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Low RN, Low RJ, Akrami A. A review of cytokine-based pathophysiology of Long COVID symptoms. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1011936. [PMID: 37064029 PMCID: PMC10103649 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1011936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Long COVID/Post Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) group includes patients with initial mild-to-moderate symptoms during the acute phase of the illness, in whom recovery is prolonged, or new symptoms are developed over months. Here, we propose a description of the pathophysiology of the Long COVID presentation based on inflammatory cytokine cascades and the p38 MAP kinase signaling pathways that regulate cytokine production. In this model, the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is hypothesized to trigger a dysregulated peripheral immune system activation with subsequent cytokine release. Chronic low-grade inflammation leads to dysregulated brain microglia with an exaggerated release of central cytokines, producing neuroinflammation. Immunothrombosis linked to chronic inflammation with microclot formation leads to decreased tissue perfusion and ischemia. Intermittent fatigue, Post Exertional Malaise (PEM), CNS symptoms with "brain fog," arthralgias, paresthesias, dysautonomia, and GI and ophthalmic problems can consequently arise as result of the elevated peripheral and central cytokines. There are abundant similarities between symptoms in Long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). DNA polymorphisms and viral-induced epigenetic changes to cytokine gene expression may lead to chronic inflammation in Long COVID patients, predisposing some to develop autoimmunity, which may be the gateway to ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J. Low
- Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athena Akrami
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Akhtar E, Mily A, Sarker P, Chanda BC, Haque F, Kuddusi RU, Haq MA, Lourda M, Brighenti S, Raqib R. Immune cell landscape in symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected adults and children in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Immunobiology 2023; 228:152350. [PMID: 36822063 PMCID: PMC9938758 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2023.152350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study of cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for evaluating the course of the COVID-19 disease and for improving vaccine development. We aimed to assess the phenotypic landscape of circulating lymphocytes and mononuclear cells in adults and children who were seropositive to SARS-CoV-2 in the past 6 months. METHODS Blood samples (n = 350) were collected in a cross-sectional study in Dhaka, Bangladesh (Oct 2020-Feb 2021). Plasma antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 were determined by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay while lymphocyte and monocyte responses were assessed using flow cytometry including dimensionality reduction and clustering algorithms. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was observed in 52% of adults (18-65 years) and 56% of children (10-17 years). Seropositivity was associated with reduced CD3+T cells in both adults (beta(β) = -2.86; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = -5.98, 0.27) and children (β = -8.78; 95% CI = -13.8, -3.78). The frequencies of T helper effector (CD4+TEFF) and effector memory cells (CD4+TEM) were increased in seropositive compared to seronegative children. In adults, seropositivity was associated with an elevated proportion of cytotoxic T central memory cells (CD8+TCM). Overall, diverse manifestations of immune cell dysregulations were more prominent in seropositive children compared to adults, who previously had COVID-like symptoms. These changes involved reduced frequencies of CD4+TEFF cells and CD163+CD64+ classical monocytes, but increased levels of intermediate or non-classical monocytes, as well as CD8+TEM cells in symptomatic children. CONCLUSION Seropositive individuals in convalescence showed increased central and effector memory T cell phenotypes and pro-resolving/healing monocyte phenotypes compared to seronegative subjects. However, seropositive children with a previous history of COVID-like symptoms, displayed an ongoing innate inflammatory trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evana Akhtar
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddrb, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Akhirunnesa Mily
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Protim Sarker
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddrb, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Farjana Haque
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddrb, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddrb, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Magda Lourda
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden; Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, icddrb, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh.
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3
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Abstract
The German Society of Pneumology initiated 2021 the AWMF S1 guideline Long COVID/Post-COVID. In a broad interdisciplinary approach, this S1 guideline was designed based on the current state of knowledge.The clinical recommendations describe current Long COVID/Post-COVID symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies.In addition to the general and consensus introduction, a subject-specific approach was taken to summarize the current state of knowledge.The guideline has an explicit practical claim and will be developed and adapted by the author team based on the current increase in knowledge.
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Cellular basis of enhanced humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 upon homologous or heterologous booster vaccination analyzed by single-cell immune profiling. Cell Discov 2022; 8:114. [PMID: 36270988 PMCID: PMC9587260 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster dose can induce a robust humoral immune response, however, its cellular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we investigated the durability of antibody responses and single-cell immune profiles following booster dose immunization, longitudinally over 6 months, in recipients of a homologous BBIBP-CorV/BBIBP-CorV or a heterologous BBIBP-CorV/ZF2001 regimen. The production of neutralizing antibodies was dramatically enhanced by both booster regimens, and the antibodies could last at least six months. The heterologous booster induced a faster and more robust plasmablast response, characterized by activation of plasma cells than the homologous booster. The response was attributed to recall of memory B cells and the de novo activation of B cells. Expanded B cell clones upon booster dose vaccination could persist for months, and their B cell receptors displayed accumulated mutations. The production of antibody was positively correlated with antigen presentation by conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), which provides support for B cell maturation through activation and development of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. The proper activation of cDC/Tfh/B cells was likely fueled by active energy metabolism, and glutaminolysis might also play a general role in promoting humoral immunity. Our study unveils the cellular mechanisms of booster-induced memory/adaptive humoral immunity and suggests potential strategies to optimize vaccine efficacy and durability in future iterations.
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Herman JD, Atyeo C, Zur Y, Cook CE, Patel NJ, Vanni KM, Kowalski EN, Qian G, Shadick NA, Laffenburger D, Wallace ZS, Sparks JA, Alter G. Impact of cross-coronavirus immunity in post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.25.22280335. [PMID: 36203557 PMCID: PMC9536039 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.25.22280335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Beyond the unpredictable acute illness caused by SARS-CoV-2, one-fifth of infections unpredictably result in long-term persistence of symptoms despite the apparent clearance of infection. Insights into the mechanisms that underlie post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) will be critical for the prevention and clinical management of long-term complications of COVID-19. Several hypotheses have been proposed that may account for the development of PASC, including persistence of virus or the dysregulation of immunity. Among the immunological changes noted in PASC, alterations in humoral immunity have been observed in some patient subsets. To begin to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogen specific humoral immune responses evolve uniquely in PASC, we performed comprehensive antibody profiling against SARS-CoV-2 and a panel of endemic pathogens or routine vaccine antigens using Systems Serology in a cohort of patients with pre-existing rheumatic disease who either developed or did not develop PASC. A distinct humoral immune response was observed in individuals with PASC. Specifically, individuals with PASC harbored less inflamed and weaker Fcγ receptor binding anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and a significantly expanded and more inflamed antibody response against endemic Coronavirus OC43. Individuals with PASC, further, generated more avid IgM responses and developed an expanded inflammatory OC43 S2-specific Fc-receptor binding response, linked to cross reactivity across SARS-CoV-2 and common coronaviruses. These findings implicate previous common Coronavirus imprinting as a marker for the development of PASC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Herman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yonatan Zur
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Cook
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi J Patel
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Vanni
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily N Kowalski
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nancy A Shadick
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas Laffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zachary S Wallace
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Verstegen NJM, Hagen RR, van den Dijssel J, Kuijper LH, Kreher C, Ashhurst T, Kummer LYL, Steenhuis M, Duurland M, de Jongh R, de Jong N, van der Schoot CE, Bos AV, Mul E, Kedzierska K, van Dam KPJ, Stalman EW, Boekel L, Wolbink G, Tas SW, Killestein J, van Kempen ZLE, Wieske L, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, Rispens T, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A, van de Sandt CE. Immune dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 experienced immunosuppressed rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis patients vaccinated with mRNA-1273. eLife 2022; 11:e77969. [PMID: 35838348 PMCID: PMC9337853 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients affected by different types of autoimmune diseases, including common conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are often treated with immunosuppressants to suppress disease activity. It is not fully understood how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral and cellular immunity induced by infection and/or upon vaccination is affected by immunosuppressants. Methods The dynamics of cellular immune reactivation upon vaccination of SARS-CoV-2 experienced MS patients treated with the humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody ocrelizumab (OCR) and RA patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy were analyzed at great depth via high-dimensional flow cytometry of whole blood samples upon vaccination with the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine. Longitudinal B and T cell immune responses were compared to SARS-CoV-2 experienced healthy controls (HCs) before and 7 days after the first and second vaccination. Results OCR-treated MS patients exhibit a preserved recall response of CD8+ T central memory cells following first vaccination compared to HCs and a similar CD4+ circulating T follicular helper 1 and T helper 1 dynamics, whereas humoral and B cell responses were strongly impaired resulting in absence of SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity. MTX treatment significantly delayed antibody levels and B reactivation following the first vaccination, including sustained inhibition of overall reactivation marker dynamics of the responding CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Conclusions Together, these findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 experienced MS-OCR patients may still benefit from vaccination by inducing a broad CD8+ T cell response which has been associated with milder disease outcome. The delayed vaccine-induced IgG kinetics in RA-MTX patients indicate an increased risk after the first vaccination, which might require additional shielding or alternative strategies such as treatment interruptions in vulnerable patients. Funding This research project was supported by ZonMw (The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development, #10430072010007), the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement (#792532 and #860003), the European Commission (SUPPORT-E, #101015756) and by PPOC (#20_21 L2506), the NHMRC Leadership Investigator Grant (#1173871).
