1
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He H, Yamamuro C. Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab078. [PMID: 35043212 PMCID: PMC8955447 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones and their interactions are critical for fruit development and, are key topics in horticulture research. Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thus subsequently regulates fruit development and enlargement after fertilization. Auxin and GA related mutants show parthenocarpy (fruit formation without fertilization of ovule) in many plant species, indicating that these hormones and possibly their interactions play a key role in the regulation of fruit initiation and development. Recent studies have shown clear molecular and genetic evidence that ARF/IAA and DELLA protein interact each other and regulate both auxin and GA signaling pathways in response to auxin and GA during fruit growth in horticultural plants, tomato (the most studied freshy fruit) and strawberry (the model of Rosaceae). These recent findings provide new insights into the mechanisms by which plant hormones auxin and GA regulate fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Chizuko Yamamuro
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
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2
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Li BJ, Grierson D, Shi Y, Chen KS. Roles of abscisic acid in regulating ripening and quality of strawberry, a model non-climacteric fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022. [PMID: 35795383 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac089/6572269#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a dominant regulator of ripening and quality in non-climacteric fruits. Strawberry is regarded as a model non-climacteric fruit due to its extensive genetic studies and proven suitability for transgenic approaches to understanding gene function. Strawberry research has contributed to studies on color, flavor development, and fruit softening, and in recent years ABA has been established as a core regulator of strawberry fruit ripening, whereas ethylene plays this role in climacteric fruits. Despite this major difference, several components of the interacting genetic regulatory network in strawberry, such as MADS-box and NAC transcription factors, are similar to those that operate in climacteric fruit. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ABA biosynthesis and signaling and the regulatory network of transcription factors and other phytohormones in strawberry fruit ripening. In addition to providing an update on its ripening, we discuss how strawberry research has helped generate a broader and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of non-climacteric fruit ripening and focus attention on the use of strawberry as a model platform for ripening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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3
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Li BJ, Grierson D, Shi Y, Chen KS. Roles of abscisic acid in regulating ripening and quality of strawberry, a model non-climacteric fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac089. [PMID: 35795383 PMCID: PMC9252103 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a dominant regulator of ripening and quality in non-climacteric fruits. Strawberry is regarded as a model non-climacteric fruit due to its extensive genetic studies and proven suitability for transgenic approaches to understanding gene function. Strawberry research has contributed to studies on color, flavor development, and fruit softening, and in recent years ABA has been established as a core regulator of strawberry fruit ripening, whereas ethylene plays this role in climacteric fruits. Despite this major difference, several components of the interacting genetic regulatory network in strawberry, such as MADS-box and NAC transcription factors, are similar to those that operate in climacteric fruit. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the role of ABA biosynthesis and signaling and the regulatory network of transcription factors and other phytohormones in strawberry fruit ripening. In addition to providing an update on its ripening, we discuss how strawberry research has helped generate a broader and more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of non-climacteric fruit ripening and focus attention on the use of strawberry as a model platform for ripening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Jun Li
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Yanna Shi
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding authors. E-mail: ;
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
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4
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Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Botella MA, Valpuesta V, Sanchez-Vera V. Autophagy Is Required for Strawberry Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:688481. [PMID: 34512686 PMCID: PMC8429490 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.688481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic and recycling pathway that maintains cellular homeostasis under normal growth and stress conditions. Two major types of autophagy, microautophagy and macroautophagy, have been described in plants. During macroautophagy, cellular content is engulfed by a double-membrane vesicle called autophagosome. This vesicle fuses its outer membrane with the tonoplast and releases the content into the vacuole for degradation. During certain developmental processes, autophagy is enhanced by induction of several autophagy-related genes (ATG genes). Autophagy in crop development has been studied in relation to leaf senescence, seed and reproductive development, and vascular formation. However, its role in fruit ripening has only been partially addressed. Strawberry is an important berry crop, representative of non-climacteric fruit. We have analyzed the occurrence of autophagy in developing and ripening fruits of the cultivated strawberry. Our data show that most ATG genes are conserved in the genome of the cultivated strawberry Fragaria x ananassa and they are differentially expressed along the ripening of the fruit receptacle. ATG8-lipidation analysis proves the presence of two autophagic waves during ripening. In addition, we have confirmed the presence of autophagy at the cellular level by the identification of autophagy-related structures at different stages of the strawberry ripening. Finally, we show that blocking autophagy either biochemically or genetically dramatically affects strawberry growth and ripening. Our data support that autophagy is an active and essential process with different implications during strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- José F Sánchez-Sevilla
- Unidad Asociada al CSIC de I+D+i Biotecnología y Mejora en Fresa, Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro IFAPA Málaga, Junta de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoria Sanchez-Vera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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5
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Song J, CampbellPalmer L, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, Fillmore S, Forney C, Luo H, Zhang Z. Proteomic Changes in Antioxidant System in Strawberry During Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:594156. [PMID: 33424890 PMCID: PMC7785977 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.594156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the strawberry antioxidant defense system during fruit ripening, a targeted quantitative proteomic approach using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was developed to investigate targeted proteins in the antioxidant enzyme system in strawberry fruit. We investigated 46 proteins and isoforms with 73 identified peptides which may be involved in this antioxidant enzyme system. Among the proteins that changed during ripening, aldo/keto reductase (AKR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase (GT) increased significantly, while dehydroascorbate reductase, 2-Cys peroxiredoxin, catalase (CAT), 1-Cys peroxiredoxin and L-ascorbate peroxidase (APX) decreased significantly. These results suggest that fruit ripening of strawberry activates the enzymes of an SOD/glutathione metabolism system. The methodologies used in this study will be useful for systematically characterizing the role of antioxidant enzymes in fruit ripening of other plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Leslie CampbellPalmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Mindy Vinqvist-Tymchuk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Sherry Fillmore
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Charles Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS, Canada
| | - Honghui Luo
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Visualizing the distribution of strawberry plant metabolites at different maturity stages by MALDI-TOF imaging mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2020; 345:128838. [PMID: 33341561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to visualize differences in the distribution of citric acid, soluble sugars, and anthocyanins in strawberries at four different maturity stages (green to red strawberries) by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF IMS). Results demonstrated citric acid and sugars are evenly distributed in the entire fruit at all maturity stages, while most of anthocyanins are mainly located in the periphery of fruit with increased abundance in red strawberries, indicating a correlation with the colour attributes. Sugar in red strawberries (11.92 brix) increased by two-fold compared to the green ones (6.23 brix). Finally, absolute quantitation of each compound from HPLC analyses support the quantitative results from MALDI-TOF IMS. The results provide a deeper understanding in the changes and distribution of phytochemicals during the growth of strawberries, and demonstrates the usefulness of IMS for plant breeding and postharvest technology.
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7
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Gétaz M, Puławska J, Smits TH, Pothier JF. Host-Pathogen Interactions between Xanthomonas fragariae and Its Host Fragaria × ananassa Investigated with a Dual RNA-Seq Analysis. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1253. [PMID: 32824783 PMCID: PMC7465820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strawberry is economically important and widely grown, but susceptible to a large variety of phytopathogenic organisms. Among them, Xanthomonas fragariae is a quarantine bacterial pathogen threatening strawberry productions by causing angular leaf spots. Using whole transcriptome sequencing, the gene expression of both plant and bacteria in planta was analyzed at two time points, 12 and 29 days post inoculation, in order to compare the pathogen and host response between the stages of early visible and of well-developed symptoms. Among 28,588 known genes in strawberry and 4046 known genes in X. fragariae expressed at both time points, a total of 361 plant and 144 bacterial genes were significantly differentially expressed, respectively. The identified higher expressed genes in the plants were pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptors and pathogenesis-related thaumatin encoding genes, whereas the more expressed early genes were related to chloroplast metabolism as well as photosynthesis related coding genes. Most X. fragariae genes involved in host interaction, recognition, and pathogenesis were lower expressed at late-phase infection. This study gives a first insight into the interaction of X. fragariae with its host. The strawberry plant changed gene expression in order to consistently adapt its metabolism with the progression of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gétaz
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Joanna Puławska
- Department of Phytopathology, Research Institute of Horticulture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland;
| | - Theo H.M. Smits
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
| | - Joël F. Pothier
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Research Group, Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), CH-8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland; (M.G.); (T.H.S.)
