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Chen MY, Zhang F, Goedegebuure SP, Gillanders WE. Dendritic cell subsets and implications for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393451. [PMID: 38903502 PMCID: PMC11188312 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in the orchestration of effective T cell responses against tumors. However, their functional behavior is context-dependent. DC type, transcriptional program, location, intratumoral factors, and inflammatory milieu all impact DCs with regard to promoting or inhibiting tumor immunity. The following review introduces important facets of DC function, and how subset and phenotype can affect the interplay of DCs with other factors in the tumor microenvironment. It will also discuss how current cancer treatment relies on DC function, and survey the myriad ways with which immune therapy can more directly harness DCs to enact antitumor cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Chen
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Felicia Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Simon Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - William E. Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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2
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Ahmad Z, Kahloan W, Rosen ED. Transcriptional control of metabolism by interferon regulatory factors. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-00990-0. [PMID: 38769435 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00990-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) comprise a family of nine transcription factors in mammals. IRFs exert broad effects on almost all aspects of immunity but are best known for their role in the antiviral response. Over the past two decades, IRFs have been implicated in metabolic physiology and pathophysiology, partly as a result of their known functions in immune cells, but also because of direct actions in adipocytes, hepatocytes, myocytes and neurons. This Review focuses predominantly on IRF3 and IRF4, which have been the subject of the most intense investigation in this area. IRF3 is located in the cytosol and undergoes activation and nuclear translocation in response to various signals, including stimulation of Toll-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors and the cGAS-STING pathways. IRF3 promotes weight gain, primarily by inhibiting adipose thermogenesis, and also induces inflammation and insulin resistance using both weight-dependent and weight-independent mechanisms. IRF4, meanwhile, is generally pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory and has profound effects on lipogenesis and lipolysis. Finally, new data are emerging on the role of other IRF family members in metabolic homeostasis. Taken together, data indicate that IRFs serve as critical yet underappreciated integrators of metabolic and inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunair Ahmad
- School of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Bahrain
| | - Wahab Kahloan
- AdventHealth Orlando Family Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Evan D Rosen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Johnson KD, Jung MM, Tran VL, Bresnick EH. Interferon regulatory factor-8-dependent innate immune alarm senses GATA2 deficiency to alter hematopoietic differentiation and function. Curr Opin Hematol 2023; 30:117-123. [PMID: 37254854 PMCID: PMC10236032 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent discoveries have provided evidence for mechanistic links between the master regulator of hematopoiesis GATA2 and the key component of interferon and innate immunity signaling pathways, interferon-regulatory factor-8 (IRF8). These links have important implications for the control of myeloid differentiation in physiological and pathological states. RECENT FINDINGS GATA2 deficiency resulting from loss of the Gata2 -77 enhancer in progenitors triggers an alarm that instigates the transcriptional induction of innate immune signaling and distorts a myeloid differentiation program. This pathological alteration renders progenitors hyperresponsive to interferon γ, toll-like receptor and interleukin-6 signaling and impaired in granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling. IRF8 upregulation in -77-/- progenitors promotes monocyte and dendritic cell differentiation while suppressing granulocytic differentiation. As PU.1 promotes transcription of Irf8 and other myeloid and B-lineage genes, GATA2-mediated repression of these genes opposes the PU.1-dependent activating mechanism. SUMMARY As GATA2 deficiency syndrome is an immunodeficiency disorder often involving myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia, elucidating how GATA2 commissions and decommissions genome activity and developmental regulatory programs will unveil mechanisms that go awry when GATA2 levels and/or activities are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby D Johnson
- Wisconsin Blood Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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4
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Thouenon R, Chentout L, Moreno-Corona N, Poggi L, Lombardi EP, Hoareau B, Schmitt Y, Lagresle-Peyrou C, Bustamante J, André I, Cavazzana M, Durandy A, Casanova JL, Galicier L, Fadlallah J, Fischer A, Kracker S. A neomorphic mutation in the interferon activation domain of IRF4 causes a dominant primary immunodeficiency. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221292. [PMID: 36917008 PMCID: PMC10037104 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a heterozygous interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) missense variant identified in three patients from a multigeneration family with hypogammaglobulinemia. Patients' low blood plasmablast/plasma cell and naïve CD4 and CD8 T cell counts contrasted with high terminal effector CD4 and CD8 T cell counts. Expression of the mutant IRF4 protein in control lymphoblastoid B cell lines reduced the expression of BLIMP-1 and XBP1 (key transcription factors in plasma cell differentiation). In B cell lines, the mutant IRF4 protein as wildtype was found to bind to known IRF4 binding motifs. The mutant IRF4 failed to efficiently regulate the transcriptional activity of interferon-stimulated response elements (ISREs). Rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins indicated that the mutant and wildtype IRF4 proteins differed with regard to their respective sets of binding partners. Our findings highlight a novel mechanism for autosomal-dominant primary immunodeficiency through altered protein binding by mutant IRF4 at ISRE, leading to defective plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Thouenon
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Chentout
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Nidia Moreno-Corona
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Poggi
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Université de Paris, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Benedicte Hoareau
- Sorbonne Université, UMS037, PASS, Plateforme de Cytométrie de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Yohann Schmitt
- Plateforme de génomique, Institut Imagine-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERMU1163 et INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Lagresle-Peyrou
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERMU1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Paris Hospital, Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Marina Cavazzana
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Biotherapy Clinical Investigation Center, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
- Departement de Biotherapie Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Groupe Hospitalier Paris Centre Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Anne Durandy
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERMU1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France
- Necker Hospital, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lionel Galicier
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Castleman disease, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jehane Fadlallah
- Clinical Immunology Department, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- National Reference Center for Castleman disease, Hôpital Saint Louis, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Fischer
- Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
- Necker Hospital, Pediatric Hematology-Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERMUMR 1163, Paris, France
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5
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Adipose tissue macrophages and their role in obesity-associated insulin resistance: an overview of the complex dynamics at play. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232519. [PMID: 36718668 PMCID: PMC10011338 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a major global health concern, is characterized by serious imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leading to excess accumulation of fat in adipose tissue (AT). A state of chronic low-grade AT inflammation is prevalent during obesity. The adipose tissue macrophages (ATM) with astounding heterogeneity and complex regulation play a decisive role in mediating obesity-induced insulin resistance. Adipose-derived macrophages were broadly classified as proinflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 subtypes but recent reports have proclaimed several novel and intermediate profiles, which are crucial in understanding the dynamics of macrophage phenotypes during development of obesity. Lipid-laden hypertrophic adipocytes release various chemotactic signals that aggravate macrophage infiltration into AT skewing toward mostly proinflammatory status. The ratio of M1-like to M2-like macrophages is increased substantially resulting in copious secretion of proinflammatory mediators such as TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, fetuin-A (FetA), etc. further worsening insulin resistance. Several AT-derived factors could influence ATM content and activation. Apart from being detrimental, ATM exerts beneficial effects during obesity. Recent studies have highlighted the prime role of AT-resident macrophage subpopulations in not only effective clearance of excess fat and dying adipocytes but also in controlling vascular integrity, adipocyte secretions, and fibrosis within obese AT. The role of ATM subpopulations as friend or foe is determined by an intricate interplay of such factors arising within hyperlipidemic microenvironment of obese AT. The present review article highlights some of the key research advances in ATM function and regulation, and appreciates the complex dynamics of ATM in the pathophysiologic scenario of obesity-associated insulin resistance.