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels JM Verstegen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Ruth R Hagen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Jet van den Dijssel
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Lisan H Kuijper
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Christine Kreher
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Thomas Ashhurst
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Charles Perkins Centre, Centenary Institute, and The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of SydneySydneyAustralia
| | - Laura YL Kummer
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Mariel Duurland
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Rivka de Jongh
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Nina de Jong
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Amélie V Bos
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Erik Mul
- Department of Research Facilities, Sanquin ResearchAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Koos PJ van Dam
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Eileen W Stalman
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Laura Boekel
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Gertjan Wolbink
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of NeurologyAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zoé LE van Kempen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of NeurologyAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St Antonius HospitalNieuwegeinNetherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneAustralia
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7
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Salehi-Vaziri M, Fazlalipour M, Seyed Khorrami SM, Azadmanesh K, Pouriayevali MH, Jalali T, Shoja Z, Maleki A. The ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). Arch Virol 2022; 167:327-344. [PMID: 35089389 PMCID: PMC8795292 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerging coronavirus that caused the COVID-19 epidemic, has been spreading quickly throughout the world. Despite immunization and some fairly effective therapeutic regimens, SARS-CoV-2 has been ravaging patients, health workers, and the economy. SARS-CoV-2 mutates and evolves to adapt to its host as a result of extreme selection pressure. As a consequence, new SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged, some of which are classified as variants of concern (VOC) because they exhibit greater transmissibility, cause more-severe disease, are better able to escape immunity, or cause higher mortality than the original Wuhan strain. Here, we introduce these VOCs and review their characteristics, such as transmissibility, immune escape, mortality risk, and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Salehi-Vaziri
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fazlalipour
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Pouriayevali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Jalali
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Arboviruses and Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (National Reference Laboratory), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zabihollah Shoja
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- COVID-19 National Reference Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, 69 Pasteur Ave, 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 and caused a dramatic pandemic. Serological assays are used to check for immunization and assess herd immunity. We evaluated commercially available assays designed to quantify antibodies directed to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antigen, either total (Wantaï SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA) or IgG (SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant on Alinity, Abbott, and Liaison SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG, Diasorin). The specificities of the Wantaï, Alinity, and Liaison assays were evaluated using 100 prepandemic sera and were 98, 99, and 97%, respectively. The sensitivities of all three were around 100% when tested on 35 samples taken 15 to 35 days postinfection. They were less sensitive for 150 sera from late infections (>180 days). Using the first WHO international standard (NIBSC), we showed that the Wantai results were concordant with the NIBSC values, while Liaison and Alinity showed a proportional bias of 1.3 and 7, respectively. The results of the 3 immunoassays were significantly globally pairwise correlated and for late infection sera (P < 0.001). They were correlated for recent infection sera measured with Alinity and Liaison (P < 0.001). However, the Wantai results of recent infections were not correlated with those from Alinity or Liaison. All the immunoassay results were significantly correlated with the neutralizing antibody titers obtained using a live virus neutralization assay with the B1.160 SARS-CoV-2 strain. These assays will be useful once the protective anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titer has been determined. IMPORTANCE Standardization and correlation with virus neutralization assays are critical points to compare the performance of serological assays designed to quantify anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in order to identify their optimal use. We have evaluated three serological immunoassays based on the virus spike antigen that detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: a microplate assay and two chemiluminescent assays performed with Alinity (Abbott) and Liaison (Diasorin) analysers. We used an in-house live virus neutralization assay and the first WHO international standard to assess the comparison. This study could be useful to determine guidelines on the use of serological results to manage vaccination and treatment with convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies.
