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Held RG, Liang J, Brunger AT. Nanoscale architecture of synaptic vesicles and scaffolding complexes revealed by cryo-electron tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2403136121. [PMID: 38923992 PMCID: PMC11228483 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2403136121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The spatial distribution of proteins and their arrangement within the cellular ultrastructure regulates the opening of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in response to glutamate release at the synapse. Fluorescence microscopy imaging revealed that the postsynaptic density (PSD) and scaffolding proteins in the presynaptic active zone (AZ) align across the synapse to form a trans-synaptic "nanocolumn," but the relation to synaptic vesicle release sites is uncertain. Here, we employ focused-ion beam (FIB) milling and cryoelectron tomography to image synapses under near-native conditions. Improved image contrast, enabled by FIB milling, allows simultaneous visualization of supramolecular nanoclusters within the AZ and PSD and synaptic vesicles. Surprisingly, membrane-proximal synaptic vesicles, which fuse to release glutamate, are not preferentially aligned with AZ or PSD nanoclusters. These synaptic vesicles are linked to the membrane by peripheral protein densities, often consistent in size and shape with Munc13, as well as globular densities bridging the synaptic vesicle and plasma membrane, consistent with prefusion complexes of SNAREs, synaptotagmins, and complexin. Monte Carlo simulations of synaptic transmission events using biorealistic models guided by our tomograms predict that clustering AMPARs within PSD nanoclusters increases the variability of the postsynaptic response but not its average amplitude. Together, our data support a model in which synaptic strength is tuned at the level of single vesicles by the spatial relationship between scaffolding nanoclusters and single synaptic vesicle fusion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Held
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Jiahao Liang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Axel T Brunger
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Photon Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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2
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Badal KK, Zhao Y, Raveendra BL, Lozano-Villada S, Miller KE, Puthanveettil SV. PKA Activity-Driven Modulation of Bidirectional Long-Distance transport of Lysosomal vesicles During Synapse Maintenance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601272. [PMID: 38979384 PMCID: PMC11230415 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The bidirectional long-distance transport of organelles is crucial for cell body-synapse communication. However, the mechanisms by which this transport is modulated for synapse formation, maintenance, and plasticity are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate through quantitative analyses that maintaining sensory neuron-motor neuron synapses in the Aplysia gill-siphon withdrawal reflex is linked to a sustained reduction in the retrograde transport of lysosomal vesicles in sensory neurons. Interestingly, while mitochondrial transport in the anterograde direction increases within 12 hours of synapse formation, the reduction in lysosomal vesicle retrograde transport appears three days after synapse formation. Moreover, we find that formation of new synapses during learning induced by neuromodulatory neurotransmitter serotonin further reduces lysosomal vesicle transport within 24 hours, whereas mitochondrial transport increases in the anterograde direction within one hour of exposure. Pharmacological inhibition of several signaling pathways pinpoints PKA as a key regulator of retrograde transport of lysosomal vesicles during synapse maintenance. These results demonstrate that synapse formation leads to organelle-specific and direction specific enduring changes in long-distance transport, offering insights into the mechanisms underlying synapse maintenance and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerriann. K. Badal
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
- Integrative Biology PhD Program, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yibo. Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bindu L Raveendra
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sebastian Lozano-Villada
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Kyle. E. Miller
- Harriet L. Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Drive, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Sathyanarayanan V. Puthanveettil
- Department of Neuroscience, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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3
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Eckmann S, Young EJ, Gjorgjieva J. Synapse-type-specific competitive Hebbian learning forms functional recurrent networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2305326121. [PMID: 38870059 PMCID: PMC11194505 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305326121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Cortical networks exhibit complex stimulus-response patterns that are based on specific recurrent interactions between neurons. For example, the balance between excitatory and inhibitory currents has been identified as a central component of cortical computations. However, it remains unclear how the required synaptic connectivity can emerge in developing circuits where synapses between excitatory and inhibitory neurons are simultaneously plastic. Using theory and modeling, we propose that a wide range of cortical response properties can arise from a single plasticity paradigm that acts simultaneously at all excitatory and inhibitory connections-Hebbian learning that is stabilized by the synapse-type-specific competition for a limited supply of synaptic resources. In plastic recurrent circuits, this competition enables the formation and decorrelation of inhibition-balanced receptive fields. Networks develop an assembly structure with stronger synaptic connections between similarly tuned excitatory and inhibitory neurons and exhibit response normalization and orientation-specific center-surround suppression, reflecting the stimulus statistics during training. These results demonstrate how neurons can self-organize into functional networks and suggest an essential role for synapse-type-specific competitive learning in the development of cortical circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eckmann
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward James Young
- Computational and Biological Learning Lab, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Julijana Gjorgjieva
- Computation in Neural Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Technical University Munich, Freising85354, Germany
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4
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Matúš D, Lopez JM, Sando RC, Südhof TC. Essential Role of Latrophilin-1 Adhesion GPCR Nanoclusters in Inhibitory Synapses. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1978232024. [PMID: 38684366 PMCID: PMC11154861 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1978-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Latrophilin-1 (Lphn1, aka CIRL1 and CL1; gene symbol Adgrl1) is an adhesion GPCR that has been implicated in excitatory synaptic transmission as a candidate receptor for α-latrotoxin. Here we analyzed conditional knock-in/knock-out mice for Lphn1 that contain an extracellular myc epitope tag. Mice of both sexes were used in all experiments. Surprisingly, we found that Lphn1 is localized in cultured neurons to synaptic nanoclusters that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses. Conditional deletion of Lphn1 in cultured neurons failed to elicit a detectable impairment in excitatory synapses but produced a decrease in inhibitory synapse numbers and synaptic transmission that was most pronounced for synapses close to the neuronal soma. No changes in axonal or dendritic outgrowth or branching were observed. Our data indicate that Lphn1 is among the few postsynaptic adhesion molecules that are present in both excitatory and inhibitory synapses and that Lphn1 by itself is not essential for excitatory synaptic transmission but is required for some inhibitory synaptic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Matúš
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jaybree M Lopez
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Richard C Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37240
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
- Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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5
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Fatemi SH, Eschenlauer A, Aman J, Folsom TD, Chekouo T. Quantitative proteomics of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reveals an early pattern of synaptic dysmaturation in children with idiopathic autism. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:161-171. [PMID: 38696595 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder with a rising prevalence and unknown etiology presenting with deficits in cognition and abnormal behavior. We hypothesized that the investigation of the synaptic component of prefrontal cortex may provide proteomic signatures that may identify the biological underpinnings of cognitive deficits in childhood ASD. Subcellular fractions of synaptosomes from prefrontal cortices of age-, brain area-, and postmortem-interval-matched samples from children and adults with idiopathic ASD vs. controls were subjected to HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Analysis of data revealed the enrichment of ASD risk genes that participate in slow maturation of the postsynaptic density (PSD) structure and function during early brain development. Proteomic analysis revealed down regulation of PSD-related proteins including AMPA and NMDA receptors, GRM3, DLG4, olfactomedins, Shank1-3, Homer1, CaMK2α, NRXN1, NLGN2, Drebrin1, ARHGAP32, and Dock9 in children with autism (FDR-adjusted P < 0.05). In contrast, PSD-related alterations were less severe or unchanged in adult individuals with ASD. Network analyses revealed glutamate receptor abnormalities. Overall, the proteomic data support the concept that idiopathic autism is a synaptopathy involving PSD-related ASD risk genes. Interruption in evolutionarily conserved slow maturation of the PSD complex in prefrontal cortex may lead to the development of ASD in a susceptible individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Arthur Eschenlauer
- Minnesota Supercomputing Institute, 599 Walter Library, 117 Pleasant Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Justin Aman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy D Folsom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Thierry Chekouo
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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6
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González-Cota AL, Martínez-Flores D, Rosendo-Pineda MJ, Vaca L. NMDA receptor-mediated Ca 2+ signaling: Impact on cell cycle regulation and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102856. [PMID: 38408411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
NMDA receptors are Ca2+-permeable ligand-gated ion channels that mediate fast excitatory transmission in the central nervous system. NMDA receptors regulate the proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor cells and also play critical roles in neural plasticity, memory, and learning. In addition to their physiological role, NMDA receptors are also involved in glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which results from excessive glutamate stimulation, leading to Ca2+ overload, and ultimately to neuronal death. Thus, NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity has been linked to several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, dementia, and stroke. Interestingly, in addition to its effects on cell death, aberrant expression or activation of NMDA receptors is also involved in pathological cellular proliferation, and is implicated in the invasion and proliferation of various types of cancer. These disorders are thought to be related to the contribution of NMDA receptors to cell proliferation and cell death through cell cycle modulation. This review aims to discuss the evidence implicating NMDA receptor activity in cell cycle regulation and the link between aberrant NMDA receptor activity and the development of neurodegenerative diseases and cancer due to cell cycle dysregulation. The information presented here will provide insights into the signaling pathways and the contribution of NMDA receptors to these diseases, and suggests that NMDA receptors are promising targets for the prevention and treatment of these diseases, which are leading causes of death and disability worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L González-Cota
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Martínez-Flores
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Margarita Jacaranda Rosendo-Pineda
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis Vaca
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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7
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Mansouri Z, Khodagholi F, Zaringhalam J, Abbaszadeh F, Ghasemi R, Maghsoudi N. Intranasal CEPO-FC prevents attention deficits in streptozotocin-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease: Focus on synaptic plasticity-related factors. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:491-508. [PMID: 38741725 PMCID: PMC11089095 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease remains an issue of great controversy due to its pathology. It is characterized by cognitive impairments and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The FDA approved medications for this disease, can only mitigate the symptoms. One reason for the lack of effective medications is the inaccessibility of the brain which is encompassed by the blood-brain barrier, making intranasal (IN) route of administration potentially advantageous. Male Wistar rats underwent stereotaxic surgery to induce an Alzheimer's disease model via intracerebroventricular (ICV) streptozotocin injection, and Carbamylated Erythropoietin-Fc (CEPO-FC), a derivative of Erythropoietin without its harmful characteristics, was administered intranasally for ten consecutive days. Cognition performance for memory and attention was assessed using the Novel Object Recognition Test and the Object-Based Attention Test respectively. Depression like behavior was evaluated using the Forced Swim Test. Western blotting was done on the extracted hippocampus to quantify STIM proteins. Calbindin, PSD-95, Neuroplastin, Synaptophysin and GAP-43 genes were assessed by Realtime PCR. Behavioral tests demonstrated that IN CEPO-FC could halt cognition deficits and molecular investigations showed that, STIM proteins were decreased in Alzheimer's model, and increased after IN CEPO-FC treatment. Calbindin and PSD-95 were downregulated in our disease model and upregulated when treated with IN CEPO-FC. While Neuroplastin, and GAP-43 expressions remained unchanged. This study suggests that IN CEPO-FC in low doses could be promising for improving cognition and synaptic plasticity deficits in Alzheimer's disease and since IN route of administration is a convenient way, choosing IN CEPO-FC for clinical trial might worth consideration. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Mansouri
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jalal Zaringhalam
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Abbaszadeh
- Neurobiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Ghasemi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Maghsoudi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Carretero-Guillén A, Treviño M, Gómez-Climent MÁ, Dogbevia GK, Bertocchi I, Sprengel R, Larkum ME, Vlachos A, Gruart A, Delgado-García JM, Hasan MT. Dentate gyrus is needed for memory retrieval. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02546-0. [PMID: 38609585 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial for acquiring and retrieving episodic and contextual memories. In previous studies, the inactivation of dentate gyrus (DG) neurons by chemogenetic- and optogenetic-mediated hyperpolarization led to opposing conclusions about DG's role in memory retrieval. One study used Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)-mediated clozapine N-oxide (CNO)-induced hyperpolarization and reported that the previously formed memory was erased, thus concluding that denate gyrus is needed for memory maintenance. The other study used optogenetic with halorhodopsin induced hyperpolarization and reported and dentate gyrus is needed for memory retrieval. We hypothesized that this apparent discrepancy could be due to the length of hyperpolarization in previous studies; minutes by optogenetics and several hours by DREADD/CNO. Since hyperpolarization interferes with anterograde and retrograde neuronal signaling, it is possible that the memory engram in the dentate gyrus and the entorhinal to hippocampus trisynaptic circuit was erased by long-term, but not with short-term hyperpolarization. We developed and applied an advanced chemogenetic technology to selectively silence synaptic output by blocking neurotransmitter release without hyperpolarizing DG neurons to explore this apparent discrepancy. We performed in vivo electrophysiology during trace eyeblink in a rabbit model of associative learning. Our work shows that the DG output is required for memory retrieval. Based on previous and recent findings, we propose that the actively functional anterograde and retrograde neuronal signaling is necessary to preserve synaptic memory engrams along the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampal trisynaptic circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carretero-Guillén
- Division of Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain
| | - Mario Treviño
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44130, México
| | | | - Godwin K Dogbevia
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ilaria Bertocchi
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Rolf Sprengel
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Agnès Gruart
- Division of Neuroscience, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Mazahir T Hasan
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
- NeuroCure, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
- Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.