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Liu B, Liu R, Li W, Mao X, Li Y, Huang T, Wang H, Chen H, Zhong J, Yang B, Chai R, Cao Q, Jin J, Li Y. XAF1 prevents hyperproduction of type I interferon upon viral infection by targeting IRF7. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55387. [PMID: 36394357 PMCID: PMC9827551 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 are master regulators of type I interferon (IFN-I)-dependent antiviral innate immunity. Upon viral infection, a positive feedback loop is formed, wherein IRF7 promotes further induction of IFN-I in the later stage. Thus, it is critical to maintain a suitably low level of IRF7 to avoid the hyperproduction of IFN-I. In this study, we find that early expression of IFN-I-dependent STAT1 promotes the expression of XAF1 and that XAF1 is associated specifically with IRF7 and inhibits the activity of XIAP. XAF1-knockout and XIAP-transgenic mice display resistance to viral infection, and this resistance is accompanied by increases in IFN-I production and IRF7 stability. Mechanistically, we find that the XAF1-XIAP axis controls the activity of KLHL22, an adaptor of the BTB-CUL3-RBX1 E3 ligase complex through a ubiquitin-dependent pathway. CUL3-KLHL22 directly targets IRF7 and catalyzes its K48-linked ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. These findings reveal unexpected functions of the XAF1-XIAP axis and KLHL22 in the regulation of IRF7 stability and highlight an important target for antiviral innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao‐qin Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rong‐bei Liu
- Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wen‐ping Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xin‐tao Mao
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐ning Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Tao Huang
- Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hao‐li Wang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hao‐tian Chen
- Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiang‐yan Zhong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Bing Yang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ren‐jie Chai
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Qian Cao
- Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jin Jin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalCollege of Medicine Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi‐yuan Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystem Homeostasis and Protection, and Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsDepartment of Otolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryZhongda Hospital, School of Life Sciences and TechnologyAdvanced Institute for Life and HealthJiangsu Province High‐Tech Key Laboratory for Bio‐Medical ResearchSoutheast UniversityNanjingChina
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7
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IRF4 as an Oncogenic Master Transcription Factor. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14174314. [PMID: 36077849 PMCID: PMC9454692 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Master transcription factors regulate essential developmental processes and cellular maintenance that characterize cell identity. Many of them also serve as oncogenes when aberrantly expressed or activated. IRF4 is one of prime examples of oncogenic master transcription factors that has been implicated in various mature lymphoid neoplasms. IRF4 forms unique regulatory circuits and induces oncogenic transcription programs through the interactions with upstream pathways and binding partners. Abstract IRF4 is a transcription factor in the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family. Since the discovery of this gene, various research fields including immunology and oncology have highlighted the unique characteristics and the importance of IRF4 in several biological processes that distinguish it from other IRF family members. In normal lymphocyte development and immunity, IRF4 mediates critical immune responses via interactions with upstream signaling pathways, such as the T-cell receptor and B-cell receptor pathways, as well as their binding partners, which are uniquely expressed in each cell type. On the other hand, IRF4 acts as an oncogene in various mature lymphoid neoplasms when abnormally expressed. IRF4 induces several oncogenes, such as MYC, as well as genes that characterize each cell type by utilizing its ability as a master regulator of immunity. IRF4 and its upstream factor NF-κB form a transcriptional regulatory circuit, including feedback and feedforward loops, to maintain the oncogenic transcriptional program in malignant lymphoid cells. In this review article, we provide an overview of the molecular functions of IRF4 in mature lymphoid neoplasms and highlight its upstream and downstream pathways, as well as the regulatory circuits mediated by IRF4.
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8
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IRF8: Mechanism of Action and Health Implications. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172630. [PMID: 36078039 PMCID: PMC9454819 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) is a transcription factor of the IRF protein family. IRF8 was originally identified as an essentialfactor for myeloid cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Deletion of Irf8 leads to massive accumulation of CD11b+Gr1+ immature myeloid cells (IMCs), particularly the CD11b+Ly6Chi/+Ly6G− polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like cells (PMN-MDSCs). Under pathological conditions such as cancer, Irf8 is silenced by its promoter DNA hypermethylation, resulting in accumulation of PMN-MDSCs and CD11b+ Ly6G+Ly6Clo monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs) in mice. IRF8 is often silenced in MDSCs in human cancer patients. MDSCs are heterogeneous populations of immune suppressive cells that suppress T and NK cell activity to promote tumor immune evasion and produce growth factors to exert direct tumor-promoting activity. Emerging experimental data reveals that IRF8 is also expressed in non-hematopoietic cells. Epithelial cell-expressed IRF8 regulates apoptosis and represses Osteopontin (OPN). Human tumor cells may use the IRF8 promoter DNA methylation as a mechanism to repress IRF8 expression to advance cancer through acquiring apoptosis resistance and OPN up-regulation. Elevated OPN engages CD44 to suppress T cell activation and promote tumor cell stemness to advance cancer. IRF8 thus is a transcription factor that regulates both the immune and non-immune components in human health and diseases.
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9
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Cai M, Chen N. The Roles of IRF-8 in Regulating IL-9-Mediated Immunologic Mechanisms in the Development of DLBCL: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:817069. [PMID: 35211408 PMCID: PMC8860898 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.817069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8) is a transcription suppressor that functions through associations with other transcription factors, contributing to the growth and differentiation of bone marrow cells and the activation of macrophages. IRF-8 expression profoundly affects pathogenic processes ranging from infections to blood diseases. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is a multipotent cytokine that acts on a variety of immune cells by binding to the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R) and is involved in a variety of diseases such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other pathogen-mediated immune regulatory diseases. Studies have shown that IL-9 levels are significantly increased in the serum of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and IL-9 levels are correlated with the DLBCL prognostic index. The activator protein-1 (AP-1) complex is a dimeric transcription factor that plays a critical role in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, oncogene-induced transformation, and invasion by controlling basic and induced transcription of several genes containing the AP-1 locus. The AP-1 complex is involved in many cancers, including hematological tumors. In this report, we systematically review the precise roles of IL-9, IRF-8, and AP-1 in tumor development, particularly with regard to DLBCL. Finally, the recent progress in IRF-8 and IL-9 research is presented; the possible relationship among IRF-8, IL-9, and AP-1 family members is analyzed; and future research prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Cai
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China
| | - Na Chen
- Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Department of Hematology, Jinan, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Murphy TL, Murphy KM. Dendritic cells in cancer immunology. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:3-13. [PMID: 34480145 PMCID: PMC8752832 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00741-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical success of immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has produced explosive growth in tumor immunology research because ICT was discovered through basic studies of immune regulation. Much of the current translational efforts are aimed at enhancing ICT by identifying therapeutic targets that synergize with CTLA4 or PD1/PD-L1 blockade and are solidly developed on the basis of currently accepted principles. Expanding these principles through continuous basic research may help broaden translational efforts. With this mindset, we focused this review on three threads of basic research directly relating to mechanisms underlying ICT. Specifically, this review covers three aspects of dendritic cell (DC) biology connected with antitumor immune responses but are not specifically oriented toward therapeutic use. First, we review recent advances in the development of the cDC1 subset of DCs, identifying important features distinguishing these cells from other types of DCs. Second, we review the antigen-processing pathway called cross-presentation, which was discovered in the mid-1970s and remains an enigma. This pathway serves an essential in vivo function unique to cDC1s and may be both a physiologic bottleneck and therapeutic target. Finally, we review the longstanding field of helper cells and the related area of DC licensing, in which CD4 T cells influence the strength or quality of CD8 T cell responses. Each topic is connected with ICT in some manner but is also a fundamental aspect of cell-mediated immunity directed toward intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Kenneth M. Murphy
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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11
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Molecular interactions of IRF4 in B cell development and malignancies. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1219-1227. [DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00825-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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12