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9
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Analysis of B cell receptor repertoires reveals key signatures of systemic B cell response after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Virol 2021; 96:e0160021. [PMID: 34878902 PMCID: PMC8865482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01600-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive study of the B cell response against SARS-CoV-2 could be significant for understanding the immune response and developing therapeutical antibodies and vaccines. To define the dynamics and characteristics of the antibody repertoire following SARS-CoV-2 infection, we analyzed the mRNA transcripts of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoires of 24 peripheral blood samples collected between 3 and 111 days after symptom onset from 10 COVID-19 patients. Massive clonal expansion of naive B cells with limited somatic hypermutation (SHM) was observed in the second week after symptom onset. The proportion of low-SHM IgG clones strongly correlated with spike-specific IgG antibody titers, highlighting the significant activation of naive B cells in response to a novel virus infection. The antibody isotype switching landscape showed a transient IgA surge in the first week after symptom onset, followed by a sustained IgG elevation that lasted for at least 3 months. SARS-CoV-2 infection elicited poly-germ line reactive antibody responses. Interestingly, 17 different IGHV germ line genes recombined with IGHJ6 showed significant clonal expansion. By comparing the IgH repertoires that we sequenced with the 774 reported SARS-CoV-2–reactive monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 13 shared spike-specific IgH clusters were found. These shared spike-specific IgH clusters are derived from the same lineage of several recently published neutralizing MAbs, including CC12.1, CC12.3, C102, REGN10977, and 4A8. Furthermore, identical spike-specific IgH sequences were found in different COVID-19 patients, suggesting a highly convergent antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Our analysis based on sequencing antibody repertoires from different individuals revealed key signatures of the systemic B cell response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. IMPORTANCE Although the canonical delineation of serum antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection has been well established, the dynamics of antibody repertoire at the mRNA transcriptional level has not been well understood, especially the correlation between serum antibody titers and the antibody mRNA transcripts. In this study, we analyzed the IgH transcripts and characterized the B cell clonal expansion and differentiation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation in COVID-19 patients. This study provided insights at the repertoire level for the B cell response after SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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10
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Schuh W, Baus L, Steinmetz T, Schulz SR, Weckwerth L, Roth E, Hauke M, Krause S, Morhart P, Rauh M, Hoffmann M, Vesper N, Reth M, Schneider H, Jäck H, Mielenz D. A surrogate cell-based SARS-CoV-2 spike blocking assay. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2665-2676. [PMID: 34547822 PMCID: PMC8646767 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
To monitor infection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and successful vaccination against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the kinetics of neutralizing or blocking anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers need to be assessed. Here, we report the development of a quick and inexpensive surrogate SARS-CoV-2 blocking assay (SUBA) using immobilized recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and human cells expressing the native form of surface SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Spike protein-expressing cells bound to hACE2 in the absence or presence of blocking antibodies were quantified by measuring the optical density of cell-associated crystal violet in a spectrophotometer. The advantages are that SUBA is a fast and inexpensive assay, which does not require biosafety level 2- or 3-approved laboratories. Most importantly, SUBA detects blocking antibodies against the native trimeric cell-bound SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and can be rapidly adjusted to quickly pre-screen already approved therapeutic antibodies or sera from vaccinated individuals for their ACE2 blocking activities against any emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Lena Baus
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Tobit Steinmetz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Sebastian R. Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Leonie Weckwerth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Edith Roth
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Manuela Hauke
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Sara Krause
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Patrick Morhart
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology UnitGerman Primate Center‐Leibniz Institute for Primate ResearchGöttingenGermany
- Faculty of Biology and PsychologyUniversity of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Niklas Vesper
- Institute of Biology III (Molecular Immunology)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Michael Reth
- Institute of Biology III (Molecular Immunology)University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Holm Schneider
- Division of Molecular Pediatrics, Department of PediatricsFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Hans‐Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Nikolaus‐Fiebiger‐ZentrumFriedrich‐Alexander‐Universität (FAU) Erlangen‐NürnbergErlangenGermany
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11
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Salimi-Jeda A, Abbassi S, Mousavizadeh A, Esghaie M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Jeddi F, Shafaati M, Abdoli A. SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108232. [PMID: 34673335 PMCID: PMC8519814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than a year after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is still a major global challenge for scientists to understand the different dimensions of infection and find ways to prevent, treat, and develop a vaccine. On January 30, 2020, the world health organization (WHO) officially announced this new virus as an international health emergency. While many biological and mechanisms of pathogenicity of this virus are still unclear, it seems that cytokine storm resulting from an immune response against the virus is considered the main culprit of the severity of the disease. Despite many global efforts to control the SARS-CoV-2, several problems and challenges have been posed in controlling the COVID-19 infection. These problems include the various mutations, the emergence of variants with high transmissibility, the short period of immunity against the virus, the possibility of reinfection in people improved, lack of specific drugs, and problems in the development of highly sensitive and specific vaccines. In this review, we summarized the results of the current trend and the latest research studies on the characteristics of the structure and genome of the SARS-CoV- 2, new mutations and variants of SARS-CoV-2, pathogenicity, immune response, virus diagnostic tests, potential treatment, and vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sina Abbassi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mousavizadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaie
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Kumar S, Çalışkan DM, Janowski J, Faist A, Conrad BCG, Lange J, Ludwig S, Brunotte L. Beyond Vaccines: Clinical Status of Prospective COVID-19 Therapeutics. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752227. [PMID: 34659259 PMCID: PMC8519339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since November 2019 the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has caused nearly 200 million infection and more than 4 million deaths globally (Updated information from the World Health Organization, as on 2nd Aug 2021). Within only one year into the pandemic, several vaccines were designed and reached approval for the immunization of the world population. The remarkable protective effects of the manufactured vaccines are demonstrated in countries with high vaccination rates, such as Israel and UK. However, limited production capacities, poor distribution infrastructures and political hesitations still hamper the availability of vaccines in many countries. In addition, due to the emergency of SARS-CoV-2 variants with immune escape properties towards the vaccines the global numbers of new infections as well as patients developing severe COVID-19, remains high. New studies reported that about 8% of infected individuals develop long term symptoms with strong personal restrictions on private as well as professional level, which contributes to the long socioeconomic problems caused by this pandemic. Until today, emergency use-approved treatment options for COVID-19 are limited to the antiviral Remdesivir, a nucleoside analogue targeting the viral polymerase, the glucocorticosteroide Dexamethasone as well as neutralizing antibodies. The therapeutic benefits of these treatments are under ongoing debate and clinical studies assessing the efficiency of these treatments are still underway. To identify new therapeutic treatments for COVID-19, now and by the post-pandemic era, diverse experimental approaches are under scientific evaluation in companies and scientific research teams all over the world. To accelerate clinical translation of promising candidates, repurposing approaches of known approved drugs are specifically fostered but also novel technologies are being developed and are under investigation. This review summarizes the recent developments from the lab bench as well as the clinical status of emerging therapeutic candidates and discusses possible therapeutic entry points for the treatment strategies with regard to the biology of SARS-CoV-2 and the clinical course of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Kumar
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Duygu Merve Çalışkan
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Josua Janowski
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- SP BioSciences Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Aileen Faist
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Julius Lange
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- EvoPAD Research Training Group 2220, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- CiM-IMPRS Graduate Program, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Medical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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13
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Desforges M, Gurdasani D, Hamdy A, Leonardi AJ. Uncertainty around the Long-Term Implications of COVID-19. Pathogens 2021; 10:1267. [PMID: 34684216 PMCID: PMC8536991 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected more than 231 million people globally, with more than 4.7 million deaths recorded by the World Health Organization as of 26 September 2021. In response to the pandemic, some countries (New Zealand, Vietnam, Taiwan, South Korea and others) have pursued suppression strategies, so-called Zero COVID policies, to drive and maintain infection rates as close to zero as possible and respond aggressively to new cases. In comparison, European countries and North America have adopted mitigation strategies (of varying intensity and effectiveness) that aim primarily to prevent health systems from being overwhelmed. With recent advances in our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and its biology, and the increasing recognition there is more to COVID-19 beyond the acute infection, we offer a perspective on some of the long-term risks of mutational escape, viral persistence, reinfection, immune dysregulation and neurological and multi-system complications (Long COVID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Desforges
