. Through a field survey on wild populations of Acris crepitans (Hylidae) and Lithobates catesbeianus (Ranidae), we assessed the effects of habitat disturbance and connectivity on environmental bacterial reservoirs, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection, and skin microbiome composition. We found higher measures of microbiome dispersion (a measure of community variability) in A. crepitans from more disturbed ponds, supporting the hypothesis that disturbance increases stochasticity in biological communities. We also found that habitat disturbance limited microbiome similarity between locations for both species, suggesting greater isolation of bacterial assemblages in more disturbed areas. Higher disturbance was associated with lower Bd prevalence for A. crepitans, which could signify suboptimal microclimates for Bd in disturbed habitats. Combined, our findings show that reduced microbiome stability stemming from habitat disturbance could compromise population health, even in the absence of pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Neely
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
| | - Sasha E Greenspan
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Leigha M Stahl
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Sam D Heraghty
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Vanessa M Marshall
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Carla L Atkinson
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - C Guilherme Becker
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama, 1301 Sciences and Engineering Complex, 300 Hackberry Ln, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
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Paredes-Trujillo A, Mendoza-Carranza M. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the relationship between farm management, water quality and pathogen outbreaks in tilapia culture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1529-1548. [PMID: 35830271 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis of on farm management and water quality as risk factors triggering pathogen outbreaks in tilapia culture is presented. A total of 121 papers from 28 countries, 37 devoted to management and 84 to water quality associated with the presence of pathogens in tilapia culture were analysed. Most of research has been made on ponds, focusing on bacteria and metazoans. Meta-analysis reveals the proportion of research showing statistical inferences between management (34%), water quality (38% for bacteria and 16.2% for metazoans) and pathogen outbreaks. The most cited parameters related to pathogens outbreaks were temperature (>30°C), dissolved oxygen (<5.0 mg/L), pH (<8.0) and ammonia (1.0 >mg/L) 65, 38, 32 and 34 papers, respectively. However, statistical inference was <20%. Meta-analysis reveals tendencies between high temperatures (30-35°C), low dissolved oxygen (<5 mg/L) and high NH3 (1-5 mg/L) with pathogen outbreaks. Despite the knowledge about the relationship between management and water quality as factors for pathogen effects, most information is descriptive and empirical. Future research on tilapia culture outbreaks should be focused on the effects of multiple stressors affecting tilapia pathogen outbreaks, thereby generating strategies to prevent diseases and financial losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Paredes-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Sanidad Acuícola, Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanográfia del Golfo de México - EPOMEX, Campus 6, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Manuel Mendoza-Carranza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Trófica, Instituto de Ecología, Pesquerías y Oceanográfia del Golfo de México - EPOMEX, Campus 6, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Sustentabilidad, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur-ECOSUR, Villahermosa, Mexico
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Hofmeister E, Ruhs EC, Fortini LB, Hopkins MC, Jones L, Lafferty KD, Sleeman J, LeDee O. Future Directions to Manage Wildlife Health in a Changing Climate. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:329-334. [PMID: 35759113 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01604-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hofmeister
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
| | | | - Lucas Berio Fortini
- U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Islands Ecological Research Center, Inouye Regional Center, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Bldg. 176, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - M Camille Hopkins
- U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, VA, 20192, USA
| | - Lee Jones
- USFWS-Natural Resource Program Center, 10 E. Babcock, Rm 105, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA
| | - Kevin D Lafferty
- Marine Science Institute, U.S. Geological Survey Western Ecological Research Center, University of California, 805, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jonathan Sleeman
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Rd., Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Olivia LeDee
- U.S. Geological Survey, Climate Adaptation Science Centers, 1956 Buford Ave. St, Paul, MN, 55108, USA