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8
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McClure KA, Gong Y, Song J, Vinqvist-Tymchuk M, Campbell Palmer L, Fan L, Burgher-MacLellan K, Zhang Z, Celton JM, Forney CF, Migicovsky Z, Myles S. Genome-wide association studies in apple reveal loci of large effect controlling apple polyphenols. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:107. [PMID: 31645962 PMCID: PMC6804656 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Apples are a nutritious food source with significant amounts of polyphenols that contribute to human health and wellbeing, primarily as dietary antioxidants. Although numerous pre- and post-harvest factors can affect the composition of polyphenols in apples, genetics is presumed to play a major role because polyphenol concentration varies dramatically among apple cultivars. Here we investigated the genetic architecture of apple polyphenols by combining high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) data with ~100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from two diverse apple populations. We found that polyphenols can vary in concentration by up to two orders of magnitude across cultivars, and that this dramatic variation was often predictable using genetic markers and frequently controlled by a small number of large effect genetic loci. Using GWAS, we identified candidate genes for the production of quercitrin, epicatechin, catechin, chlorogenic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid and procyanidins B1, B2, and C1. Our observation that a relatively simple genetic architecture underlies the dramatic variation of key polyphenols in apples suggests that breeders may be able to improve the nutritional value of apples through marker-assisted breeding or gene editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. McClure
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - YuiHui Gong
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jun Song
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Melinda Vinqvist-Tymchuk
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Leslie Campbell Palmer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Lihua Fan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Karen Burgher-MacLellan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - ZhaoQi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou, 510642 China
| | - Jean-Marc Celton
- IRHS, Agrocampus-Ouest, INRA, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Charles F. Forney
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Kentville Research and Development Centre, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5 Canada
| | - Zoë Migicovsky
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
| | - Sean Myles
- Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada
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9
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Recent Advances in Hormonal Regulation and Cross-Talk during Non-Climacteric Fruit Development and Ripening. HORTICULTURAE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae5020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are characterized by having a developmentally and genetically controlled, highly intricate ripening process, leading to dramatic modifications in fruit size, texture, color, flavor, and aroma. Climacteric fruits such as tomato, pear, banana, and melon show a ripening-associated increase in respiration and ethylene production and these processes are well-documented. In contrast, the hormonal mechanism of fruit development and ripening in non-climacteric fruit, such as strawberry, grape, raspberry, and citrus, is not well characterized. However, recent studies have shown that non-climacteric fruit development and ripening, involves the coordinated action of different hormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, gibberellins, ethylene, and others. In this review, we discuss and evaluate the recent research findings concerning the hormonal regulation of non-climacteric fruit development and ripening and their cross-talk by taking grape, strawberry, and raspberry as reference fruit species.
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Busatto N, Farneti B, Tadiello A, Oberkofler V, Cellini A, Biasioli F, Delledonne M, Cestaro A, Noutsos C, Costa F. Wide transcriptional investigation unravel novel insights of the on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening of 'Abate Fetel' pear fruit. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 30854209 PMCID: PMC6395599 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To decipher the transcriptomic regulation of the on-tree fruit maturation in pear cv. 'Abate Fetel', a RNA-seq transcription analysis identified 8939 genes differentially expressed across four harvesting stages. These genes were grouped into 11 SOTA clusters based on their transcriptional pattern, of which three included genes upregulated while the other four were represented by downregulated genes. Fruit ripening was furthermore investigated after 1 month of postharvest cold storage. The most important variation in fruit firmness, production of ethylene and volatile organic compounds were observed after 5 days of shelf-life at room temperature following cold storage. The role of ethylene in controlling the ripening of 'Abate Fetel' pears was furthermore investigated through the application of 1-methylcyclopropene, which efficiently delayed the progression of ripening by reducing fruit softening and repressing both ethylene and volatile production. The physiological response of the interference at the ethylene receptor level was moreover unraveled investigating the expression pattern of 12 candidate genes, initially selected to validate the RNA-seq profile. This analysis confirmed the effective role of the ethylene competitor in downregulating the expression of cell wall (PG) and ethylene-related genes (ACS, ACO, ERS1, and ERS2), as well as inducing one element involved in the auxin signaling pathway (Aux/IAA), highlighting a possible cross-talk between these two hormones. The expression patterns of these six elements suggest their use as molecular toolkit to monitor at molecular level the progression of the fruit on-tree maturation and postharvest ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Busatto
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Brian Farneti
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Alice Tadiello
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Vicky Oberkofler
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Antonio Cellini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Via Fanin 46, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Massimo Delledonne
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Cà Vignal 1, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cestaro
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Christos Noutsos
- Biology Department, SUNY College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, NY 11568 USA
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
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11
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Yuan H, Yu H, Huang T, Shen X, Xia J, Pang F, Wang J, Zhao M. The complexity of the Fragaria x ananassa (octoploid) transcriptome by single-molecule long-read sequencing. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:46. [PMID: 30962939 PMCID: PMC6441658 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) is an allopolyploid species with diverse and complex transcripts. The regulatory mechanisms of fruit development and maturation have been extensively studied; however, little is known about the signaling mechanisms that direct this process in octoploid strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa). Here, we used long-read sequencing (LRS) technology and RNA-seq analysis to investigate the diversity and complexity of the polyploid transcriptome and differentially expressed transcripts along four successive fruit developmental stages of cultivated strawberry. We obtained a reference transcriptome with 119,897 unique full-length isoforms, including 2017 new isoforms and 2510 long noncoding RNAs. Based on the genome of the plausible progenitor (Fragaria vesca), 20,229 alternative splicing (AS) events were identified. Using this transcriptome, we found 17,485 differentially expressed transcripts during strawberry fruit development, including 527 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to 41 families. The expression profiles of all members of the auxin, ABA pathway, and anthocyanin biosynthesis gene families were also examined, and many of them were highly expressed at the ripe fruit stage, strongly indicating that the role of those genes is in the regulation of fruit ripening. We produce a high-quality reference transcriptome for octoploid strawberry, including much of the full-length transcript diversity, to help understand the regulatory mechanisms of fruit development and maturation of polyploid species, particularly via elucidation of the biochemical pathways involved in auxin, ABA, and anthocyanin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huazhao Yuan
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Yu
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, 101300 Beijing, China
| | - Xinjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture of People’s Republic of China, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 430062 Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xia
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Fuhua Pang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
| | - Mizhen Zhao
- Institute of Pomology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, 210014 Nanjing, China
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12