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9
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Li D, Sun N, Guo Y, Huang S, Yin C, Xiao Y, Ma W. Investigating the Effects of Perampanel on Autophagy-mediated Regulation of GluA2 and PSD95 in Epilepsy. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04136-1. [PMID: 38602656 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04136-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Despite various treatment approaches, a significant number of patients continue to experience uncontrolled seizures, leading to refractory epilepsy. The emergence of novel anti-epileptic drugs, such as perampanel (PER), has provided promising options for effective epilepsy treatment. However, the specific mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of PER remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic molecular regulatory mechanisms involved in the downregulation of GluA2, a key subunit of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors, following epileptic seizures. Primary mouse hippocampal neurons were cultured and subjected to an epilepsy cell model. The expression levels of GluA2 and autophagy-related proteins were assessed using Western blotting and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry techniques were employed to investigate the nuclear translocation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Additionally, status epilepticus animal models were established to further validate the findings. The epilepsy cell model exhibited a significant decrease in GluA2 expression, accompanied by elevated levels of autophagy-related proteins. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed the nuclear translocation of CRTC1, which correlated with the expression of autophagy-related genes. Treatment with an autophagy inhibitor reversed the decreased expression of GluA2 in the epilepsy cell model. Furthermore, the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase inhibitor FK506 and CaN overexpression affected the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of CRTC1, consequently influencing GluA2 expression. Animal model results further supported the involvement of these molecular mechanisms in epilepsy. Our findings suggest that the downregulation of GluA2 following epileptic seizures involves the activation of autophagy and the regulation of CRTC1 nuclear translocation. These intrinsic molecular regulatory mechanisms provide potential targets for developing novel therapeutic strategies to alleviate refractory epilepsy and preserve cognitive functions in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingying Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaoping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanfeng Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 157 Xiwu Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Weijun Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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Janelt K, Poprawa I. Organisation of the nervous system in cysts of the freshwater tardigrade Thulinius ruffoi (Parachela, Isohypsibioidea: Doryphoribiidae). J Anat 2024; 244:654-666. [PMID: 38131103 PMCID: PMC10941535 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Encystment is a natural process that involves cyst formation, and at least some species of tardigrades can form cysts. However, the encystment process and cyst structure among tardigrades are still poorly understood. Despite some aspects of the encysted animals' systems organisation being examined in the past, the morphology and structure of the nervous system have never been thoroughly investigated. This study covers anatomical, histological and morphological details and proposes physiological aspects of the nervous system in encysted Thulinius ruffoi up to 11 months duration in encystment. This is the first record of the nervous system organisation in a species belonging to the family Doryphoribiidae. The cyst formation results in morphological changes in the nervous system. It comprises central and peripheral elements, which may be observable even after many months since the cyst formation. Based on the nervous system's organisation in cysts, there is no sign that histolysis is a part of encystment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Janelt
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Izabela Poprawa
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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11
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Kassabian B, Levy AM, Gardella E, Aledo-Serrano A, Ananth AL, Brea-Fernández AJ, Caumes R, Chatron N, Dainelli A, De Wachter M, Denommé-Pichon AS, Dye TJ, Fazzi E, Felt R, Fernández-Jaén A, Fernández-Prieto M, Gantz E, Gasperowicz P, Gil-Nagel A, Gómez-Andrés D, Greiner HM, Guerrini R, Haanpää MK, Helin M, Hoyer J, Hurst ACE, Kallish S, Karkare SN, Khan A, Kleinendorst L, Koch J, Kothare SV, Koudijs SM, Lagae L, Lakeman P, Leppig KA, Lesca G, Lopergolo D, Lusk L, Mackenzie A, Mei D, Møller RS, Pereira EM, Platzer K, Quelin C, Revah-Politi A, Rheims S, Rodríguez-Palmero A, Rossi A, Santorelli F, Seinfeld S, Sell E, Stephenson D, Szczaluba K, Trinka E, Umair M, Van Esch H, van Haelst MM, Veenma DCM, Weber S, Weckhuysen S, Zacher P, Tümer Z, Rubboli G. Developmental epileptic encephalopathy in DLG4-related synaptopathy. Epilepsia 2024; 65:1029-1045. [PMID: 38135915 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The postsynaptic density protein of excitatory neurons PSD-95 is encoded by discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (DLG4), de novo pathogenic variants of which lead to DLG4-related synaptopathy. The major clinical features are developmental delay, intellectual disability (ID), hypotonia, sleep disturbances, movement disorders, and epilepsy. Even though epilepsy is present in 50% of the individuals, it has not been investigated in detail. We describe here the phenotypic spectrum of epilepsy and associated comorbidities in patients with DLG4-related synaptopathy. METHODS We included 35 individuals with a DLG4 variant and epilepsy as part of a multicenter study. The DLG4 variants were detected by the referring laboratories. The degree of ID, hypotonia, developmental delay, and motor disturbances were evaluated by the referring clinician. Data on awake and sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and/or video-polygraphy and brain magnetic resonance imaging were collected. Antiseizure medication response was retrospectively assessed by the referring clinician. RESULTS A large variety of seizure types was reported, although focal seizures were the most common. Encephalopathy related to status epilepticus during slow-wave sleep (ESES)/developmental epileptic encephalopathy with spike-wave activation during sleep (DEE-SWAS) was diagnosed in >25% of the individuals. All but one individual presented with neurodevelopmental delay. Regression in verbal and/or motor domains was observed in all individuals who suffered from ESES/DEE-SWAS, as well as some who did not. We could not identify a clear genotype-phenotype relationship even between individuals with the same DLG4 variants. SIGNIFICANCE Our study shows that a subgroup of individuals with DLG4-related synaptopathy have DEE, and approximately one fourth of them have ESES/DEE-SWAS. Our study confirms DEE as part of the DLG4-related phenotypic spectrum. Occurrence of ESES/DEE-SWAS in DLG4-related synaptopathy requires proper investigation with sleep EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Kassabian
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Amanda M Levy
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Gardella
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Angel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy and Neurogenetics Unit, Vithas la Milagrosa University Hospital, Vithas Hospital Group, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amitha L Ananth
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alejandro J Brea-Fernández
- Grupo de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Genética, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Nicolas Chatron
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Laboratoire Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 5261- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1315, Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Alice Dainelli
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias De Wachter
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- Functional Unit for Diagnostic Innovation in Rare Diseases, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine TRANSLationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, Dijon, France
- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 1231, Génétique des Anomalies du Développement (GAD), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine TRANSLationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (FHU-TRANSLAD), University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas J Dye
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roxanne Felt
- Department of Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Bellevue Medical Center, Bellevue, Washington, USA
| | - Alberto Fernández-Jaén
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neurogenetics Section, Hospital Universitario Quirónsalud, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montse Fernández-Prieto
- Grupo de Genómica y Bioinformática, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERER-ISCIII), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo de Genética, Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Emily Gantz
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Piotr Gasperowicz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- Neurology Department, Epilepsy Program, Ruber Internacional Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Andrés
- Child Neurology Unit, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hansel M Greiner
- Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Renzo Guerrini
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria K Haanpää
- Department of Genomics, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Minttu Helin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Juliane Hoyer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen Nürnberg, Institute of Human Genetics, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna C E Hurst
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Staci Kallish
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shefali N Karkare
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Pakistan
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lotte Kleinendorst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Koch
- University Children's Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sanjeev V Kothare
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, USA
| | - Suzanna M Koudijs
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Center (MC) Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Erfelijke Neuro-Cognitieve Ontwikkelingsstoornissen, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center (ENCORE)-GRIN Expertise Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Section Paediatric Neurology, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Phillis Lakeman
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen A Leppig
- Genetic Services, Kaiser Permanente of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Service de Genetique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
- Institute NeuroMyoGène, Laboratoire Physiopathologie et Génétique du Neurone et du Muscle, Centre National de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) Unité mixte de recherche (UMR) 5261- L'Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1315, Université de Lyon-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Diego Lopergolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laina Lusk
- Division of Neurology, Epilepsy Neurogenetics Initiative, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Mackenzie
- Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Mei
- Neuroscience Department, Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS (Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Florence, Italy
| | - Rikke S Møller
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elaine M Pereira
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York-Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Konrad Platzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Chloe Quelin
- Department of Medical Genetics, CHU de Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Anya Revah-Politi
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
| | - Agustí Rodríguez-Palmero
- Paediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Filippo Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Syndi Seinfeld
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, Florida, USA
| | - Erick Sell
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donna Stephenson
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Krzysztof Szczaluba
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Center of Excellence for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Neurointensive Care and Neurorehabilitation, Christian Doppler University Hospital, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
- Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Paracelsus Medical University, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mieke M van Haelst
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle C M Veenma
- Erfelijke Neuro-Cognitieve Ontwikkelingsstoornissen, Rotterdam, Erasmus Medical Center (ENCORE)-GRIN Expertise Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center (MC)-Sophia Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Weber
- Service de Génétique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Caen-Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Sarah Weckhuysen
- Applied and Translational Neurogenomics Group, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) Center for Molecular Neurology, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pia Zacher
- Center for Adults with Disability (MZEB), Epilepsy Center Kleinwachau, Radeberg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guido Rubboli