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ste-Justine and Faculté de Médecine, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Adam Hamdy
- Panres Pandemic Research, Newport TF10 8PG, UK;
| | - Anthony J. Leonardi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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14
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Koczulla AR, Ankermann T, Behrends U, Berlit P, Böing S, Brinkmann F, Franke C, Glöckl R, Gogoll C, Hummel T, Kronsbein J, Maibaum T, Peters EMJ, Pfeifer M, Platz T, Pletz M, Pongratz G, Powitz F, Rabe KF, Scheibenbogen C, Stallmach A, Stegbauer M, Wagner HO, Waller C, Wirtz H, Zeiher A, Zwick RH. [S1 Guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVID]. Pneumologie 2021; 75:869-900. [PMID: 34474488 DOI: 10.1055/a-1551-9734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The German Society of Pneumology initiated the AWMFS1 guideline Post-COVID/Long-COVID. In a broad interdisciplinary approach, this S1 guideline was designed based on the current state of knowledge.The clinical recommendation describes current post-COVID/long-COVID symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and therapies.In addition to the general and consensus introduction, a subject-specific approach was taken to summarize the current state of knowledge.The guideline has an expilcit practical claim and will be continuously developed and adapted by the author team based on the current increase in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Uta Behrends
- Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Chronisches Fatigue Centrum
| | | | | | | | | | - Rainer Glöckl
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Christian Gogoll
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e. V
| | | | - Thomas Maibaum
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)
| | - Eva M J Peters
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychosomatische Medizin und Ärztliche Psychotherapie (DGPM)
| | - Michael Pfeifer
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Thomas Platz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurorehabilitation (DGNR) und Redaktionskomitee S2k-LL SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 und (Früh-) Rehabilitation
| | - Matthias Pletz
- Paul Ehrlich Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. (PEG)/Sektion Infektiologie
| | - Georg Pongratz
- Deutsche Schmerzgesellschaft, Deutsche Migräne- und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft und Deutsche Gesellschaft für Rheumatologie
| | | | - Klaus F Rabe
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | | | - Andreas Stallmach
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselerkrankungen (DGVS), Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie (DGI)
| | | | - Hans Otto Wagner
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Allgemeinmedizin und Familienmedizin (DEGAM)
| | | | - Hubert Wirtz
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP)
| | - Andreas Zeiher
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie- Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK)
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15
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Goel RR, Painter MM, Apostolidis SA, Mathew D, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Lundgreen KA, Reynaldi A, Khoury DS, Pattekar A, Gouma S, Kuri-Cervantes L, Hicks P, Dysinger S, Hicks A, Sharma H, Herring S, Korte S, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Giles JR, Weirick ME, McAllister CM, Awofolaju M, Tanenbaum N, Drapeau EM, Dougherty J, Long S, D’Andrea K, Hamilton JT, McLaughlin M, Williams JC, Adamski S, Kuthuru O, Frank I, Betts MR, Vella LA, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Hensley SE, Davenport MP, Bates P, Luning Prak ET, Greenplate AR, Wherry EJ. mRNA Vaccination Induces Durable Immune Memory to SARS-CoV-2 with Continued Evolution to Variants of Concern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.08.23.457229. [PMID: 34462751 PMCID: PMC8404899 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.23.457229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have shown remarkable efficacy, especially in preventing severe illness and hospitalization. However, the emergence of several variants of concern and reports of declining antibody levels have raised uncertainty about the durability of immune memory following vaccination. In this study, we longitudinally profiled both antibody and cellular immune responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals from pre-vaccine baseline to 6 months post-mRNA vaccination. Antibody and neutralizing titers decayed from peak levels but remained detectable in all subjects at 6 months post-vaccination. Functional memory B cell responses, including those specific for the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Delta (B.1.617.2) variants, were also efficiently generated by mRNA vaccination and continued to increase in frequency between 3 and 6 months post-vaccination. Notably, most memory B cells induced by mRNA vaccines were capable of cross-binding variants of concern, and B cell receptor sequencing revealed significantly more hypermutation in these RBD variant-binding clones compared to clones that exclusively bound wild-type RBD. Moreover, the percent of variant cross-binding memory B cells was higher in vaccinees than individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19. mRNA vaccination also generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and durable memory CD4+ T cells in most individuals, with early CD4+ T cell responses correlating with humoral immunity at later timepoints. These findings demonstrate robust, multi-component humoral and cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and current variants of concern for at least 6 months after mRNA vaccination. Finally, we observed that boosting of pre-existing immunity with mRNA vaccination in SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals primarily increased antibody responses in the short-term without significantly altering antibody decay rates or long-term B and T cell memory. Together, this study provides insights into the generation and evolution of vaccine-induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern, and has implications for future booster strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi R. Goel
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Mark M. Painter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sokratis A. Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Aaron M. Rosenfeld
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kendall A. Lundgreen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arnold Reynaldi
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - David S. Khoury
- Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip Hicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Dysinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amanda Hicks
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Harsh Sharma
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sarah Herring
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Scott Korte
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison E. Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M. McAllister
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Moses Awofolaju
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Tanenbaum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Drapeau
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sherea Long
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T. Hamilton
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maura McLaughlin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justine C. Williams
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Sharon Adamski
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Ian Frank
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A. Vella
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Paul Bates
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Immune Health, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USAs
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Ortega N, Ribes M, Vidal M, Rubio R, Aguilar R, Williams S, Barrios D, Alonso S, Hernández-Luis P, Mitchell RA, Jairoce C, Cruz A, Jimenez A, Santano R, Méndez S, Lamoglia M, Rosell N, Llupià A, Puyol L, Chi J, Melero NR, Parras D, Serra P, Pradenas E, Trinité B, Blanco J, Mayor A, Barroso S, Varela P, Vilella A, Trilla A, Santamaria P, Carolis C, Tortajada M, Izquierdo L, Angulo A, Engel P, García-Basteiro AL, Moncunill G, Dobaño C. Seven-month kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and role of pre-existing antibodies to human coronaviruses. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4740. [PMID: 34362897 PMCID: PMC8346582 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24979-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the long-term kinetics of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and the individual characteristics influencing it, including the impact of pre-existing antibodies to human coronaviruses causing common cold (HCoVs), is essential to understand protective immunity to COVID-19 and devise effective surveillance strategies. IgM, IgA and IgG levels against six SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the nucleocapsid antigen of the four HCoV (229E, NL63, OC43 and HKU1) were quantified by Luminex, and antibody neutralization capacity was assessed by flow cytometry, in a cohort of health care workers followed up to 7 months (N = 578). Seroprevalence increases over time from 13.5% (month 0) and 15.6% (month 1) to 16.4% (month 6). Levels of antibodies, including those with neutralizing capacity, are stable over time, except IgG to nucleocapsid antigen and IgM levels that wane. After the peak response, anti-spike antibody levels increase from ~150 days post-symptom onset in all individuals (73% for IgG), in the absence of any evidence of re-exposure. IgG and IgA to HCoV are significantly higher in asymptomatic than symptomatic seropositive individuals. Thus, pre-existing cross-reactive HCoVs antibodies could have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ortega
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sarah Williams
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Selena Alonso
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Chenjerai Jairoce
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Angeline Cruz
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jimenez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Santano
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susana Méndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montserrat Lamoglia
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- School of Health Sciences TecnoCampus Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Neus Rosell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Llupià
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Chi
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Parras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Serra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Varela
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
- International Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain.