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Higuera JJ, Garrido-Gala J, Lekhbou A, Arjona-Girona I, Amil-Ruiz F, Mercado JA, Pliego-Alfaro F, Muñoz-Blanco J, López-Herrera CJ, Caballero JL. The Strawberry FaWRKY1 Transcription Factor Negatively Regulates Resistance to Colletotrichum acutatum in Fruit Upon Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:480. [PMID: 31057583 PMCID: PMC6482226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) is a major food crop worldwide, due to the flavor, aroma and health benefits of the fruit, but its productivity and quality are seriously limited by a large variety of phytopathogens, including Colletotrichum spp. So far, key factors regulating strawberry immune response remain unknown. The FaWRKY1 gene has been previously proposed as an important element mediating defense responses in strawberry to Colletotrichum acutatum. To get further insight into the functional role that FaWRKY1 plays in the defense mechanism, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation was used both to silence and overexpress the FaWRKY1 gene in strawberry fruits (Fragaria ×ananassa cv. Primoris), which were later analyzed upon C. acutatum inoculation. Susceptibility tests were performed after pathogen infection comparing the severity of disease between the two agroinfiltrated opposite halves of the same fruit, one half bearing a construct either for FaWRKY1 overexpression or RNAi-mediated silencing and the other half bearing the empty vector, as control. The severity of tissue damage was monitored and found to be visibly reduced at five days after pathogen inoculation in the fruit half where FaWRKY1 was transiently silenced compared to that of the opposite control half and statistical analysis corroborated a significant reduction in disease susceptibility. Contrarily, a similar level of susceptibility was found when FaWRKY1 overexpression and control fruit samples, was compared. These results unravel a negative regulatory role of FaWRKY1 in resistance to the phytopathogenic fungus C. acutatum in strawberry fruit and contrast with the previous role described for this gene in Arabidopsis as positive regulator of resistance against the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae. Based on previous results, a tentative working model for WRKY75 like genes after pathogen infection is proposed and the expression pattern of potential downstream FaWRKY1 target genes was also analyzed in strawberry fruit upon C. acutatum infection. Our results highlight that FaWRKY1 might display different function according to species, plant tissue and/or type of pathogen and underline the intricate FaWRKY1 responsive defense regulatory mechanism taking place in strawberry against this important crop pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Javier Higuera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Garrido-Gala
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ayman Lekhbou
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Arjona-Girona
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Servicio Central de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José A. Mercado
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos J. López-Herrera
- Departamento de Protección de Cultivos, Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible (CSIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- *Correspondence: José L. Caballero,
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13
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Li L, Wu Q, Wang Y, Aghdam MS, Ban Z, Zhang X, Lu H, Li D, Yan J, Limwachiranon J, Luo Z. Systematically quantitative proteomics and metabolite profiles offer insight into fruit ripening behavior in Fragaria × ananassa. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14093-14108. [PMID: 35519301 PMCID: PMC9064045 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Profound metabolic and proteomic changes involved in the primary and the secondary metabolism are required for the ripeness of fleshy fruit such as strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa). Here we present the quantitative proteomic profiling in parallel with metabolic and transcriptional profiling at five developmental stages of strawberry fruit ripening, and correlations between changes in representative metabolites and the abundance of related proteins were analyzed. Hierarchical clustering analysis of the quantitative proteomic profiling identified 143 proteins in strawberry fruit across five developmental stages. Meanwhile, both protein abundance and gene expression spanned a wide range of roles, such as the primary and the secondary metabolism, defense system, and response to stress stimuli. The decreased abundance of proteins contributed to the carbohydrate metabolism and the up-regulated expression of secondary biosynthetic proteins was found to be positively correlated with the accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites during strawberry development. Moreover, with the same annotations and high homology, the gene function of key genes involved in primary and secondary metabolism (FaTPI, FaPAL, FaMDH and FaME) was confirmed in Nicotiana via the transient expression assay, which provides further evidence for the role of those genes in metabolism of strawberry fruit. The results of the present study may serve as an important resource for the functional analysis of the proteome and offer new perspectives on regulation of fruit quality. Proteome and metabolite profiles of fruit ripening behavior in Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Benihoppe’.![]()
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14
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Haile ZM, Nagpala-De Guzman EG, Moretto M, Sonego P, Engelen K, Zoli L, Moser C, Baraldi E. Transcriptome Profiles of Strawberry ( Fragaria vesca) Fruit Interacting With Botrytis cinerea at Different Ripening Stages. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1131. [PMID: 31620156 PMCID: PMC6759788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a major cause of economic losses in strawberry fruit production, limiting fruit shelf life and commercialization. When the fungus infects Fragaria × ananassa strawberry at flowering or unripe fruit stages, symptoms develop after an extended latent phase on ripe fruits before or after harvesting. To elucidate the growth kinetics of B. cinerea on flower/fruit and the molecular responses associated with low susceptibility of unripe fruit stages, woodland strawberry Fragaria vesca flowers and fruits, at unripe white and ripe red stages, were inoculated with B. cinerea. Quantification of fungal genomic DNA within 72 h postinoculation (hpi) showed limited fungal growth on open flower and white fruit, while on red fruit, the growth was exponential starting from 24 hpi and sporulation was observed within 48 hpi. RNA sequencing applied to white and red fruit at 24 hpi showed that a total of 2,141 genes (12.5% of the total expressed genes) were differentially expressed due to B. cinerea infection. A broad transcriptional reprogramming was observed in both unripe and ripe fruits, involving in particular receptor and signaling, secondary metabolites, and defense response pathways. Membrane-localized receptor-like kinases and nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat genes were predominant in the surveillance system of the fruits, most of them being downregulated in white fruits and upregulated in red fruits. In general, unripe fruits exhibited a stronger defense response than red fruits. Genes encoding for pathogenesis-related proteins and flavonoid polyphenols as well as genes involved in cell-wall strengthening were upregulated, while cell-softening genes appeared to be switched off. As a result, B. cinerea remained quiescent in white fruits, while it was able to colonize ripe red fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeraye Mehari Haile
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Plant Protection Research Division of Melkasa Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | | | - Marco Moretto
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Paolo Sonego
- Unit of Computational Biology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Kristof Engelen
- ESAT-ELECTA, Electrical Energy and Computer Architectures, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Zoli
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Plant Pathology, DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elena Baraldi,
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15
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Léchaudel M, Darnaudery M, Joët T, Fournier P, Joas J. Genotypic and environmental effects on the level of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds and related gene expression during pineapple fruit development and ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 130:127-138. [PMID: 29982169 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) is a non-climacteric tropical fruit whose ripening could be accompanied by oxidative processes and the concurrent activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging systems. To better understand the variability of these processes among climatic environments or genotypes in pineapple, the temporal expression dynamics for genes encoding oxidative and antioxidative stress enzymes were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR during fruit development and ripening, among three cultivars: Queen Victoria, Flhoran 41 and MD-2 hybrid, and in two climatic areas. Pineapple development and ripening involved changes in the levels of transcripts encoding for polyphenol oxidase and transcripts involved in the first steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway and in the balance of ROS, especially those encoding for ascorbate peroxydase and metallothioneins, regardless of the cultivar. Our results confirm the same dynamic in gene expression from the two environmental crop areas, however climatic conditions influenced the level of the expression of the major transcripts studied that were linked to these oxidative and antioxidant metabolisms. MT3a and MT3b transcripts were not influenced by genetic factor. The genetic effect was not significant on the various transcripts linked to the first steps of the phenylpropanoid pathway and to phenol oxidation, except 4CL ones. In ripe pineapple, highly significant relationships were found between the contents in antioxidant metabolites, i.e., ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds, and the transcript levels of genes involved in the enzymatic ROS-scavenging system and in the biosynthesis or regeneration of ROS-scavenging compounds, like phenylpropanoids, ascorbic acid, metallothioneins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Léchaudel
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, F-97130, Capesterre-Belle-Eau, Guadeloupe, France.