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Froggatt HM, Harding AT, Chaparian RR, Heaton NS. ETV7 limits antiviral gene expression and control of influenza viruses. Sci Signal 2021; 14:14/691/eabe1194. [PMID: 34257104 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) response is an important component of the innate immune response to viral infection. Precise control of IFN responses is critical because insufficient expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) can lead to a failure to restrict viral spread, whereas excessive ISG activation can result in IFN-related pathologies. Although both positive and negative regulatory factors control the magnitude and duration of IFN signaling, it is also appreciated that several ISGs regulate aspects of the IFN response themselves. In this study, we performed a CRISPR activation screen to identify previously unknown regulators of the type I IFN response. We identified the strongly induced ISG encoding ETS variant transcription factor 7 (ETV7) as a negative regulator of the type I IFN response. However, ETV7 did not uniformly suppress ISG transcription. Instead, ETV7 preferentially targeted a subset of antiviral ISGs that were particularly important for IFN-mediated control of influenza viruses. Together, our data assign a function for ETV7 as an IFN response regulator and also identify ETV7 as a potential therapeutic target to increase innate antiviral responses and enhance IFN-based antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alfred T Harding
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ryan R Chaparian
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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13
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Sundararaj S, Seneviratne S, Williams SJ, Enders A, Casarotto MG. Structural determinants of the IRF4/DNA homodimeric complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:2255-2265. [PMID: 33533913 PMCID: PMC7913761 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is a key transcription factor (TF) in the regulation of immune cells, including B and T cells. It acts by binding DNA as both a homodimer and, in conjunction with other TFs, as a heterodimer. The choice of homo and heterodimeric/ DNA interactions is a critical aspect in the control of the transcriptional program and cell fate outcome. To characterize the nature of this interaction in the homodimeric complex, we have determined the crystal structure of the IRF4/ISRE homodimeric complex. We show that the complex formation is aided by a substantial DNA deformation with co-operative binding achieved exclusively through protein–DNA contact. This markedly contrasts with the heterodimeric form where DNA bound IRF4 is shown to physically interact with PU.1 TF to engage EICE1. We also show that the hotspot residues (Arg98, Cys99 and Asn102) contact both consensus and non-consensus sequences with the L1 loop exhibiting marked flexibility. Additionally, we identified that IRF4L116R, a mutant associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, binds more robustly to DNA thereby providing a rationale for the observed gain of function. Together, we demonstrate key structural differences between IRF4 homo and heterodimeric complexes, thereby providing molecular insights into IRF4-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasan Sundararaj
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Sandali Seneviratne
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Simon J Williams
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Anselm Enders
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia.,Center for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
| | - Marco G Casarotto
- Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra 2600, Australia
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14
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Fedele PL, Liao Y, Gong JN, Yao Y, van Delft MF, Low MSY, Tai L, Herold MJ, Jackson JT, Teh CE, Tan T, O'Reilly LA, Tellier J, Grigoriadis G, Huang DCS, Shi W, Nutt SL, Willis SN. The transcription factor IRF4 represses proapoptotic BMF and BIM to licence multiple myeloma survival. Leukemia 2020; 35:2114-2118. [PMID: 33149265 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-01078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale L Fedele
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Haematology Department, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Yang Liao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jia-Nan Gong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Yuan Yao
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael S Y Low
- Haematology Department, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin Tai
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Marco J Herold
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacob T Jackson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Charis E Teh
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Tania Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Julie Tellier
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - George Grigoriadis
- Haematology Department, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Wei Shi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,School of Computing and Information Systems, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Simon N Willis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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15
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RAG-Mediated DNA Breaks Attenuate PU.1 Activity in Early B Cells through Activation of a SPIC-BCLAF1 Complex. Cell Rep 2020; 29:829-843.e5. [PMID: 31644907 PMCID: PMC6870970 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early B cell development is regulated by stage-specific transcription
factors. PU.1, an ETS-family transcription factor, is essential for coordination
of early B cell maturation and immunoglobulin gene (Ig)
rearrangement. Here we show that RAG DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) generated
during Ig light chain gene (Igl) rearrangement
in pre-B cells induce global changes in PU.1 chromatin binding. RAG DSBs
activate a SPIC/BCLAF1 transcription factor complex that displaces PU.1
throughout the genome and regulates broad transcriptional changes. SPIC recruits
BCLAF1 to gene-regulatory elements that control expression of key B cell
developmental genes. The SPIC/BCLAF1 complex suppresses expression of the SYK
tyrosine kinase and enforces the transition from large to small pre-B cells.
These studies reveal that RAG DSBs direct genome-wide changes in ETS
transcription factor activity to promote early B cell development. ETS-family transcription factors are key regulators of early B cell
development. Soodgupta et al. show that RAG-induced DNA breaks generated during
antigen receptor gene recombination activate a SPIC/BCLAF1 transcription factor
complex that counters PU.1 activity and regulates gene expression changes to
promote transition from large to small pre-B cells.
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16
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Nagy G, Nagy L. Motif grammar: The basis of the language of gene expression. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2026-2032. [PMID: 32802274 PMCID: PMC7406977 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Collaboration of transcription factors (TFs) and their recognition motifs in DNA is the result of coevolution and forms the basis of gene regulation. However, the way how these short genomic sequences contribute to setting the level of gene products is not understood in sufficient detail. The biological problem to be solved by the cell is complex, because each gene requires a unique regulatory network in each cellular condition using the same genome. Thus far, only some components of these networks have been uncovered. In this review, we compiled the features and principles of the motif grammar, which dictates the characteristics and thus the likelihood of the interactions of the binding TFs and their coregulators. We present how sequence features provide specificity using, as examples, two major TF superfamilies, the bZIP proteins and nuclear receptors. We also discuss the phenomenon of “weak” (low affinity) binding sites, which appear to be components of several important genomic regulatory regions, but paradoxically are barely detectable by the currently used approaches. Assembling the complete set of regulatory regions composed of both weak and strong binding sites will allow one to get more comprehensive lists of factors playing roles in gene regulation, thus making possible the deeper understanding of regulatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU 4032, Hungary
| | - Laszlo Nagy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, HU 4032, Hungary
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
- Corresponding author at: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, Saint Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
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17
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Cook SL, Franke MC, Sievert EP, Sciammas R. A Synchronous IRF4-Dependent Gene Regulatory Network in B and Helper T Cells Orchestrating the Antibody Response. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:614-628. [PMID: 32467029 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of diverse pathogens requires an adaptive antibody response, dependent on cellular division of labor to allocate antigen-dependent B- and CD4+ T-cell fates that collaborate to control the quantity and quality of antibody. This is orchestrated by the dynamic action of key transcriptional regulators mediating gene expression programs in response to pathogen-specific environmental inputs. We describe a conserved, likely ancient, gene regulatory network that intriguingly operates contemporaneously in B and CD4+ T cells to control their cell fate dynamics and thus, the character of the antibody response. The remarkable output of this network derives from graded expression, designated by antigen receptor signal strength, of a pivotal transcription factor that regulates alternate cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Cook
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Marissa C Franke
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Evelyn P Sievert
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Wang H, Morse HC, Bolland S. Transcriptional Control of Mature B Cell Fates. Trends Immunol 2020; 41:601-613. [PMID: 32446878 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The mature naïve B cell repertoire consists of three well-defined populations: B1, B2 (follicular B, FOB), and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. FOB cells are the dominant mature B cell population in the secondary lymphoid organs and blood of both humans and mice. The driving forces behind mature B lineage selection have been linked to B cell receptor (BCR) signaling strength and environmental cues, but how these fate-determination factors are transcriptionally regulated remains poorly understood. We summarize emerging data on the role of transcription factors (TFs) - particularly the ETS and IRF families - in regulating MZB and FOB lineage selection. Indeed, genomic analyses have identified four major groups of target genes that are crucial for FOB differentiation, revealing previously unrecognized pathways that ultimately determine biological responses specific to this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsheng Wang
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Herbert C Morse
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Silvia Bolland
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA.