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MacAulay S, Ellison AR, Kille P, Cable J. Moving towards improved surveillance and earlier diagnosis of aquatic pathogens: From traditional methods to emerging technologies. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2022; 14:1813-1829. [PMID: 36250037 PMCID: PMC9544729 DOI: 10.1111/raq.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Early and accurate diagnosis is key to mitigating the impact of infectious diseases, along with efficient surveillance. This however is particularly challenging in aquatic environments due to hidden biodiversity and physical constraints. Traditional diagnostics, such as visual diagnosis and histopathology, are still widely used, but increasingly technological advances such as portable next generation sequencing (NGS) and artificial intelligence (AI) are being tested for early diagnosis. The most straightforward methodologies, based on visual diagnosis, rely on specialist knowledge and experience but provide a foundation for surveillance. Future computational remote sensing methods, such as AI image diagnosis and drone surveillance, will ultimately reduce labour costs whilst not compromising on sensitivity, but they require capital and infrastructural investment. Molecular techniques have advanced rapidly in the last 30 years, from standard PCR through loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) to NGS approaches, providing a range of technologies that support the currently popular eDNA diagnosis. There is now vast potential for transformative change driven by developments in human diagnostics. Here we compare current surveillance and diagnostic technologies with those that could be used or developed for use in the aquatic environment, against three gold standard ideals of high sensitivity, specificity, rapid diagnosis, and cost-effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Kille
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Joanne Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUK
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Machado C, Cuco AP, Cássio F, Wolinska J, Castro BB. Antiparasitic potential of agrochemical fungicides on a non-target aquatic model (Daphnia × Metschnikowia host-parasite system). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155296. [PMID: 35429554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are a major anthropogenic threat to the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems, having the potential to affect non-target aquatic organisms and disrupt the processes in which they intervene. Important knowledge gaps have been recognised concerning the ecological effects of synthetic fungicides on non-target symbiotic aquatic fungi and the ecological processes where they intervene. The goal of this work was to assess the influence of three commonly used fungicides (myclobutanil, metalaxyl and cymoxanil), which differ in their mode of action, on a host (the crustacean Daphnia magna) × parasite (the yeast Metschnikowia bicuspidata) experimental model. Using a set of life history experiments, we evaluated the effect of each fungicide on the outcome of this relationship (disease) and on the fitness of both host and parasite. Contrasting results were observed: (i) cymoxanil and metalaxyl were overall innocuous to host and parasite at the tested concentrations, although host reproduction was occasionally reduced in the simultaneous presence of parasite and fungicide; (ii) on the contrary, myclobutanil displayed a clear antifungal effect, decreasing parasite prevalence and alleviating infection signs in the hosts. This antiparasitic effect of myclobutanil was further investigated with a follow-up experiment that manipulated the timing of application of the fungicide, to understand which stage of parasite development was most susceptible: while myclobutanil did not interfere in the early stages of infection, its antifungal activity was clearly observable at a later stage of the disease (by impairing the production of transmission stages of the parasite). More research is needed to understand the broader consequences of this parasite-clearance effect, especially in face of increasing evidence that parasites are ecologically more important than their cryptic nature might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Machado
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana P Cuco
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Justyna Wolinska
- Department of Evolutionary and Integrative Ecology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), Berlin, Germany; Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bruno B Castro
- CBMA (Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology) & Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Ergunay K, Mutinda M, Bourke B, Justi SA, Caicedo-Quiroga L, Kamau J, Mutura S, Akunda IK, Cook E, Gakuya F, Omondi P, Murray S, Zimmerman D, Linton YM. Metagenomic Investigation of Ticks From Kenyan Wildlife Reveals Diverse Microbial Pathogens and New Country Pathogen Records. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932224. [PMID: 35847110 PMCID: PMC9283121 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focusing on the utility of ticks as xenosurveillance sentinels to expose circulating pathogens in Kenyan drylands, host-feeding ticks collected from wild ungulates [buffaloes, elephants, giraffes, hartebeest, impala, rhinoceros (black and white), zebras (Grévy’s and plains)], carnivores (leopards, lions, spotted hyenas, wild dogs), as well as regular domestic and Boran cattle were screened for pathogens using metagenomics. A total of 75 host-feeding ticks [Rhipicephalus (97.3%) and Amblyomma (2.7%)] collected from 15 vertebrate taxa were sequenced in 46 pools. Fifty-six pathogenic bacterial species were detected in 35 pools analyzed for pathogens and relative abundances of major phyla. The most frequently observed species was Escherichia coli (62.8%), followed by Proteus mirabilis (48.5%) and Coxiella burnetii (45.7%). Francisella tularemia and Jingmen tick virus (JMTV) were detected in 14.2 and 13% of the pools, respectively, in ticks collected from wild animals and cattle. This is one of the first reports of JMTV in Kenya, and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed significant divergence from previously known isolates and related viruses. Eight fungal species with human pathogenicity were detected in 5 pools (10.8%). The vector-borne filarial pathogens (Brugia malayi, Dirofilaria immitis, Loa loa), protozoa (Plasmodium spp., Trypanosoma cruzi), and environmental and water-/food-borne pathogens (Entamoeba histolytica, Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Naegleria fowleri, Schistosoma spp., Toxoplasma gondii, and Trichinella spiralis) were detected. Documented viruses included human mastadenovirus C, Epstein-Barr virus and bovine herpesvirus 5, Trinbago virus, and Guarapuava tymovirus-like virus 1. Our findings confirmed that host-feeding ticks are an efficient sentinel for xenosurveillance and demonstrate clear potential for wildlife-livestock-human pathogen transfer in the Kenyan landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ergunay