| | | | - Thierry Joët
- IRD, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, F-34394, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Joas
- CIRAD, UMR QUALISUD, F-34398, Montpellier, France
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16
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Simpson CG, Cullen DW, Hackett CA, Smith K, Hallett PD, McNicol J, Woodhead M, Graham J. Mapping and expression of genes associated with raspberry fruit ripening and softening. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:557-572. [PMID: 27942774 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
QTL mapping identifies a range of underlying and unrelated genes with apparent roles in raspberry fruit ripening and softening that show characteristic developing fruit expression profiles. Fruit softening is an important agronomical trait that involves a complex interaction of plant cell processes. We have used both qualitative and quantitative scoring of fruit firmness, length, mass, and resistance to applied force to identify QTL in a raspberry mapping population. QTLs were located primarily on linkage group (LG) 3 with other significant loci on LG 1 and LG 5 and showed mostly additive effects between the two parents. The expression of key genes that underlie these QTLs with roles in cell-wall solubility, water uptake, polyamine synthesis, transcription, and cell respiration was tested across five stages of fruit development, from immature green to red ripe fruit, using real-time RT-qPCR. Gene expression patterns showed variable expression patterns across fruit development with a highly significant positive and negative correlation between genes, supporting precise regulation of expression of different cell processes throughout raspberry fruit development. Variable timing in expression was also found in some genes at different fruit development stages between soft and firm cultivars. Multiple processes have a role to play in fruit softening and this will require development of multiple marker combinations to genes that characterise raspberry fruit softening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig G Simpson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK.
| | - Danny W Cullen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Kay Smith
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul D Hallett
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Jim McNicol
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Mary Woodhead
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Julie Graham
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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17
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Wang QH, Zhao C, Zhang M, Li YZ, Shen YY, Guo JX. Transcriptome analysis around the onset of strawberry fruit ripening uncovers an important role of oxidative phosphorylation in ripening. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41477. [PMID: 28195221 PMCID: PMC5307319 DOI: 10.1038/srep41477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much progress has been made towards understanding the ripening of non-climacteric fruit using the strawberry as a model plant, the defined molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, RNA-sequencing was performed using four cDNA libraries around the onset of ripening, and a total of 31,793 unigenes and 335 pathways were annotated including the top five pathways, which were involved in ribosome, spliceosome, protein processing, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signaling, and the important DEGs related to ripening were annotated to be mainly involved in protein translation and processing, sugar metabolism, energy metabolism, phytohormones, antioxidation, pigment and softening, especially finding a decreased trend of oxidative phosphorylation during red-coloring. VIGS-mediated downregulation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase gene PDHE1α, a key gene for glycolysis-derived oxidative phosphorylation, could inhibit respiration and ATP biosynthesis, whilst promote the accumulation of sugar, ABA, ETH, and PA, ultimately accelerating the ripening. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that a set of metabolism transition occurred during green-to-white-to-red stages that are coupled with more-to-less DEGs, and the oxidative phosphorylation plays an important role in the regulation of ripening. On the basis of our results, we discuss an oxidative phosphorylation-based model underlying strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Beijing Yuanquanyike Biological Technology Company, Beijing 100197, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Li
- Water Resources and Dryland Farming Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Environment and Sustainable Development, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Yue Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jia-Xuan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
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18
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Li CX, Xu ZG, Dong RQ, Chang SX, Wang LZ, Khalil-Ur-Rehman M, Tao JM. An RNA-Seq Analysis of Grape Plantlets Grown in vitro Reveals Different Responses to Blue, Green, Red LED Light, and White Fluorescent Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:78. [PMID: 28197159 PMCID: PMC5281588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using an RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) approach, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and physiological behaviors of "Manicure Finger" grape plantlets grown in vitro under white, blue, green, and red light. A total of 670, 1601, and 746 DEGs were identified in plants exposed to blue, green, and red light, respectively, compared to the control (white light). By comparing the gene expression patterns with the growth and physiological responses of the grape plantlets, we were able to link the responses of the plants to light of different spectral wavelengths and the expression of particular sets of genes. Exposure to red and green light primarily triggered responses associated with the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS), such as enhanced elongation of stems, reduced investment in leaf growth, and decreased chlorophyll levels accompanied by the expression of genes encoding histone H3, auxin repressed protein, xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase, the ELIP protein, and microtubule proteins. Furthermore, specific light treatments were associated with the expression of a large number of genes, including those involved in the glucan metabolic pathway and the starch and sucrose metabolic pathways; these genes were up/down-regulated in ways that may explain the increase in the starch, sucrose, and total sugar contents in the plants. Moreover, the enhanced root growth and up-regulation of the expression of defense genes accompanied with SAS after exposure to red and green light may be related to the addition of 30 g/L sucrose to the culture medium of plantlets grown in vitro. In contrast, blue light induced the up-regulation of genes related to microtubules, serine carboxypeptidase, chlorophyll synthesis, and sugar degradation and the down-regulation of auxin-repressed protein as well as a large number of resistance-related genes that may promote leaf growth, improve chlorophyll synthesis and chloroplast development, increase the ratio of chlorophyll a (chla)/chlorophyll b (chlb), and decrease the ratio of carbohydrates to proteins in plants. Although exposure to red and green light seems to impose "shade stress" on the plantlets, growth under blue light is comparable to growth observed under white or broad-spectrum light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Rui-Qi Dong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Xin Chang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural SciencesDanzhou, China
| | - Lian-Zhen Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of TechnologyHuaian, China
| | | | - Jian-Min Tao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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19
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Estrada-Johnson E, Csukasi F, Pizarro CM, Vallarino JG, Kiryakova Y, Vioque A, Brumos J, Medina-Escobar N, Botella MA, Alonso JM, Fernie AR, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Osorio S, Valpuesta V. Transcriptomic Analysis in Strawberry Fruits Reveals Active Auxin Biosynthesis and Signaling in the Ripe Receptacle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:889. [PMID: 28611805 PMCID: PMC5447041 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of auxin in ripening strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) fruits has been restricted to the early stages of development where the growth of the receptacle is dependent on the delivery of auxin from the achenes. At later stages, during enlargement of the receptacle, other hormones have been demonstrated to participate to different degrees, from the general involvement of gibberellins and abscisic acid to the more specific of ethylene. Here we report the involvement of auxin at the late stages of receptacle ripening. The auxin content of the receptacle remains constant during ripening. Analysis of the transcriptome of ripening strawberry fruit revealed the changing expression pattern of the genes of auxin synthesis, perception, signaling and transport along with achene and receptacle development from the green to red stage. Specific members of the corresponding gene families show active transcription in the ripe receptacle. For the synthesis of auxin, two genes encoding tryptophan aminotransferases, FaTAA1 and FaTAR2, were expressed in the red receptacle, with FaTAR2 expression peaking at this stage. Transient silencing of this gene in ripening receptacle was accompanied by a diminished responsiveness to auxin. The auxin activity in the ripening receptacle is supported by the DR5-directed expression of a GUS reporter gene in the ripening receptacle of DR5-GUS transgenic strawberry plants. Clustering by co-expression of members of the FaAux/IAA and FaARF families identified five members whose transcriptional activity was increased with the onset of receptacle ripening. Among these, FaAux/IAA11 and FaARF6a appeared, by their expression level and fold-change, as the most likely candidates for their involvement in the auxin activity in the ripening receptacle. The association of the corresponding ARF6 gene in Arabidopsis to cell elongation constitutes a suggestive hypothesis for FaARF6a involvement in the same cellular process in the growing and ripening receptacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Estrada-Johnson
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Fabiana Csukasi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Carmen M. Pizarro