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Precision Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center Filadelfia, member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Dianalund, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Zhao J, Luo J, Deng C, Fan Y, Liu N, Cao J, Chen D, Diao Y. Volatile oil of Angelica sinensis Radix improves cognitive function by inhibiting miR-301a-3p targeting Ppp2ca in cerebral ischemia mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 322:117621. [PMID: 38154524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Angelica Sinensis Radix (ASR) is a commonly used Chinese medicine known for its effects on tonifying blood, promoting blood circulation, and alleviating pain associated with menstrual regulation. Additionally, it has been used in the treatment of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The primary pharmacodynamic agent within ASR is volatile oil of Angelica Sinensis Radix (VOASR), which has demonstrated efficacy in combating cognitive impairment, although its mechanism remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to elucidate the potential molecular mechanisms underlying VOASR's improvement of cognitive function in cerebral ischemic mice. METHODS A model of cerebral ischemic mice was established through unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO) surgery, followed by intervention with VOASR. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test, while RT-qPCR was utilized to measure the differential expression of miR-301a-3p in the hippocampus. To evaluate cognitive function and hippocampal protein differences, wild-type mice and miR-301a-3p knockout mice were subjected to the MWM test and iTRAQ protein profiling. The relationship between miR-301a-3p and potential target genes was validated through a Dual-Luciferase Reporter experiment. RT-qPCR and Western blot were employed to determine the differential expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity-related proteins in the mouse hippocampus. RESULTS Intervention with VOASR significantly improved cognitive impairment in cerebral ischemic mice and reduced the expression of miR-301a-3p in the hippocampus. Our findings suggest that miR-301a-3p may regulate cognitive function by targeting Ppp2ca. Furthermore, VOASR intervention led to an increase in the expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity-related proteins. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that VOASR may be involved in regulating cognitive function by inhibiting miR-301a-3p, consequently increasing the expression of Ppp2ca and synaptic plasticity proteins. These results provide a new target and direction for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jing Luo
- Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, ShenZhen, 518000, China.
| | - Cuili Deng
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yueying Fan
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Na Liu
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jiahui Cao
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanming Diao
- Research Centre of Basic Intergrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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13
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Verma H, Kaur S, Kaur S, Gangwar P, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Role of Cytoskeletal Elements in Regulation of Synaptic Functions: Implications Toward Alzheimer's Disease and Phytochemicals-Based Interventions. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04053-3. [PMID: 38491338 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a multifactorial disease, is characterized by the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques. AD is triggered via several factors like alteration in cytoskeletal proteins, a mutation in presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2 (PSEN2), amyloid precursor protein (APP), and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in the cytoskeletal elements. Owing to the major structural and functional role of cytoskeletal elements, like the organization of axon initial segmentation, dendritic spines, synaptic regulation, and delivery of cargo at the synapse; modulation of these elements plays an important role in AD pathogenesis; like Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that stabilizes the microtubules, and it also causes inhibition of nucleo-cytoplasmic transportation by disrupting the integrity of nuclear pore complex. One of the major cytoskeletal elements, actin and its dynamics, regulate the dendritic spine structure and functions; impairments have been documented towards learning and memory defects. The second major constituent of these cytoskeletal elements, microtubules, are necessary for the delivery of the cargo, like ion channels and receptors at the synaptic membranes, whereas actin-binding protein, i.e., Cofilin's activation form rod-like structures, is involved in the formation of paired helical filaments (PHFs) observed in AD. Also, the glial cells rely on their cytoskeleton to maintain synaptic functionality. Thus, making cytoskeletal elements and their regulation in synaptic structure and function as an important aspect to be focused for better management and targeting AD pathology. This review advocates exploring phytochemicals and Ayurvedic plant extracts against AD by elucidating their neuroprotective mechanisms involving cytoskeletal modulation and enhancing synaptic plasticity. However, challenges include their limited bioavailability due to the poor solubility and the limited potential to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), emphasizing the need for targeted strategies to improve therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhchain Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prabhakar Gangwar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Village Ghudda, VPO - Ghudda, Bathinda, 151 401, Punjab, India.
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14
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Dhawka L, Palfini V, Hambright E, Blanco I, Poon C, Kahl A, Resch U, Bhawal R, Benakis C, Balachandran V, Holder A, Zhang S, Iadecola C, Hochrainer K. Post-ischemic ubiquitination at the postsynaptic density reversibly influences the activity of ischemia-relevant kinases. Commun Biol 2024; 7:321. [PMID: 38480905 PMCID: PMC10937959 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin modifications alter protein function and stability, thereby regulating cell homeostasis and viability, particularly under stress. Ischemic stroke induces protein ubiquitination at the ischemic periphery, wherein cells remain viable, however the identity of ubiquitinated proteins is unknown. Here, we employed a proteomics approach to identify these proteins in mice undergoing ischemic stroke. The data are available in a searchable web interface ( https://hochrainerlab.shinyapps.io/StrokeUbiOmics/ ). We detected increased ubiquitination of 198 proteins, many of which localize to the postsynaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons. Among these were proteins essential for maintaining PSD architecture, such as PSD95, as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits. The largest enzymatic group at the PSD with elevated post-ischemic ubiquitination were kinases, such as CaMKII, PKC, Cdk5, and Pyk2, whose aberrant activities are well-known to contribute to post-ischemic neuronal death. Concurrent phospho-proteomics revealed altered PSD-associated phosphorylation patterns, indicative of modified kinase activities following stroke. PSD-located CaMKII, PKC, and Cdk5 activities were decreased while Pyk2 activity was increased after stroke. Removal of ubiquitin restored kinase activities to pre-stroke levels, identifying ubiquitination as the responsible molecular mechanism for post-ischemic kinase regulation. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of ubiquitination in the regulation of essential kinases involved in ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luvna Dhawka
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Palfini
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma Hambright
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ismary Blanco
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carrie Poon
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anja Kahl
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ruchika Bhawal
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vaishali Balachandran
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alana Holder
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karin Hochrainer
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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15
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Araki Y, Rajkovich KE, Gerber EE, Gamache TR, Johnson RC, Tran THN, Liu B, Zhu Q, Hong I, Kirkwood A, Huganir R. SynGAP regulates synaptic plasticity and cognition independently of its catalytic activity. Science 2024; 383:eadk1291. [PMID: 38422154 PMCID: PMC11188940 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk1291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
SynGAP is an abundant synaptic GTPase-activating protein (GAP) critical for synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and cognition. Mutations in SYNGAP1 in humans result in intellectual disability, autistic-like behaviors, and epilepsy. Heterozygous Syngap1-knockout mice display deficits in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory and exhibit seizures. It is unclear whether SynGAP imparts structural properties at synapses independently of its GAP activity. Here, we report that inactivating mutations within the GAP domain do not inhibit synaptic plasticity or cause behavioral deficits. Instead, SynGAP modulates synaptic strength by physically competing with the AMPA-receptor-TARP excitatory receptor complex in the formation of molecular condensates with synaptic scaffolding proteins. These results have major implications for developing therapeutic treatments for SYNGAP1-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard C. Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thanh Hai N. Tran
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bian Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qianwen Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ingie Hong
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Ulu E, Demirci E, Sener EF, Özmen S, Gul MK, Tahtasakal R, Dal F. Role of Glutamate Receptor-related Biomarkers in the Etiopathogenesis of ADHD. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 22:79-86. [PMID: 38247414 PMCID: PMC10811385 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.23.1056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Objective : Pathways associated with glutamate receptors are known to play a role in the pathophysiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), guanylate kinase-associated protein (GKAP), and postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), all of which are biomarkers involved in neurodevelopmental processes closely related to glutamatergic pathways, have not previously been studied in patients with ADHD. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the plasma levels of CDK5, MAP2, GKAP, and PSD95 in children with ADHD and investigate whether these markers have a role in the etiology of ADHD. Methods : Ninety-six children with ADHD between 6 and 15 years of age and 72 healthy controls were included in the study. Five milliliters of blood samples were taken from all participants. The samples were stored at -80°C until analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results : Statistically significantly lower CDK5 levels were observed in children with ADHD than in healthy controls (p = 0.037). The MAP2, GKAP, and PSD95 levels were found to be statistically significantly higher in the ADHD group than in healthy controls (p = 0.012, p = 0.009, and p = 0.024, respectively). According to binary regression analysis, CDK5 and MAP2 levels were found to be predictors of ADHD. Conclusion : In conclusion, we found that a close relationship existed between ADHD and glutamatergic pathways, and low levels of CDK5 and high levels of MAP2 and GKAP played a role in the etiopathogenesis of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Ulu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Esra Demirci
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Elif Funda Sener
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sevgi Özmen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erciyes University School of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Melike Kevser Gul
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kayseri City Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Tahtasakal
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatma Dal
- Erciyes University Genome and Stem Cell Center (GENKOK), Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
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Tokunaga S, Shimomura H, Taniguchi N, Yanagi K, Kaname T, Okamoto N, Takeshima Y. A novel DLG4 variant causes DLG4-related synaptopathy with intellectual regression. Hum Genome Var 2024; 11:1. [PMID: 38182567 PMCID: PMC10770362 DOI: 10.1038/s41439-023-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
DLG4-related synaptopathy is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a DLG4 variant. We identified a novel de novo heterozygous frameshift variant, NM_001321075.3(DLG4):c.554_563del, in a Japanese girl. Intellectual regression without motor delay was observed at 2 years of age, and she was diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Recognizing the possibility of DLG4-related synaptopathy in patients with intellectual regression is important for ensuring an accurate diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachi Tokunaga
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Hideki Shimomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Taniguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kumiko Yanagi
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kaname
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeshima
- Department of Pediatrics, Hyogo Medical University School of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
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18
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Ito H, Morishita R, Nagata KI. Simple Method for the Preparation of Postsynaptic Density Fraction from Mouse Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2794:71-78. [PMID: 38630221 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3810-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Postsynaptic density (PSD) is a morphologically and functionally specialized postsynaptic membrane structure of excitatory synapses. It contains hundreds of proteins such as neurotransmitter receptors, adhesion molecules, cytoskeletal proteins, and signaling enzymes. The study of the molecular architecture of the PSD is one of the most intriguing issues in neuroscience research. The isolation of the PSD from the brain of an animal is necessary for subsequent biochemical and morphological analyses. Many laboratories have developed methods to isolate PSD from the animal brain. In this chapter, we present a simple method to isolate PSD from the mouse brain using sucrose density gradient-based purification of synaptosomes followed by detergent extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Ito