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19
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Lee J, Zhang J, Chung YJ, Kim JH, Kook CM, González-Navajas JM, Herdman DS, Nürnberg B, Insel PA, Corr M, Mo JH, Tao A, Yasuda K, Rifkin IR, Broide DH, Sciammas R, Webster NJG, Raz E. Inhibition of IRF4 in dendritic cells by PRR-independent and -dependent signals inhibit Th2 and promote Th17 responses. eLife 2020; 9:e49416. [PMID: 32014112 PMCID: PMC7000221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is involved in many biological processes but little is known regarding its role in shaping immunity. Here we show that cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling (a pattern recognition receptor [PRR]-independent mechanism) regulates conventional type-2 Dendritic Cells (cDC2s) in mice and reprograms their Th17-inducing properties via repression of IRF4 and KLF4, transcription factors essential for cDC2-mediated Th2 induction. In mice, genetic loss of IRF4 phenocopies the effects of cAMP on Th17 induction and restoration of IRF4 prevents the cAMP effect. Moreover, curdlan, a PRR-dependent microbial product, activates CREB and represses IRF4 and KLF4, resulting in a pro-Th17 phenotype of cDC2s. These in vitro and in vivo results define a novel signaling pathway by which cDC2s display plasticity and provide a new molecular basis for the classification of novel cDC2 and cDC17 subsets. The findings also reveal that repressing IRF4 and KLF4 pathway can be harnessed for immuno-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyung Lee
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (GMU), The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical ImmunologyGuangzhouChina
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
| | - Young-Jun Chung
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryDankook University College of MedicineChungnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwan Kim
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Chae Min Kook
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - José M González-Navajas
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
- Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL - FISABIO)AlicanteSpain
- Networked Biomedical Research Center for Hepatic and Digestive Diseases (CIBERehd)Institute of Health Carlos IIIMadridSpain
| | - David S Herdman
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapyUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
| | - Paul A Insel
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Maripat Corr
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Ji-Hun Mo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryDankook University College of MedicineChungnamRepublic of Korea
| | - Ailin Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (GMU), The State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy & Clinical ImmunologyGuangzhouChina
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
| | - Kei Yasuda
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
| | - Ian R Rifkin
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonUnited States
- VA Boston Healthcare SystemBostonUnited States
| | - David H Broide
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Roger Sciammas
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of California, DavisDavisUnited States
| | - Nicholas JG Webster
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Eyal Raz
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoSan DiegoUnited States
- Center for Immunology, Inflammation and Immune-mediated disease, GMUGuangzhouChina
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20
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Sirvent S, Vallejo AF, Davies J, Clayton K, Wu Z, Woo J, Riddell J, Chaudhri VK, Stumpf P, Nazlamova LA, Wheway G, Rose-Zerilli M, West J, Pujato M, Chen X, Woelk CH, MacArthur B, Ardern-Jones M, Friedmann PS, Weirauch MT, Singh H, Polak ME. Genomic programming of IRF4-expressing human Langerhans cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:313. [PMID: 31949143 PMCID: PMC6965086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LC) can prime tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses in skin, but the genomic states and transcription factors (TF) regulating these context-specific responses are unclear. Bulk and single-cell transcriptional profiling demonstrates that human migratory LCs are robustly programmed for MHC-I and MHC-II antigen presentation. Chromatin analysis reveals enrichment of ETS-IRF and AP1-IRF composite regulatory elements in antigen-presentation genes, coinciding with expression of the TFs, PU.1, IRF4 and BATF3 but not IRF8. Migration of LCs from the epidermis is accompanied by upregulation of IRF4, antigen processing components and co-stimulatory molecules. TNF stimulation augments LC cross-presentation while attenuating IRF4 expression. CRISPR-mediated editing reveals IRF4 to positively regulate the LC activation programme, but repress NF2EL2 and NF-kB pathway genes that promote responsiveness to oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines. Thus, IRF4-dependent genomic programming of human migratory LCs appears to enable LC maturation while attenuating excessive inflammatory and immunogenic responses in the epidermis. Langerhans cells (LC) can prime tolerogenic as well as immunogenic responses in the skin. Here the authors show, by transcriptomic, epigenetic and CRISPR editing analyses, that during LC migration and maturation the transcription factor IRF4 regulates expression of antigen presentation and co-stimulatory gene modules while attenuating inflammatory response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Sirvent
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Andres F Vallejo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - James Davies
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Kalum Clayton
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Zhiguo Wu
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeremy Riddell
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Virendra K Chaudhri
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Patrick Stumpf
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Liliya Angelova Nazlamova
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Gabrielle Wheway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Mario Pujato
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | | | - Ben MacArthur
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK
| | - Michael Ardern-Jones
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter S Friedmann
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Division of Immunobiology & Center for Systems Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA. .,Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational and Systems Biology, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Marta E Polak
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD, Southampton, UK. .,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ, Southampton, UK.
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21
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Transcription factors IRF8 and PU.1 are required for follicular B cell development and BCL6-driven germinal center responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:9511-9520. [PMID: 31000603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901258116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The IRF and Ets families of transcription factors regulate the expression of a range of genes involved in immune cell development and function. However, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of each family member has been limited due to their redundancy and broad effects on multiple lineages of cells. Here, we report that double deletion of floxed Irf8 and Spi1 (encoding PU.1) by Mb1-Cre (designated DKO mice) in the B cell lineage resulted in severe defects in the development of follicular and germinal center (GC) B cells. Class-switch recombination and antibody affinity maturation were also compromised in DKO mice. RNA-seq (sequencing) and ChIP-seq analyses revealed distinct IRF8 and PU.1 target genes in follicular and activated B cells. DKO B cells had diminished expression of target genes vital for maintaining follicular B cell identity and GC development. Moreover, our findings reveal that expression of B-cell lymphoma protein 6 (BCL6), which is critical for development of germinal center B cells, is dependent on IRF8 and PU.1 in vivo, providing a mechanism for the critical role for IRF8 and PU.1 in the development of GC B cells.
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22
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Gao Y, Wang L, Lei Z, Li J, Forrest JC, Liang X. IRF4 promotes Epstein-Barr virus activation in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:851-862. [PMID: 30907723 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a life-long latency in memory B cells, whereas plasma cell differentiation is linked to EBV lytic reactivation from latently infected B cells. EBV lytic replication is mediated by the two immediate-early switch proteins Zta and RTA. Both plasma cell transcription factors XBP-1 and Blimp-1 have been shown to enable the triggering of EBV lytic reactivation by activating the transcription of Zta or RTA. Here we show that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), another plasma cell transcription factor that is either not expressed or expressed at a low level in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells, can activate the promoters of EBV Zta and RTA, but is not sufficient to elicit EBV lytic reactivation in latently infected BL cells. However, ectopic IRF4 expression can augment EBV lytic gene expression induced by anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) or sodium butyrate treatment in all tested lymphoma cells, whereas IRF4 knockout in Raji cells, the only BL cell line with detectable endogenous IRF4 expression, abolishes EBV lytic gene expression induced by anti-Ig, and this is accompanied by the reduction of Blimp-1 expression, whose overexpression, in turn, can rescue EBV lytic gene expression in IRF4 knockout Raji cells. Furthermore, IRF4 knockout impairs B cell receptor (BCR) signalling activation, which is required for BCR-mediated EBV reactivation. Altogether, these results demonstrate that IRF4 facilitates EBV lytic reactivation in BL cells, which involves the regulation of Blimp-1 expression and BCR signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- 1School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Liu Wang
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Zhangmengxue Lei
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Jie Li
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - J Craig Forrest
- 3Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Host Inflammatory Responses, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Liang
- 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
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23
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Sung JY, Yoon K, Ye SK, Goh SH, Park SY, Kim JH, Kang HG, Kim YN, Park BK. Upregulation of transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor by interferon consensus sequence-binding protein in osteosarcoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:761-772. [PMID: 30710564 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a known tumor suppressor, which also exerts a tumor promoting activity at an advanced stage of cancer. Previously, we reported that expression of interferon consensus sequence-binding protein (ICSBP), also known as interferon regulatory factor-8, is positively correlated with TGF-β type I receptor (TGF-β RI) expression in osteosarcoma patient tissues. In this study, we demonstrated that ICSBP upregulated TGF-β RI and induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition-like phenomena in human osteosarcoma cell lines. As determined by soft agar growth of osteosarcoma cells and xenografted mouse models, ICSBP increased tumorigenicity, which was reversed by ICSBP knock-down or a TGF-β RI inhibitor. To test whether ICSBP directly regulates the promoter activity of TGF-β RI, we performed a TGF-β RI promoter assay, an electro mobility shift assay, and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We observed that TGF-β RI promoter was activated in ICSBP-overexpressing osteosarcoma cells. Exploiting serial deletions and mutations of the TGF-β RI promoter, we found a putative ICSBP-binding site at nucleotides -216/-211 (GGXXTC) in the TGF-β RI promoter. Our data suggest that ICSBP upregulates TGF-β RI expression by binding to this site, causing ICSBP-mediated tumor progression in osteosarcoma cells. In addition, we found a positive correlation between ICSBP and TGF-β RI expression in several types of tumors using the cBioportal database. SUMMARY: We demonstrated that interferon consensus sequence-binding protein upregulates transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor (TGF-β RI) expression by binding to nucleotides -216/-211 (GGXXTC) in the TGF-β RI promoter, which resulted in increased tumorigenicity and tumor progression in human osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Young Sung
- Rare Cancer Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Kyu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Precision Medicine Branch, Division of Precision Medicine, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog-Yun Park
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - June Hyuk Kim
- Orthopaedic Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Guy Kang
- Orthopaedic Oncology Clinic, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Nyun Kim
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Translational Science, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea.
