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Xu P, Liang S, Hahn A, Zhao V, Lo WT‘J, Haller BC, Sobkowiak B, Chitwood MH, Colijn C, Cohen T, Rhee KY, Messer PW, Wells MT, Clark AG, Kim J. e3SIM: epidemiological-ecological-evolutionary simulation framework for genomic epidemiology. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.29.601123. [PMID: 39005464 PMCID: PMC11244936 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.29.601123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Infectious disease dynamics are driven by the complex interplay of epidemiological, ecological, and evolutionary processes. Accurately modeling these interactions is crucial for understanding pathogen spread and informing public health strategies. However, existing simulators often fail to capture the dynamic interplay between these processes, resulting in oversimplified models that do not fully reflect real-world complexities in which the pathogen's genetic evolution dynamically influences disease transmission. We introduce the epidemiological-ecological-evolutionary simulator (e3SIM), an open-source framework that concurrently models the transmission dynamics and molecular evolution of pathogens within a host population while integrating environmental factors. Using an agent-based, discrete-generation, forward-in-time approach, e3SIM incorporates compartmental models, host-population contact networks, and quantitative-trait models for pathogens. This integration allows for realistic simulations of disease spread and pathogen evolution. Key features include a modular and scalable design, flexibility in modeling various epidemiological and population-genetic complexities, incorporation of time-varying environmental factors, and a user-friendly graphical interface. We demonstrate e3SIM's capabilities through simulations of realistic outbreak scenarios with SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, illustrating its flexibility for studying the genomic epidemiology of diverse pathogen types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Xu
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shenni Liang
- Department of Computational Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Hahn
- Department of Computational Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Zhao
- Department of Computational Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wai Tung ‘Jack’ Lo
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin C. Haller
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin Sobkowiak
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Melanie H. Chitwood
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Caroline Colijn
- Department of Mathematics, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Ted Cohen
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kyu Y. Rhee
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philipp W. Messer
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Martin T. Wells
- Department of Statistics and Data Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew G. Clark
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Department of Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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2
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Morris R, Wang S. Building a pathway to One Health surveillance and response in Asian countries. SCIENCE IN ONE HEALTH 2024; 3:100067. [PMID: 39077383 PMCID: PMC11262298 DOI: 10.1016/j.soh.2024.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
To detect and respond to emerging diseases more effectively, an integrated surveillance strategy needs to be applied to both human and animal health. Current programs in Asian countries operate separately for the two sectors and are principally concerned with detection of events that represent a short-term disease threat. It is not realistic to either invest only in efforts to detect emerging diseases, or to rely solely on event-based surveillance. A comprehensive strategy is needed, concurrently investigating and managing endemic zoonoses, studying evolving diseases which change their character and importance due to influences such as demographic and climatic change, and enhancing understanding of factors which are likely to influence the emergence of new pathogens. This requires utilisation of additional investigation tools that have become available in recent years but are not yet being used to full effect. As yet there is no fully formed blueprint that can be applied in Asian countries. Hence a three-step pathway is proposed to move towards the goal of comprehensive One Health disease surveillance and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Morris
- Massey University EpiCentre and EpiSoft International Ltd, 76/100 Titoki Street, Masterton 5810, New Zealand
| | - Shiyong Wang
- Health, Nutrition and Population, World Bank Group, Washington, DC, USA
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3
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Lawrence TJ, Takenaka BP, Garg A, Tao D, Deem SL, Fèvre EM, Gluecks I, Sagan V, Shacham E. A global examination of ecological niche modeling to predict emerging infectious diseases: a systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1244084. [PMID: 38026359 PMCID: PMC10652780 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1244084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction As emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) increase, examining the underlying social and environmental conditions that drive EIDs is urgently needed. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is increasingly employed to predict disease emergence based on the spatial distribution of biotic conditions and interactions, abiotic conditions, and the mobility or dispersal of vector-host species, as well as social factors that modify the host species' spatial distribution. Still, ENM applied to EIDs is relatively new with varying algorithms and data types. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42021251968) with the research question: What is the state of the science and practice of estimating ecological niches via ENM to predict the emergence and spread of vector-borne and/or zoonotic diseases? Methods We searched five research databases and eight widely recognized One Health journals between 1995 and 2020. We screened 383 articles at the abstract level (included if study involved vector-borne or zoonotic disease and applied ENM) and 237 articles at the full-text level (included if study described ENM features and modeling processes). Our objectives were to: (1) describe the growth and distribution of studies across the types of infectious diseases, scientific fields, and geographic regions; (2) evaluate the likely effectiveness of the studies to represent ecological niches based on the biotic, abiotic, and mobility framework; (3) explain some potential pitfalls of ENM algorithms and techniques; and (4) provide specific recommendation for future studies on the analysis of ecological niches to predict EIDs. Results We show that 99% of studies included mobility factors, 90% modeled abiotic factors with more than half in tropical climate zones, 54% modeled biotic conditions and interactions. Of the 121 studies, 7% include only biotic and mobility factors, 45% include only abiotic and mobility factors, and 45% fully integrated the biotic, abiotic, and mobility data. Only 13% of studies included modifying social factors such as land use. A majority of studies (77%) used well-recognized ENM algorithms (MaxEnt and GARP) and model selection procedures. Most studies (90%) reported model validation procedures, but only 7% reported uncertainty analysis. Discussion Our findings bolster ENM to predict EIDs that can help inform the prevention of outbreaks and future epidemics. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier (CRD42021251968).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryce P. Takenaka
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Aastha Garg
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Donghua Tao
- Medical Center Library, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sharon L. Deem
- Institute for Conservation Medicine, Saint Louis Zoo, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ilona Gluecks
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vasit Sagan
- Taylor Geospatial Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Enbal Shacham
- Taylor Geospatial Institute, St. Louis, MO, United States
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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4
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Arthur RF, Levin M, Labrogere A, Feldman MW. Age-differentiated incentives for adaptive behavior during epidemics produce oscillatory and chaotic dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011217. [PMID: 37669282 PMCID: PMC10503720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneity in contact patterns, mortality rates, and transmissibility among and between different age classes can have significant effects on epidemic outcomes. Adaptive behavior in response to the spread of an infectious pathogen may give rise to complex epidemiological dynamics. Here we model an infectious disease in which adaptive behavior incentives, and mortality rates, can vary between two and three age classes. The model indicates that age-dependent variability in infection aversion can produce more complex epidemic dynamics at lower levels of pathogen transmissibility and that those at less risk of infection can still drive complexity in the dynamics of those at higher risk of infection. Policymakers should consider the interdependence of such heterogeneous groups when making decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F Arthur
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - May Levin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Alexandre Labrogere
- Department of Management Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Marcus W Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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5
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Arthur RF, Horng LM, Tandanpolie AF, Gilstad JR, Tantum LK, Luby SP. The lasting influence of Ebola: a qualitative study of community-level behaviors, trust, and perceptions three years after the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic in Liberia. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:682. [PMID: 37046227 PMCID: PMC10090752 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of disease transmission during the 2014-16 West Africa Ebola epidemic was driven by community-based behaviors that proved difficult to change in a social paradigm of misinformation, denial, and deep-seated distrust of government representatives and institutions. In Liberia, perceptions and beliefs about Ebola during and since the epidemic can provide insights useful to public health strategies aimed at improving community preparedness. In this 2018 study, we conducted nine focus groups with Liberians from three communities who experienced Ebola differently, to evaluate behaviors, attitudes, and trust during and after the epidemic. Focus group participants reported that some behaviors adopted during Ebola have persisted (e.g. handwashing and caretaking practices), while others have reverted (e.g. physical proximity and funeral customs); and reported ongoing distrust of the government and denial of the Ebola epidemic. These findings suggest that a lack of trust in the biomedical paradigm and government health institutions persists in Liberia. Future public health information campaigns may benefit from community engagement addressed at understanding beliefs and sources of trust and mistrust in the community to effect behavior change and improve community-level epidemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F Arthur
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Lily M Horng
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - John R Gilstad
- School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucy K Tantum
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen P Luby
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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6
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Wilson-Aggarwal JK, Gotts N, Arnold K, Spyer MJ, Houlihan CF, Nastouli E, Manley E. Assessing spatiotemporal variability in SARS-CoV-2 infection risk for hospital workers using routinely-collected data. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284512. [PMID: 37083855 PMCID: PMC10121006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasised the need to rapidly assess infection risks for healthcare workers within the hospital environment. Using data from the first year of the pandemic, we investigated whether an individual's COVID-19 test result was associated with behavioural markers derived from routinely collected hospital data two weeks prior to a test. The temporal and spatial context of behaviours were important, with the highest risks of infection during the first wave, for staff in contact with a greater number of patients and those with greater levels of activity on floors handling the majority of COVID-19 patients. Infection risks were higher for BAME staff and individuals working more shifts. Night shifts presented higher risks of infection between waves of COVID-19 patients. Our results demonstrate the epidemiological relevance of deriving markers of staff behaviour from electronic records, which extend beyond COVID-19 with applications for other communicable diseases and in supporting pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nick Gotts
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kellyn Arnold
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Moira J Spyer
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine F Houlihan
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Clinical Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ed Manley
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Woodhouse, Leeds, United Kingdom
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7
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Investigating healthcare worker mobility and patient contacts within a UK hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:165. [PMID: 36564506 PMCID: PMC9782286 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insights into behaviours relevant to the transmission of infections are extremely valuable for epidemiological investigations. Healthcare worker (HCW) mobility and patient contacts within the hospital can contribute to nosocomial outbreaks, yet data on these behaviours are often limited. METHODS Using electronic medical records and door access logs from a London teaching hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic, we derive indicators for HCW mobility and patient contacts at an aggregate level. We assess the spatial-temporal variations in HCW behaviour and, to demonstrate the utility of these behavioural markers, investigate changes in the indirect connectivity of patients (resulting from shared contacts with HCWs) and spatial connectivity of floors (owing to the movements of HCWs). RESULTS Fluctuations in HCW mobility and patient contacts were identified during the pandemic, with the most prominent changes in behaviour on floors handling the majority of COVID-19 patients. The connectivity between floors was disrupted by the pandemic and, while this stabilised after the first wave, the interconnectivity of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 wards always featured. Daily rates of indirect contact between patients provided evidence for reactive staff cohorting in response to the number of COVID-19 patients in the hospital. CONCLUSIONS Routinely collected electronic records in the healthcare environment provide a means to rapidly assess and investigate behaviour change in the HCW population, and can support evidence based infection prevention and control activities. Integrating frameworks like ours into routine practice will empower decision makers and improve pandemic preparedness by providing tools to help curtail nosocomial outbreaks of communicable diseases.