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Rika Morishita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koh-Ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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19
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Mirmosayyeb O, Yazdan Panah M, Mokary Y, Ghaffary EM, Ghoshouni H, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Jakimovski D. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements and disability in multiple sclerosis (MS): A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci 2023; 454:120847. [PMID: 37924591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) experience visual impairments and neurodegenerative retinal processes. The disability progression in pwMS may be associated with retinal changes assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT). This meta-analysis aims at synthesizing the correlations between OCT measurements of disability in pwMS. METHODS We systematically searched four databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception to November 2022, then conducted a meta-analysis using a random effects model to determine the pooled correlation coefficient(r) between OCT measurements and disability scales by R version 4.2.3 with the meta version 6.2-1 package. RESULTS From 3129 studies, 100 studies were included. Among 9051 pwMS, the female-to-male ratio was 3.15:1, with a mean age of 39.57 ± 6.07 years. The mean disease duration and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) were 8.5 ± 3.7 and 2.7 ± 1.1, respectively. Among the pooled subgroup analyses, macular ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) in patients with relapsing-remitting (pwRRMS) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) in patients with progressive MS (pwPMS) had strong correlations with EDSS, r = -0.33 (95% CI: -0.45 to -0.20, I2 = 45%, z-score = -4.86, p < 0.001) and r = -0.20 (95% CI:-0.58 to 0.26, I2 = 76%, z-score = -0.85, p = 0.395), respectively. According to subgroup analysis on pwMS without optic neuritis (ON) history, the largest correlation was seen between EDSS and macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC): r = -0.39 (95% CI: -0.70 to 0.04, I2 = 79%, z-score = -1.79, p = 0.073). CONCLUSION OCT measurements are correlated with disability in pwMS, and they can complement the comprehensive neurological visit as an additional paraclinical test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mirmosayyeb
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mohammad Yazdan Panah
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Yousef Mokary
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Moases Ghaffary
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoshouni
- Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging at the Clinical Translational Science Institute, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs Comprehensive MS Treatment and Research Center, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA; Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 100 High Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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20
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Woelfle S, Pedro MT, Wagner J, Schön M, Boeckers TM. Expression profiles of the autism-related SHANK proteins in the human brain. BMC Biol 2023; 21:254. [PMID: 37953224 PMCID: PMC10641957 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SHANKs are major scaffolding proteins at postsynaptic densities (PSDs) in the central nervous system. Mutations in all three family members have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Despite the pathophysiological importance of SHANK2 and SHANK3 mutations in humans, research on the expression of these proteins is mostly based on rodent model organisms. RESULTS In the present study, cellular and neuropil SHANK2 expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence (IF) staining of post mortem human brain tissue from four male individuals (19 brain regions). Mouse brains were analyzed in comparison to evaluate the degree of phylogenetic conservation. Furthermore, SHANK2 and SHANK3 isoform patterns were compared in human and mouse brain lysates. While isoform expression and subcellular distribution were largely conserved, differences in neuropil levels of SHANK2 were found by IF staining: Maximum expression was concordantly measured in the cerebellum; however, higher SHANK2 expression was detected in the human brainstem and thalamus when compared to mice. One of the lowest SHANK2 levels was found in the human amygdala, a moderately expressing region in mouse. Quantification of SHANK3 IF in mouse brains unveiled a distribution comparable to humans. CONCLUSIONS In summary, these data show that the overall expression pattern of SHANK is largely conserved in defined brain regions; however, differences do exist, which need to be considered in the translation of rodent studies. The summarized expression patterns of SHANK2 and SHANK3 should serve as a reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Woelfle
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria T Pedro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University, Campus Günzburg, Lindenallee 2, 89312, Günzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University and Universitäts- and Rehabilitationskliniken Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schön
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Deutsches Zentrum Für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, DZNE, Ulm Site, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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21
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Noh YW, Kim Y, Lee S, Kim Y, Shin JJ, Kang H, Kim IH, Kim E. The PFC-LH-VTA pathway contributes to social deficits in IRSp53-mutant mice. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4642-4654. [PMID: 37730842 PMCID: PMC10914623 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02257-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) promote social brain functions by releasing DA onto nucleus accumbens neurons, but it remains unclear how VTA neurons communicate with cortical neurons. Here, we report that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)-lateral hypothalamus (LH)-VTA pathway contributes to social deficits in mice with IRSp53 deletion restricted to cortical excitatory neurons (Emx1-Cre;Irsp53fl/fl mice). LH-projecting mutant mPFC neurons display abnormally increased excitability involving decreased potassium channel gene expression, leading to excessive excitatory synaptic input to LH-GABA neurons. A circuit-specific IRSp53 deletion in LH-projecting mPFC neurons also increases neuronal excitability and induces social deficits. LH-GABA neurons with excessive mPFC excitatory synaptic input show a compensatory decrease in excitability, weakening the inhibitory LHGABA-VTAGABA pathway and subsequently over-activating VTA-GABA neurons and over-inhibiting VTA-DA neurons. Accordingly, optogenetic activation of the LHGABA-VTAGABA pathway improves social deficits in Emx1-Cre;Irsp53fl/fl mice. Therefore, the mPFC-LHGABA-VTAGABA-VTADA pathway contributes to the social deficits in Emx1-Cre;Irsp53fl/fl mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Yangsik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, 22332, Korea
| | - Soowon Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Yeonghyeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Jae Jin Shin
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- Division of National Supercomputing, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Il Hwan Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Eunjoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34141, Korea.
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22
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Wang L, Pang K, Zhou L, Cebrián-Silla A, González-Granero S, Wang S, Bi Q, White ML, Ho B, Li J, Li T, Perez Y, Huang EJ, Winkler EA, Paredes MF, Kovner R, Sestan N, Pollen AA, Liu P, Li J, Piao X, García-Verdugo JM, Alvarez-Buylla A, Liu Z, Kriegstein AR. A cross-species proteomic map reveals neoteny of human synapse development. Nature 2023; 622:112-119. [PMID: 37704727 PMCID: PMC10576238 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms and evolutionary changes accompanying synapse development are still poorly understood1,2. Here we generate a cross-species proteomic map of synapse development in the human, macaque and mouse neocortex. By tracking the changes of more than 1,000 postsynaptic density (PSD) proteins from midgestation to young adulthood, we find that PSD maturation in humans separates into three major phases that are dominated by distinct pathways. Cross-species comparisons reveal that human PSDs mature about two to three times slower than those of other species and contain higher levels of Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) in the perinatal period. Enhancement of RhoGEF signalling in human neurons delays morphological maturation of dendritic spines and functional maturation of synapses, potentially contributing to the neotenic traits of human brain development. In addition, PSD proteins can be divided into four modules that exert stage- and cell-type-specific functions, possibly explaining their differential associations with cognitive functions and diseases. Our proteomic map of synapse development provides a blueprint for studying the molecular basis and evolutionary changes of synapse maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Kaifang Pang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Li Zhou
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susana González-Granero
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia and CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Shaohui Wang
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Qiuli Bi
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew L White
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brandon Ho
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiani Li
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Tao Li
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethan A Winkler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mercedes F Paredes
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rothem Kovner
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nenad Sestan
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Alex A Pollen
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Jingjing Li
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xianhua Piao
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Newborn Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia and CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Zhandong Liu
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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23
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Zhuang Y, Xu X, Li H, Niu F, Yang M, Ge Q, Lu S, Deng Y, Wu H, Zhang B, Liu B. Megf10-related engulfment of excitatory postsynapses by astrocytes following severe brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29:2873-2883. [PMID: 37081759 PMCID: PMC10493650 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To investigate astrocyte-related phagocytosis of synapses in the ipsilateral hippocampus after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS We performed controlled cortical impact to simulate TBI in mice. Seven days postinjury, we performed cognitive tests, synapse quantification, and examination of astrocytic phagocytosis in association with Megf10 expression. RESULTS During the subacute stage post-TBI, we found a reduction in excitatory postsynaptic materials in the ipsilateral hippocampus, which was consistent with poor performance in the cognitive test. The transcriptome data suggested that robust phagocytosis was responsible for this process. Coincidently, we identified phagocytic astrocytes containing secondary lysosomes that were wrapped around the synapses in the ipsilateral hippocampus. Moreover, a significant increase in the co-location of GFAP and PSD-95 in the CA1 region suggested astrocytic engulfment of excitatory postsynaptic proteins. After examining the reported phagocytic pathways, we found that both the transcription level and protein expression of Megf10 were elevated. Co-immunofluorescence of GFAP and Megf10 demonstrated that the expression of Megf10 was spatially upregulated in astrocytes, exclusively in the CA1 region, and was related to the astrocytic engulfment of PSD-95. CONCLUSION Our study elaborated that the Megf10-related astrocytic engulfment of PSD-95 in the CA1 region of the ipsilateral hippocampus aggravated cognitive dysfunction following severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaojian Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fei Niu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Mengshi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Qianqian Ge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shenghua Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System InjuryBeijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center for Nerve Injury and RepairBeijing Institute of Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
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24
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Dunot J, Ribera A, Pousinha PA, Marie H. Spatiotemporal insights of APP function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 82:102754. [PMID: 37542943 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is a ubiquitous protein with a strong genetic link to Alzheimer's disease. Although the protein was identified more than forty years ago, its physiological function is still unclear. In recent years, advances in technology have allowed researchers to tackle APP functions in greater depth. In this review, we discuss the latest research pertaining to APP functions from development to aging. We also address the different roles that APP could play in specific types of cells of the central and peripheral nervous system and in other organs of the body. We argue that, until we fully identify the functions of APP in space and time, we will be missing important pieces of the puzzle to solve its pathological implication in Alzheimer's disease and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Dunot
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne, France. https://twitter.com/DunotJade
| | - Aurore Ribera
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne, France. https://twitter.com/aurore_et_al_
| | - Paula A Pousinha
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne, France.
| | - Hélène Marie
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, 06560, Valbonne, France.