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
- *Correspondence: Koray Ergunay,
| | | | - Brian Bourke
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Silvia A. Justi
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Laura Caicedo-Quiroga
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
| | - Joseph Kamau
- One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samson Mutura
- One Health Centre, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Elizabeth Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute (WRTI), Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Patrick Omondi
- Wildlife Research and Training Institute (WRTI), Naivasha, Kenya
| | - Suzan Murray
- Global Health Program, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Unit, Fort Royal, VA, United States
| | - Dawn Zimmerman
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Yvonne-Marie Linton
- Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU), Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, Suitland, MD, United States
- One Health Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Silver Spring, MD, United States
- Department of Entomology, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History (NMNH), Washington, DC, United States
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Tober AV, Govender D, Russo IRM, Cable J. The microscopic five of the big five: Managing zoonotic diseases within and beyond African wildlife protected areas. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 117:1-46. [PMID: 35878948 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
African protected areas strive to conserve the continent's great biodiversity with a targeted focus on the flagship 'Big Five' megafauna. Though often not considered, this biodiversity protection also extends to the lesser-known microbes and parasites that are maintained in these diverse ecosystems, often in a silent and endemically stable state. Climate and anthropogenic change, and associated diversity loss, however, are altering these dynamics leading to shifts in ecological interactions and pathogen spill over into new niches and hosts. As many African protected areas are bordered by game and livestock farms, as well as villages, they provide an ideal study system to assess infection dynamics at the human-livestock-wildlife interface. Here we review five zoonotic, multi-host diseases (bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, Rift Valley fever, schistosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis)-the 'Microscopic Five'-and discuss the biotic and abiotic drivers of parasite transmission using the iconic Kruger National Park, South Africa, as a case study. We identify knowledge gaps regarding the impact of the 'Microscopic Five' on wildlife within parks and highlight the need for more empirical data, particularly for neglected (schistosomiasis) and newly emerging (cryptosporidiosis) diseases, as well as zoonotic disease risk from the rising bush meat trade and game farm industry. As protected areas strive to become further embedded in the socio-economic systems that surround them, providing benefits to local communities, One Health approaches can help maintain the ecological integrity of ecosystems, while protecting local communities and economies from the negative impacts of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya V Tober
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Danny Govender
- SANParks, Scientific Services, Savanna and Grassland Research Unit, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Isa-Rita M Russo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Cable
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
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Case BKM, Young JG, Penados D, Monroy C, Hébert-Dufresne L, Stevens L. Spatial epidemiology and adaptive targeted sampling to manage the Chagas disease vector Triatoma dimidiata. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010436. [PMID: 35653307 PMCID: PMC9162375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread application of insecticide remains the primary form of control for Chagas disease in Central America, despite only temporarily reducing domestic levels of the endemic vector Triatoma dimidiata and having little long-term impact. Recently, an approach emphasizing community feedback and housing improvements has been shown to yield lasting results. However, the additional resources and personnel required by such an intervention likely hinders its widespread adoption. One solution to this problem would be to target only a subset of houses in a community while still eliminating enough infestations to interrupt disease transfer. Here we develop a sequential sampling framework that adapts to information specific to a community as more houses are visited, thereby allowing us to efficiently find homes with domiciliary vectors while minimizing sampling bias. The method fits Bayesian geostatistical models to make spatially informed predictions, while gradually transitioning from prioritizing houses based on prediction uncertainty to targeting houses with a high risk of infestation. A key feature of the method is the use of a single exploration parameter, α, to control the rate of transition between these two design targets. In a simulation study using empirical data from five villages in southeastern Guatemala, we test our method using a range of