| | - Byung-Kiu Park
- Rare Cancer Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Kang CH, Hartmann E, Menke L, Staudenraus D, Abass EF, Raifer H, Porapu A, Camara B, Brüstle A, Pinkenburg O, Bieringer M, Lohoff M. A hyperactive mutant of interferon-regulatory factor 4. Eur J Immunol 2018; 49:812-815. [PMID: 30218581 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We found that deletion of the final 30 amino acids of transcription factor IRF4's (interferon-regulatory factor) C-terminus creates hyperactive IRF4. When introduced into IRF4-deficient CD4+ or CD8+ T cells, more type 17 differentiation was found compared to WT IRF4. Interestingly, Th9 differentiation and Th2-linked IL-13 production were much less altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chol Ho Kang
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Enno Hartmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Menke
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Staudenraus
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - El-Fadil Abass
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hartmann Raifer
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility BMFZ¸ Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alekya Porapu
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Camara
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anne Brüstle
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Olaf Pinkenburg
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria Bieringer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Lohoff
- Institute for Medical Microbiology Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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25
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Agnarelli A, Chevassut T, Mancini EJ. IRF4 in multiple myeloma—Biology, disease and therapeutic target. Leuk Res 2018; 72:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Yasui K, Izumida M, Nakagawa T, Kubo Y, Hayashi H, Ito T, Ikeda H, Matsuyama T. MicroRNA-3662 expression correlates with antiviral drug resistance in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:833-837. [PMID: 29684346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 4 and the proto-oncogene c-Rel cooperate in growth and antiviral drug resistance of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). To elucidate the target of IRF4 and c-Rel in ATLL, we determined the simultaneous binding sites of IRF4 and c-Rel using ChIP-seq technology. Nine genes were identified within 2 kb of binding sites, including MIR3662. Expression of miR-3662 was regulated by IRF4, and to a lesser extent by c-Rel. Cell proliferation was inhibited by knockdown of miR-3662 and expression of miR-3662 was correlated with antiviral drug resistance in ATLL cell lines. Thus, miR-3662 represents a target for therapies against ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Yasui
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Mai Izumida
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takeya Nakagawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Kubo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayashi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikeda
- Department of Oncology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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27
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Hagman J. Critical Functions of IRF4 in B and T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 199:3715-3716. [PMID: 29158346 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James Hagman
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206
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28
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Bertrand E, Jouy N, Manier S, Fouquet G, Guidez S, Boyle E, Noel S, Tomowiak C, Herbaux C, Schraen S, Preudhomme C, Quesnel B, Poulain S, Leleu X. Role of IRF4 in resistance to immunomodulatory (IMid) compounds ® in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112917-112927. [PMID: 29348877 PMCID: PMC5762562 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunomodulatory drugs, IMid compounds, are active in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), although in a lesser extent than multiple myeloma, where it was initially developed. We hypothesized WM tumour cells might develop mechanisms of resistance, and sought to identify and describe these mechanisms. Material and Method MM and WM-derived cell lines, and Waldenström's CD19+ cells were treated using both lenalidomide and pomalidomide. Stable CRBN expressing cells were generated. Results WM-derived cells were resistant to IMid compounds. We demonstrated a modulation of the downstream targets of IRF4, despite low expression of cereblon, and hypothesized IRF4 was the cause for resistance to IMid compounds. We ruled out the role of various IRF4 regulatory mechanisms, and other pathways activating WM tumor cells, such as B cell activators. Conclusion This study demonstrated that mechanisms of resistance to IMid compounds could be not related to cereblon. IRF4 was identified as the potential mechanism of resistance to lenalidomide and pomalidomide in WM. It potentially explains the lesser activity observed in the clinic in WM. Interestingly, some WM patients benefited strongly to lenalidomide and pomalidomide, and future studies will have to describe the indirect mechanisms of IMid compounds in WM, possibly related to an immune-mediated process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Bertrand
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Jouy
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Plateau de Cytométrie, BioImaging Center Lille Nord de France, BICeL Campus Hospitalo-Universitaire, Lille, France
| | - Salomon Manier
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Service des Maladies du Sang, CHU, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France
| | | | - Stéphanie Guidez
- Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Milétrie, et Faculté de Médecine, CHU, Poitiers, France.,CIC Inserm 1402, CHU, Poitiers, France
| | - Eileen Boyle
- Service des Maladies du Sang, CHU, Lille, France
| | | | - Cécile Tomowiak
- Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Milétrie, et Faculté de Médecine, CHU, Poitiers, France.,CIC Inserm 1402, CHU, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Susanna Schraen
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU, Lille, France
| | - Claude Preudhomme
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU, Lille, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Service des Maladies du Sang, CHU, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France
| | - Stéphanie Poulain
- Univ. Lille, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, JPARC - Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre AUBERT, Neurosciences et Cancer, Lille, France.,Inserm, UMR-S 1172, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille, Factors of Persistence of Leukemic Cells Team, Lille, France.,Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Centre de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU, Lille, France
| | - Xavier Leleu
- Service d'Hématologie et Thérapie Cellulaire, Hôpital La Milétrie, et Faculté de Médecine, CHU, Poitiers, France.,CIC Inserm 1402, CHU, Poitiers, France
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29
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Chistiakov DA, Myasoedova VA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. The impact of interferon-regulatory factors to macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 and M2. Immunobiology 2017; 223:101-111. [PMID: 29032836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mononuclear phagocytes control the body homeostasis through the involvement in resolving tissue injury and further wound healing. Indeed, local tissue microenvironmental changes can significantly influence the functional behavior of monocytes and macrophages. Such microenvironmental changes for example occur in an atherosclerotic plaque during all progression stages. In response to exogenous stimuli, macrophages show a great phenotypic plasticity and heterogeneity. Exposure of monocytes to inflammatory or anti-inflammatory conditions also induces predominant differentiation to proinflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophage subsets and phenotype switch between macrophage subsets. The phenotype transition is accompanied with great changes in the macrophage transcriptome and regulatory networks. Interferon-regulatory factors (IRFs) play a key role in hematopoietic development of monocytes, their differentiation to macrophages, and regulating macrophage maturation, phenotypic polarization, phenotypic switch, and function. Of 9 IRFs, at least 3 (IRF-1, IRF-5, and IRF-8) are involved in the commitment of proinflammatory M1 whereas IRF-3 and IRF-4 control M2 polarization. The role of IRF-2 is context-dependent. The IRF impact on macrophage phenotype plasticity and heterogeneity is complex and involves activating and repressive function in triggering transcription of target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and Narcology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics and Cell Biology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika A Myasoedova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victor V Revin
- Biological Faculty, N.P. Ogaryov Mordovian State University, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
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30
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Guo Z, Xu P, Ge S, Zhang C, Zheng X, Xu J, Liu Z, Li B, Ge S. Ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 stabilizes interferon regulatory factor protein and promotes its function to facilitate interleukin-4 expression in T helper type 2 cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:979-986. [PMID: 28791349 PMCID: PMC5593473 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We speculated that ubiquitin specific peptidase 4 (USP4) may deubiquitinate interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) and affect T helper type 2 (Th2) cell function. This study aimed to validate this hypothesis. Here, the interaction between USP4 and IRF4 were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation assay. The deubiquitin effect of USP4 on IRF4 was analyzed by the Ni-NTA pull down assay. Luciferase reporter gene constructs were used to analyze the effects of USP4, IRF4 and nuclear factor of activated T cell-2 (NFATc2) on the activation of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) promoter. Then, the Th2 cells were infected with sh-USP4 to analyze the effects of USP4 on the expression levels of IRF4 and Th2-related cytokines. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression levels, respectively. To determine the levels of IL-4 and IRF4 in rheumatic heart disease (RHD) patients, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were separated by density gradient centrifugation from RHD patients and healthy controls, and flow cytometric analysis was performed. Our results validated the interaction between USP4 and IRF4, and effects of USP4 on stabilization and deubiquitination of IRF4 were also found. Importantly, USP4 and IRF4 synergized with NFATc2 to specifically enhance NFAT-mediated activation of the IL-4 promoter. USP4 knockdown not only decreased the expression level of IRF4, but also affected the expression level of Th2-related cytokines. Finally, the increased level of IL-4 and IRF4 in PBMCs of RHD patients were observed. On the whole, our data indicate that USP4 interacts with and deubiquitinates IRF4, and also stabilizes IRF4 protein and promotes IRF4 function to facilitate IL-4 expression in Th2 cells, which may be related to the pathological process of RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiang Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Shangqing Ge
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Chengxin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Jinguo Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Unit of Molecular Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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31