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17
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Logette E, Lorin C, Favreau C, Oshurko E, Coggan JS, Casalegno F, Sy MF, Monney C, Bertschy M, Delattre E, Fonta PA, Krepl J, Schmidt S, Keller D, Kerrien S, Scantamburlo E, Kaufmann AK, Markram H. A Machine-Generated View of the Role of Blood Glucose Levels in the Severity of COVID-19. Front Public Health 2021; 9:695139. [PMID: 34395368 PMCID: PMC8356061 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.695139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 started spreading toward the end of 2019 causing COVID-19, a disease that reached pandemic proportions among the human population within months. The reasons for the spectrum of differences in the severity of the disease across the population, and in particular why the disease affects more severely the aging population and those with specific preconditions are unclear. We developed machine learning models to mine 240,000 scientific articles openly accessible in the CORD-19 database, and constructed knowledge graphs to synthesize the extracted information and navigate the collective knowledge in an attempt to search for a potential common underlying reason for disease severity. The machine-driven framework we developed repeatedly pointed to elevated blood glucose as a key facilitator in the progression of COVID-19. Indeed, when we systematically retraced the steps of the SARS-CoV-2 infection, we found evidence linking elevated glucose to each major step of the life-cycle of the virus, progression of the disease, and presentation of symptoms. Specifically, elevations of glucose provide ideal conditions for the virus to evade and weaken the first level of the immune defense system in the lungs, gain access to deep alveolar cells, bind to the ACE2 receptor and enter the pulmonary cells, accelerate replication of the virus within cells increasing cell death and inducing an pulmonary inflammatory response, which overwhelms an already weakened innate immune system to trigger an avalanche of systemic infections, inflammation and cell damage, a cytokine storm and thrombotic events. We tested the feasibility of the hypothesis by manually reviewing the literature referenced by the machine-generated synthesis, reconstructing atomistically the virus at the surface of the pulmonary airways, and performing quantitative computational modeling of the effects of glucose levels on the infection process. We conclude that elevation in glucose levels can facilitate the progression of the disease through multiple mechanisms and can explain much of the differences in disease severity seen across the population. The study provides diagnostic considerations, new areas of research and potential treatments, and cautions on treatment strategies and critical care conditions that induce elevations in blood glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Logette
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Henry Markram
- Blue Brain Project, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Tian X, Liu L, Jiang W, Zhang H, Liu W, Li J. Potent and Persistent Antibody Response in COVID-19 Recovered Patients. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659041. [PMID: 34122416 PMCID: PMC8193946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic with millions infected and numerous fatalities. Virus-specific antibodies can be detected in infected patients approximately two weeks after symptom onset. In this study, we set up ELISA technology coating with purified SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins to study the antibody response of 484 serum samples. We established a surrogate viral inhibition assay using SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus system to determine the neutralization potency of collected serum samples. Here, we report robust antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in 484 recovered patients varying from 154 to 193 days, with 92% of recovered patients displaying a positive virus-specific spike glycoprotein IgG (s-IgG) response, while the ratio of positive spike glycoprotein IgM (s-IgM) reached 63%. Furthermore, moderate to potent neutralization activities were also observed in 62% of patients, correlating significantly with s-IgG response. This study strongly supports the long-term presence of antibodies in recovered patients against SARS-CoV-2, although all serum samples were collected from individuals with mild or moderate symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenguo Jiang
- Jining Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Dispinseri S, Secchi M, Pirillo MF, Tolazzi M, Borghi M, Brigatti C, De Angelis ML, Baratella M, Bazzigaluppi E, Venturi G, Sironi F, Canitano A, Marzinotto I, Tresoldi C, Ciceri F, Piemonti L, Negri D, Cara A, Lampasona V, Scarlatti G. Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2670. [PMID: 33976165 PMCID: PMC8113594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 evolve during infection may provide important insight into therapeutic approaches and vaccination for COVID-19. Here we profile the antibody responses of 162 COVID-19 symptomatic patients in the COVID-BioB cohort followed longitudinally for up to eight months from symptom onset to find SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, as well as antibodies either recognizing SARS-CoV-2 spike antigens and nucleoprotein, or specific for S2 antigen of seasonal beta-coronaviruses and hemagglutinin of the H1N1 flu virus. The presence of neutralizing antibodies within the first weeks from symptoms onset correlates with time to a negative swab result (p = 0.002), while the lack of neutralizing capacity correlates with an increased risk of a fatal outcome (p = 0.008). Neutralizing antibody titers progressively drop after 5-8 weeks but are still detectable up to 8 months in the majority of recovered patients regardless of age or co-morbidities, with IgG to spike antigens providing the best correlate of neutralization. Antibody responses to seasonal coronaviruses are temporarily boosted, and parallel those to SARS-CoV-2 without dampening the specific response or worsening disease progression. Our results thus suggest compromised immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 spike to be a major trait of COVID-19 patients with critical conditions, and thereby inform on the planning of COVID-19 patient care and therapy prioritization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Secchi
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- DNA Enzymology & Molecular Virology Unit, Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Monica Tolazzi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Borghi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Brigatti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Baratella
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giulietta Venturi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sironi
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Canitano
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Tresoldi
- Molecular Hematology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Negri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cara
- National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy.
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20
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Barreiro P, Candel FJ, Sanz JC, San Román J, del Mar Carretero M, Pérez-Abeledo M, Ramos B, Viñuela-Prieto JM, Canora J, Martínez-Peromingo FJ, Zapatero A. Virological Correlates of IgM-IgG Patterns of Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection According to Targeted Antigens. Viruses 2021; 13:874. [PMID: 34068703 PMCID: PMC8151912 DOI: 10.3390/v13050874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The virological meaning of the different patterns of serology in COVID-19 has been little examined in clinical settings. Asymptomatic subjects with IgM-spike (S) and IgG-nucleocapsid (N) determinations by chemiluminescence were studied for SARS-CoV-2 shedding in respiratory secretions by transcription-mediated amplification (TMA). In subjects showing IgM-S positive and IgG-N negative, IgG-S was determined by lateral flow assay. A total of 712 individuals were tested: 30.0% presented IgM-S(+)/IgG-N(-), 25.8% had IgM-S(+)/IgG-N(+) and 44.2% had IgM-S(-)/IgG-N(+); the proportion with TMA(+) were comparable in these three groups: 12.1, 8.7 and 10.5%, respectively. In individuals with IgM-S(+)/IgG-N(-), IgG-S(+) was detected in 66.5%. The frequency of IgM-S(+)/IgG-S(-) in the total population was 10.0%, of whom 24.1% had TMA(+); the chances for TMA(+) in subjects with an IgM-S(+) alone pattern were 2.4%. Targeting of the same SARS-CoV-2 antigen seems to be better for the characterization of IgM/IgG patterns of response. IgM-S(+) alone reactivity is rare, and a small proportion is associated with viral shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Barreiro
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Francisco Javier Candel
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Juan Carlos Sanz
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Jesús San Román
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
| | - María del Mar Carretero
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
| | - Marta Pérez-Abeledo
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Belén Ramos
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - José Manuel Viñuela-Prieto
- Public Health Regional Laboratory, Hospital Isabel Zendal, Av. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, 2, 28055 Madrid, Spain; (F.J.C.); (J.C.S.); (J.S.R.); (M.d.M.C.); (M.P.-A.); (B.R.); (J.M.V.-P.)
| | - Jesús Canora
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
| | | | - Antonio Zapatero
- Council of Public Health, Community of Madrid, Calle O’Donnell, 50, 28009 Madrid, Spain; (J.C.); (F.J.M.-P.); (A.Z.)