values for α, and find it can consistently select fewer homes than random sampling, while still bringing the village infestation rate below a given threshold. We further find that when additional socioeconomic information is available, much larger savings are possible, but that meeting the target infestation rate is less consistent, particularly among the less exploratory strategies. Our results suggest new options for implementing long-term T. dimidiata control. Effective public health interventions for the control and elimination of neglected tropical diseases require an efficient use of resources while still causing long-term disease reduction at the community level. To use resources to best effect, areas most in need of control efforts must be identified. However, strategies for correctly identifying these areas are rarely known due to the complex environmental, biological, and cultural factors shaping disease spread. In turn, incorrect prioritization of control targets can cause the intervention to have no lasting effect. We address this tradeoff between efficiency and efficacy by adapting control priorities throughout an intervention, targeting areas of high uncertainty during the initial stages while shifting to areas of greatest risk at later stages. In the context of controlling Triatoma dimidiata, the primary vector of Chagas disease in several countries in Latin America, our methods provide a means of targeting only a subset of homes for insecticide and housing improvements, while still reducing a village’s overall infestation rate below the critical threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. K. M. Case
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Gabriel Young
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Daniel Penados
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Carlota Monroy
- Laboratorio de Entomología Aplicada y Parasitología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Laurent Hébert-Dufresne
- Vermont Complex Systems Center, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
| | - Lori Stevens
- Department of Biology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States of America
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Okamura B, Gruhl A, De Baets K. Evolutionary transitions of parasites between freshwater and marine environments. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:345-356. [PMID: 35604852 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary transitions of organisms between environments have long fascinated biologists but attention has focused almost exclusively on free-living organisms and challenges to achieve such transitions. This bias requires addressing because parasites are a major component of biodiversity. We address this imbalance by focusing on transitions of parasitic animals between marine and freshwater environments. We highlight parasite traits and processes that may influence transition likelihood (e.g. transmission mode, life cycle, host use), and consider mechanisms and directions of transitions. Evidence for transitions in deep time and at present are described, and transitions in our changing world are considered. We propose that environmental transitions may be facilitated for endoparasites because hosts reduce exposure to physiologically challenging environments and argue that adoption of an endoparasitic lifestyle entails an equivalent transitioning process as organisms switch from living in one environment (e.g. freshwater, seawater, or air) to living symbiotically within hosts. Environmental transitions of parasites have repeatedly resulted in novel forms and diversification, contributing to the tree of life. Recognising the potential processes underlying present-day and future environmental transitions is crucial in view of our changing world and the current biodiversity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Okamura
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kenneth De Baets
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, Warsaw 02-089, Poland
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40
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Masud N, Davies-Jones A, Griffin B, Cable J. Differential effects of two prevalent environmental pollutants on host-pathogen dynamics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133879. [PMID: 35131271 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollutants are a major factor implicated in freshwater habitat degradation and species loss. Microplastics and glyphosate-based herbicides are prevalent pollutants with known detrimental effects on animal welfare but our understanding of their impacts on infection dynamics are limited. Within freshwater vertebrates, glyphosate formulations reduce fish tolerance to infections, but the effects of microplastic consumption on disease tolerance have thus far not been assessed. Here, we investigated how microplastic (polypropylene) and the commercial glyphosate-based herbicide, Roundup®, impact fish tolerance to infectious disease and mortality utilising a model fish host-pathogen system. For uninfected fish, microplastic and Roundup had contrasting impacts on mortality as individual stressors, with microplastic increasing and Roundup decreasing mortality compared with control fish not exposed to pollutants. Concerningly, microplastic and Roundup combined had a strong interactive reversal effect by significantly increasing host mortality for uninfected fish (73% mortality). For infected fish, the individual stressors also had contrasting effects on mortality, with microplastic consumption not significantly affecting mortality and Roundup increasing mortality to 55%. When combined, these two pollutants had a moderate interactive synergistic effect on mortality levels of infected fish (53% mortality). Both microplastic and Roundup individually had significant and contrasting impacts on pathogen metrics with microplastic consumption resulting in fish maintaining infections for significantly longer and Roundup significantly reducing pathogen burdens. When combined, the two pollutants had a largely additive effect in reducing pathogen burdens. This study is the first to reveal that microplastic and Roundup individually and interactively impact host-pathogen dynamics and can prove fatal to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numair Masud