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8
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Farahat RA, Abdelaal A, Umar TP, El-Sakka AA, Benmelouka AY, Albakri K, Ali I, Al-Ahdal T, Abdelazeem B, Sah R, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants: current situation and future trends. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2022; 30:480-494. [PMID: 36482957 PMCID: PMC9714996 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has been the most recent variant of concern (VOC) established by the World Health Organization (WHO). Because of its greater infectivity and immune evasion, this variant quickly became the dominant type of circulating SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Our literature review thoroughly explains the current state of Omicron emergence, particularly by comparing different omicron subvariants, including BA.2, BA.1, and BA.3. Such elaboration would be based on structural variations, mutations, clinical manifestation, transmissibility, pathogenicity, and vaccination effectiveness. The most notable difference between the three subvariants is the insufficiency of deletion (Δ69-70) in the spike protein, which results in a lower detection rate of the spike (S) gene target known as (S) gene target failure (SGTF). Furthermore, BA.2 had a stronger affinity to the human Angiotensin-converting Enzyme (hACE2) receptor than other Omicron sub-lineages. Regarding the number of mutations, BA.1.1 has the most (40), followed by BA.1, BA.3, and BA.3 with 39, 34, and 31 mutations, respectively. In addition, BA.2 and BA.3 have greater transmissibility than other sub-lineages (BA.1 and BA.1.1). These characteristics are primarily responsible for Omicron's vast geographical spread and high contagiousness rates, particularly BA.2 sub-lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdelaziz Abdelaal
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA,Boston University, MA,
USA,General Practitioner, Tanta University Hospitals,
Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Khaled Albakri
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa,
Jordan
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Paraplegic Center, Peshawar,
Pakistan
| | - Tareq Al-Ahdal
- Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg,
Germany
| | - Basel Abdelazeem
- Department of Internal Medicine, McLaren Health Care, Flint, Michigan,
USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan,
USA
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu,
Nepal,Dr. D.Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra,
India
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de Las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda,
Colombia,Faculty of Medicine, Institución Universitaria Vision de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda,
Colombia,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut P.O. Box 36,
Lebanon,Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima,
Perú
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9
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Gibson AK, Amoroso CR. Evolution and Ecology of Parasite Avoidance. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2022; 53:47-67. [PMID: 36479162 PMCID: PMC9724790 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102220-020636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parasite avoidance is a host defense that reduces the contact rate with parasites. We investigate avoidance as a primary driver of variation among individuals in the risk of parasitism and the evolution of host-parasite interactions. To bridge mechanistic and taxonomic divides, we define and categorize avoidance by its function and position in the sequence of host defenses. We also examine the role of avoidance in limiting epidemics and evaluate evidence for the processes that drive its evolution. Throughout, we highlight important directions to advance our conceptual and theoretical understanding of the role of avoidance in host-parasite interactions. We emphasize the need to test assumptions and quantify the effect of avoidance independent of other defenses. Importantly, many open questions may be most tractable in host systems that have not been the focus of traditional behavioral avoidance research, such as plants and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Gibson
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Caroline R Amoroso
- Department of Biology; University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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10
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De Angelis M, Durastanti C, Giovannoni M, Moretti L. Spatio-temporal distribution pattern of COVID-19 in the Northern Italy during the first-wave scenario: The role of the highway network. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH INTERDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2022; 15:100646. [PMID: 35782786 PMCID: PMC9234024 DOI: 10.1016/j.trip.2022.100646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed several challenges to the scientific community. The goal of this paper is to investigate the spread of COVID-19 in Northern Italy during the so-called first wave scenario and to provide a qualitative comparison with the local highway net. METHODS Fixed a grid of days from February 27, 2020, the cumulative numbers of infections in each considered province have been compared to sequences of thresholds. As a consequence, a time-evolving classification of the state of danger in terms of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, in view of the smallest threshold overtaken by this comparison, has been obtained for each considered province. The provinces with a significant amount of cases have then been collected into matrices containing only the ones featuring a significant amount of cases. RESULTS The time evolution of the classification has then been qualitatively compared to the highway network, to identify similarities and thus linking the rapid spreading of COVID-19 and the highway connections. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results demonstrate how the proposed model properly fits with the spread of COVID-19 along with the Italian highway transport network and could be implemented to analyze qualitatively other disease transmissions in different contexts and time periods.
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Key Words
- A27, Italian highway from Venezia to Pian di Vedoia
- A4, Italian highway from Torino to Trieste
- A6, Italian highway from Torino to Savona
- A7, Italian highway from Milano to Genova
- BG, Province of Bergamo
- BR, Province of Brescia
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- CR, Province of Cremona
- Disease outbreak scenarios
- E35, European route from Amsterdam to Rome
- E45, European route from Alta to Gela
- E55, European route from Helsingborg to Kalamáta
- E70, European route from Coruña to Poti
- GO, Province of Gorizia
- Highway
- LO, Province of Lodi
- MI, Province of Milano
- PC, Province of Piacenza
- PD, Province of Padova
- PR, Province of Parma
- PV, Province of Pavia
- RO, Province of Rovigo
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SS9, Via Emilia
- Spatial epidemiology
- TO, Province of Torino
- TR, Province of Treviso
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco De Angelis
- Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Durastanti
- Department of Basic and Applied Sciences for Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Antonio Scarpa 16, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Giovannoni
- Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Moretti
- Department of Civil, Constructional and Environmental Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Rome, Italy
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11
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Bloomfield LSP, Tracey C, Mbabazi E, Schultz RL, Henderson R, Bardosh K, Randolph S, Paige S. Research Participation Influences Willingness to Reduce Zoonotic Exposure in Uganda. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:299-314. [PMID: 35674864 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The majority of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in people are zoonotic. Despite substantial research in communities adjacent to protected areas with high levels of biodiversity, limited data exist on people's knowledge, attitudes, and practices to avoid exposure to infections from domestic and wild animals. We used a modified grounded-theory framework in QS NVivo to develop a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) survey administered at two time points, KAPT1 (April-July 2016) and KAPT2 (February-May 2018) to participants living at the edge of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We measured the difference in willingness to engage in protective behaviors around zoonotic exposure between an Intervention group (n = 61) and a Comparison group (n = 125). Prior to KAPT1, the Intervention group engaged in a human-centered design (HCD) activity identifying behaviors that reduce zoonotic exposure (March-May 2016). Using a difference-in-difference approach, we compared the Intervention and Comparison groups to assess sustained willingness and use of protective behaviors against domestic and wild animal exposures. At KAPT1, Comparison group participants had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) level of willingness to engage in behaviors that increase exposure to zoonoses from domestic animals; Intervention group participants had a significantly higher (p < 0.01) level of willingness to engage in behaviors that increase exposure to zoonoses from wild animals. At KAPT2, the treatment effect was significant (p < 0.01) for sustained willingness to engage in protective behaviors for domestic animal exposure in the Intervention group. There were no significant differences in practices to avoid domestic and wild animal zoonotic exposure between the Intervention and Comparison groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S P Bloomfield
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Christopher Tracey
- Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Edith Mbabazi
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
| | - Rhiannon L Schultz
- Department of Anthropology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Rebecca Henderson
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32607, USA
| | - Kevin Bardosh
- Center for One Health Research, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Shannon Randolph
- School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Sarah Paige
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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12
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McAndrew T, Cambeiro J, Besiroglu T. Aggregating human judgment probabilistic predictions of the safety, efficacy, and timing of a COVID-19 vaccine. Vaccine 2022; 40:2331-2341. [PMID: 35292162 PMCID: PMC8882426 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Safe, efficacious vaccines were developed to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic. But in the middle of 2020, vaccine effectiveness, safety, and the timeline for when a vaccine would be approved and distributed to the public was uncertain. To support public health decision making, we solicited trained forecasters and experts in vaccinology and infectious disease to provide monthly probabilistic predictions from July to September of 2020 of the efficacy, safety, timing, and delivery of a COVID-19 vaccine. We found, that despite sparse historical data, a linear pool—a combination of human judgment probabilistic predictions—can quantify the uncertainty in clinical significance and timing of a potential vaccine. The linear pool underestimated how fast a therapy would show a survival benefit and the high efficacy of approved COVID-19 vaccines. However, the linear pool did make an accurate prediction for when a vaccine would be approved by the FDA. Compared to individual forecasters, the linear pool was consistently above the median of the most accurate forecasts. A linear pool is a fast and versatile method to build probabilistic predictions of a developing vaccine that is robust to poor individual predictions. Though experts and trained forecasters did underestimate the speed of development and the high efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, linear pool predictions can improve situational awareness for public health officials and for the public make clearer the risks, rewards, and timing of a vaccine.