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - José G. Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Yulia Kiryakova
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi della BasilicataPotenza, Italy
| | - Amalia Vioque
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Javier Brumos
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | - Nieves Medina-Escobar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
| | - José M. Alonso
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, RaleighNC, United States
| | | | - José F. Sánchez-Sevilla
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera, IFAPA-Centro de ChurrianaMálaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Victoriano Valpuesta, Sonia Osorio,
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMálaga, Spain
- *Correspondence: Victoriano Valpuesta, Sonia Osorio,
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20
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Wang L, Sun X, Weiszmann J, Weckwerth W. System-Level and Granger Network Analysis of Integrated Proteomic and Metabolomic Dynamics Identifies Key Points of Grape Berry Development at the Interface of Primary and Secondary Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1066. [PMID: 28713396 PMCID: PMC5491621 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine is a fruit crop with worldwide economic importance. The grape berry undergoes complex biochemical changes from fruit set until ripening. This ripening process and production processes define the wine quality. Thus, a thorough understanding of berry ripening is crucial for the prediction of wine quality. For a systemic analysis of grape berry development we applied mass spectrometry based platforms to analyse the metabolome and proteome of Early Campbell at 12 stages covering major developmental phases. Primary metabolites involved in central carbon metabolism, such as sugars, organic acids and amino acids together with various bioactive secondary metabolites like flavonols, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were annotated and quantified. At the same time, the proteomic analysis revealed the protein dynamics of the developing grape berries. Multivariate statistical analysis of the integrated metabolomic and proteomic dataset revealed the growth trajectory and corresponding metabolites and proteins contributing most to the specific developmental process. K-means clustering analysis revealed 12 highly specific clusters of co-regulated metabolites and proteins. Granger causality network analysis allowed for the identification of time-shift correlations between metabolite-metabolite, protein- protein and protein-metabolite pairs which is especially interesting for the understanding of developmental processes. The integration of metabolite and protein dynamics with their corresponding biochemical pathways revealed an energy-linked metabolism before veraison with high abundances of amino acids and accumulation of organic acids, followed by protein and secondary metabolite synthesis. Anthocyanins were strongly accumulated after veraison whereas other flavonoids were in higher abundance at early developmental stages and decreased during the grape berry developmental processes. A comparison of the anthocyanin profile of Early Campbell to other cultivars revealed similarities to Concord grape and indicates the strong effect of genetic background on metabolic partitioning in primary and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoliang Sun
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Weiszmann
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Wolfram Weckwerth
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21
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Villarreal NM, Marina M, Nardi CF, Civello PM, Martínez GA. Novel insights of ethylene role in strawberry cell wall metabolism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 252:1-11. [PMID: 27717444 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to its organoleptic and nutraceutical qualities, strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa, Duch) is a worldwide important commodity. The role of ethylene in the regulation of strawberry cell wall metabolism was studied in fruit from Toyonoka cultivar harvested at white stage, when most changes associated with fruit ripening have begun. Fruit were treated with ethephon, an ethylene-releasing reagent, or with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a competitive inhibitor of ethylene action, maintaining a set of non-treated fruit as controls for each condition. Ethephon treated-fruit showed higher contents of hemicelluloses, cellulose and neutral sugars regarding controls, while 1-MCP-treated fruit showed a lower amount of those fractions. On the other hand, ethephon-treated fruit presented a lower quantity of galacturonic acid from ionically and covalently bound pectins regarding controls, while 1-MCP-treated fruit showed higher contents of those components. We also explored the ethylene effect over the mRNA accumulation of genes related to pectins and hemicelluloses metabolism, and a relationship between gene expression patterns and cell wall polysaccharides contents was shown. Moreover, we detected that strawberry necrotrophic pathogens growth more easily on plates containing cell walls from ethephon-treated fruit regarding controls, while a lower growth rate was observed when cell walls from 1-MCP treated fruit were used as the only carbon source, suggesting an effect of ethylene on cell wall structure. Around 60% of strawberry cell wall is made up of pectins, which in turns is 70% made by homogalacturonans. Our findings support the idea of a central role for pectins on strawberry fruit softening and a participation of ethylene in the regulation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia M Villarreal
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2 (B7130IWA) Chascomús, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Marina
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2 (B7130IWA) Chascomús, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cristina F Nardi
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2 (B7130IWA) Chascomús, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro M Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diag. 113 y Calle 61, n°495-C.c 327, 1900 La Plata, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Martínez
- IIB-INTECH (CONICET-UNSAM), Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marino km 8,2 (B7130IWA) Chascomús, Pcia, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), 47 y 115, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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22
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Zhang Q, Jia M, Xing Y, Qin L, Li B, Jia W. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of MRLK Family Genes Associated with Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) Fruit Ripening and Abiotic Stress Responses. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163647. [PMID: 27685863 PMCID: PMC5042409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malectin-like domain-containing receptor-like kinases (MRLK) constitute a large and divergent family of proteins in plants; however, little is known about the role of MRLKs in fruit growth and development. In this study, we characterized MRLK family genes in diploid strawberry, Fragaria vesca. Based on an analysis of malectin-like domain and a search in the strawberry genome and NCBI database, we identified 62 FvMRLKs in the strawberry genome, and classified these genes into six subfamilies with distinct malectin domains in the extracellular regions of the encoded proteins. Gene expression analysis indicated that more than 80% of the FvMRLKs were expressed in various tissues, with higher levels in roots than in other organs. Thirty-three FvMRLKs were found to be expressed in fruits during the early stages of development, and over 60% of these exhibited dramatic decreases in expression during fruit growth and development. Moreover, the expression of some FvMRLKs was sensitive to both environmental and internal cues that play critical roles in regulating strawberry fruit development and ripening. Collectively, this study provides valuable insight into the FvMRLKs gene family and its role in regulating strawberry fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative innovation center for eco-environmental improvement with forestry and fruit trees, Beijing, China
| | - Meiru Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Xing
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative innovation center for eco-environmental improvement with forestry and fruit trees, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Qin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative innovation center for eco-environmental improvement with forestry and fruit trees, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LQ)
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WJ); (LQ)
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23
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Medina-Puche L, Blanco-Portales R, Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Cumplido-Laso G, García-Caparrós N, Moyano-Cañete E, Caballero-Repullo JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Rodríguez-Franco A. Extensive transcriptomic studies on the roles played by abscisic acid and auxins in the development and ripening of strawberry fruits. Funct Integr Genomics 2016; 16:671-692. [PMID: 27614432 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-016-0510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry is an ideal model for studying the molecular biology of the development and ripening of non-climacteric fruits. Hormonal regulation of gene expression along all these processes in strawberries is still to be fully elucidated. Although auxins and ABA have been pointed out as the major regulatory hormones, few high-throughput analyses have been carried out to date. The role for ethylene and gibberellins as regulatory hormones during the development and ripening of the strawberry fruit remain still elusive. By using a custom-made and high-quality oligo microarray platform done with over 32,000 probes including all of the genes actually described in the strawberry genome, we have analysed the expression of genes during the development and ripening in the receptacles of these fruits. We classify these genes into two major groups depending upon their temporal and developmental expression. First group are genes induced during the initial development stages. The second group encompasses genes induced during the final maturation and ripening processes. Each of these two groups has been also divided into four sub-groups according their pattern of hormonal regulation. By analyzing gene expression, we clearly show that auxins and ABA are the main and key hormones that combined or independently are responsible of the development and ripening process. Auxins are responsible for the receptacle fruit development and, at the same time¸ prevent ripening by repressing crucial genes. ABA regulates the expression of the vast majority of genes involved in the ripening. The main genes expressed under the control of these hormones are presented and their physiological rule discussed. We also conclude that ethylene and gibberellins do not seem to play a prominent role during these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Medina-Puche