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Alice Davies-Jones
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Ben Griffin
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Jo Cable
- Cardiff University, School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, CF10 3AX, UK
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41
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Idro R, Ogwang R, Barragan A, Raimondo JV, Masocha W. Neuroimmunology of Common Parasitic Infections in Africa. Front Immunol 2022; 13:791488. [PMID: 35222377 PMCID: PMC8866860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.791488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections of the central nervous system are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in Africa. The neurological, cognitive, and psychiatric sequelae of these infections result from a complex interplay between the parasites and the host inflammatory response. Here we review some of the diseases caused by selected parasitic organisms known to infect the nervous system including Plasmodium falciparum, Toxoplasma gondii, Trypanosoma brucei spp., and Taenia solium species. For each parasite, we describe the geographical distribution, prevalence, life cycle, and typical clinical symptoms of infection and pathogenesis. We pay particular attention to how the parasites infect the brain and the interaction between each organism and the host immune system. We describe how an understanding of these processes may guide optimal diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. Finally, we highlight current gaps in our understanding of disease pathophysiology and call for increased interrogation of these often-neglected disorders of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Idro
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney Ogwang
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.,Centre of Tropical Neuroscience, Kitgum, Uganda.,Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Antonio Barragan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Valentino Raimondo
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, Neuroscience Institute and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
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42
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Cheng LW, Rao S, Wang PC, Chen SC. First report of acanthocephalan parasite, Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti, 1935 in cultured red snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) in Taiwan. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:579-593. [PMID: 35083744 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, Longicollum pagrosomi Yamaguti, 1935, an acanthocephalan parasite, has been characterized with morphological, histopathological and molecular detail in farmed red snapper (Lutjanus erythropterus) in Taiwan. The diseased fish showed clinical signs of anorexia, emaciation and were gasping for air at the water's surface. Gross examination revealed extensive necrosis in the intestine and even penetration at the site of parasitic attachment, resulting in a large number of parasites being lodged in the peritoneal cavity, surrounded by black hyperplastic connective tissue. The parasites collected from the intestine were studied using optical microscopy, histopathology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and molecular phylogenetic analysis. They were creamy white in colour, and were separated into their proboscis, neck and metasoma (trunk) under optical microscopy. Histopathological examination revealed ovarian balls (floating ovaries) inside the ligament sac and eggs within the egg sorting apparatus. The SEM images revealed that the proboscis had 11-14 longitudinal rows with 9-12 recurrent, backward-facing, organized hooks. In the 18S and 28S phylogenetic tree, sequences of the specimens were identical to those of other Longicollum pagrosomi, in addition to the morphological features. Thus, we confirmed that the parasites belonged to Longicollum pagrosomi in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shreesha Rao
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chu Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Southern Taiwan Fish Diseases Research Centre, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- International Degree Program of Ornamental Fish Technology and Aquatic Animal Health, International College, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Fish Vaccine and Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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Perveen N, Muzaffar SB, Vijayan R, Al-Deeb MA. Assessing Temporal Changes in Microbial Communities in Hyalomma dromedarii Collected From Camels in the UAE Using High-Throughput Sequencing. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:861233. [PMID: 35433895 PMCID: PMC9008585 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.861233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks (Acari) are ectoparasites of animals that harbor communities of microbes of importance to animal and human health. Microbial communities associated with ticks exhibit temporal patterns of variation in their composition, with different genera dominating at different times of the year. In this study, molecular tools were used to assess the composition of the microbial communities associated with Hyalomma dromdarii. Adult ticks were collected every month for 1 year from 25 camels in the UAE. A total of 12 DNA pools were prepared (one pool for each month). We monitored the microbiota of ticks using high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. A total of 614 operational taxonomic units were produced through de novo clustering and belonged to 17 phyla, 30 classes, 46 orders, 118 families, and 222 genera. Fifteen bacterial families were found to be the most abundant. The dominant bacterial communities associated with H. dromedarii belonged to the genera Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Francisella, and Corynebacterium, which were reported with high relative abundance from all months. No significant correlation occurred between the abundance of microbial families or genera in H. dromedarii ticks and the ambient temperature. Our findings revealed, for the first time in the UAE, temporal fluctuations of microbial communities in H. dromedarii ticks and provided key insights on the interaction between different microbial groups. Moreover, our results contribute to the current understanding of disease development and allow more investigations for potentially pathogenic microbiota.
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Chauvet M, Debroas D, Moné A, Dubuffet A, Lepère C. Temporal variations of Microsporidia diversity and discovery of new host-parasite interactions in a lake ecosystem. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1672-1686. [PMID: 35246918 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microsporidia are a large group of obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites related to Fungi. Recent studies suggest that their diversity has been greatly underestimated and little is known about their hosts other than metazoans, and thus about their impact on the communities at the base of the food web. In this work, we therefore studied the diversity of Microsporidia over one year and identified potential new hosts in small-sized fractions (<150 μm) in a lake ecosystem using a metabarcoding approach coupled with co-occurrence networks and tyramide signal amplification-fluorescent in situ hybridization. Our analysis shows a great Microsporidia diversity (1 472 OTUs), with an important part of this diversity being unknown. Temporal variations of this diversity have been observed, which might follow temporal variations of their potential hosts such as protists and microzooplankton. New hosts among them were identified as well as associations with phytoplankton. Indeed, repeated infections were observed in Kellicottia (rotifers) with a prevalence of 38% (infected individuals). Microsporidia inside a Stentor (ciliate) were also observed. Finally, potential infections of the diatom Asterionella were identified (prevalence <0.1%). The microsporidian host spectrum could be therefore even more important than previously described, and their role in the functioning of lake ecosystems is undoubtedly largely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Chauvet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Didier Debroas
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Anne Moné
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Aurore Dubuffet
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
| | - Cécile Lepère
- CNRS, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France
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45
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Sweeny AR, Corripio-Miyar Y, Bal X, Hayward AD, Pilkington JG, McNeilly TN, Nussey DH, Kenyon F. Longitudinal dynamics of co-infecting gastrointestinal parasites in a wild sheep population. Parasitology 2022; 149:1-12. [PMID: 35264257 PMCID: PMC10090596 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Within-year variation in infection is a ubiquitous feature of natural populations, but is determined by a complex interplay of environmental, parasitological and host factors. At the same time, co-infection is the norm in the wild. Longitudinal dynamics of co-infecting parasites may therefore be further complicated by covariation across multiple parasites. Here, we used fecal parasite egg and oocyst counts collected repeatedly from individually marked wild Soay sheep to investigate seasonal dynamics of six gastrointestinal parasite groups. Prevalence and abundance tended to be higher in spring and summer, and abundance was higher in lambs compared to adults. We found that within-year variation in highly prevalent strongyle nematode counts was dependent on adult reproductive status, where reproductive ewes had distinct dynamics compared to males and barren ewes. For similarly prevalent coccidia we found an overall peak in oocyst counts in spring but no differences among males, barren and pregnant ewes. Using multivariate mixed-effects models, we further show that apparent positive correlation between strongyle and coccidia counts was driven by short-term within-individual changes in both counts rather than long-term among-individual covariation. Overall, these results demonstrate that seasonality varies across demographic and parasite groups and highlight the value of investigating co-infection dynamics over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Sweeny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Xavier Bal
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jill G. Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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46