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21
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de Mattos Barbosa MG, Liu H, Huynh D, Shelley G, Keller ET, Emmer BT, Sherman E, Ginsburg D, Kennedy AA, Tai AW, Wobus C, Mirabeli C, Lanigan TM, Samaniego M, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Prak ETL, Platt JL, Cascalho M. IgV somatic mutation of human anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies governs neutralization and breadth of reactivity. JCI Insight 2021; 6:147386. [PMID: 33769311 PMCID: PMC8262290 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.147386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abs that neutralize SARS-CoV-2 are thought to provide the most immediate and effective treatment for those severely afflicted by this virus. Because coronavirus potentially diversifies by mutation, broadly neutralizing Abs are especially sought. Here, we report a possibly novel approach to rapid generation of potent broadly neutralizing human anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs. We isolated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-specific memory B cells by panning from the blood of convalescent subjects after infection with SARS-CoV-2 and sequenced and expressed Ig genes from individual B cells as human mAbs. All of 43 human mAbs generated in this way neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Eighteen of the forty-three human mAbs exhibited half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 6.7 × 10-12 M to 6.7 × 10-15 M for spike-pseudotyped virus. Seven of the human mAbs also neutralized (with IC50 < 6.7 × 10-12 M) viruses pseudotyped with mutant spike proteins (including receptor-binding domain mutants and the S1 C-terminal D614G mutant). Neutralization of the Wuhan Hu-1 founder strain and of some variants decreased when coding sequences were reverted to germline, suggesting that potency of neutralization was acquired by somatic hypermutation and selection of B cells. These results indicate that infection with SARS-CoV-2 evokes high-affinity B cell responses, some products of which are broadly neutralizing and others highly strain specific. We also identify variants that would potentially resist immunity evoked by infection with the Wuhan Hu-1 founder strain or by vaccines developed with products of that strain, suggesting evolutionary courses that SARS-CoV-2 could take.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emily Sherman
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Life Sciences Institute
| | - David Ginsburg
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Life Sciences Institute
- Departments of Human Genetics and Pediatrics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas M. Lanigan
- Department of Internal Medicine
- Vector Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Milagros Samaniego
- Department of Medicine, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aaron M. Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eline T. Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey L. Platt
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
| | - Marilia Cascalho
- Department of Surgery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and
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22
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Amanat F, Thapa M, Lei T, Sayed Ahmed SM, Adelsberg DC, Carreno JM, Strohmeier S, Schmitz AJ, Zafar S, Zhou JQ, Rijnink W, Alshammary H, Borcherding N, Reiche AG, Srivastava K, Sordillo EM, van Bakel H, Turner JS, Bajic G, Simon V, Ellebedy AH, Krammer F. The plasmablast response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination is dominated by non-neutralizing antibodies and targets both the NTD and the RBD. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.03.07.21253098. [PMID: 33758878 PMCID: PMC7987037 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.07.21253098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study we profiled vaccine-induced polyclonal antibodies as well as plasmablast derived mAbs from individuals who received SARS-CoV-2 spike mRNA vaccine. Polyclonal antibody responses in vaccinees were robust and comparable to or exceeded those seen after natural infection. However, the ratio of binding to neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was greater than that after natural infection and, at the monoclonal level, we found that the majority of vaccine-induced antibodies did not have neutralizing activity. We also found a co-dominance of mAbs targeting the NTD and RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike and an original antigenic-sin like backboost to seasonal human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1. Neutralizing activity of NTD mAbs but not RBD mAbs against a clinical viral isolate carrying E484K as well as extensive changes in the NTD was abolished, suggesting that a proportion of vaccine induced RBD binding antibodies may provide substantial protection against viral variants carrying single E484K RBD mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mahima Thapa
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Tinting Lei
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shaza M. Sayed Ahmed
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Daniel C. Adelsberg
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreno
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Aaron J. Schmitz
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Sarah Zafar
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Julian Q Zhou
- AbCellera Biologics Inc., Vancouver, BC V5Y 0A1, Canada
| | - Willemijn Rijnink
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hala Alshammary
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Ana Gonzalez Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Emilia Mia Sordillo
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | - Jackson S. Turner
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ali H. Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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23
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Rébillard RM, Charabati M, Grasmuck C, Filali-Mouhim A, Tastet O, Brassard N, Daigneault A, Bourbonnière L, Anand SP, Balthazard R, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Gasser R, Benlarbi M, Moratalla AC, Solorio YC, Boutin M, Farzam-Kia N, Descôteaux-Dinelle J, Fournier AP, Gowing E, Laumaea A, Jamann H, Lahav B, Goyette G, Lemaître F, Mamane VH, Prévost J, Richard J, Thai K, Cailhier JF, Chomont N, Finzi A, Chassé M, Durand M, Arbour N, Kaufmann DE, Prat A, Larochelle C. Identification of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune alterations in acutely ill patients. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145853. [PMID: 33635833 DOI: 10.1172/jci145853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated immune profiles have been described in symptomatic patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Whether the reported immune alterations are specific to SARS-CoV-2 infection or also triggered by other acute illnesses remains unclear. We performed flow cytometry analysis on fresh peripheral blood from a consecutive cohort of (a) patients hospitalized with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, (b) patients of comparable age and sex hospitalized for another acute disease (SARS-CoV-2 negative), and (c) healthy controls. Using both data-driven and hypothesis-driven analyses, we found several dysregulations in immune cell subsets (e.g., decreased proportion of T cells) that were similarly associated with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and non-COVID-19-related acute illnesses. In contrast, we identified specific differences in myeloid and lymphocyte subsets that were associated with SARS-CoV-2 status (e.g., elevated proportion of ICAM-1+ mature/activated neutrophils, ALCAM+ monocytes, and CD38+CD8+ T cells). A subset of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune alterations correlated with disease severity, disease outcome at 30 days, and mortality. Our data provide an understanding of the immune dysregulation specifically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection among acute care hospitalized patients. Our study lays the foundation for the development of specific biomarkers to stratify SARS-CoV-2-positive patients at risk of unfavorable outcomes and to uncover candidate molecules to investigate from a therapeutic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose-Marie Rébillard
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Camille Grasmuck
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Abdelali Filali-Mouhim
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Brassard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Daigneault
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sai Priya Anand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renaud Balthazard
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Romain Gasser
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Ana Carmena Moratalla
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Carpentier Solorio
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marianne Boutin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Negar Farzam-Kia
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jade Descôteaux-Dinelle
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Antoine Philippe Fournier
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annemarie Laumaea
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Hélène Jamann
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boaz Lahav
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guillaume Goyette
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Victoria Hannah Mamane
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jérémie Prévost
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Jonathan Richard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Karine Thai
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-François Cailhier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and
| | - Michaël Chassé
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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24
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Goncalves Cabecinhas AR, Roloff T, Stange M, Bertelli C, Huber M, Ramette A, Chen C, Nadeau S, Gerth Y, Yerly S, Opota O, Pillonel T, Schuster T, Metzger CMJA, Sieber J, Bel M, Wohlwend N, Baumann C, Koch MC, Bittel P, Leuzinger K, Brunner M, Suter-Riniker F, Berlinger L, Søgaard KK, Beckmann C, Noppen C, Redondo M, Steffen I, Seth-Smith HMB, Mari A, Lienhard R, Risch M, Nolte O, Eckerle I, Martinetti Lucchini G, Hodcroft EB, Neher RA, Stadler T, Hirsch HH, Leib SL, Risch L, Kaiser L, Trkola A, Greub G, Egli A. SARS-CoV-2 N501Y Introductions and Transmissions in Switzerland from Beginning of October 2020 to February 2021-Implementation of Swiss-Wide Diagnostic Screening and Whole Genome Sequencing. Microorganisms 2021; 9:677. [PMID: 33806013 PMCID: PMC8064472 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 (N501Y.V1) throughout the UK, B.1.351 (N501Y.V2) in South Africa, and P.1 (B.1.1.28.1; N501Y.V3) in Brazil has led to the definition of variants of concern (VoCs) and recommendations for lineage specific surveillance. In Switzerland, during the last weeks of December 2020, we established a nationwide screening protocol across multiple laboratories, focusing first on epidemiological and microbiological definitions. In January 2021, we validated and implemented an N501Y-specific PCR to rapidly screen for VoCs, which are then confirmed using amplicon sequencing or whole genome sequencing (WGS). A total of 13,387 VoCs have been identified since the detection of the first Swiss case in October 2020, with 4194 being B.1.1.7, 172 B.1.351, and 7 P.1. The remaining 9014 cases of VoCs have been described without further lineage specification. Overall, all diagnostic centers reported a rapid increase of the percentage of detected VOCs, with a range of 6 to 46% between 25 to 31 of January 2021 increasing towards 41 to 82% between 22 to 28 of February. A total of 739 N501Y positive genomes were analysed and show a broad range of introduction events to Switzerland. In this paper, we describe the nationwide coordination and implementation process across laboratories, public health institutions, and researchers, the first results of our N501Y-specific variant screening, and the phylogenetic analysis of all available WGS data in Switzerland, that together identified the early introduction events and subsequent community spreading of the VoCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Goncalves Cabecinhas
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.R.G.C.); (S.Y.); (I.E.); (L.K.)