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13
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Arthur RF, Horng LM, Bolay FK, Tandanpolie A, Gilstad JR, Tantum LK, Luby SP. Community trust of government and non-governmental organizations during the 2014-16 Ebola epidemic in Liberia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010083. [PMID: 35085236 PMCID: PMC8824372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The West African Ebola Virus Disease epidemic of 2014-16 cost more than 11,000 lives. Interventions targeting key behaviors to curb transmission, such as safe funeral practices and reporting and isolating the ill, were initially unsuccessful in a climate of fear, mistrust, and denial. Building trust was eventually recognized as essential to epidemic response and prioritized, and trust was seen to improve toward the end of the epidemic as incidence fell. However, little is understood about how and why trust changed during Ebola, what factors were most influential to community trust, and how different institutions might have been perceived under different levels of exposure to the outbreak. In this large-N household survey conducted in Liberia in 2018, we measured self-reported trust over time retrospectively in three different communities with different exposures to Ebola. We found trust was consistently higher for non-governmental organizations than for the government of Liberia across all time periods. Trust reportedly decreased significantly from the start to the peak of the epidemic in the study site of highest Ebola incidence. This finding, in combination with a negative association found between knowing someone infected and trust of both iNGOs and the government, indicates the experience of Ebola may have itself caused a decline of trust in the community. These results suggest that national governments should aim to establish trust when engaging communities to change behavior during epidemics. Further research on the relationship between trust and epidemics may serve to improve epidemic response efficacy and behavior uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F. Arthur
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lily M. Horng
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | | | - John R. Gilstad
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lucy K. Tantum
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Luby
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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14
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Jnawali K, Tyshenko MG, Oraby T. Mitigating the externality of diseases of poverty through health aid. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211450. [PMID: 34659788 PMCID: PMC8511770 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Externality exists in healthcare when an individual benefits from others being healthy as it reduces the probability of getting sick from illness. Healthy workers are considered to be the more productive labourers leading to a country's positive economic growth over time. Several research studies have modelled disease transmission and its economic impact on a single country in isolation. We developed a two-country disease-economy model that explores disease transmission and cross-border infection of disease for its impacts. The model includes aspects of a worsening and rapid transmission of disease juxtaposed by positive impacts to the economy from tourism. We found that high friction affects the gross domestic product (GDP) of the lower-income country more than the higher-income country. Health aid from one country to another can substantially help grow the GDP of both countries due to the positive externality of disease reduction. Disease has less impact to both economies if the relative cost of treatment over an alternative (e.g. vaccination) is lower than the baseline value. Providing medical supplies to another country, adopting moderate friction between the countries, and finding treatments with lower costs result in the best scenario to preserve the GDP of both countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Jnawali
- Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego 13126-3599, NY, USA
| | | | - Tamer Oraby
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Texas—Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
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15
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Srivastava P, Dhyani S, Emmanuel MA, Khan AS. COVID-19 and environment: a poignant reminder of sustainability in the new normal. ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SINGAPORE) 2021; 4:649-670. [PMID: 38624923 PMCID: PMC8475439 DOI: 10.1007/s42398-021-00207-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The nexus of COVID-19 and environment is conspicuously deep-rooted. The roles of environmental factors in the origin, transmission and spread of COVID-19 and the mutual impact of the pandemic on the global environment have been the two perspectives to view this nexus. The present paper attempts to systematically review the existing literature to understand and explore the linkages of COVID-19 with environment and proposes conceptual frameworks to underline this nexus. Our study indicates a critical role of meteorological factors, ambient air pollutants and wastewater in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2) transmission-spread dynamics. The study also focuses on the direct and indirect impacts of COVID-19 on the regional and global environment. Most of the indirect environmental effects of COVID-19 were attributed to global human confinement that resulted from the implementation of the pandemic containment measures. This worldwide anthropogenic 'pause' sent ripples to all environmental compartments and presented a unique test bed to identify anthropogenic impacts on the earth's natural systems. The review further addresses emerging sustainability challenges in the new normal and their potential solutions. The situation warrants critical attention to the environment-COVID-19 nexus and innovative sustainable practices to address the ramifications of short- and long-term environmental impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Srivastava
- Department of Botany, C.M.P College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh 211002 India
| | - Shalini Dhyani
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020 Maharashtra India
| | | | - Ambrina Sardar Khan
- Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201303 India
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16
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Selinger C, Alizon S. Reconstructing contact network structure and cross-immunity patterns from multiple infection histories. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009375. [PMID: 34525092 PMCID: PMC8475980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions within a population shape the spread of infectious diseases but contact patterns between individuals are difficult to access. We hypothesised that key properties of these patterns can be inferred from multiple infection data in longitudinal follow-ups. We developed a simulator for epidemics with multiple infections on networks and analysed the resulting individual infection time series by introducing similarity metrics between hosts based on their multiple infection histories. We find that, depending on infection multiplicity and network sampling, multiple infection summary statistics can recover network properties such as degree distribution. Furthermore, we show that by mining simulation outputs for multiple infection patterns, one can detect immunological interference between pathogens (i.e. the fact that past infections in a host condition future probability of infection). The combination of individual-based simulations and analysis of multiple infection histories opens promising perspectives to infer and validate transmission networks and immunological interference for infectious diseases from longitudinal cohort data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel Alizon
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
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17
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Conceição GMDS, Barbosa GL, Lorenz C, Bocewicz ACD, Santana LMR, Marques CCDA, Chiaravalloti-Neto F. Effect of social isolation in dengue cases in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: An analysis during the COVID-19 pandemic. Travel Med Infect Dis 2021; 44:102149. [PMID: 34455075 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that human mobility is an important factor in dengue epidemiology. Changes in mobility resulting from COVID-19 pandemic set up a real-life situation to test this hypothesis. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of reduced mobility due to this pandemic in the occurrence of dengue in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD It is an ecological study of time series, developed between January and August 2020. We use the number of confirmed dengue cases and residential mobility, on a daily basis, from secondary information sources. Mobility was represented by the daily percentage variation of residential population isolation, obtained from the Google database. We modeled the relationship between dengue occurrence and social distancing by negative binomial regression, adjusted for seasonality. We represent the social distancing dichotomously (isolation versus no isolation) and consider lag for isolation from the dates of occurrence of dengue. RESULTS The risk of dengue decreased around 9.1% (95% CI: 14.2 to 3.7) in the presence of isolation, considering a delay of 20 days between the degree of isolation and the dengue first symptoms. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that mobility can play an important role in the epidemiology of dengue and should be considered in surveillance and control activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerson Laurindo Barbosa
- Endemics Control Superintendence (SUCEN), Sao Paulo State Department of Health, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Lorenz
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Lidia Maria Reis Santana
- Epidemiological Surveillance Center "Professor Alexandre Vranjac" - Sao Paulo State Department of Health (CVE/SES-SP), Sao Paulo, Brazil; Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Nande A, Sheen J, Walters EL, Klein B, Chinazzi M, Gheorghe AH, Adlam B, Shinnick J, Tejeda MF, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A, Greenlee AJ, Schneider D, Levy MZ, Hill AL. The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2274. [PMID: 33859196 PMCID: PMC8050248 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22521-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an eviction crisis in US cities. Here we model the effect of evictions on SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, simulating viral transmission within and among households in a theoretical metropolitan area. We recreate a range of urban epidemic trajectories and project the course of the epidemic under two counterfactual scenarios, one in which a strict moratorium on evictions is in place and enforced, and another in which evictions are allowed to resume at baseline or increased rates. We find, across scenarios, that evictions lead to significant increases in infections. Applying our model to Philadelphia using locally-specific parameters shows that the increase is especially profound in models that consider realistically heterogenous cities in which both evictions and contacts occur more frequently in poorer neighborhoods. Our results provide a basis to assess eviction moratoria and show that policies to stem evictions are a warranted and important component of COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Nande
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Emma L Walters
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrei H Gheorghe
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Adlam
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julianna Shinnick
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Florencia Tejeda