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Wu Q, Miles DB, Richard M, Rutschmann A, Clobert J. Intraspecific diversity alters the relationship between climate change and parasitism in a polymorphic ectotherm. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1301-1314. [PMID: 34856039 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate-modulated parasitism is driven by a range of factors, yet the spatial and temporal variability of this relationship has received scant attention in wild vertebrate hosts. Moreover, most prior studies overlooked the intraspecific differences across host morphotypes, which impedes a full understanding of the climate-parasitism relationship. In the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), females exhibit three colour morphs: yellow (Y-females), orange (O-females) and mixed (mixture of yellow and orange, M-females). Zootoca vivipara is also infested with an ectoparasite (Ophionyssus mites). We therefore used this model system to examine the intraspecific response of hosts to parasitism under climate change. We found infestation probability to differ across colour morphs at both spatial (10 sites) and temporal (20 years) scales: M-females had lower parasite infestations than Y- and O-females at lower temperatures, but became more susceptible to parasites as temperature increased. The advantage of M-females at low temperatures was counterbalanced by their higher mortality rates thereafter, which suggests a morph-dependent trade-off between resistance to parasites and host survival. Furthermore, significant interactions between colour morphs and temperature indicate that the relationship between parasite infestations and climate warming was contingent on host morphotypes. Parasite infestations increased with temperature for most morphs, but displayed morph-specific rates. Finally, infested M-females had higher reductions in survival rates than infested Y- or O-females, which implies a potential loss of intraspecific diversity within populations as parasitism and temperatures rise. Overall, we found parasitism increases with warming temperatures, but this relationship is modulated by host morphotypes and an interaction with temperature. We suggest that epidemiological models incorporate intraspecific diversity within species for better understanding the dynamics of wildlife diseases under climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Toulouse, France
| | - Donald B Miles
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, USA
| | - Murielle Richard
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jean Clobert
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale, CNRS, Moulis, France
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47
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Babayani ND, Rose Vineer H, Walker JG, Davidson RK. Editorial: Climate and Parasite Transmission at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:816303. [PMID: 35071398 PMCID: PMC8769217 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.816303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Rose Vineer
- Department of Infection Biology and Microbiomes, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine G Walker
- Department of Animal Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca K Davidson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Tromsø, Norway
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48
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Badri M, Olfatifar M, Wandra T, Budke CM, Mahmoudi R, Abdoli A, Hajialilo E, Pestehchian N, Ghaffarifar F, Foroutan M, Hashemipour S, Sotoodeh S, Samimi R, Eslahi AV. The prevalence of human trichuriasis in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:1-10. [PMID: 34993634 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trichuriasis is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections, affecting populations globally. The condition is particularly prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas with low levels of sanitation and poor living conditions. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of Trichuris trichiura infection in Asia at the country and region level. Multiple databases/academic search engines (Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for literature on T. trichiura prevalence in Asia published through January 2021. Pooled prevalence was determined using the meta-package in R (version 3.6.1). Out of 13,836 articles, 226 studies (5,439,500 individuals) from 26 countries met the inclusion criteria. Of the 226 studies, 151 were community-based studies that included individuals across the age spectrum, while 75 studies focused on school children (typically in the 5-16 years age range). The overall T. trichiura pooled prevalence was 15.3% (95% CI: 12.4-19.1%), with a pooled prevalence of 13.3% (95% CI: 10.0-17.1%) for the community studies and 20.9% (95% CI: 14.7-27.9%) for the studies only including school children. For studies including all age groups, individuals in the 1-15 years age group had the highest pooled prevalence at 23.4% (95% CI: 1.7-49.4%). There was a significant difference found in overall pooled prevalence by sex (p < 0.001) and community type (rural versus urban) (p < 0.001). Although prevalence appears to be decreasing, study findings suggest that T. trichiura infection continues to be a public health problem in Asia. Therefore, control programs focused on at-risk individuals in endemic areas are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Badri
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
| | - Meysam Olfatifar
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Toni Wandra
- Directorate of Postgraduate, Sari Mutiara Indonesia University, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Christine M Budke
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Razzagh Mahmoudi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Elham Hajialilo
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Nader Pestehchian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghaffarifar
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Foroutan
- Research Center for Environmental Contaminants (RCEC), Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Sima Hashemipour
- Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Simin Sotoodeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Kosar Hospital, Qazvin University Of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Rasoul Samimi
- Children Growth Research Center Research Institute for Non-Communicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran.