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tim Roloff
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Madlen Stange
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Claire Bertelli
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.); (O.O.); (T.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Alban Ramette
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Chaoran Chen
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (C.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Sarah Nadeau
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (C.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Yannick Gerth
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, 9001 Saint Gall, Switzerland; (Y.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Sabine Yerly
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.R.G.C.); (S.Y.); (I.E.); (L.K.)
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Onya Opota
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.); (O.O.); (T.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Trestan Pillonel
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.); (O.O.); (T.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Tobias Schuster
- Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, 3097 Berne, Switzerland; (T.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Cesar M. J. A. Metzger
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland; (C.M.J.A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Jonas Sieber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, 3700 Spiez, Switzerland; (C.M.J.A.M.); (J.S.)
| | - Michael Bel
- Federal Office of Public Health FOPH, 3097 Berne, Switzerland; (T.S.); (M.B.)
| | - Nadia Wohlwend
- Clinical Microbiology, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, 9470 Buchs SG, Switzerland; (N.W.); (M.R.); (L.R.)
| | - Christian Baumann
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Michel C. Koch
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Pascal Bittel
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Karoline Leuzinger
- Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (H.H.H.)
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myrta Brunner
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Franziska Suter-Riniker
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | | | - Kirstine K. Søgaard
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Christoph Noppen
- Viollier AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (C.N.); (M.R.)
| | - Maurice Redondo
- Viollier AG, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland; (C.B.); (C.N.); (M.R.)
| | | | - Helena M. B. Seth-Smith
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology, University Hospital Basel & University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Alfredo Mari
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
| | - Reto Lienhard
- ADMED Microbiology, 2300 La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland;
- Coordination Commission of Clinical Microbiology, Swiss Society of Microbiology, 1033 Cheseaux, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Risch
- Clinical Microbiology, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, 9470 Buchs SG, Switzerland; (N.W.); (M.R.); (L.R.)
- Coordination Commission of Clinical Microbiology, Swiss Society of Microbiology, 1033 Cheseaux, Switzerland;
| | - Oliver Nolte
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, 9001 Saint Gall, Switzerland; (Y.G.); (O.N.)
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.R.G.C.); (S.Y.); (I.E.); (L.K.)
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gladys Martinetti Lucchini
- Coordination Commission of Clinical Microbiology, Swiss Society of Microbiology, 1033 Cheseaux, Switzerland;
- EOC Microbiological Laboratory, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Emma B. Hodcroft
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Richard A. Neher
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics (SIB), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; (R.A.N.); (T.S.)
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (C.C.); (S.N.)
| | - Hans H. Hirsch
- Clinical Virology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; (K.L.); (H.H.H.)
- Transplantation & Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.R.); (C.B.); (M.C.K.); (P.B.); (F.S.-R.); (S.L.L.)
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Clinical Microbiology, Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, 9470 Buchs SG, Switzerland; (N.W.); (M.R.); (L.R.)
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Private University of the Principality of Liechtenstein, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Laboratory of Virology, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (A.R.G.C.); (S.Y.); (I.E.); (L.K.)
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (M.H.); (A.T.)
| | - Gilbert Greub
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland; (C.B.); (O.O.); (T.P.); (G.G.)
| | - Adrian Egli
- Center for Emerging Viral Diseases, University Hospital Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Applied Microbiology Research, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (T.R.); (M.S.); (M.B.); (K.K.S.); (H.M.B.S.-S.); (A.M.)
- Coordination Commission of Clinical Microbiology, Swiss Society of Microbiology, 1033 Cheseaux, Switzerland;
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25
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Klasse PJ, Nixon DF, Moore JP. Immunogenicity of clinically relevant SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in nonhuman primates and humans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe8065. [PMID: 33608249 PMCID: PMC7978427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiple preventive vaccines are being developed to counter the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The leading candidates have now been evaluated in nonhuman primates (NHPs) and human phase 1 and/or phase 2 clinical trials. Several vaccines have already advanced into phase 3 efficacy trials, while others will do so before the end of 2020. Here, we summarize what is known of the antibody and T cell immunogenicity of these vaccines in NHPs and humans. To the extent possible, we compare how the vaccines have performed, taking into account the use of different assays to assess immunogenicity and inconsistencies in how the resulting data are presented. We also review the outcome of challenge experiments with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in immunized macaques, while noting variations in the protocols used, including but not limited to the virus challenge doses. Press releases on the outcomes of vaccine efficacy trials are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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26
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Dan JM, Mateus J, Kato Y, Hastie KM, Yu ED, Faliti CE, Grifoni A, Ramirez SI, Haupt S, Frazier A, Nakao C, Rayaprolu V, Rawlings SA, Peters B, Krammer F, Simon V, Saphire EO, Smith DM, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Crotty S. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science 2021; 371:eabf4063. [PMID: 33408181 PMCID: PMC7919858 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1798] [Impact Index Per Article: 599.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding immune memory to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at ≥6 months after infection. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) to the spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month after symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells declined with a half-life of 3 to 5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4+ T cell, and CD8+ T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caterina E Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catherine Nakao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Rothan HA, Teoh TC. Cell-Based High-Throughput Screening Protocol for Discovering Antiviral Inhibitors Against SARS-COV-2 Main Protease (3CLpro). Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:240-248. [PMID: 33464543 PMCID: PMC7814170 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The global public health has been compromised since the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in late December 2019. There are no specific antiviral drugs available to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2, several variants have been identified with a potential epidemiologic and pathogenic variation. This fact has forced antiviral drug development strategies to stay innovative, including new drug discovery protocols, combining drugs, and establishing new drug classes. Thus, developing novel screening methods and direct-targeting viral enzymes could be an attractive strategy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, we designed, optimized, and validated a cell-based assay protocol for high-throughput screening (HTS) antiviral drug inhibitors against main viral protease (3CLpro). We applied the split-GFP complementation to develop GFP-split-3CLpro HTS system. The system consists of GFP-based reporters that become fluorescent upon cleavage by SARS-CoV-2 protease 3CLpro. We generated a stable GFP-split-3CLpro HTS system valid to screen large drug libraries for inhibitors to SARS-CoV-2 main protease in the bio-safety level 2 laboratory, providing real-time antiviral activity of the tested compounds. Using this assay, we identified a new class of viral protease inhibitors derived from quinazoline compounds that worth further in vitro and in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussin A Rothan
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Teow Chong Teoh
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- The Oxford-Cardiff COVID-19 Literature Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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29
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Dan JM, Mateus J, Kato Y, Hastie KM, Yu ED, Faliti CE, Grifoni A, Ramirez SI, Haupt S, Frazier A, Nakao C, Rayaprolu V, Rawlings SA, Peters B, Krammer F, Simon V, Saphire EO, Smith DM, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Crotty S. Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to eight months after infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.11.15.383323. [PMID: 33442687 PMCID: PMC7805444 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.15.383323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 is critical for improving diagnostics and vaccines, and for assessing the likely future course of the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed multiple compartments of circulating immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in 254 samples from 188 COVID-19 cases, including 43 samples at ≥ 6 months post-infection. IgG to the Spike protein was relatively stable over 6+ months. Spike-specific memory B cells were more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month post symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells declined with a half-life of 3-5 months. By studying antibody, memory B cell, CD4 + T cell, and CD8 + T cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 in an integrated manner, we observed that each component of SARS-CoV-2 immune memory exhibited distinct kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Dan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Yu Kato