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Edwards N, Combrinck C, McCaughey-Chapman A, Connor B. Directly reprogrammed fragile X syndrome dorsal forebrain precursor cells generate cortical neurons exhibiting impaired neuronal maturation. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1254412. [PMID: 37810261 PMCID: PMC10552551 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1254412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The neurodevelopmental disorder fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability associated with autism spectrum disorder. Inaccessibility to developing human brain cells is a major barrier to studying FXS. Direct-to-neural precursor reprogramming provides a unique platform to investigate the developmental profile of FXS-associated phenotypes throughout neural precursor and neuron generation, at a temporal resolution not afforded by post-mortem tissue and in a patient-specific context not represented in rodent models. Direct reprogramming also circumvents the protracted culture times and low efficiency of current induced pluripotent stem cell strategies. Methods We have developed a chemically modified mRNA (cmRNA) -based direct reprogramming protocol to generate dorsal forebrain precursors (hiDFPs) from FXS patient-derived fibroblasts, with subsequent differentiation to glutamatergic cortical neurons and astrocytes. Results We observed differential expression of mature neuronal markers suggesting impaired neuronal development and maturation in FXS- hiDFP-derived neurons compared to controls. FXS- hiDFP-derived cortical neurons exhibited dendritic growth and arborization deficits characterized by reduced neurite length and branching consistent with impaired neuronal maturation. Furthermore, FXS- hiDFP-derived neurons exhibited a significant decrease in the density of pre- and post- synaptic proteins and reduced glutamate-induced calcium activity, suggesting impaired excitatory synapse development and functional maturation. We also observed a reduced yield of FXS- hiDFP-derived neurons with a significant increase in FXS-affected astrocytes. Discussion This study represents the first reported derivation of FXS-affected cortical neurons following direct reprogramming of patient fibroblasts to dorsal forebrain precursors and subsequently neurons that recapitulate the key molecular hallmarks of FXS as it occurs in human tissue. We propose that direct to hiDFP reprogramming provides a unique platform for further study into the pathogenesis of FXS as well as the identification and screening of new drug targets for the treatment of FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bronwen Connor
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Belapurkar V, Mahadeva Swamy HS, Singh N, Kedia S, Setty SRG, Jose M, Nair D. Real-time heterogeneity of supramolecular assembly of amyloid precursor protein is modulated by an endocytic risk factor PICALM. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:295. [PMID: 37726569 PMCID: PMC11072284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04939-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the localization of amyloid precursor protein (APP) into reversible nanoscale supramolecular assembly or "nanodomains" has been highlighted as crucial towards understanding the onset of the molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Surface expression of APP is regulated by proteins interacting with it, controlling its retention and lateral trafficking on the synaptic membrane. Here, we evaluated the involvement of a key risk factor for AD, PICALM, as a critical regulator of nanoscale dynamics of APP. Although it was enriched in the postsynaptic density, PICALM was also localized to the presynaptic active zone and the endocytic zone. PICALM colocalized with APP and formed nanodomains with distinct morphological properties in different subsynaptic regions. Next, we evaluated if this localization to subsynaptic compartments was regulated by the C-terminal sequences of APP, namely, the "Y682ENPTY687" domain. Towards this, we found that deletion of C-terminal regions of APP with partial or complete deletion of Y682ENPTY687, namely, APP-Δ9 and APP-Δ14, affected the lateral diffusion and nanoscale segregation of APP. Lateral diffusion of APP mutant APP-Δ14 sequence mimicked that of a detrimental Swedish mutant of APP, namely, APP-SWE, while APP-Δ9 diffused similar to wild-type APP. Interestingly, elevated expression of PICALM differentially altered the lateral diffusion of the APP C-terminal deletion mutants. These observations confirm that the C-terminal sequence of APP regulates its lateral diffusion and the formation of reversible nanoscale domains. Thus, when combined with autosomal dominant mutations, it generates distinct molecular patterns leading to onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Belapurkar
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience CNRS UMR5297, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - H S Mahadeva Swamy
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nivedita Singh
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Shekhar Kedia
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Subba Rao Gangi Setty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mini Jose
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Deepak Nair
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Bhuiyan P, Sun Z, Chen Y, Qian Y. Peripheral surgery triggers mast cells activation: Focusing on neuroinflammation. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114593. [PMID: 37499912 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral surgery can lead to a systemic aseptic inflammatory response comprising several mediators aiming at restoring tissue homeostasis. It induces inflammatory mechanisms through neuroimmune interaction between the periphery and to brain which also plays a critical role in causing cognitive impairments. Accumulating scientific evidence revealed that acute neuroinflammation of the brain triggered by peripheral surgery that causes peripheral inflammation leads to transmitting signals into the brain through immune cells. Mast cells (MCs) play an important role in the acute neuroinflammation induced by peripheral surgical trauma. After peripheral surgery, brain-resident MCs can be rapidly activated followed by releasing histamine, tryptase, and other inflammatory mediators. These mediators then interact with other immune cells in the peripheral and amplify the signal into the brain by disrupting BBB and activating principle innate immune cells of brain including microglia, astrocytes, and vascular endothelial cells, which release abundant inflammatory mediators and in turn accelerate the activation of brain MCs, amplify the cascade effect of neuroinflammatory response. Surgical stress may induce HPA axis activation by releasing corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) subsequently influence the activation of brain MCs, thus resulting in impaired synaptic plasticity. Herein, we discuss the better understating of MCs mediated neuroinflammation mechanisms after peripheral surgery and potential therapeutic targets for controlling inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Dhawka L, Palfini V, Hambright E, Blanco I, Poon C, Kahl A, Resch U, Bhawal R, Benakis C, Balachandran V, Zhang S, Iadecola C, Hochrainer K. Post-ischemic ubiquitination at the postsynaptic density reversibly influences the activity of ischemia-relevant kinases. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.21.552860. [PMID: 37662420 PMCID: PMC10473581 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.21.552860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin modifications alter protein function and stability, thereby regulating cell homeostasis and viability, particularly under stress. Ischemic stroke induces protein ubiquitination at the ischemic periphery, wherein cells remain viable, however the identity of ubiquitinated proteins is unknown. Here, we employed a proteomics approach to identify these proteins in mice undergoing ischemic stroke. The data are available in a searchable web interface ( https://hochrainerlab.shinyapps.io/StrokeUbiOmics/ ). We detected increased ubiquitination of 198 proteins, many of which localize to the postsynaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic neurons. Among these were proteins essential for maintaining PSD architecture, such as PSD95, as well as NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits. The largest enzymatic group at the PSD with elevated post-ischemic ubiquitination were kinases, such as CaMKII, PKC, Cdk5, and Pyk2, whose aberrant activities are well-known to contribute to post-ischemic neuronal death. Concurrent phospho-proteomics revealed altered PSD-associated phosphorylation patterns, indicative of modified kinase activities following stroke. PSD-located CaMKII, PKC, and Cdk5 activities were decreased while Pyk2 activity was increased after stroke. Removal of ubiquitin restored kinase activities to pre-stroke levels, identifying ubiquitination as the responsible molecular mechanism for post-ischemic kinase regulation. These findings unveil a previously unrecognized role of ubiquitination in the regulation of essential kinases involved in ischemic injury.