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew J Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Nature's Role in Supporting Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Geospatial and Socioecological Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18052227. [PMID: 33668228 PMCID: PMC7967714 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about unprecedented changes to human lifestyles across the world. The virus and associated social restriction measures have been linked to an increase in mental health conditions. A considerable body of evidence shows that spending time in and engaging with nature can improve human health and wellbeing. Our study explores nature's role in supporting health during the COVID-19 pandemic. We created web-based questionnaires with validated health instruments and conducted spatial analyses in a geographic information system (GIS). We collected data (n = 1184) on people's patterns of nature exposure, associated health and wellbeing responses, and potential socioecological drivers such as relative deprivation, access to greenspaces, and land-cover greenness. The majority of responses came from England, UK (n = 993). We applied a range of statistical analyses including bootstrap-resampled correlations and binomial regression models, adjusting for several potential confounding factors. We found that respondents significantly changed their patterns of visiting nature as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. People spent more time in nature and visited nature more often during the pandemic. People generally visited nature for a health and wellbeing benefit and felt that nature helped them cope during the pandemic. Greater land-cover greenness within a 250 m radius around a respondent's postcode was important in predicting higher levels of mental wellbeing. There were significantly more food-growing allotments within 100 and 250 m around respondents with high mental wellbeing scores. The need for a mutually-advantageous relationship between humans and the wider biotic community has never been more important. We must conserve, restore and design nature-centric environments to maintain resilient societies and promote planetary health.
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20
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Richardson ET, Malik MM, Darity WA, Mullen AK, Morse ME, Malik M, Maybank A, Bassett MT, Farmer PE, Worden L, Jones JH. Reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. and their potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Soc Sci Med 2021; 276:113741. [PMID: 33640157 PMCID: PMC7871902 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from a significantly disproportionate incidence of COVID-19. Going beyond mere epidemiological tallying, the potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. Methods We compared the COVID-19 time-varying Rt curves of relatively disparate polities in terms of social equity (South Korea vs. Louisiana). Next, we considered a range of reproductive ratios to back-calculate the transmission rates βi→j for 4 cells of the simplified next-generation matrix (from which R0 is calculated for structured models) for the outbreak in Louisiana. Lastly, we considered the potential structural effects monetary payments as reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. would have had on pre-intervention βi→j and consequently R0. Results Once their respective epidemics begin to propagate, Louisiana displays Rt values with an absolute difference of 1.3–2.5 compared to South Korea. It also takes Louisiana more than twice as long to bring Rt below 1. Reasoning through the consequences of increased equity via matrix transmission models, we demonstrate how the benefits of a successful reparations program (reflected in the ratio βb→b/βw→w) could reduce R0 by 31–68%. Discussion While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial-injustice interventions such as reparations, our study considers potential health benefits in the form of reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. A restitutive program targeted towards Black individuals would not only decrease COVID-19 risk for recipients of the wealth redistribution; the mitigating effects would also be distributed across racial groups, benefiting the population at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene T Richardson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Momin M Malik
- Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William A Darity
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michelle E Morse
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maya Malik
- McGill University, School of Social Work, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mary T Bassett
- François-Xavier Bagnoud (FXB) Center for Health and Human Rights, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul E Farmer
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee Worden
- Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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21
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Cornwall DH, Ruff JS, Zachary ER, Young CP, Maguire KM, Painter RJ, Trujillo SM, Potts WK. Horizontal transmission of a murine retrovirus is driven by males within semi‐natural enclosures. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas H. Cornwall
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
- Department of Pathology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - James S. Ruff
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | | | - Chloe P. Young
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | | | - Rachel J. Painter
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
| | | | - Wayne K. Potts
- School of Biological Sciences University of Utah Salt Lake City UT USA
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22
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Arthur RF, Jones JH, Bonds MH, Ram Y, Feldman MW. Adaptive social contact rates induce complex dynamics during epidemics. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008639. [PMID: 33566839 PMCID: PMC7875423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics may pose a significant dilemma for governments and individuals. The personal or public health consequences of inaction may be catastrophic; but the economic consequences of drastic response may likewise be catastrophic. In the face of these trade-offs, governments and individuals must therefore strike a balance between the economic and personal health costs of reducing social contacts and the public health costs of neglecting to do so. As risk of infection increases, potentially infectious contact between people is deliberately reduced either individually or by decree. This must be balanced against the social and economic costs of having fewer people in contact, and therefore active in the labor force or enrolled in school. Although the importance of adaptive social contact on epidemic outcomes has become increasingly recognized, the most important properties of coupled human-natural epidemic systems are still not well understood. We develop a theoretical model for adaptive, optimal control of the effective social contact rate using traditional epidemic modeling tools and a utility function with delayed information. This utility function trades off the population-wide contact rate with the expected cost and risk of increasing infections. Our analytical and computational analysis of this simple discrete-time deterministic strategic model reveals the existence of an endemic equilibrium, oscillatory dynamics around this equilibrium under some parametric conditions, and complex dynamic regimes that shift under small parameter perturbations. These results support the supposition that infectious disease dynamics under adaptive behavior change may have an indifference point, may produce oscillatory dynamics without other forcing, and constitute complex adaptive systems with associated dynamics. Implications for any epidemic in which adaptive behavior influences infectious disease dynamics include an expectation of fluctuations, for a considerable time, around a quasi-equilibrium that balances public health and economic priorities, that shows multiple peaks and surges in some scenarios, and that implies a high degree of uncertainty in mathematical projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan F. Arthur
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - James H. Jones
- Department of Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Bonds
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoav Ram
- School of Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neurosciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcus W. Feldman
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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23
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Pepin KM, Golnar A, Podgórski T. Social structure defines spatial transmission of African swine fever in wild boar. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20200761. [PMID: 33468025 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The spatial spread of infectious disease is determined by spatial and social processes such as animal space use and family group structure. Yet, the impacts of social processes on spatial spread remain poorly understood and estimates of spatial transmission kernels (STKs) often exclude social structure. Understanding the impacts of social structure on STKs is important for obtaining robust inferences for policy decisions and optimizing response plans. We fit spatially explicit transmission models with different assumptions about contact structure to African swine fever virus surveillance data from eastern Poland from 2014 to 2015 and evaluated how social structure affected inference of STKs and spatial spread. The model with social structure provided better inference of spatial spread, predicted that approximately 80% of transmission events occurred within family groups, and that transmission was weakly female-biased (other models predicted weakly male-biased transmission). In all models, most transmission events were within 1.5 km, with some rare events at longer distances. Effective reproductive numbers were between 1.1 and 2.5 (maximum values between 4 and 8). Social structure can modify spatial transmission dynamics. Accounting for this additional contact heterogeneity in spatial transmission models could provide more robust inferences of STKs for policy decisions, identify best control targets and improve transparency in model uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim M Pepin
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Andrew Golnar
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA, APHIS, Wildlife Services, 4101 Laporte Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230 Białowieża, Poland.,Department of Game Management and Wildlife Biology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic
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24
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Nande A, Sheen J, Walters EL, Klein B, Chinazzi M, Gheorghe A, Adlam B, Shinnick J, Tejeda MF, Scarpino SV, Vespignani A, Greenlee AJ, Schneider D, Levy MZ, Hill AL. The effect of eviction moratoria on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.10.27.20220897. [PMID: 33140067 PMCID: PMC7605580 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.27.20220897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Massive unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic could result in an eviction crisis in US cities. Here we model the effect of evictions on SARS-CoV-2 epidemics, simulating viral transmission within and among households in a theoretical metropolitan area. We recreate a range of urban epidemic trajectories and project the course of the epidemic under two counterfactual scenarios, one in which a strict moratorium on evictions is in place and enforced, and another in which evictions are allowed to resume at baseline or increased rates. We find, across scenarios, that evictions lead to significant increases in infections. Applying our model to Philadelphia using locally-specific parameters shows that the increase is especially profound in models that consider realistically heterogenous cities in which both evictions and contacts occur more frequently in poorer neighborhoods. Our results provide a basis to assess municipal eviction moratoria and show that policies to stem evictions are a warranted and important component of COVID-19 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjalika Nande
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Justin Sheen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emma L Walters
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Brennan Klein
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Matteo Chinazzi
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrei Gheorghe
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Ben Adlam
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
| | - Julianna Shinnick
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Maria Florencia Tejeda
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | - Alessandro Vespignani
- Network Science Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for the Modeling of Biological and Socio-technical Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Andrew J Greenlee
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Daniel Schneider
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820
| | - Michael Z Levy
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alison L Hill
- Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138
- Institute for Computational Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
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25