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Molina-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Cumplido-Laso
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Nicolás García-Caparrós
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Moyano-Cañete
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Luis Caballero-Repullo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Franco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Edificio Severo Ochoa, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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24
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Kambiranda D, Basha SM, Singh RK, He H, Calvin K, Mercer R. In Depth Proteome Analysis of Ripening Muscadine Grape Berry cv. Carlos Reveals Proteins Associated with Flavor and Aroma Compounds. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:2910-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devaiah Kambiranda
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32317, United States
| | - Sheikh M. Basha
- Center for Viticulture and Small Fruit Research, Florida A&M University, 6505 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32317, United States
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Huan He
- Institute
of Molecular Biophysics, 91 Chieftan Way, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Kate Calvin
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Roger Mercer
- Translational
Science Laboratory, Florida State University College of Medicine, 1115 W. Call Street, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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25
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Espinoza A, Contreras R, Zúñiga GE, Herrera R, Moya-León MA, Norambuena L, Handford M. FcLDP1, a Gene Encoding a Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA) Domain Protein, Responds to Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid during the Development of Fruits in Fragaria chiloensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:788. [PMID: 27379111 PMCID: PMC4905986 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
White Chilean strawberries (Fragaria chiloensis) are non-climacteric fruits, with an exotic color and aroma. In order to discover genes involved in the development of these fruits, we identified a fragment of a gene encoding a late embryogenesis abundant domain protein, FcLDP1, that was expressed in early stages of fruit development, particularly in receptacles. Hormones play key roles in regulating the development of non-climacteric fruits. We show that the brassinosteroid content of the white strawberry varies during development. Additionally, FcLDP1 as well as the closest ortholog in the woodland strawberry, F. vesca (FvLDP1) possess multiple brassinosteroid, as well as abscisic acid (ABA) response motifs in the promoter region, consistent with the response of transiently expressed FcLDP1 promoter-GFP fusions to these hormones, and the rise in FcLDP1 transcript levels in white strawberry fruits treated with brassinosteroids or ABA. These findings suggest that both hormones regulate FcLDP1 expression during the development of white strawberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Espinoza
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Contreras
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo E. Zúñiga
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y la Nanotecnología, Universidad de Santiago de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Herrera
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - María Alejandra Moya-León
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de TalcaTalca, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
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26
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Sahebi M, Hanafi MM, Azizi P, Hakim A, Ashkani S, Abiri R. Suppression Subtractive Hybridization Versus Next-Generation Sequencing in Plant Genetic Engineering: Challenges and Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2016; 57:880-903. [PMID: 26271955 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-015-9884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) is an effective method to identify different genes with different expression levels involved in a variety of biological processes. This method has often been used to study molecular mechanisms of plants in complex relationships with different pathogens and a variety of biotic stresses. Compared to other techniques used in gene expression profiling, SSH needs relatively smaller amounts of the initial materials, with lower costs, and fewer false positives present within the results. Extraction of total RNA from plant species rich in phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, and polysaccharides that easily bind to nucleic acids through cellular mechanisms is difficult and needs to be considered. Remarkable advancement has been achieved in the next-generation sequencing (NGS) field. As a result of progress within fields related to molecular chemistry and biology as well as specialized engineering, parallelization in the sequencing reaction has exceptionally enhanced the overall read number of generated sequences per run. Currently available sequencing platforms support an earlier unparalleled view directly into complex mixes associated with RNA in addition to DNA samples. NGS technology has demonstrated the ability to sequence DNA with remarkable swiftness, therefore allowing previously unthinkable scientific accomplishments along with novel biological purposes. However, the massive amounts of data generated by NGS impose a substantial challenge with regard to data safe-keeping and analysis. This review examines some simple but vital points involved in preparing the initial material for SSH and introduces this method as well as its associated applications to detect different novel genes from different plant species. This review evaluates general concepts, basic applications, plus the probable results of NGS technology in genomics, with unique mention of feasible potential tools as well as bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbod Sahebi
- Laboratory of Plantation Crops, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia,
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27
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Vondras AM, Gouthu S, Schmidt JA, Petersen AR, Deluc LG. The contribution of flowering time and seed content to uneven ripening initiation among fruits within Vitis vinifera L. cv. Pinot noir clusters. PLANTA 2016; 243:1191-202. [PMID: 26874729 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ripening initiation-associated hormonal changes and sugar accumulation for individual fruits differed by seed content and did not depend heavily on flowering time or duration from anthesis to clusters' onset of ripening. For Vitis vinifera, the ripening initiation of individual fruits in a cluster occurs unevenly. This developmental period is called véraison. Why individual fruits initiate ripening at different times is not well studied, though differences in seed content and unequal developmental durations that arise from asynchronous flowering within a cluster have been proposed. This study examined how much both variables contribute to individual fruits' ripening progress by mid-véraison, when half of berries in a cluster have initiated ripening, and whether either or both factors affect the timing of characteristic, ripening-initiation associated changes in abscisic acid and auxin before, at, and after véraison. Overall, developmental duration and flowering time did not sufficiently explain how far berries had progressed into the ripening stage because fruits did not require a fixed amount of time to initiate ripening. Fruits from early and late flowers but of similar seed content were able to initiate ripening at the same time despite differences in chronological age. This suggests either an early developmental enhancement occurred for late-initiated fruits or that flowering time is an inappropriate "day zero". Ultimately, only seed content was linked to the timing and magnitude of ripening-related hormone changes, supporting that seeds have a comparatively larger influence than flowering time on the ripening initiation of individual berries. More specifically, if the fraction of berry weight occupied by seed was high, then the initiation of ripening for that berry and its associated hormone changes were delayed relative to berries with less seed weight versus total berry weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Vondras
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Gouthu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Joseph A Schmidt
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Anna-Rose Petersen
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Laurent G Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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28
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Naithani S, Partipilo CM, Raja R, Elser JL, Jaiswal P. FragariaCyc: A Metabolic Pathway Database for Woodland Strawberry Fragaria vesca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:242. [PMID: 26973684 PMCID: PMC4777718 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
FragariaCyc is a strawberry-specific cellular metabolic network based on the annotated genome sequence of Fragaria vesca L. ssp. vesca, accession Hawaii 4. It was built on the Pathway-Tools platform using MetaCyc as the reference. The experimental evidences from published literature were used for supporting/editing existing entities and for the addition of new pathways, enzymes, reactions, compounds, and small molecules in the database. To date, FragariaCyc comprises 66 super-pathways, 488 unique pathways, 2348 metabolic reactions, 3507 enzymes, and 2134 compounds. In addition to searching and browsing FragariaCyc, researchers can compare pathways across various plant metabolic networks and analyze their data using Omics Viewer tool. We view FragariaCyc as a resource for the community of researchers working with strawberry and related fruit crops. It can help understanding the regulation of overall metabolism of strawberry plant during development and in response to diseases and abiotic stresses. FragariaCyc is available online at http://pathways.cgrb.oregonstate.edu.