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Lučić I, Héluin L, Jiang PL, Castro Scalise AG, Wang C, Franz A, Heyd F, Wahl MC, Liu F, Plested AJR. CaMKII autophosphorylation can occur between holoenzymes without subunit exchange. eLife 2023; 12:e86090. [PMID: 37566455 PMCID: PMC10468207 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The dodecameric protein kinase CaMKII is expressed throughout the body. The alpha isoform is responsible for synaptic plasticity and participates in memory through its phosphorylation of synaptic proteins. Its elaborate subunit organization and propensity for autophosphorylation allow it to preserve neuronal plasticity across space and time. The prevailing hypothesis for the spread of CaMKII activity, involving shuffling of subunits between activated and naive holoenzymes, is broadly termed subunit exchange. In contrast to the expectations of previous work, we found little evidence for subunit exchange upon activation, and no effect of restraining subunits to their parent holoenzymes. Rather, mass photometry, crosslinking mass spectrometry, single molecule TIRF microscopy and biochemical assays identify inter-holoenzyme phosphorylation (IHP) as the mechanism for spreading phosphorylation. The transient, activity-dependent formation of groups of holoenzymes is well suited to the speed of neuronal activity. Our results place fundamental limits on the activation mechanism of this kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Lučić
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
| | - Léonie Héluin
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
| | - Pin-Lian Jiang
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
| | - Alejandro G Castro Scalise
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
| | - Cong Wang
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
| | - Andreas Franz
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Florian Heyd
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Markus C Wahl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Macromolecular CrystallographyBerlinGermany
| | - Fan Liu
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Andrew JR Plested
- Institute of Biology, Cellular Biophysics, Humboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare PharmakologieBerlinGermany
- NeuroCure, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
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30
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Polzin BJ, Stevenson SA, Gammie SC, Riters LV. Distinct patterns of gene expression in the medial preoptic area are related to gregarious singing behavior in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). BMC Neurosci 2023; 24:41. [PMID: 37537543 PMCID: PMC10399071 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-023-00813-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Song performed in flocks by European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), referred to here as gregarious song, is a non-sexual, social behavior performed by adult birds. Gregarious song is thought to be an intrinsically reinforced behavior facilitated by a low-stress, positive affective state that increases social cohesion within a flock. The medial preoptic area (mPOA) is a region known to have a role in the production of gregarious song. However, the neurochemical systems that potentially act within this region to regulate song remain largely unexplored. In this study, we used RNA sequencing to characterize patterns of gene expression in the mPOA of male and female starlings singing gregarious song to identify possibly novel neurotransmitter, neuromodulator, and hormonal pathways that may be involved in the production of gregarious song. RESULTS Differential gene expression analysis and rank rank hypergeometric analysis indicated that dopaminergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic systems were associated with the production of gregarious song, with multiple receptor genes (e.g., DRD2, DRD5, CHRM4, GABRD) upregulated in the mPOA of starlings who sang at high rates. Additionally, co-expression network analyses identified co-expressing gene clusters of glutamate signaling-related genes associated with song. One of these clusters contained five glutamate receptor genes and two glutamate scaffolding genes and was significantly enriched for genetic pathways involved in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with social deficits in humans. Two of these genes, GRIN1 and SHANK2, were positively correlated with performance of gregarious song. CONCLUSIONS This work provides new insights into the role of the mPOA in non-sexual, gregarious song in starlings and highlights candidate genes that may play a role in gregarious social interactions across vertebrates. The provided data will also allow other researchers to compare across species to identify conserved systems that regulate social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Polzin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Sharon A Stevenson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Stephen C Gammie
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lauren V Riters
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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31
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Farsi Z, Sheng M. Molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia: Insights from human genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102731. [PMID: 37245257 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder that affects millions of people worldwide; however, its etiology is poorly understood at the molecular and neurobiological levels. A particularly important advance in recent years is the discovery of rare genetic variants associated with a greatly increased risk of developing schizophrenia. These primarily loss-of-function variants are found in genes that overlap with those implicated by common variants and are involved in the regulation of glutamate signaling, synaptic function, DNA transcription, and chromatin remodeling. Animal models harboring mutations in these large-effect schizophrenia risk genes show promise in providing additional insights into the molecular mechanisms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Farsi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Morgan Sheng
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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32
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Heuer SE, Nickerson EW, Howell GR, Bloss EB. Genetic context drives age-related disparities in synaptic maintenance and structure across cortical and hippocampal neuronal circuits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.27.550869. [PMID: 37546799 PMCID: PMC10402174 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.27.550869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The disconnection of neuronal circuits through synaptic loss is presumed to be a major driver of age-related cognitive decline. Age-related cognitive decline is heterogeneous, yet whether genetic mechanisms differentiate successful from unsuccessful cognitive decline through synaptic structural mechanisms remains unknown. Previous work using rodent and primate models leveraged various techniques to suggest that age-related synaptic loss is widespread on pyramidal cells in prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits but absent on those in area CA1 of the hippocampus. Here, we examined the effect of aging on synapses on projection neurons forming a hippocampal-cortico-thalamic circuit important for spatial working memory tasks from two genetically distinct mouse strains that exhibit susceptibility (C57BL/6J) or resistance (PWK/PhJ) to cognitive decline during aging. Across both strains, synapses on the CA1-to-PFC projection neurons appeared completely intact with age. In contrast, we found synapse loss on PFC-to-nucleus reuniens (RE) projection neurons from aged C57BL/6J but not PWK/PhJ mice. Moreover, synapses from aged PWK/PhJ mice but not from C57BL/6J exhibited morphological changes that suggest increased synaptic efficiency to depolarize the parent dendrite. Our findings suggest resistance to age-related cognitive decline results in part by age-related synaptic adaptations, and identification of these mechanisms in PWK/PhJ mice could uncover new therapeutic targets for promoting successful cognitive aging and extending human health span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Heuer
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Emily W. Nickerson
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Gareth R. Howell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
| | - Erik B. Bloss
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
- Tufts University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine 04469, USA
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Dépreux F, Czech L, Young H, Richter CP, Zhou Y, Whitlon DS. Statins protect mice from high-decibel noise-induced hearing loss. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114674. [PMID: 37435721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
No medical interventions for noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (USA). Here, we evaluate statins in CBA/CaJ mice as potential drugs for hearing loss. Direct delivery of fluvastatin to the cochlea and oral delivery of lovastatin were evaluated. Baseline hearing was assessed using Auditory Brain Stem Responses (ABRs). For fluvastatin, a cochleostomy was surgically created in the basal turn of the cochlea by a novel, laser-based procedure, through which a catheter attached to a mini-osmotic pump was inserted. The pump was filled with a solution of 50 µM fluvastatin+carrier or with the carrier alone for continuous delivery to the cochlea. Mice were exposed to one octave band noise (8-16 kHz x 2 h x 110 dB SPL). In our past work with guinea pigs, fluvastatin protected in the contralateral cochlea. In this study in CBA/CaJ mice, hearing was also assessed in the contralateral cochlea 1-4 weeks after noise exposure. At two weeks post exposure, ABR thresholds at 4, 8, 12, 16, and 32 kHz were elevated, as expected, in the noise+carrier alone treated mice by approximately 9-, 17-, 41-, 29-, and 34-dB, respectively. Threshold elevations were smaller in mice treated with noise+fluvastatin to about 2-, 6-, 20-,12- and 12-dB respectively. Survival of inner hair cell synapses were not protected by fluvastatin over these frequencies. Lovastatin delivered by gavage showed lower threshold shifts than with carrier alone. These data show that direct and oral statin delivery protects mice against NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dépreux
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lyubov Czech
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hunter Young
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Claus-Peter Richter
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA
| | - Yingjie Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Donna S Whitlon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Knowles Hearing Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA; Northwestern University Interdepartmental Neurosciences Program, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Yim YY, Nestler EJ. Cell-Type-Specific Neuroproteomics of Synapses. Biomolecules 2023; 13:998. [PMID: 37371578 PMCID: PMC10296650 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, our knowledge of synaptic proteomes and their relationship to normal brain function and neuropsychiatric disorders has been expanding rapidly through the use of more powerful neuroproteomic approaches. However, mass spectrometry (MS)-based neuroproteomic studies of synapses still require cell-type, spatial, and temporal proteome information. With the advancement of sample preparation and MS techniques, we have just begun to identify and understand proteomes within a given cell type, subcellular compartment, and cell-type-specific synapse. Here, we review the progress and limitations of MS-based neuroproteomics of synapses in the mammalian CNS and highlight the recent applications of these approaches in studying neuropsychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder and substance use disorders. Combining neuroproteomic findings with other omics studies can generate an in-depth, comprehensive map of synaptic proteomes and possibly identify new therapeutic targets and biomarkers for several central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Young Yim
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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35
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Parisi MJ, Aimino MA, Mosca TJ. A conditional strategy for cell-type-specific labeling of endogenous excitatory synapses in Drosophila. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100477. [PMID: 37323572 PMCID: PMC10261928 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chemical neurotransmission occurs at specialized contacts where neurotransmitter release machinery apposes neurotransmitter receptors to underlie circuit function. A series of complex events underlies pre- and postsynaptic protein recruitment to neuronal connections. To better study synaptic development in individual neurons, we need cell-type-specific strategies to visualize endogenous synaptic proteins. Although presynaptic strategies exist, postsynaptic proteins remain less studied because of a paucity of cell-type-specific reagents. To study excitatory postsynapses with cell-type specificity, we engineered dlg1[4K], a conditionally labeled marker of Drosophila excitatory postsynaptic densities. With binary expression systems, dlg1[4K] labels central and peripheral postsynapses in larvae and adults. Using dlg1[4K], we find that distinct rules govern postsynaptic organization in adult neurons, multiple binary expression systems can concurrently label pre- and postsynapse in a cell-type-specific manner, and neuronal DLG1 can sometimes localize presynaptically. These results validate our strategy for conditional postsynaptic labeling and demonstrate principles of synaptic organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Parisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Michael A. Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J. Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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36
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Hafner AS, Triesch J. Synaptic logistics: Competing over shared resources. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 125:103858. [PMID: 37172922 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
High turnover rates of synaptic proteins imply that synapses constantly need to replace their constituent building blocks. This requires sophisticated supply chains and potentially exposes synapses to shortages as they compete for limited resources. Interestingly, competition in neurons has been observed at different scales. Whether it is competition of receptors for binding sites inside a single synapse or synapses fighting for resources to grow. Here we review the implications of such competition for synaptic function and plasticity. We identify multiple mechanisms that synapses use to safeguard themselves against supply shortages and identify a fundamental neurologistic trade-off governing the sizes of reserve pools of essential synaptic building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hafner
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Jochen Triesch
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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37
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Asghar H, Ahmed T. Comparative Study of Time-Dependent Aluminum Exposure and Post-Exposure Recovery Shows Better Improvement in Synaptic Changes and Neuronal Pathology in Rat Brain After Short-Term Exposure. Neurochem Res 2023:10.1007/s11064-023-03936-6. [PMID: 37093344 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03936-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is a ubiquitous metal that causes multiple brain pathologies such as, cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease like symptoms. Exposure to aluminum through drinking water is responsible for hampering learning and memory. This study aimed to compare (1) the time-dependent effect of aluminum exposure (keeping total exposure of 5850 mg/kg same) in two durations, 30 and 45 days, and (2) to compare post-exposure self-recovery effect after 20 days in both (30 and 45 days exposure) groups. Rats were given 130 and 195 mg/kg of AlCl3·6H2O for 45 and 30 days respectively, to see the time-dependent exposure effect. At the end of exposure, rats were given distilled water and allowed to self-recover for 20 days to study the recovery. Expression levels of synaptic genes (Syp, SNAP25, Nrxn1/2, PSD95, Shank1/2, Homer1, CamkIV, Nrg1/2 and Kalrn) were measured using qPCR and compared in the exposure and recovery groups. Cellular morphology of the rat brain cortex and hippocampus was also investigated. Damage in lipid and protein profile was measured by employing FTIR. Results showed downregulation of mRNA expression of synaptic genes, plaques deposition, disorganization in lipid and protein profile by increasing membrane fluidity, and disorder and alteration of protein secondary structure after both exposure periods. However, better improvement/recovery in these parameters were observed in recovery group of 30 days aluminum exposure compared to 45 days aluminum exposure group. Taken together, these results suggested that short-term exposure resulted in better restoration of lipid and protein profile after time-dependent exposure of aluminum than prolonged exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humna Asghar
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Touqeer Ahmed
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Healthcare Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Sector H-12, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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Jung JH, Chen X, Reese TS. Cryo-EM tomography and automatic segmentation delineate modular structures in the postsynaptic density. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2023; 15:1123564. [PMID: 37091879 PMCID: PMC10117989 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2023.1123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic densities (PSDs) are large protein complexes associated with the postsynaptic membrane of excitatory synapses important for synaptic function including plasticity. Conventional electron microscopy (EM) typically depicts PSDs as compact disk-like structures of hundreds of nanometers in size. Biochemically isolated PSDs were also similar in dimension revealing a predominance of proteins with the ability to polymerize into an extensive scaffold; several EM studies noted their irregular contours with often small granular structures (<30 nm) and holes. Super-resolution light microscopy studies observed clusters of PSD elements and their activity-induced lateral movement. Furthermore, our recent EM study on PSD fractions after sonication observed PSD fragments (40–90 nm in size) separate from intact PSDs; however, such structures within PSDs remained unidentified. Here we examined isolated PSDs by cryo-EM tomography with our new approach of automatic segmentation that enables delineation of substructures and their quantitative analysis. The delineated substructures broadly varied in size, falling behind 30 nm or exceeding 100 nm and showed that a considerable portion of the substructures (>38%) in isolated PSDs was in the same size range as those fragments. Furthermore, substructures spanning the entire thickness of the PSD were found, large enough to contain both membrane-associated and cytoplasmic proteins of the PSD; interestingly, they were similar to nanodomains in frequency. The structures detected here appear to constitute the isolated PSD as modules of various compositions, and this modular nature may facilitate remodeling of the PSD for proper synaptic function and plasticity.