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Schaber KL, Perkins TA, Lloyd AL, Waller LA, Kitron U, Paz-Soldan VA, Elder JP, Rothman AL, Civitello DJ, Elson WH, Morrison AC, Scott TW, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Disease-driven reduction in human mobility influences human-mosquito contacts and dengue transmission dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008627. [PMID: 33465065 PMCID: PMC7845972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous exposure to mosquitoes determines an individual’s contribution to vector-borne pathogen transmission. Particularly for dengue virus (DENV), there is a major difficulty in quantifying human-vector contacts due to the unknown coupled effect of key heterogeneities. To test the hypothesis that the reduction of human out-of-home mobility due to dengue illness will significantly influence population-level dynamics and the structure of DENV transmission chains, we extended an existing modeling framework to include social structure, disease-driven mobility reductions, and heterogeneous transmissibility from different infectious groups. Compared to a baseline model, naïve to human pre-symptomatic infectiousness and disease-driven mobility changes, a model including both parameters predicted an increase of 37% in the probability of a DENV outbreak occurring; a model including mobility change alone predicted a 15.5% increase compared to the baseline model. At the individual level, models including mobility change led to a reduction of the importance of out-of-home onward transmission (R, the fraction of secondary cases predicted to be generated by an individual) by symptomatic individuals (up to -62%) at the expense of an increase in the relevance of their home (up to +40%). An individual’s positive contribution to R could be predicted by a GAM including a non-linear interaction between an individual’s biting suitability and the number of mosquitoes in their home (>10 mosquitoes and 0.6 individual attractiveness significantly increased R). We conclude that the complex fabric of social relationships and differential behavioral response to dengue illness cause the fraction of symptomatic DENV infections to concentrate transmission in specific locations, whereas asymptomatic carriers (including individuals in their pre-symptomatic period) move the virus throughout the landscape. Our findings point to the difficulty of focusing vector control interventions reactively on the home of symptomatic individuals, as this approach will fail to contain virus propagation by visitors to their house and asymptomatic carriers. Human mobility patterns can play an integral role in vector-borne disease dynamics by characterizing an individual’s potential contacts with disease-transmitting vectors. Dengue virus is transmitted by a sedentary vector, but human mobility allows individuals to have contact with mosquitoes at their home and other houses they frequent (their activity space). When accounting for the decreased mobility of symptomatic dengue cases in an agent-based simulation model, however, we found a severely diminished role of the activity space in onward transmission. Those who received the majority of their mosquito contacts outside their home experienced decreases in expected bites and onward transmission when mobility changes were accounted for. Onward transmission was driven by a synergistic relationship between the number of mosquitoes in an individual’s home and their biting suitability, where even those with the highest biting suitability would have limited contribution to transmission given a low number of household mosquitoes. Reactive vector control, which often targets symptomatic cases, could be effective for slowing onward transmission from these cases, but will fail to control virus transmission due to the disproportionate contribution of asymptomatic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Schaber
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alun L. Lloyd
- Biomathematics Graduate Program and Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - John P. Elder
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - David J. Civitello
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - William H. Elson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Moradian N, Moallemian M, Delavari F, Sedikides C, Camargo CA, Torres PJ, Sorooshian A, Mehdiabadi SP, Nieto JJ, Bordas S, Ahmadieh H, Abdollahi M, Hamblin MR, Sellke FW, Cuzick J, Biykem B, Schreiber M, Eshrati B, Perry G, Montazeri A, Saboury AA, Kelishadi R, Sahebkar A, Moosavi-Movahed AA, Vatandoost H, Gorji-Bandpy M, Mobasher B, Rezaei N. Interdisciplinary Approaches to COVID-19. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1318:923-936. [PMID: 33973220 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-63761-3_52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a significant concern worldwide. The pandemic has demonstrated that public health issues are not merely a health concern but also affect society as a whole. In this chapter, we address the importance of bringing together the world's scientists to find appropriate solutions for controlling and managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Interdisciplinary cooperation, through modern scientific methods, could help to handle the consequences of the pandemic and to avoid the recurrence of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Moradian
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Moallemian
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and food technology Research Institute, Shahihd Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnaz Delavari
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Centre for Research on Self Identity, Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro J Torres
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Saeid Paktinat Mehdiabadi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Physics Department, Elementary Particle, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.,Faculty of Physics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Juan J Nieto
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Stephane Bordas
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,University of Luxembourg, Institute of Computational Engineering Sciences, Luxembourg, Cardiff University, Department of Applied and Computational Mechanics, Wales, UK
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jack Cuzick
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, Mathematics and Statistics, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bozkurt Biykem
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Physics, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Babak Eshrati
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Centre for Communicable Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Georg Perry
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,University of Texas at San Antonio, Biology and Chemistry, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Population Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali A Moosavi-Movahed
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mofid Gorji-Bandpy
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babol Noshirvany University of Technology, Babol, Iran
| | - Bahram Mobasher
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), The World, Tehran, Iran. .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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27
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Kelly JD, Wannier SR, Sinai C, Moe CA, Hoff NA, Blumberg S, Selo B, Mossoko M, Chowell-Puente G, Jones JH, Okitolonda-Wemakoy E, Rutherford GW, Lietman TM, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Rimoin AW, Porco TC, Richardson ET. The Impact of Different Types of Violence on Ebola Virus Transmission During the 2018-2020 Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:2021-2029. [PMID: 32255180 PMCID: PMC7661768 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our understanding of the different effects of targeted versus nontargeted violence on Ebola virus (EBOV) transmission in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is limited. METHODS We used time-series data of case counts to compare individuals in Ebola-affected health zones in DRC, April 2018-August 2019. Exposure was number of violent events per health zone, categorized into Ebola-targeted or Ebola-untargeted, and into civilian-induced, (para)military/political, or protests. Outcome was estimated daily reproduction number (Rt) by health zone. We fit linear time-series regression to model the relationship. RESULTS Average Rt was 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.11). A mean of 2.92 violent events resulted in cumulative absolute increase in Rt of 0.10 (95% CI, .05-.15). More violent events increased EBOV transmission (P = .03). Considering violent events in the 95th percentile over a 21-day interval and its relative impact on Rt, Ebola-targeted events corresponded to Rt of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.30-1.74), while civilian-induced events corresponded to Rt of 1.43 (95% CI, 1.21-1.35). Untargeted events corresponded to Rt of 1.18 (95% CI, 1.02-1.35); among these, militia/political or ville morte events increased transmission. CONCLUSIONS Ebola-targeted violence, primarily driven by civilian-induced events, had the largest impact on EBOV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Daniel Kelly
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah Rae Wannier
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caitlin A Moe
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Firearm Injury Policy and Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Seth Blumberg
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bernice Selo
- Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Gerardo Chowell-Puente
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Holland Jones
- Department of Earth Systems Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - George W Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Institute of Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M Lietman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Anne W Rimoin
- School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Travis C Porco
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- F. I. Proctor Foundation, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Eugene T Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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28
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Ortega MÁ, Guzmán Merino A, Fraile-Martínez O, Recio-Ruiz J, Pekarek L, G. Guijarro L, García-Honduvilla N, Álvarez-Mon M, Buján J, García-Gallego S. Dendrimers and Dendritic Materials: From Laboratory to Medical Practice in Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090874. [PMID: 32937793 PMCID: PMC7560085 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are one of the main global public health risks, predominantly caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. The control of infections is founded on three main pillars: prevention, treatment, and diagnosis. However, the appearance of microbial resistance has challenged traditional strategies and demands new approaches. Dendrimers are a type of polymeric nanoparticles whose nanometric size, multivalency, biocompatibility, and structural perfection offer boundless possibilities in multiple biomedical applications. This review provides the reader a general overview about the uses of dendrimers and dendritic materials in the treatment, prevention, and diagnosis of highly prevalent infectious diseases, and their advantages compared to traditional approaches. Examples of dendrimers as antimicrobial agents per se, as nanocarriers of antimicrobial drugs, as well as their uses in gene transfection, in vaccines or as contrast agents in imaging assays are presented. Despite the need to address some challenges in order to be used in the clinic, dendritic materials appear as an innovative tool with a brilliant future ahead in the clinical management of infectious diseases and many other health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Ortega
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Guzmán Merino
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Oscar Fraile-Martínez
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Judith Recio-Ruiz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
| | - Leonel Pekarek
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
| | - Luis G. Guijarro
- Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Networking Research Centre on Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBER-EHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalio García-Honduvilla
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Melchor Álvarez-Mon
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
- Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology, Oncology and Medicine Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Buján
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialities, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; (M.Á.O.); (A.G.M.); (O.F.-M.); (L.P.); (N.G.-H.); (M.Á.-M.); (J.B.)