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49
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Atalah J, Davidson IC, Thoene M, Georgiades E, Hutson KS. Evaluating Importation of Aquatic Ornamental Species for Biosecurity Purposes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.804160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aquatic ornamental species (AOS) trade is a significant pathway for the introduction and establishment of non-indigenous species into aquatic environments. The likelihood of such occurrences is expected to increase worldwide as industry growth continues and warmer conditions emerge under future climate scenarios. This study used recent (2015 – 2019) New Zealand importation data to determine the composition, diversity, abundance, and arrival frequency of AOS. Our analysis revealed that ca. 300,000 aquatic ornamental individuals are imported annually to New Zealand, with freshwater fish comprising 98% of import quantities. Despite the relatively small market size, the estimated AOS diversity of 865 taxa (89 and 9.5% identified to species and genus level, respectively) is comparable to larger markets with ∼60% of taxa being of marine origin. Species (n = 20) for further investigation were prioritized based on quantity and frequency of import. These prioritized AOS were exclusively tropical and subtropical freshwater fish and align with the most frequently imported AOS globally, including the top three: neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi), guppy (Poecilia reticulata), and tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona). Species distribution modeling of the 20 prioritized AOS predicted that 13 species are suitable for New Zealand’s current climate conditions, most notably sucker-belly loach (Pseudogastromyzon myersi), white cloud mountain minnow (Tanichthys albonubes), and golden otocinclus (Macrotocinclus affinis). Potential changes in habitat suitability were predicted under future climate scenarios, with largest increases (29%) for Po. reticulata. The described approach provides an adaptable framework to assess establishment likelihood of imported AOS to inform regulatory decision making.
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Mironova E, Gopko M, Pasternak A, Mikheev V, Taskinen J. Allee effect in a manipulative parasite within poikilothermic host under temperature change. Parasitology 2022; 149:35-43. [PMID: 35184786 PMCID: PMC11010467 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Temperature and intraspecific competition are important factors influencing the growth of all organisms, including parasites. The temperature increase is suggested to stimulate the development of parasites within poikilothermic hosts. However, at high parasite densities, this effect could be diminished, due to stronger intraspecific competition. Our study, for the first time, addressed the joint effects of warming and parasite abundances on parasite growth in poikilothermic hosts. The growth of the common fish parasite larvae (trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum) within the rainbow trout at different infection intensities and temperatures (15°C and 18°C) was experimentally investigated. The results showed that temperature was positively correlated with both parasite infection success and growth rates. The growth rates increased much more compared to those in many free-living poikilothermic animals. Atypically for a majority of parasites, D. pseudospathaceum larvae grow faster when abundant (Allee effect). The possible causes for this phenomenon (manipulation cost sharing, etc.) are discussed in this study. Importantly, limited evidence of the interaction between temperature and population density was found. It is likely that temperature did not change the magnitude of the Allee effect but affected its timing. The impact of these effects is supposed to become more pronounced in freshwater ecosystems under current climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Mironova
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij prosp., 33, 119071Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Gopko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij prosp., 33, 119071Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Pasternak
- Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nahimovskiy prosp., 36, 117997Moscow, Russia
| | - Viktor Mikheev
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskij prosp., 33, 119071Moscow, Russia
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FIN-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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