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Shil S, Tsuruta M, Kawauchi K, Miyoshi D. Biomolecular Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation for Biotechnology. BIOTECH 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 37092470 PMCID: PMC10123627 DOI: 10.3390/biotech12020026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of biomolecules induces condensed assemblies called liquid droplets or membrane-less organelles. In contrast to organelles with lipid membrane barriers, the liquid droplets induced by LLPS do not have distinct barriers (lipid bilayer). Biomolecular LLPS in cells has attracted considerable attention in broad research fields from cellular biology to soft matter physics. The physical and chemical properties of LLPS exert a variety of functions in living cells: activating and deactivating biomolecules involving enzymes; controlling the localization, condensation, and concentration of biomolecules; the filtration and purification of biomolecules; and sensing environmental factors for fast, adaptive, and reversible responses. The versatility of LLPS plays an essential role in various biological processes, such as controlling the central dogma and the onset mechanism of pathological diseases. Moreover, biomolecular LLPS could be critical for developing new biotechnologies such as the condensation, purification, and activation of a series of biomolecules. In this review article, we introduce some fundamental aspects and recent progress of biomolecular LLPS in living cells and test tubes. Then, we discuss applications of biomolecular LLPS toward biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daisuke Miyoshi
- Faculty of Frontiers of Innovative Research in Science and Technology (FIRST), Konan University, 7-1-20 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan
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Li K, Liang X, Xie X, Tian L, Yan J, Lin B, Liu H, Lai W, Liu X, Xi Z. Role of SHANK3 in concentrated ambient PM2. 5 exposure induced autism-like phenotype. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14328. [PMID: 36938421 PMCID: PMC10018567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Perinatal air pollution plays an important role in the development of autism. However, research on the pathogenic mechanism remains limited. In this study, the model of systemic inhalation of concentrated approximately 8-fold the level (mean concentration was 224 μg/m3) reported in ambient outdoor air of PM2.5 (particulate matters that are 2.5 μm or less in diameter)in early-postnatal male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was established. Through a series of autism-related behavioral tests, it was identified that young rats (postnatal day 1-day21, named PND1-PND21) exposed to PM2.5 exhibited typical autistic phenotypes, such as impaired language communication, abnormal repetitive and stereotyped behaviors, and impaired social skills. Moreover, synaptic abnormalities have been found in the brain tissues of young rats exposed to PM2.5. In terms of the molecular mechanism, we found that the levels of SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3 (SHANK3) expression and key molecular proteins in the downstream signaling pathways were decreased in the brain tissues of the exposed rats. Finally, at the epigenetic level, SHANK3 methylation levels were increased in young rats exposed to PM2.5. In conclusion, the study revealed that PM2.5 exposure might induce the early postnatal autism through the SHANK3 signaling pathway by affecting the SHANK3 methylation levels and reducing the SHANK3 expression levels. The study could provide new ideas for autism etiology and a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of autism in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xiaotian Liang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xie
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Huanliang Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Wenqin Lai
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Zhuge Xi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
- Binzhou Medical College, Yantai, 264000, China
- Corresponding author. Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, No. 1, Dali Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300050, PR China.
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Maruo T, Mizutani K, Miyata M, Kuriu T, Sakakibara S, Takahashi H, Kida D, Maesaka K, Sugaya T, Sakane A, Sasaki T, Takai Y, Mandai K. s-Afadin binds to MAGUIN/Cnksr2 and regulates the localization of the AMPA receptor and glutamatergic synaptic response in hippocampal neurons. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103040. [PMID: 36803960 PMCID: PMC10040811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A hippocampal mossy fiber synapse implicated in learning and memory is a complex structure in which a presynaptic bouton attaches to the dendritic trunk by puncta adherentia junctions (PAJs) and wraps multiply branched spines. The postsynaptic densities (PSDs) are localized at the heads of each of these spines and faces to the presynaptic active zones. We previously showed that the scaffolding protein afadin regulates the formation of the PAJs, PSDs, and active zones in the mossy fiber synapse. Afadin has two splice variants: l-afadin and s-afadin. l-Afadin, but not s-afadin, regulates the formation of the PAJs but the roles of s-afadin in synaptogenesis remain unknown. We found here that s-afadin more preferentially bound to MAGUIN (a product of the Cnksr2 gene) than l-afadin in vivo and in vitro. MAGUIN/CNKSR2 is one of the causative genes for nonsyndromic X-linked intellectual disability accompanied by epilepsy and aphasia. Genetic ablation of MAGUIN impaired PSD-95 localization and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic (AMPA) receptor surface accumulation in cultured hippocampal neurons. Our electrophysiological analysis revealed that the postsynaptic response to glutamate, but not its release from the presynapse, was impaired in the MAGUIN-deficient cultured hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, disruption of MAGUIN did not increase the seizure susceptibility to flurothyl, a GABAA receptor antagonist. These results indicate that s-afadin binds to MAGUIN and regulates the PSD-95-dependent cell surface localization of the AMPA receptor and glutamatergic synaptic responses in the hippocampal neurons and that MAGUIN is not involved in the induction of epileptic seizure by flurothyl in our mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Maruo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Muneaki Miyata
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Kuriu
- Research and Development Center, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shotaro Sakakibara
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hatena Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daichi Kida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouki Maesaka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tsukiko Sugaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayuko Sakane
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Interdisciplinary Researches for Medicine and Photonics, Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Kenji Mandai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Kitasato University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.
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Diab AM, Wigerius M, Quinn DP, Qi J, Shahin I, Paffile J, Krueger K, Karten B, Krueger SR, Fawcett JP. NCK1 Modulates Neuronal Actin Dynamics and Promotes Dendritic Spine, Synapse, and Memory Formation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:885-901. [PMID: 36535770 PMCID: PMC9908320 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0495-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory formation and maintenance is a dynamic process involving the modulation of the actin cytoskeleton at synapses. Understanding the signaling pathways that contribute to actin modulation is important for our understanding of synapse formation and function, as well as learning and memory. Here, we focused on the importance of the actin regulator, noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1), in hippocampal dependent behaviors and development. We report that male mice lacking NCK1 have impairments in both short-term and working memory, as well as spatial learning. Additionally, we report sex differences in memory impairment showing that female mice deficient in NCK1 fail at reversal learning in a spatial learning task. We find that NCK1 is expressed in postmitotic neurons but is dispensable for neuronal proliferation and migration in the developing hippocampus. Morphologically, NCK1 is not necessary for overall neuronal dendrite development. However, neurons lacking NCK1 have lower dendritic spine and synapse densities in vitro and in vivo EM analysis reveal increased postsynaptic density (PSD) thickness in the hippocampal CA1 region of NCK1-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we find the turnover of actin-filaments in dendritic spines is accelerated in neurons that lack NCK1. Together, these findings suggest that NCK1 contributes to hippocampal-dependent memory by stabilizing actin dynamics and dendritic spine formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Understanding the molecular signaling pathways that contribute to memory formation, maintenance, and elimination will lead to a better understanding of the genetic influences on cognition and cognitive disorders and will direct future therapeutics. Here, we report that the noncatalytic region of tyrosine kinase adaptor protein 1 (NCK1) adaptor protein modulates actin-filament turnover in hippocampal dendritic spines. Mice lacking NCK1 show sex-dependent deficits in hippocampal memory formation tasks, have altered postsynaptic densities, and reduced synaptic density. Together, our work implicates NCK1 in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics and normal synapse development which is essential for memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios M Diab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Michael Wigerius
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Dylan P Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Jiansong Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Ibrahim Shahin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Julia Paffile
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Kavita Krueger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Stefan R Krueger
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - James P Fawcett
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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Bahouth SW, Nooh MM, Mancarella S. Involvement of SAP97 anchored multiprotein complexes in regulating cardiorenal signaling and trafficking networks. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 208:115406. [PMID: 36596415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
SAP97 is a member of the MAGUK family of proteins, but unlike other MAGUK proteins that are selectively expressed in the CNS, SAP97 is also expressed in peripheral organs, like the heart and kidneys. SAP97 has several protein binding cassettes, and this review will describe their involvement in creating SAP97-anchored multiprotein networks. SAP97-anchored networks localized at the inner leaflet of the cell membrane play a major role in trafficking and targeting of membrane G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), channels, and structural proteins. SAP97 plays a major role in compartmentalizing voltage gated sodium and potassium channels to specific cellular compartments of heart cells. SAP97 undergoes extensive alternative splicing. These splice variants give rise to different SAP97 isoforms that alter its cellular localization, networking, signaling and trafficking effects. Regarding GPCR, SAP97 binds to the β1-adrenergic receptor and recruits AKAP5/PKA and PDE4D8 to create a multiprotein complex that regulates trafficking and signaling of cardiac β1-AR. In the kidneys, SAP97 anchored networks played a role in trafficking of aquaporin-2 water channels. Cardiac specific ablation of SAP97 (SAP97-cKO) resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and failure in aging mice. Similarly, instituting transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in young SAP97 c-KO mice exacerbated TAC-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction. These findings highlight a critical role for SAP97 in the pathophysiology of a number of cardiac and renal diseases, suggesting that SAP97 is a relevant target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman W Bahouth
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science and Toxicology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States.