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Tumour Registry, Pathological Anatomy Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- University Center for the Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), 28047 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Gallego
- Institute Ramón y Cajal for Health Research (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, and Research Institute in Chemistry “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Jones JH, Hazel A, Almquist Z. Transmission-dynamics models for the SARS Coronavirus-2. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 32:e23512. [PMID: 32978876 PMCID: PMC7536961 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Hazel
- Department of Earth System ScienceStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Zack Almquist
- Department of SociologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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30
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Cordes J, Castro MC. Spatial analysis of COVID-19 clusters and contextual factors in New York City. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2020; 34:100355. [PMID: 32807400 PMCID: PMC7306208 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2020.100355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proportion positive tests were positively associated with marginalized statuses. Low testing and high positivity were associated with public transportation use. We recommend testing and health care resources be directed to eastern Brooklyn.
Identifying areas with low access to testing and high case burden is necessary to understand risk and allocate resources in the COVID-19 pandemic. Using zip code level data for New York City, we analyzed testing rates, positivity rates, and proportion positive. A spatial scan statistic identified clusters of high and low testing rates, high positivity rates, and high proportion positive. Boxplots and Pearson correlations determined associations between outcomes, clusters, and contextual factors. Clusters with less testing and low proportion positive tests had higher income, education, and white population, whereas clusters with high testing rates and high proportion positive tests were disproportionately black and without health insurance. Correlations showed inverse associations of white race, education, and income with proportion positive tests, and positive associations with black race, Hispanic ethnicity, and poverty. We recommend testing and health care resources be directed to eastern Brooklyn, which has low testing and high proportion positives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Cordes
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
| | - Marcia C Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston 02115, MA, USA.
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31
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Richardson ET, Malik MM, Darity WA, Mullen AK, Malik M, Benton A, Bassett MT, Farmer PE, Worden L, Jones JH. Reparations for Black American Descendants of Persons Enslaved in the U.S. and Their Estimated Impact on SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020:2020.06.04.20112011. [PMID: 32577701 PMCID: PMC7302310 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.04.20112011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Background In the United States, Black Americans are suffering from significantly disproportionate incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19. The potential for racial-justice interventions, including reparations payments, to ameliorate these disparities has not been adequately explored. Methods We compared the COVID-19 time-varying R t curves of relatively disparate polities in terms of social equity (South Korea vs. Louisiana). Next, we considered a range of reproductive ratios to back-calculate the transmission rates β i→j for 4 cells of the simplified next-generation matrix (from which R 0 is calculated for structured models) for the outbreak in Louisiana. Lastly, we modeled the effect that monetary payments as reparations for Black American descendants of persons enslaved in the U.S. would have had on pre-intervention β i→j . Results Once their respective epidemics begin to propagate, Louisiana displays R t values with an absolute difference of 1.3 to 2.5 compared to South Korea. It also takes Louisiana more than twice as long to bring R t below 1. We estimate that increased equity in transmission consistent with the benefits of a successful reparations program (reflected in the ratio β b→b / β w→w ) could reduce R 0 by 31 to 68%. Discussion While there are compelling moral and historical arguments for racial injustice interventions such as reparations, our study describes potential health benefits in the form of reduced SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. As we demonstrate, a restitutive program targeted towards Black individuals would not only decrease COVID-19 risk for recipients of the wealth redistribution; the mitigating effects would be distributed across racial groups, benefitting the population at large.
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32
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Moradian N, Ochs HD, Sedikies C, Hamblin MR, Camargo CA, Martinez JA, Biamonte JD, Abdollahi M, Torres PJ, Nieto JJ, Ogino S, Seymour JF, Abraham A, Cauda V, Gupta S, Ramakrishna S, Sellke FW, Sorooshian A, Wallace Hayes A, Martinez-Urbistondo M, Gupta M, Azadbakht L, Esmaillzadeh A, Kelishadi R, Esteghamati A, Emam-Djomeh Z, Majdzadeh R, Palit P, Badali H, Rao I, Saboury AA, Jagan Mohan Rao L, Ahmadieh H, Montazeri A, Fadini GP, Pauly D, Thomas S, Moosavi-Movahed AA, Aghamohammadi A, Behmanesh M, Rahimi-Movaghar V, Ghavami S, Mehran R, Uddin LQ, Von Herrath M, Mobasher B, Rezaei N. The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Transl Med 2020; 18:205. [PMID: 32430070 PMCID: PMC7236639 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02364-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become the leading societal concern. The pandemic has shown that the public health concern is not only a medical problem, but also affects society as a whole; so, it has also become the leading scientific concern. We discuss in this treatise the importance of bringing the world's scientists together to find effective solutions for controlling the pandemic. By applying novel research frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration promises to manage the pandemic's consequences and prevent recurrences of similar pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Moradian
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Hans D Ochs
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Constantine Sedikies
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Centre for Research on Self Identity, Department of Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.,Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Alfredo Martinez
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,University of Navarra, CIBERobn and IMDEA food, International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), Navarra, Spain.,International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS), London, UK
| | - Jacob D Biamonte
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC), The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), and School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedro J Torres
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan J Nieto
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago De Compostela, Spain
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John F Seymour
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ajith Abraham
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Machine Intelligence Research Labs, Auburn, WA, USA
| | - Valentina Cauda
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino Corso, Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129, Turin, Italy
| | - Sudhir Gupta
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, University of California Irvine, California, USA
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - A Wallace Hayes
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,A. Wallace Hayes, University of South, Florida College of Public Health and Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | | | - Manoj Gupta
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alireza Esteghamati
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Emam-Djomeh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Food Science, Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture & Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj Campus, Karaj, Iran; Transfer Phenomena Laboratory (TPL), Controlled Release Center, University of Tehran, Karaj Campus, Karaj, Iran
| | - Reza Majdzadeh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Partha Palit
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Drug Discovery Research Laboratorty, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, India
| | - Hamid Badali
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Invasive Fungi Research Center and Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.,Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, USA
| | - Idupulapati Rao
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia
| | - Ali Akbar Saboury
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - L Jagan Mohan Rao
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Spice and Flavour Science Department, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
| | - Hamid Ahmadieh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Population Health Research Group, Health Metrics Research Center, Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolic Diseases and, Padova Hospital, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Daniel Pauly
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, 686 560, India
| | - Ali A Moosavi-Movahed
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Behmanesh
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P4, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Katowice School of Technology, 40-555, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roxana Mehran
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Zena and Michael A. Weiner Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucina Q Uddin
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Matthias Von Herrath
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Center for Type 1, Diabetes Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bahram Mobasher
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN),.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), , . .,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14194, Iran.