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29
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Chen YY, Zhang ZH, Zhong CY, Song XM, Lin QH, Huang CM, Huang RH, Chen W. Functional analysis of differentially expressed proteins in Chinese bayberry ( Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zucc.) fruits during ripening. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Hao Y, Hu G, Breitel D, Liu M, Mila I, Frasse P, Fu Y, Aharoni A, Bouzayen M, Zouine M. Auxin Response Factor SlARF2 Is an Essential Component of the Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Fruit Ripening in Tomato. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005649. [PMID: 26716451 PMCID: PMC4696797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is the main regulator of climacteric fruit ripening, by contrast the putative role of other phytohormones in this process remains poorly understood. The present study brings auxin signaling components into the mechanism regulating tomato fruit ripening through the functional characterization of Auxin Response Factor2 (SlARF2) which encodes a downstream component of auxin signaling. Two paralogs, SlARF2A and SlARF2B, are found in the tomato genome, both displaying a marked ripening-associated expression but distinct responsiveness to ethylene and auxin. Down-regulation of either SlARF2A or SlARF2B resulted in ripening defects while simultaneous silencing of both genes led to severe ripening inhibition suggesting a functional redundancy among the two ARFs. Tomato fruits under-expressing SlARF2 produced less climacteric ethylene and exhibited a dramatic down-regulation of the key ripening regulators RIN, CNR, NOR and TAGL1. Ethylene treatment failed to reverse the non-ripening phenotype and the expression of ethylene signaling and biosynthesis genes was strongly altered in SlARF2 down-regulated fruits. Although both SlARF proteins are transcriptional repressors the data indicate they work as positive regulators of tomato fruit ripening. Altogether, the study defines SlARF2 as a new component of the regulatory network controlling the ripening process in tomato. The plant hormone ethylene is regarded as the major regulator of fruit ripening but the putative role of other hormones remains elusive. Auxin Response Factors (ARFs) are transcriptional regulators modulating the expression of auxin-response genes shown recently to play a primary role in regulating fruit set in tomato, but the potential role of ARFs in the ripening process is still unknown. We show that among all tomato ARF genes, SlARF2 displays the most remarkable ripening-associated pattern of expression, which prompted its functional characterization. Two paralogs, SlARF2A and SlARF2B are identified in the tomato that are shown to be functionally redundant. The simultaneous down-regulation of SlARF2A/B genes leads to a severe ripening inhibition with a dramatically reduced ethylene production and a strong decrease in the expression of key regulators of fruit ripening such as rin and nor. The study defines SlARF2 as a new component of the regulatory network controlling the ripening process in tomato, suggesting that auxin, in concert with ethylene, might be an essential hormone for fruit ripening. While providing a new insight into the mechanisms underlying the control of fleshy fruit ripening, the study uncovers new avenues towards manipulating the ripening process through means that have not been described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Hao
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Guojian Hu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dario Breitel
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mingchun Liu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Mila
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yongyao Fu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail: (MB); (MZ)
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- * E-mail: (MB); (MZ)
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31
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Hao Y, Hu G, Breitel D, Liu M, Mila I, Frasse P, Fu Y, Aharoni A, Bouzayen M, Zouine M. Auxin Response Factor SlARF2 Is an Essential Component of the Regulatory Mechanism Controlling Fruit Ripening in Tomato. PLoS Genet 2015. [PMID: 26716451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.10.05649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethylene is the main regulator of climacteric fruit ripening, by contrast the putative role of other phytohormones in this process remains poorly understood. The present study brings auxin signaling components into the mechanism regulating tomato fruit ripening through the functional characterization of Auxin Response Factor2 (SlARF2) which encodes a downstream component of auxin signaling. Two paralogs, SlARF2A and SlARF2B, are found in the tomato genome, both displaying a marked ripening-associated expression but distinct responsiveness to ethylene and auxin. Down-regulation of either SlARF2A or SlARF2B resulted in ripening defects while simultaneous silencing of both genes led to severe ripening inhibition suggesting a functional redundancy among the two ARFs. Tomato fruits under-expressing SlARF2 produced less climacteric ethylene and exhibited a dramatic down-regulation of the key ripening regulators RIN, CNR, NOR and TAGL1. Ethylene treatment failed to reverse the non-ripening phenotype and the expression of ethylene signaling and biosynthesis genes was strongly altered in SlARF2 down-regulated fruits. Although both SlARF proteins are transcriptional repressors the data indicate they work as positive regulators of tomato fruit ripening. Altogether, the study defines SlARF2 as a new component of the regulatory network controlling the ripening process in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei Hao
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Guojian Hu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dario Breitel
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mingchun Liu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Isabelle Mila
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Frasse
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yongyao Fu
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biochemistry, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mondher Bouzayen
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mohamed Zouine
- University of Toulouse, INPT, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology of Fruit, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- INRA, UMR990 Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Augimeri RV, Varley AJ, Strap JL. Establishing a Role for Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Interactions: Lessons Learned from Diverse Biofilm-Producing Proteobacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1282. [PMID: 26635751 PMCID: PMC4646962 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) serves as a molecular glue to facilitate intra- and inter-domain interactions in nature. Biosynthesis of BC-containing biofilms occurs in a variety of Proteobacteria that inhabit diverse ecological niches. The enzymatic and regulatory systems responsible for the polymerization, exportation, and regulation of BC are equally as diverse. Though the magnitude and environmental consequences of BC production are species-specific, the common role of BC-containing biofilms is to establish close contact with a preferred host to facilitate efficient host-bacteria interactions. Universally, BC aids in attachment, adherence, and subsequent colonization of a substrate. Bi-directional interactions influence host physiology, bacterial physiology, and regulation of BC biosynthesis, primarily through modulation of intracellular bis-(3'→5')-cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) levels. Depending on the circumstance, BC producers exhibit a pathogenic or symbiotic relationship with plant, animal, or fungal hosts. Rhizobiaceae species colonize plant roots, Pseudomonadaceae inhabit the phyllosphere, Acetobacteriaceae associate with sugar-loving insects and inhabit the carposphere, Enterobacteriaceae use fresh produce as vehicles to infect animal hosts, and Vibrionaceae, particularly Aliivibrio fischeri, colonize the light organ of squid. This review will highlight the diversity of the biosynthesis and regulation of BC in nature by discussing various examples of Proteobacteria that use BC-containing biofilms to facilitate host-bacteria interactions. Through discussion of current data we will establish new directions for the elucidation of BC biosynthesis, its regulation and its ecophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janice L. Strap
- Molecular Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of TechnologyOshawa, ON, Canada
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Vallarino JG, Osorio S, Bombarely A, Casañal A, Cruz-Rus E, Sánchez-Sevilla JF, Amaya I, Giavalisco P, Fernie AR, Botella MA, Valpuesta V. Central role of FaGAMYB in the transition of the strawberry receptacle from development to ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:482-96. [PMID: 26010039 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The receptacle of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit accounts for the main properties of the ripe fruit for human consumption. As it ripens, it undergoes changes similar to other fruits in sugar : acid ratio, volatile production and cell wall softening. However, the main regulators of this process have not yet been reported. The white stage marks the initiation of the ripening process, and we had previously reported a peak of expression for a FaGAMYB gene. Transient silencing of FaGAMYB using RNAi and further determination of changes in global gene expression by RNAseq, and composition of primary and secondary metabolites have been used to investigate the role played by this gene during the development of the receptacle. Down-regulation of FaGAMYB caused an arrest in the ripening of the receptacle and inhibited colour formation. Consistent with this, several transcription factors associated with the regulation of flavonoid biosynthetic pathway showed altered expression. FaGAMYB silencing also caused a reduction of ABA biosynthesis and sucrose content. Interestingly, exogenous ABA application to the RNAI-transformed receptacle reversed most defects caused by FaGAMYB down-regulation. The study assigns a key regulatory role to FaGAMYB in the initiation of strawberry receptacle ripening and acting upstream of the known regulator ABA.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Ana Casañal
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cruz-Rus
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - José F Sánchez-Sevilla
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Iraida Amaya
- Instituto Andaluz de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro de Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Postdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Victoriano Valpuesta
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterranea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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Molina-Hidalgo FJ, Medina-Puche L, Gelis S, Ramos J, Sabir F, Soveral G, Prista C, Iglesias-Fernández R, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R. Functional characterization of FaNIP1;1 gene, a ripening-related and receptacle-specific aquaporin in strawberry fruit. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:198-211. [PMID: 26259188 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry fruit (Fragaria × ananassa) is a soft fruit with high water content at ripe stage (more than 90% of its fresh weight). Aquaporins play an important role in plant water homeostasis, through the facilitation of water transport and solutes. We report the role played by FaNIP1;1 in the receptacle ripening process. The analysis by qRT-PCR of FaNIP1;1 showed that this gene is mainly expressed in fruit receptacle and has a ripening-related expression pattern that was accompanied by an increase in both the abscisic acid and water content of the receptacle throughout fruit ripening. Moreover, FaNIP1;1 was induced in situations of water deficit. Additionally, we show that FaNIP1;1 expression was positively regulated by abscisic acid and negatively regulated by auxins. The water transport capacity of FaNIP1;1 was determined by a stopped-flow spectroscopy in yeast over-expressing FaNIP1;1. Glycerol, H2O2 and boron transport were also demonstrated in yeast. On the other hand, GFP-FaNIP1;1 fusion protein was located in plasma membrane. In conclusion, FaNIP1;1 seems to play an important role increasing the plasma membrane permeability, that allows the water accumulation in the strawberry fruit receptacle throughout the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Molina-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Laura Medina-Puche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Samuel Gelis
- Department of Microbiology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - José Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Farzana Sabir
- CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Graça Soveral
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Portugal; Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Humana, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Catarina Prista
- CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003, Portugal
| | - Raquel Iglesias-Fernández
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, and E.T.S.I. Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid 28223, Spain
| | - José L Caballero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain.