| | - Mohammed M Nooh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Salvatore Mancarella
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee-Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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Ribarič S. Detecting Early Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer's Disease with Brain Synaptic Structural and Functional Evaluation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020355. [PMID: 36830892 PMCID: PMC9952956 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Early cognitive decline in patients with Alzheimer's (AD) is associated with quantifiable structural and functional connectivity changes in the brain. AD dysregulation of Aβ and tau metabolism progressively disrupt normal synaptic function, leading to loss of synapses, decreased hippocampal synaptic density and early hippocampal atrophy. Advances in brain imaging techniques in living patients have enabled the transition from clinical signs and symptoms-based AD diagnosis to biomarkers-based diagnosis, with functional brain imaging techniques, quantitative EEG, and body fluids sampling. The hippocampus has a central role in semantic and episodic memory processing. This cognitive function is critically dependent on normal intrahippocampal connections and normal hippocampal functional connectivity with many cortical regions, including the perirhinal and the entorhinal cortex, parahippocampal cortex, association regions in the temporal and parietal lobes, and prefrontal cortex. Therefore, decreased hippocampal synaptic density is reflected in the altered functional connectivity of intrinsic brain networks (aka large-scale networks), including the parietal memory, default mode, and salience networks. This narrative review discusses recent critical issues related to detecting AD-associated early cognitive decline with brain synaptic structural and functional markers in high-risk or neuropsychologically diagnosed patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Zaccard CR, Gippo I, Song A, Geula C, Penzes P. Dendritic spinule-mediated structural synaptic plasticity: Implications for development, aging, and psychiatric disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1059730. [PMID: 36741924 PMCID: PMC9895827 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1059730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are highly dynamic and changes in their density, size, and shape underlie structural synaptic plasticity in cognition and memory. Fine membranous protrusions of spines, termed dendritic spinules, can contact neighboring neurons or glial cells and are positively regulated by neuronal activity. Spinules are thinner than filopodia, variable in length, and often emerge from large mushroom spines. Due to their nanoscale, spinules have frequently been overlooked in diffraction-limited microscopy datasets. Until recently, our knowledge of spinules has been interpreted largely from single snapshots in time captured by electron microscopy. We summarize herein the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms of spinule formation. Additionally, we discuss possible spinule functions in structural synaptic plasticity in the context of development, adulthood, aging, and psychiatric disorders. The literature collectively implicates spinules as a mode of structural synaptic plasticity and suggests the existence of morphologically and functionally distinct spinule subsets. A recent time-lapse, enhanced resolution imaging study demonstrated that the majority of spinules are small, short-lived, and dynamic, potentially exploring their environment or mediating retrograde signaling and membrane remodeling via trans-endocytosis. A subset of activity-enhanced, elongated, long-lived spinules is associated with complex PSDs, and preferentially contacts adjacent axonal boutons not presynaptic to the spine head. Hence, long-lived spinules can form secondary synapses with the potential to alter synaptic connectivity. Published studies further suggest that decreased spinules are associated with impaired synaptic plasticity and intellectual disability, while increased spinules are linked to hyperexcitability and neurodegenerative diseases. In summary, the literature indicates that spinules mediate structural synaptic plasticity and perturbations in spinules can contribute to synaptic dysfunction and psychiatric disease. Additional studies would be beneficial to further delineate the molecular mechanisms of spinule formation and determine the exact role of spinules in development, adulthood, aging, and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen R. Zaccard
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Isabel Gippo
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Amy Song
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States,*Correspondence: Peter Penzes,
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Kim Y, Ko TH, Jin C, Zhang Y, Kang HR, Ma R, Li H, Choi JI, Han K. The emerging roles of Shank3 in cardiac function and dysfunction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1191369. [PMID: 37187620 PMCID: PMC10175600 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1191369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Shank3 is a member of the Shank family proteins (Shank1-3), which are abundantly present in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of neuronal excitatory synapses. As a core scaffold in the PSD, Shank3 plays a critical role in organizing the macromolecular complex, ensuring proper synaptic development and function. Clinically, various mutations of the SHANK3 gene are causally associated with brain disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. However, recent in vitro and in vivo functional studies and expression profiling in various tissues and cell types suggest that Shank3 also plays a role in cardiac function and dysfunction. For example, Shank3 interacts with phospholipase Cβ1b (PLCβ1b) in cardiomyocytes, regulating its localization to the sarcolemma and its role in mediating Gq-induced signaling. In addition, changes in cardiac morphology and function associated with myocardial infarction and aging have been investigated in a few Shank3 mutant mouse models. This review highlights these results and potential underlying mechanisms, and predicts additional molecular functions of Shank3 based on its protein interactors in the PSD, which are also highly expressed and function in the heart. Finally, we provide perspectives and possible directions for future studies to better understand the roles of Shank3 in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hee Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunmei Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Synaptic Brain Dysfunctions, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yinhua Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyae Rim Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruiying Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Huiling Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Il Choi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine and Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Il Choi, ; Kihoon Han,
| | - Kihoon Han
- Department of Neuroscience, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Il Choi, ; Kihoon Han,
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Automated Image Analysis Reveals Different Localization of Synaptic Gephyrin C4 Splice Variants. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0102-22.2022. [PMID: 36543537 PMCID: PMC9831149 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0102-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic scaffolding proteins function as central organization hubs, ensuring the synaptic localization of neurotransmitter receptors, trans-synaptic adhesion proteins, and signaling molecules. Gephyrin is the major postsynaptic scaffolding protein at glycinergic and a subset of GABAergic inhibitory synapses. In contrast to cells outside the CNS, where one gephyrin isoform is predominantly expressed, neurons express different splice variants. In this study, we characterized the expression and scaffolding of neuronal gephyrin isoforms differing in the inclusion of the C4 cassettes located in the central C-domain. In hippocampal and cortical neuronal populations, gephyrin P1, lacking additional cassettes, is the most abundantly expressed isoform. In addition, alternative splicing generated isoforms carrying predominantly C4a, and minor amounts of C4c or C4d cassettes. We detected no striking difference in C4 isoform expression between different neuron types and a single neuron can likely express all C4 isoforms. To avoid the cytosolic aggregates that are commonly observed upon exogenous gephyrin expression, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression to analyze the scaffolding behavior of individual C4 isoforms in murine dissociated hippocampal glutamatergic neurons. While all isoforms showed similar clustering at GABAergic synapses, a thorough quantitative analysis revealed localization differences for the C4c isoform (also known as P2). Specifically, synaptic C4c isoform clusters showed a more distal dendritic localization and reduced occurrence at P1-predominating synapses. Additionally, inhibitory currents displayed faster decay kinetics in the presence of gephyrin C4c compared with P1. Therefore, inhibitory synapse heterogeneity may be influenced, at least in part, by mechanisms relating to C4 cassette splicing.
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Zou S, Pan BX. Post-synaptic specialization of the neuromuscular junction: junctional folds formation, function, and disorders. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:93. [PMID: 35718785 PMCID: PMC9208267 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00829-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-synaptic specialization is critical to the neurotransmitter release and action potential conduction. The neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) are the synapses between the motor neurons and muscle cells and have a more specialized post-synaptic membrane than synapses in the central nervous system (CNS). The sarcolemma within NMJ folded to form some invagination portions called junctional folds (JFs), and they have important roles in maintaining the post-synaptic membrane structure. The NMJ formation and the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering signal pathway have been extensively studied and reviewed. Although it has been suggested that JFs are related to maintaining the safety factor of neurotransmitter release, the formation mechanism and function of JFs are still unclear. This review will focus on the JFs about evolution, formation, function, and disorders. Anticipate understanding of where they are coming from and where we will study in the future.
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Bai Y, Wang H, Li C. SAPAP Scaffold Proteins: From Synaptic Function to Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233815. [PMID: 36497075 PMCID: PMC9740047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory (glutamatergic) synaptic transmission underlies many aspects of brain activity and the genesis of normal human behavior. The postsynaptic scaffolding proteins SAP90/PSD-95-associated proteins (SAPAPs), which are abundant components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) at excitatory synapses, play critical roles in synaptic structure, formation, development, plasticity, and signaling. The convergence of human genetic data with recent in vitro and in vivo animal model data indicates that mutations in the genes encoding SAPAP1-4 are associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders, and that dysfunction of SAPAP scaffolding proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of various neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, obsessive compulsive disorders, Alzheimer's disease, and bipolar disorder. Here, we review recent major genetic, epigenetic, molecular, behavioral, electrophysiological, and circuitry studies that have advanced our knowledge by clarifying the roles of SAPAP proteins at the synapses, providing new insights into the mechanistic links to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Chunxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (STCSM & MOE), Affiliated Mental Health Center (ECNU), School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
- Shanghai Changning Mental Health Center, Shanghai 200335, China
- Correspondence:
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Barnett SFH, Goult BT. The MeshCODE to scale-visualising synaptic binary information. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1014629. [PMID: 36467609 PMCID: PMC9716431 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1014629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mercator projection map of the world provides a useful, but distorted, view of the relative scale of countries. Current cellular models suffer from a similar distortion. Here, we undertook an in-depth structural analysis of the molecular dimensions in the cell's computational machinery, the MeshCODE, that is assembled from a meshwork of binary switches in the scaffolding proteins talin and vinculin. Talin contains a series of force-dependent binary switches and each domain switching state introduces quantised step-changes in talin length on a micrometre scale. The average dendritic spine is 1 μm in diameter so this analysis identifies a plausible Gearbox-like mechanism for dynamic regulation of synaptic function, whereby the positioning of enzymes and substrates relative to each other, mechanically-encoded by the MeshCODE switch patterns, might control synaptic transmission. Based on biophysical rules and experimentally derived distances, this analysis yields a novel perspective on biological digital information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F. H. Barnett
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin T. Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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