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Scherer C, Radchuk V, Franz M, Thulke H, Lange M, Grimm V, Kramer‐Schadt S. Moving infections: individual movement decisions drive disease persistence in spatially structured landscapes. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Scherer
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Viktoriia Radchuk
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | - Mathias Franz
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Martin Lange
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Volker Grimm
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research–UFZ Leipzig Germany
| | - Stephanie Kramer‐Schadt
- Leibniz Inst. for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW) Alfred‐Kowalke‐Str. 17 DE‐10315 Berlin Germany
- Dept of Ecology, Technische Univ. Berlin Berlin Germany
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34
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López L, Fernández M, Gómez A, Giovanini L. An influenza epidemic model with dynamic social networks of agents with individual behaviour. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2020.100810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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HCV incidence is associated with injecting partner age and HCV serostatus mixing in young adults who inject drugs in San Francisco. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226166. [PMID: 31821365 PMCID: PMC6903751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HCV incidence is increasing in the US, notably among younger people who inject drugs (PWID). In a cohort of young adult (age<30 years) PWID in San Francisco we examined whether 'injecting partner mixing' factors, i.e. age of partner and knowledge of their HCV serostatus, were associated with HCV transmission. METHODS In 448 susceptible PWID studied prospectively. All participants were asked to report characteristics and behaviors they engaged in with up to 3 injecting partners defined as "people whom you injected the most with" in the past month". These partnerships did not specify that drugs or injecting equipment was shared. HCV incidence was estimated by age of up to 3 injecting partners, categorized as: (i) all <30; (ii) mixed-age (<&≥30); and (iii) all ≥30 years and perceived knowledge of the HCV status of participants' injecting partners' HCV status. Interaction was evaluated between partnership age categories and perceived HCV status of partners. RESULTS Between 2006-2018, overall HCV incidence (/100 person years observation [pyo]) was 19.4 (95% CI: 16.4, 22.9). Incidence was highest in those with mixed-age partnerships: 28.5 (95% CI: 21.8, 37.1) and those whose partners were all <30 (23.9; 95% CI: 18.8, 30.4), and lowest if partners were ≥30 (7.5; 95% CI: 4.8, 11.8). In a multivariable analyses adjusting for age, sex (of index), injection frequency, and injection partnership 'monogamy', we found evidence for an interaction: the highest HCV incidence was seen in PWID whose partners were all <30 and who knew at least one of their partners was HCV-positive (58.9, 95% CI: 43.3, 80.0; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Younger injectors are more likely to acquire HCV from their similarly-aged peers, than older injecting partners. Protective seroadaptive behavior may contribute to reduce incidence. These findings can inform new HCV prevention approaches for young PWID needed to curb the HCV epidemic.
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36
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Zhang J, Klepac P, Read JM, Rosello A, Wang X, Lai S, Li M, Song Y, Wei Q, Jiang H, Yang J, Lynn H, Flasche S, Jit M, Yu H. Patterns of human social contact and contact with animals in Shanghai, China. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15141. [PMID: 31641189 PMCID: PMC6805924 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
East Asia is as a principal hotspot for emerging zoonotic infections. Understanding the likely pathways for their emergence and spread requires knowledge on human-human and human-animal contacts, but such studies are rare. We used self-completed and interviewer-completed contact diaries to quantify patterns of these contacts for 965 individuals in 2017/2018 in a high-income densely-populated area of China, Shanghai City. Interviewer-completed diaries recorded more social contacts (19.3 vs. 18.0) and longer social contact duration (35.0 vs. 29.1 hours) than self-reporting. Strong age-assortativity was observed in all age groups especially among young participants (aged 7-20) and middle aged participants (25-55 years). 17.7% of participants reported touching animals (15.3% (pets), 0.0% (poultry) and 0.1% (livestock)). Human-human contact was very frequent but contact with animals (especially poultry) was rare although associated with frequent human-human contact. Hence, this densely populated area is more likely to act as an accelerator for human-human spread but less likely to be at the source of a zoonosis outbreak. We also propose that telephone interview at the end of reporting day is a potential improvement of the design of future contact surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Zhang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Petra Klepac
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jonathan M Read
- Centre for Health Informatics, Computation and Statistics, Lancaster Medical School, Lancaster University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Alicia Rosello
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Xiling Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujian Song
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingzhen Wei
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Henry Lynn
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Flasche
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Modelling and Economics Unit, Public Health England, London, UK
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
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37
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Schaber KL, Paz-Soldan VA, Morrison AC, Elson WHD, Rothman AL, Mores CN, Astete-Vega H, Scott TW, Waller LA, Kitron U, Elder JP, Barker CM, Perkins TA, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Dengue illness impacts daily human mobility patterns in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007756. [PMID: 31545804 PMCID: PMC6776364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mobility plays a central role in shaping pathogen transmission by generating spatial and/or individual variability in potential pathogen-transmitting contacts. Recent research has shown that symptomatic infection can influence human mobility and pathogen transmission dynamics. Better understanding the complex relationship between symptom severity, infectiousness, and human mobility requires quantification of movement patterns throughout infectiousness. For dengue virus (DENV), human infectiousness peaks 0–2 days after symptom onset, making it paramount to understand human movement patterns from the beginning of illness. Methodology and principal findings Through community-based febrile surveillance and RT-PCR assays, we identified a cohort of DENV+ residents of the city of Iquitos, Peru (n = 63). Using retrospective interviews, we measured the movements of these individuals when healthy and during each day of symptomatic illness. The most dramatic changes in mobility occurred during the first three days after symptom onset; individuals visited significantly fewer locations (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.017) and spent significantly more time at home (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.005), compared to when healthy. By 7–9 days after symptom onset, mobility measures had returned to healthy levels. Throughout an individual’s symptomatic period, the day of illness and their subjective sense of well-being were the most significant predictors for the number of locations and houses they visited. Conclusions/Significance Our study is one of the first to collect and analyze human mobility data at a daily scale during symptomatic infection. Accounting for the observed changes in human mobility throughout illness will improve understanding of the impact of disease on DENV transmission dynamics and the interpretation of public health-based surveillance data. Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans worldwide. Due to the limited mobility of the mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus, human mobility can be a key to both understanding an individual’s exposure to the virus and explaining the spread of dengue throughout a population. Accurate disease models should include human mobility; however, changes in human movement patterns due to the presence of symptoms need to be taken into account. We quantified the impact of symptom presence on human mobility throughout the infectious period by analyzing a dataset on the daily movements of dengue virus infected individuals. Accounting for these changing patterns of mobility will improve understanding of the complex relationship between symptom severity, human movement, and dengue virus transmission. Furthermore, dengue transmission models that incorporate symptom-driven mobility changes can be used to evaluate scenarios and strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Schaber
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William H. D. Elson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Christopher N. Mores
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Helvio Astete-Vega
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John P. Elder
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Risk and Response to Biological Catastrophe in Lower Income Countries. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 424:85-105. [PMID: 31127360 PMCID: PMC7121610 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural and intentional biological risks threaten human civilization, both through direct human fatality as well as follow-on effects from a collapse of the just-in-time delivery system that provides food, energy and critical supplies to communities globally. Human beings have multiple innate cognitive biases that systematically impair careful consideration of these risks. Residents of low-income countries, especially those who live in rural areas and are less dependent upon global trade, may be the most resilient communities to catastrophic risks, but low-income countries also present a heightened risk for biological catastrophe. Hotspots for the emergence of new zoonotic diseases are predominantly located in low-income countries. Crowded, poorly supplied healthcare facilities in low-income countries provide an optimal environment for new pathogens to transmit to a next host and adapt for more efficient person-to-person transmission. Strategies to address these risks include overcoming our natural biases and recognizing the importance of these risks, avoiding an over-reliance on developing specific biological countermeasures, developing generalized social and behavioral responses and investing in resilience.