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Yashiro T, Kasakura K, Oda Y, Kitamura N, Inoue A, Nakamura S, Yokoyama H, Fukuyama K, Hara M, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Nishiyama M, Nishiyama C. The hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is critical for expression of CD11c. Int Immunol 2017; 29:87-94. [PMID: 28338898 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PU.1 is a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor belonging to the Ets family, which plays an important role in the development of dendritic cells (DCs). CD11c (encoded by Itgax) is well established as a characteristic marker of hematopoietic lineages including DCs. In the present study, we analyzed the role of PU.1 (encoded by Spi-1) in the expression of CD11c. When small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Spi-1 was introduced into bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), the mRNA level and cell surface expression of CD11c were dramatically reduced. Using reporter assays, the TTCC sequence at -56/-53 was identified to be critical for PU.1-mediated activation of the promoter. An EMSA showed that PU.1 directly bound to this region. ChIP assays demonstrated that a significant amount of PU.1 bound to this region on chromosomal DNA in BMDCs, which was decreased in LPS-stimulated BMDCs in accordance with the reduced levels of mRNAs of Itgax and Spi-1, and the histone acetylation degree. Enforced expression of exogenous PU.1 induced the expression of the CD11c protein on the cell surface of mast cells, whereas control transfectants rarely expressed CD11c. Quantitative RT-PCR also showed that the expression of a transcription factor Irf4, which is a partner molecule of PU.1, was reduced in PU.1-knocked down BMDCs. IRF4 transactivated the Itgax gene in a synergistic manner with PU.1. Taken together, these results indicate that PU.1 functions as a positive regulator of CD11c gene expression by directly binding to the Itgax promoter and through transactivation of the Irf4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Oda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Nao Kitamura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akihito Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Shusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hokuto Yokoyama
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kanako Fukuyama
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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32
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Jia Y, Han S, Li J, Wang H, Liu J, Li N, Yang X, Shi J, Han J, Li Y, Bai X, Su L, Hu D. IRF8 is the target of SIRT1 for the inflammation response in macrophages. Innate Immun 2016; 23:188-195. [PMID: 28008797 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916683751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The type III histone deacetylase SIRT1 has recently emerged as a critical immune regulator by suppressing T-cell immunity and macrophage activation during inflammation, but its mechanism in regulating inflammatory response in macrophages remains unclear. Here we show that the expression of SIRT1 in macrophage cells decreased following the release of inflammation cytokines when the cells were stimulated with LPS. IRF8, an important regulator in monocyte differentiation and macrophage polarization, showed the opposite trend, with SIRT1 expression levels increasing after the cells treated with LPS. Co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments showed that SIRT1 could not only interact with IRF8, but also deacetylate it. LPS treatment had no effect on the expression of IRF8 in macrophage cells in which sirt1 was specifically deleted. Our results show that IRF8 may be the target of histone deacetylase SIRT1 to regulate the inflammation in the macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Jia
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shichao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuekang Yang
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jihong Shi
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juntao Han
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bai
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linlin Su
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dahai Hu
- Department of Burns and Cutaneous Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Sha Y, Markovic-Plese S. Activated IL-1RI Signaling Pathway Induces Th17 Cell Differentiation via Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 Signaling in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:543. [PMID: 27965670 PMCID: PMC5126112 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-1β plays a crucial role in the differentiation of human Th17 cells. We report here that IL-1RI expression is significantly increased in both naive and memory CD4+ T cells derived from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR MS) patients in comparison to healthy controls. Interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R)I expression is upregulated in the in vitro-differentiated Th17 cells from RR MS patients in comparison to the Th1 and Th2 cell subsets, indicating the role of IL-1R signaling in the Th17 cell differentiation in RR MS. When IL-1RI gene expression was silenced using siRNA, human naive CD4+ T cells cultured in the presence of Th17-polarizing cytokines had a significantly decreased expression of interleukin regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), RORc, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, and IL-23R genes, confirming that IL-1RI signaling induces Th17 cell differentiation. Since IL-1R gene expression silencing inhibited IRF4 expression and Th17 differentiation, and IRF4 gene expression silencing inhibited Th17 cell differentiation, our results indicate that IL-1RI induces human Th17 cell differentiation in an IRF4-dependant manner. Our study has identified that IL-1RI-mediated signaling pathway is constitutively activated, leading to an increased Th17 cell differentiation in IRF4-dependent manner in patients with RR MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Sha
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Pang SHM, Minnich M, Gangatirkar P, Zheng Z, Ebert A, Song G, Dickins RA, Corcoran LM, Mullighan CG, Busslinger M, Huntington ND, Nutt SL, Carotta S. PU.1 cooperates with IRF4 and IRF8 to suppress pre-B-cell leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 30:1375-87. [PMID: 26932576 PMCID: PMC5179358 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Ets family transcription factor PU.1 and the interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4 and IRF8 regulate gene expression by binding to composite DNA sequences known as Ets/interferon consensus elements. Although all three factors are expressed from the onset of B-cell development, single deficiency of these factors in B-cell progenitors only mildly impacts on bone marrow B lymphopoiesis. Here we tested whether PU.1 cooperates with IRF factors in regulating early B-cell development. Lack of PU.1 and IRF4 resulted in a partial block in development the pre-B-cell stage. The combined deletion of PU.1 and IRF8 reduced recirculating B-cell numbers. Strikingly, all PU.1/IRF4 and ~50% of PU.1/IRF8 double deficient mice developed pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) associated with reduced expression of the established B-lineage tumor suppressor genes, Ikaros and Spi-B. These genes are directly regulated by PU.1/IRF4/IRF8, and restoration of Ikaros or Spi-B expression inhibited leukemic cell growth. In summary, we demonstrate that PU.1, IRF4 and IRF8 cooperate to regulate early B-cell development and to prevent pre-B-ALL formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swee Heng Milon Pang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martina Minnich
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pradnya Gangatirkar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anja Ebert
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Guangchun Song
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Ross A Dickins
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lynn M Corcoran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Charles G. Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, Tennessee 38105-3678, USA
| | - Meinrad Busslinger
- The Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicholas D Huntington
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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35
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Identification and interplay of sequence specific DNA binding proteins involved in regulation of human Pregnane and Xenobiotic Receptor gene. Exp Cell Res 2015; 339:187-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Remesh SG, Santosh V, Escalante CR. Structural Studies of IRF4 Reveal a Flexible Autoinhibitory Region and a Compact Linker Domain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27779-90. [PMID: 26405037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.678789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IRF4 is a unique member of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family playing critical regulatory roles in immune cell development, regulation of obesity-induced inflammation, and control of thermogenic gene expression. The ability of IRF4 to control diverse transcriptional programs arises from its proficiency to interact with numerous transcriptional partners. In this study, we present the structural characterization of full-length IRF4. Using a combination of x-ray and small angle x-ray scattering studies, we reveal unique features of the interferon activation domain, including a set of β-sheets and loops that serve as the binding site for PU.1, and also show that unlike other IRF members, IRF4 has a flexible autoinhibitory region. In addition, we have determined the small angle x-ray scattering solution structure of full-length IRF4, which, together with circular dichroism studies, suggests that the linker region is not extended but folds into a domain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya G Remesh
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Vishaka Santosh
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Carlos R Escalante
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298
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Reynolds G, Haniffa M. Human and Mouse Mononuclear Phagocyte Networks: A Tale of Two Species? Front Immunol 2015; 6:330. [PMID: 26124761 PMCID: PMC4479794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and macrophages are a heterogeneous population of mononuclear phagocytes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation to initiate and regulate immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, tumor, and tolerance to self. In addition to their afferent sentinel function, DCs and macrophages are also critical as effectors and coordinators of inflammation and homeostasis in peripheral tissues. Harnessing DCs and macrophages for therapeutic purposes has major implications for infectious disease, vaccination, transplantation, tolerance induction, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. There has been a paradigm shift in our understanding of the developmental origin and function of the cellular constituents of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Significant progress has been made in tandem in both human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology. This progress has been accelerated by comparative biology analysis between mouse and human, which has proved to be an exceptionally fruitful strategy to harmonize findings across species. Such analyses have provided unexpected insights and facilitated productive reciprocal and iterative processes to inform our understanding of human and mouse mononuclear phagocytes. In this review, we discuss the strategies, power, and utility of comparative biology approaches to integrate recent advances in human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte biology and its potential to drive forward clinical translation of this knowledge. We also present a functional framework on the parallel organization of human and mouse mononuclear phagocyte networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Reynolds
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK ; Musculoskeletal Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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38
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The receptor NLRP3 is a transcriptional regulator of TH2 differentiation. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:859-70. [PMID: 26098997 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The receptor NLRP3 is involved in the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome that activates caspase-1 and mediates the release of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Whether NLRP3 can shape immunological function independently of inflammasomes is unclear. We found that NLRP3 expression in CD4(+) T cells specifically supported a T helper type 2 (TH2) transcriptional program in a cell-intrinsic manner. NLRP3, but not the inflammasome adaptor ASC or caspase-1, positively regulated a TH2 program. In TH2 cells, NLRP3 bound the Il4 promoter and transactivated it in conjunction with the transcription factor IRF4. Nlrp3-deficient TH2 cells supported melanoma tumor growth in an IL-4-dependent manner and also promoted asthma-like symptoms. Our results demonstrate the ability of NLRP3 to act as a key transcription factor in TH2 differentiation.