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Esther Dawen Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sydney I. Ramirez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sonya Haupt
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - April Frazier
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Catherine Nakao
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Vamseedhar Rayaprolu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen A. Rawlings
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Davey M. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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30
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Galipeau Y, Greig M, Liu G, Driedger M, Langlois MA. Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610688. [PMID: 33391281 PMCID: PMC7775512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In December 2019, the novel betacoronavirus Severe Acute Respiratory Disease Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first detected in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 has since become a pandemic virus resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths and deep socioeconomic implications worldwide. In recent months, efforts have been directed towards detecting, tracking, and better understanding human humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. It has become critical to develop robust and reliable serological assays to characterize the abundance, neutralization efficiency, and duration of antibodies in virus-exposed individuals. Here we review the latest knowledge on humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection, along with the benefits and limitations of currently available commercial and laboratory-based serological assays. We also highlight important serological considerations, such as antibody expression levels, stability and neutralization dynamics, as well as cross-reactivity and possible immunological back-boosting by seasonal coronaviruses. The ability to accurately detect, measure and characterize the various antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 is necessary for vaccine development, manage risk and exposure for healthcare and at-risk workers, and for monitoring reinfections with genetic variants and new strains of the virus. Having a thorough understanding of the benefits and cautions of standardized serological testing at a community level remains critically important in the design and implementation of future vaccination campaigns, epidemiological models of immunity, and public health measures that rely heavily on up-to-date knowledge of transmission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Galipeau
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Greig
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - George Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Marc-André Langlois
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- uOttawa Center for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (CI3), Ottawa, ON, Canada
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31
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Breton G, Mendoza P, Hagglof T, Oliveira TY, Schaefer-Babajew D, Gaebler C, Turroja M, Hurley A, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Persistent Cellular Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.12.08.416636. [PMID: 33330867 PMCID: PMC7743071 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.08.416636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for an ongoing pandemic that affected millions of individuals around the globe. To gain further understanding of the immune response in recovered individuals we measured T cell responses in paired samples obtained an average of 1.3 and 6.1 months after infection from 41 individuals. The data indicate that recovered individuals show persistent polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 antigen specific memory that could contribute to rapid recall responses. In addition, recovered individuals show enduring immune alterations in relative numbers of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, expression of activation/exhaustion markers, and cell division. SUMMARY We show that SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits broadly reactive and highly functional memory T cell responses that persist 6 months after infection. In addition, recovered individuals show enduring immune alterations in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Breton
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas Hagglof
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Christian Gaebler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Martina Turroja
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Arlene Hurley
- Hospital Program Direction, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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32
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Schaffner A, Risch L, Aeschbacher S, Risch C, Weber MC, Thiel SL, Jüngert K, Pichler M, Grossmann K, Wohlwend N, Lung T, Hillmann D, Bigler S, Bodmer T, Imperiali M, Renz H, Kohler P, Vernazza P, Kahlert CR, Twerenbold R, Paprotny M, Conen D, Risch M. Characterization of a Pan-Immunoglobulin Assay Quantifying Antibodies Directed against the Receptor Binding Domain of the SARS-CoV-2 S1-Subunit of the Spike Protein: A Population-Based Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3989. [PMID: 33317059 PMCID: PMC7764650 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pan-immunoglobulin assays can simultaneously detect IgG, IgM and IgA directed against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit of the spike protein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD Ig). In this work, we aim to evaluate a quantitative SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD Ig electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) regarding analytical, diagnostic, operational and clinical characteristics. Our work takes the form of a population-based study in the principality of Liechtenstein, including 125 cases with clinically well-described and laboratory confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1159 individuals without evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 cases were tested for antibodies in sera taken with a median of 48 days (interquartile range, IQR, 43-52) and 139 days (IQR, 129-144) after symptom onset. Sera were also tested with other assays targeting antibodies against non-RBD-S1 and -S1/S2 epitopes. Sensitivity was 97.6% (95% confidence interval, CI, 93.2-99.1), whereas specificity was 99.8% (95% CI, 99.4-99.9). Antibody levels linearly decreased from hospitalized patients to symptomatic outpatients and SARS-CoV-2 infection without symptoms (p < 0.001). Among cases with SARS-CoV-2 infection, smokers had lower antibody levels than non-smokers (p = 0.04), and patients with fever had higher antibody levels than patients without fever (p = 0.001). Pan-SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD Ig in SARS-CoV-2 infection cases significantly increased from first to second follow-up (p < 0.001). A substantial proportion of individuals without evidence of past SARS-CoV-2 infection displayed non-S1-RBD antibody reactivities (248/1159, i.e., 21.4%, 95% CI, 19.1-23.4). In conclusion, a quantitative SARS-CoV-2 S1-RBD Ig assay offers favorable and sustained assay characteristics allowing the determination of quantitative associations between clinical characteristics (e.g., disease severity, smoking or fever) and antibody levels. The assay could also help to identify individuals with antibodies of non-S1-RBD specificity with potential clinical cross-reactivity to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schaffner
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Private Universität im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
- Center of Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University of Bern, Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Aeschbacher
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 2, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (S.A.); (R.T.)
| | - Corina Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Myriam C. Weber
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Sarah L. Thiel
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Katharina Jüngert
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Pichler
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Kirsten Grossmann
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Private Universität im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Dorfstrasse 24, 9495 Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Nadia Wohlwend
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Thomas Lung
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Dorothea Hillmann
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Wuhrstrasse 14, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (L.R.); (C.R.); (K.G.); (N.W.); (T.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Susanna Bigler
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland; (S.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Bodmer
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, 3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland; (S.B.); (T.B.)
| | - Mauro Imperiali
- Centro Medicina di Laboratorio Dr Risch, Via Arbostra 2, 6963 Pregassona, Switzerland;
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Giessen and Marburg, Philipps University Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043 Marburg, Germany;
| | - Philipp Kohler
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (P.K.); (P.V.); (C.R.K.)
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (P.K.); (P.V.); (C.R.K.)
| | - Christian R. Kahlert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Rohrschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland; (P.K.); (P.V.); (C.R.K.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerland, Claudiusstrasse 6, 9006 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Twerenbold
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 2, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (S.A.); (R.T.)
- Clinic of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Paprotny
- Landesspital Liechtenstein, Heiligkreuz, 9490 Vaduz, Liechtenstein; (A.S.); (M.C.W.); (S.L.T.); (K.J.); (M.P.); (M.P.)
| | - David Conen
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, 237 Barton Street East, Hamilton, ON L8L 2X2, Canada;
| | - Martin Risch
- Central Laboratory, Kantonsspital Graubünden, Loësstrasse 170, 7000 Chur, Switzerland
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