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Johnson EE, Escobar LE, Zambrana-Torrelio C. An Ecological Framework for Modeling the Geography of Disease Transmission. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:655-668. [PMID: 31078330 PMCID: PMC7114676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ecological niche modeling (ENM) is widely employed in ecology to predict species’ potential geographic distributions in relation to their environmental constraints and is rapidly becoming the gold-standard method for disease risk mapping. However, given the biological complexity of disease systems, the traditional ENM framework requires reevaluation. We provide an overview of the application of ENM to disease systems and propose a theoretical framework based on the biological properties of both hosts and parasites to produce reliable outputs resembling disease system distributions. Additionally, we discuss the differences between biological considerations when implementing ENM for distributional ecology and epidemiology. This new framework will help the field of disease ecology and applications of biogeography in the epidemiology of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases greatly impact human health, biodiversity, and global economies, highlighting the need to understand and predict their distributions. Ecological niche modeling (ENM) was not originally designed to explicitly reconstruct complex biological phenomena such as diseases or parasitism, requiring a reevaluation of the traditional framework. We provide an integrative ENM framework for disease systems that considers suitable host availability, parasite ecologies, and different scales of modeling. Disease transmission is driven by factors related to parasite availability and host exposure and susceptibility, which can be incorporated in ENM frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Johnson
- EcoHealth Alliance, 460 W. 34th Street, New York, NY, USA; Current Address: Department of Biology, City College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA; Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Luis E Escobar
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Hamilton DG, Jones ME, Cameron EZ, McCallum H, Storfer A, Hohenlohe PA, Hamede RK. Rate of intersexual interactions affects injury likelihood in Tasmanian devil contact networks. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Identifying the types of contacts that result in disease transmission is important for accurately modeling and predicting transmission dynamics and disease spread in wild populations. We investigated contacts within a population of adult Tasmanian devils (Sarcophilus harrisii) over a 6-month period and tested whether individual-level contact patterns were correlated with accumulation of bite wounds. Bite wounds are important in the spread of devil facial tumor disease, a clonal cancer cell line transmitted through direct inoculation of tumor cells when susceptible and infected individuals bite each other. We used multimodel inference and network autocorrelation models to investigate the effects of individual-level contact patterns, identities of interacting partners, and position within the social network on the propensity to be involved in bite-inducing contacts. We found that males were more likely to receive potentially disease-transmitting bite wounds than females, particularly during the mating season when males spend extended periods mate-guarding females. The number of bite wounds individuals received during the mating season was unrelated to any of the network metrics examined. Our approach illustrates the necessity for understanding which contact types spread disease in different systems to assist the management of this and other infectious wildlife diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Hamilton
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Menna E Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
| | - Elissa Z Cameron
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hamish McCallum
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland Australia
| | - Andrew Storfer
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Rodrigo K Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania Australia
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Floyd JR, Ruktanonchai NW, Wardrop N, Tatem AJ, Ogola J, Fèvre EM. Exploring fine-scale human and livestock movement in western Kenya. One Health 2019; 7:100081. [PMID: 30911595 PMCID: PMC6416412 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2019.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and livestock mobility are key factors in the transmission of several high-burden zoonoses such as rift valley fever and trypanosomiasis, yet our knowledge of this mobility is relatively poor due to difficulty in quantifying population-level movement patterns. Significant variation in the movement patterns of individual hosts means it is necessary to capture their fine-scale mobility in order to gain useful knowledge that can be extrapolated to a population level. Here we explore how the movements of people and their ruminants, and their exposure to various types of land cover, correlate with ruminant ownership and other demographic factors which could affect individual exposure to zoonoses. The study was conducted in Busia County, western Kenya, where the population are mostly subsistence farmers operating a mixed crop/livestock farming system. We used GPS trackers to collect movement data from 26 people and their ruminants for 1 week per individual in July/August 2016, and the study was repeated at the end of the same year to compare movement patterns between the short rainy and dry seasons respectively. We found that during the dry season, people and their ruminants travelled further on trips outside of the household, and that people spent less time on swampland compared to the short rainy season. Our findings also showed that ruminant owners spent longer and travelled further on trips outside the household than non-ruminant owners, and that people and ruminants from poorer households travelled further than people from relatively wealthier households. These results indicate that some individual-level mobility may be predicted by season and by household characteristics such as ruminant ownership and household wealth, which could have practical uses for assessing individual risk of exposure to some zoonoses and for future modelling studies of zoonosis transmission in similar rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Floyd
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Nick W Ruktanonchai
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicola Wardrop
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Andrew J Tatem
- WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Flowminder Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joseph Ogola
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO BOX 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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King WL, Jenkins C, Seymour JR, Labbate M. Oyster disease in a changing environment: Decrypting the link between pathogen, microbiome and environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 143:124-140. [PMID: 30482397 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions are known to be important triggers of oyster diseases. The mechanism(s) behind these synergistic effects (interplay between host, environment and pathogen/s) are often not clear, although there is evidence that shifts in environmental conditions can affect oyster immunity, and pathogen growth and virulence. However, the impact of shifting environmental parameters on the oyster microbiome and how this affects oyster health and susceptibility to infectious pathogens remains understudied. In this review, we summarise the major diseases afflicting oysters with a focus on the role of environmental factors that can catalyse or amplify disease outbreaks. We also consider the potential role of the oyster microbiome in buffering or augmenting oyster disease outbreaks and suggest that a deeper understanding of the oyster microbiome, its links to the environment and its effect on oyster health and disease susceptibility, is required to develop new frameworks for the prevention and management of oyster diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L King
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia; Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Elizabeth Macarthur Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Maurizio Labbate
- The School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Barnard RC, Kiss IZ, Berthouze L, Miller JC. Edge-Based Compartmental Modelling of an SIR Epidemic on a Dual-Layer Static-Dynamic Multiplex Network with Tunable Clustering. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:2698-2733. [PMID: 30136212 PMCID: PMC6153944 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0484-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The duration, type and structure of connections between individuals in real-world populations play a crucial role in how diseases invade and spread. Here, we incorporate the aforementioned heterogeneities into a model by considering a dual-layer static–dynamic multiplex network. The static network layer affords tunable clustering and describes an individual’s permanent community structure. The dynamic network layer describes the transient connections an individual makes with members of the wider population by imposing constant edge rewiring. We follow the edge-based compartmental modelling approach to derive equations describing the evolution of a susceptible–infected–recovered epidemic spreading through this multiplex network of individuals. We derive the basic reproduction number, measuring the expected number of new infectious cases caused by a single infectious individual in an otherwise susceptible population. We validate model equations by showing convergence to pre-existing edge-based compartmental model equations in limiting cases and by comparison with stochastically simulated epidemics. We explore the effects of altering model parameters and multiplex network attributes on resultant epidemic dynamics. We validate the basic reproduction number by plotting its value against associated final epidemic sizes measured from simulation and predicted by model equations for a number of set-ups. Further, we explore the effect of varying individual model parameters on the basic reproduction number. We conclude with a discussion of the significance and interpretation of the model and its relation to existing research literature. We highlight intrinsic limitations and potential extensions of the present model and outline future research considerations, both experimental and theoretical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna C Barnard
- Department of Mathematics, Pevensey III, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - Istvan Z Kiss
- Department of Mathematics, Pevensey III, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Luc Berthouze
- Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, UK
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Lello J, Fenton A. Lost in transmission…? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0082. [PMID: 28289250 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Lello
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK .,Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 S. Michele all'Adige (TN), Italy
| | - Andy Fenton
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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Jahanihashemi H, Babaie M, Bijani S, Bazzazan M, Bijani B. Poverty as an independent risk factor for in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: A study in a developing country population. Int J Clin Pract 2018; 72:e13085. [PMID: 29665161 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is one of the most severe lower respiratory tract infections with a high in-hospital mortality. The aim of this study was to investigate the socioeconomic and medical risk factors affecting the prognosis of acute pneumonia. The results of this study can mention the value of socioeconomic backgrounds like poverty and illiteracy in clinical practice, even in a well-known biological phenomenon (eg acute pneumonia). METHODS In this cross-sectional study, all admitted patients to a tertiary teaching hospital with a diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia in a 12-month period were enrolled. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, underlying conditions, clinical manifestations and para-clinical test results at admission registered prospectively. A logistic regression model was conducted using in-hospital mortality as the dependent variable. RESULTS A total of 621 patients was included in this study. Among them, 47 patients (7.6%) died during the hospitalisation period. In multiple logistic regression analysis, pleural effusion, a higher CURB-65 score, hyponatremia, hyperglycaemia and poverty (being in the lower economic class) were identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. CONCLUSION Numerous factors can influence the prognosis of CAP. In addition to the CURB-65 score and some other medical risk factors, socioeconomic backgrounds can also affect the early outcome in CAP. In this study, being in the lower economic class (as an indicator of poverty) is interpreted as an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis in CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Jahanihashemi
- Department of Community Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Mona Babaie
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Soroush Bijani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Maryam Bazzazan
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Behzad Bijani
- Clinical Microbiology Research Centre, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
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Tardy O, Massé A, Pelletier F, Fortin D. Interplay between contact risk, conspecific density, and landscape connectivity: An individual-based modeling framework. Ecol Modell 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
The emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. The advent of increasingly sophisticated diagnostics tools has revolutionized our capacity to detect and respond to these health threats more rapidly than ever before. Yet, no matter how sophisticated these tools become, the initial identification of emerging infectious diseases begins at the local community level. It is here that the initial human or animal case resides, and it is here that early pathogen detection would have maximum benefit. Unfortunately, many areas at highest risk of zoonotic disease emergence lack sufficient infrastructure capacity to support robust laboratory diagnostic systems. Multiple factors are essential for pathogen detection networks, including an understanding of the complex sociological and ecological factors influencing disease transmission risk, community engagement, surveillance along high-risk human-animal interfaces, and a skilled laboratory workforce. Here we discuss factors relevant to the emerging disease paradigm, recent technical advances in diagnostic methods, and strategies for comprehensive and sustainable approaches to rapid zoonotic disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H Bird
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Jonna A K Mazet
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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