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39
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Li P, Spolski R, Liao W, Leonard WJ. Complex interactions of transcription factors in mediating cytokine biology in T cells. Immunol Rev 2015; 261:141-56. [PMID: 25123282 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T-helper (Th) cells play critical roles within the mammalian immune system, and the differentiation of naive CD4(+) T cells into distinct T-helper subsets is critical for normal immunoregulation and host defense. These carefully regulated differentiation processes are controlled by networks of cytokines, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, resulting in the generation of multiple CD4(+) T-cell subsets, including Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Treg, and Tfh cells. In this review, we discuss the roles of transcription factors in determining the specific type of differentiation and in particular the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in promoting or inhibiting Th differentiation. In addition to discussing master regulators and subset-specific transcription factors for distinct T-helper cell populations, we focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and on the cooperative action of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) with activator protein 1 (AP-1) family proteins and STAT3 in the assembly of complexes that broadly influence T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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40
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Yoon J, Feng X, Kim YS, Shin DM, Hatzi K, Wang H, Morse HC. Interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) interacts with the B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) corepressor BCOR. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34250-7. [PMID: 25331958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.571182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6) corepressor (BCOR) was discovered as a BCL6-interacting corepressor, but little is known about its other biological activities in normal B cell development and function. Previously, we found that interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8), also known as interferon consensus sequence-binding protein, directly targets a large number of genes in germinal center B cells including BCL6. In this study, we screened potential binding partners of IRF8 using a retrovirus-based protein complementation assay screen in a mouse pre-B cell line. We found that IRF8 interacts directly with BCOR and that the α-helical region of IRF8 and the BCL6 binding domain of BCOR are required for this interaction. In addition, IRF8 protein interacts directly with BCL6. Using an siRNA-mediated IRF8 knockdown mouse B cell lymphoma cell line, we showed that IRF8 represses Bcor and enhances Bcl6 transcription. Taken together, these data suggest that a complex comprising BCOR-BCL6-IRF8 modulates BCL6-associated transcriptional regulation of germinal center B cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongheon Yoon
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Xianxum Feng
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Yong-Soo Kim
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Katerina Hatzi
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065
| | - Hongsheng Wang
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
| | - Herbert C Morse
- From the Laboratory of Immunogenetics, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20852 and
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41
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Saliba DG, Heger A, Eames HL, Oikonomopoulos S, Teixeira A, Blazek K, Androulidaki A, Wong D, Goh FG, Weiss M, Byrne A, Pasparakis M, Ragoussis J, Udalova IA. IRF5:RelA interaction targets inflammatory genes in macrophages. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1308-17. [PMID: 25159141 PMCID: PMC4471814 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 (IRF5) plays a major role in setting up an inflammatory macrophage phenotype, but the molecular basis of its transcriptional activity is not fully understood. In this study, we conduct a comprehensive genome-wide analysis of IRF5 recruitment in macrophages stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide and discover that IRF5 binds to regulatory elements of highly transcribed genes. Analysis of protein:DNA microarrays demonstrates that IRF5 recognizes the canonical IRF-binding (interferon-stimulated response element [ISRE]) motif in vitro. However, IRF5 binding in vivo appears to rely on its interactions with other proteins. IRF5 binds to a noncanonical composite PU.1:ISRE motif, and its recruitment is aided by RelA. Global gene expression analysis in macrophages deficient in IRF5 and RelA highlights the direct role of the RelA:IRF5 cistrome in regulation of a subset of key inflammatory genes. We map the RelA:IRF5 interaction domain and suggest that interfering with it would offer selective targeting of macrophage inflammatory activities. Genome-wide function of IRF5 in LPS-stimulated macrophages was analyzed IRF5 cistrome overlaps with RelA cistrome at multiple loci IRF5 targets regulatory elements of highly inducible inflammatory genes IRF5 recruitment to key inflammatory loci is assisted by RelA
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Andreas Heger
- CGAT, MRC Functional Genomics Unit, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX13PT, UK
| | - Hayley L Eames
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Spyros Oikonomopoulos
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ana Teixeira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Katrina Blazek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Ariadne Androulidaki
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Daniel Wong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Fui G Goh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Miriam Weiss
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Adam Byrne
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Jiannis Ragoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Irina A Udalova
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX37FY, UK.
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TRIpartite motif 21 (TRIM21) differentially regulates the stability of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) isoforms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103609. [PMID: 25084355 PMCID: PMC4118895 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IRF5 is a member of the Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) family of transcription factors activated downstream of the Toll-Like receptors (TLRs). Polymorphisms in IRF5 have been shown to be associated with the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune conditions, suggesting a central role for IRF5 in the regulation of the immune response. Four different IRF5 isoforms originate due to alternative splicing and to the presence or absence of a 30 nucleotide insertion in IRF5 exon 6. Since the polymorphic region disturbs a PEST domain, a region associated with protein degradation, we hypothesized that the isoforms bearing the insertion might have increased stability, thus explaining the association of individual IRF5 isoforms with SLE. As the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIpartite Motif 21 (TRIM21) has been shown to regulate the stability and hence activity of members of the IRF family, we investigated whether IRF5 is subjected to regulation by TRIM21 and whether dysregulation of this mechanism could explain the association of IRF5 with SLE. Our results show that IRF5 is degraded following TLR7 activation and that TRIM21 is involved in this process. Comparison of the individual IRF5 variants demonstrates that isoforms generated by alternative splicing are resistant to TRIM21-mediated degradation following TLR7 stimulation, thus providing a functional link between isoforms expression and stability/activity which contributes to explain the association of IRF5 with SLE.
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43
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Care MA, Cocco M, Laye JP, Barnes N, Huang Y, Wang M, Barrans S, Du M, Jack A, Westhead DR, Doody GM, Tooze RM. SPIB and BATF provide alternate determinants of IRF4 occupancy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma linked to disease heterogeneity. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:7591-610. [PMID: 24875472 PMCID: PMC4081075 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) is central to the transcriptional network of activated B-cell-like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (ABC-DLBCL), an aggressive lymphoma subgroup defined by gene expression profiling. Since cofactor association modifies transcriptional regulatory input by IRF4, we assessed genome occupancy by IRF4 and endogenous cofactors in ABC-DLBCL cell lines. IRF4 partners with SPIB, PU.1 and BATF genome-wide, but SPIB provides the dominant IRF4 partner in this context. Upon SPIB knockdown IRF4 occupancy is depleted and neither PU.1 nor BATF acutely compensates. Integration with ENCODE data from lymphoblastoid cell line GM12878, demonstrates that IRF4 adopts either SPIB- or BATF-centric genome-wide distributions in related states of post-germinal centre B-cell transformation. In primary DLBCL high-SPIB and low-BATF or the reciprocal low-SPIB and high-BATF mRNA expression links to differential gene expression profiles across nine data sets, identifying distinct associations with SPIB occupancy, signatures of B-cell differentiation stage and potential pathogenetic mechanisms. In a population-based patient cohort, SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL is enriched for mutation of MYD88, and SPIBhigh/BATFlow-ABC-DLBCL with MYD88-L265P mutation identifies a small subgroup of patients among this otherwise aggressive disease subgroup with distinct favourable outcome. We conclude that differential expression of IRF4 cofactors SPIB and BATF identifies biologically and clinically significant heterogeneity among ABC-DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Mario Cocco
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon P Laye
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas Barnes
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yuanxue Huang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ming Wang
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sharon Barrans
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ming Du
- Division of Molecular Histopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Jack
- Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - David R Westhead
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gina M Doody
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Haematological Malignancy Diagnostic Service, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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44
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Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4) and IRF8 are critical regulators of immune system development and function. In B lymphocytes, IRF4 and IRF8 have been shown to control important events during their development and maturation including pre-B cell differentiation, induction of B cell tolerance pathways, marginal zone B cell development, germinal center reaction and plasma cell differentiation. Mechanistically, IRF4 and IRF8 are found to function redundantly to control certain stages of B cell development, but in other stages, they function nonredundantly to play distinct roles in B cell biology. In line with their essential roles in B cell development, deregulated expressions of IRF4 and IRF8 have been associated to the pathogenesis of several B cell malignancies and diseases. Recent studies have elucidated diverse transcriptional networks regulated by IRF4 and IRF8 at distinct B cell developmental stages and related malignancies. In this review we will discuss the recent advances for the roles of IRF4 and IRF8 during B cell development and associated diseases.
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45
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Tabata R, Yasumizu R, Tabata C, Kojima M. Double-hit lymphoma demonstrating t(6;14;18)(p25;q32;q21), suggesting two independent dual-hit translocations, MYC/BCL-2 and IRF4/BCL-2. J Clin Exp Hematop 2014; 53:141-50. [PMID: 23995111 DOI: 10.3960/jslrt.53.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report a rare case of double-hit lymphoma, demonstrating t(6;14;18)(p25;q32;q21), suggesting two independent dual-translocations, c-MYC/BCL-2 and IRF4/BCL-2. The present case had a rare abnormal chromosome, t(6;14;18)(p25;q32;q21), independently, in addition to known dual-hit chromosomal abnormalities, t(14;18)(q32;q21) and t(8;22)(q24;q11.2). Lymph node was characterized by a follicular and diffuse growth pattern with variously sized neoplastic follicles. The intrafollicular area was composed of centrocytes with a few centroblasts and the interfollicular area was occupied by uniformly spread medium- to large-sized lymphocytes. CD23 immunostaining demonstrated a disrupted follicular dendritic cell meshwork. The intrafollicular tumor cells had a germinal center phenotype with the expression of surface IgM, CD10, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, and MUM1/IRF4. However, the interfollicular larger cells showed plasmacytic differentiation with diminished CD20, Bcl-2, Bcl-6, and positive intracytoplasmic IgM, and co-expression of MUM1/IRF4 and CD138 with increased Ki-67-positive cells (> 90%). MUM1/IRF4 has been found to induce c-MYC expression, and in turn, MYC transactivates MUM1/IRF4, creating a positive autoregulatory feedback loop. On the other hand, MUM1/IRF4 functions as a tumor suppressor in c-MYC-induced B-cell leukemia. The present rare case arouses interest in view of the possible "dual" activation of both c-MYC and MUM1/IRF4 through two independent dual-translocations, c-MYC/BCL-2 and IRF4/BCL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Tabata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Prefectural Tsukaguchi Hospital, Hyogo, Japan.
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Praetorius C, Grill C, Stacey SN, Metcalf AM, Gorkin DU, Robinson KC, Van Otterloo E, Kim RSQ, Bergsteinsdottir K, Ogmundsdottir MH, Magnusdottir E, Mishra PJ, Davis SR, Guo T, Zaidi MR, Helgason AS, Sigurdsson MI, Meltzer PS, Merlino G, Petit V, Larue L, Loftus SK, Adams DR, Sobhiafshar U, Emre NCT, Pavan WJ, Cornell R, Smith AG, McCallion AS, Fisher DE, Stefansson K, Sturm RA, Steingrimsson E. A polymorphism in IRF4 affects human pigmentation through a tyrosinase-dependent MITF/TFAP2A pathway. Cell 2014; 155:1022-33. [PMID: 24267888 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sequence polymorphisms linked to human diseases and phenotypes in genome-wide association studies often affect noncoding regions. A SNP within an intron of the gene encoding Interferon Regulatory Factor 4 (IRF4), a transcription factor with no known role in melanocyte biology, is strongly associated with sensitivity of skin to sun exposure, freckles, blue eyes, and brown hair color. Here, we demonstrate that this SNP lies within an enhancer of IRF4 transcription in melanocytes. The allele associated with this pigmentation phenotype impairs binding of the TFAP2A transcription factor that, together with the melanocyte master regulator MITF, regulates activity of the enhancer. Assays in zebrafish and mice reveal that IRF4 cooperates with MITF to activate expression of Tyrosinase (TYR), an essential enzyme in melanin synthesis. Our findings provide a clear example of a noncoding polymorphism that affects a phenotype by modulating a developmental gene regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Praetorius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Vatnsmyrarvegur 16, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells involved critically not only in provoking innate immune responses but also in establishing adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells are heterogenous and divided into several subsets, including plasmactyoid DCs (pDCs) and several types of conventional DCs (cDCs), which show subset-specific functions. Plasmactyoid DCs are featured by their ability to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to nucleic acid sensors, TLR7 and TLR9 and involved in anti-viral immunity and pathogenesis of certain autoimmune disorders such as psoriasis. Conventional DCs include the DC subsets with high crosspresentation activity, which contributes to anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity. These subsets are generated from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via several intermediate progenitors and the development is regulated by the transcriptional mechanisms in which subset-specific transcription factors play major roles. We have recently found that an Ets family transcription factor, SPI-B, which is abundantly expressed in pDCs among DC subsets, plays critical roles in functions and late stage development of pDCs. SPI-B functions in cooperation with other transcription factors, especially, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family members. Here we review the transcription factor-based molecular mechanisms for generation and functions of DCs, mainly by focusing on the roles of SPI-B and its relatives.
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Rogatsky I, Chandrasekaran U, Manni M, Yi W, Pernis AB. Epigenetics and the IRFs: A complex interplay in the control of immunity and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:242-55. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.853050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kar A, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. Molecular mechanisms of ETS transcription factor-mediated tumorigenesis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 48:522-43. [PMID: 24066765 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2013.838202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family of transcription factors is critical for development, differentiation, proliferation and also has a role in apoptosis and tissue remodeling. Changes in expression of ETS proteins therefore have a significant impact on normal physiology of the cell. Transcriptional consequences of ETS protein deregulation by overexpression, gene fusion, and modulation by RAS/MAPK signaling are linked to alterations in normal cell functions, and lead to unlimited increased proliferation, sustained angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Existing data show that ETS proteins control pathways in epithelial cells as well as stromal compartments, and the crosstalk between the two is essential for normal development and cancer. In this review, we have focused on ETS factors with a known contribution in cancer development. Instead of focusing on a prototype, we address cancer associated ETS proteins and have highlighted the diverse mechanisms by which they affect carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss strategies for ETS factor targeting as a potential means for cancer therapeutics.
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A C-terminal acidic domain regulates degradation of the transcriptional coactivator Bob1. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:4628-40. [PMID: 24061476 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01590-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bob1 (Obf-1 or OCA-B) is a 34-kDa transcriptional coactivator encoded by the Pou2af1 gene that is essential for normal B-cell development and immune responses in mice. During lymphocyte activation, Bob1 protein levels dramatically increase independently of mRNA levels, suggesting that the stability of Bob1 is regulated. We used a fluorescent protein-based reporter system to analyze protein stability in response to genetic and physiological perturbations and show that, while Bob1 degradation is proteasome mediated, it does not require ubiquitination of Bob1. Furthermore, degradation of Bob1 in B cells appears to be largely independent of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Siah. We propose a novel mechanism of Bob1 turnover in B cells, whereby an acidic region in the C terminus of Bob1 regulates the activity of degron signals elsewhere in the protein. Changes that make the C terminus more acidic, including tyrosine phosphorylation-mimetic mutations, stabilize the instable murine Bob1 protein, indicating that B cells may regulate Bob1 stability and activity via signaling pathways. Finally, we show that expressing a stable Bob1 mutant in B cells suppresses cell proliferation and induces changes in surface marker expression commonly seen during B-cell differentiation.
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