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CEIA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071, Spain
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Gabotti D, Negrini N, Morgutti S, Nocito FF, Cocucci M. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases in the mesocarp of ripening fruit of Prunus persica genotypes with different flesh characteristics: changes in activity and protein and transcript levels. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:329-348. [PMID: 25534876 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of fruit flesh texture quality traits may involve the metabolism of phenolic compounds. This study presents molecular and biochemical results on the possible role played by cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD; EC 1.1.1.195) during ripening [S3, S4 I (pre-climacteric) and S4 III (climacteric) stages] of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] fruit with different flesh firmness [non-melting flesh (NMF) 'Oro A'/melting flesh (MF) 'Springcrest' and 'Sanguinella'] and color (blood-flesh Sanguinella). A total of 24 putative full-length PRUPE_CAD genes were identified (in silico analysis) in the peach genome. The most abundant CAD isoforms, encoded by genes located on scaffolds 8 and 6, were probed by specifically developed anti-PRUPE_CAD sc8 and by anti-FaCAD (PRUPE_CAD sc6) polyclonal antibodies, respectively. PRUPE_CAD sc8 proteins (SDS-PAGE and native-PAGE/western blot) appeared responsible for the CAD activity (in vitro/in-gel assays) that increased with ripening (parallel to PRUPE_ACO1 transcripts accumulation and ethylene evolution) only in the mesocarp of Oro A and blood-flesh Sanguinella. Accumulation of PRUPE_CAD sc8 transcripts (semi-quantitative RT-PCR) occurred in all three cultivars, but in Oro A and Springcrest it was not always accompanied by that of the related proteins, suggesting possible post-transcriptional regulation. Flesh firmness, as well as levels of lignin, total phenolics and, where present (Sanguinella), anthocyanins, declined with ripening, suggesting that, at least in the studied peach cultivars, CAD activity is related to neither lignification nor differences in flesh firmness (NMF/MF). Further studies are necessary to clarify whether the high levels of CAD activity/expression in Sanguinella play a role in determining the characteristics of this blood-flesh fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Gabotti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Noemi Negrini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Morgutti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio F Nocito
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cocucci
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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Guidarelli M, Baraldi E. Transient transformation meets gene function discovery: the strawberry fruit case. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:444. [PMID: 26124771 PMCID: PMC4464107 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Beside the well known nutritional and health benefits, strawberry (FragariaXananassa) crop draws increasing attention as plant model system for the Rosaceae family, due to the short generation time, the rapid in vitro regeneration, and to the availability of the genome sequence of F.Xananassa and F. vesca species. In the last years, the use of high-throughput sequence technologies provided large amounts of molecular information on the genes possibly related to several biological processes of this crop. Nevertheless, the function of most genes or gene products is still poorly understood and needs investigation. Transient transformation technology provides a powerful tool to study gene function in vivo, avoiding difficult drawbacks that typically affect the stable transformation protocols, such as transformation efficiency, transformants selection, and regeneration. In this review we provide an overview of the use of transient expression in the investigation of the function of genes important for strawberry fruit development, defense and nutritional properties. The technical aspects related to an efficient use of this technique are described, and the possible impact and application in strawberry crop improvement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Baraldi
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology and Biotechnology, Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of BolognaBologna, Italy
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Gouthu S, Deluc LG. Timing of ripening initiation in grape berries and its relationship to seed content and pericarp auxin levels. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 15:46. [PMID: 25848949 PMCID: PMC4340107 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0440-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual berries in a grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cluster enter the ripening phase at different times leading to an asynchronous cluster in terms of ripening. The factors causing this variable ripening initiation among berries are not known. Because the influence via hormonal communication of the seed on fruit set and growth is well known across fruit species, differences in berry seed content and resultant quantitative or qualitative differences in the hormone signals to the pericarp likely influence the relative timing of ripening initiation among berries of the cluster. RESULTS At the time of the initiation of cluster ripening (véraison), underripe green berries have higher seed content compared to the riper berries and there is a negative correlation between the seed weight-to-berry weight ratio (SB) and the sugar level in berries of a cluster. Auxin levels in seeds relative to the pericarp tissues are two to 12 times higher at pre-ripening stages. The pericarp of berries with high-SB had higher auxin and lower abscisic acid (ABA) levels compared to those with low-SB from two weeks before véraison. In the prevéraison cluster, the expression of auxin-response factor genes was significantly higher in the pericarp of high-SB berries and remained higher until véraison compared to low-SB berries. The expression level of auxin-biosynthetic genes in the pericarp was the same between both berry groups based upon similar expression activity of YUC genes that are rate-limiting factors in auxin biosynthesis. On the other hand, in low-SB berries, the expression of ABA-biosynthetic and ABA-inducible NCED and MYB genes was higher even two weeks before véraison. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the relative seed content among berries plays a major role in the timing of ripening initiation. Towards the end of berry maturation phase, low and high levels of auxin are observed in the pericarp of low- and high-SB berries, respectively. This results in higher auxin-signaling activity that lasts longer in the pericarp of high-SB berries. In contrast, in low-SB berries, concomitant with an earlier decrease of auxin level, the features of ripening initiation, such as increases in ABA and sugar accumulation begin earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana Gouthu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
| | - Laurent G Deluc
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA
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Pattison RJ, Csukasi F, Catalá C. Mechanisms regulating auxin action during fruit development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:62-72. [PMID: 24329770 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls many aspects of fruit development, including fruit set and growth, ripening and abscission. However, the mechanisms by which auxin regulates these processes are still poorly understood. While it is generally agreed that precise spatial and temporal control of auxin distribution and signaling are required for fruit development, the dynamics of auxin biosynthesis and the mechanisms for its transport to different fruit tissues are mostly unknown. Despite major advances in elucidating many aspects of auxin biology in vegetative tissues, until recently, the nature and importance of auxin metabolism, transport and signaling during fruit ontogeny remained obscure. In this review, we summarize recent research that has started to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which auxin is produced and transported in the fruit and to unravel the complexity of auxin signaling during fruit development. We also discuss recent approaches used to reveal the genes and regulatory networks that mediate cell and tissue-specific control of auxin levels in the developing fruit.
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Liu H, Xie WF, Zhang L, Valpuesta V, Ye ZW, Gao QH, Duan K. Auxin biosynthesis by the YUCCA6 flavin monooxygenase gene in woodland strawberry. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:350-63. [PMID: 24373096 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin has been regarded as the main signal molecule coordinating the growth and ripening of fruits in strawberry, the reference genomic system for Rosaceae. The mechanisms regulating auxin biosynthesis in strawberry are largely elusive. Recently, we demonstrated that two YUCCA genes are involved in flower and fruit development in cultivated strawberry. Here, we show that the woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) genome harbors nine loci for YUCCA genes and eight of them encode functional proteins. Transcription pattern in different plant organs was different for all eight FvYUCs. Functionality of the FvYUC6 gene was studied in transgenic strawberry overexpressing FvYUC6, which showed typical high-auxin phenotypes. Overexpression of FvYUC6 also delayed flowering and led to complete male sterility in F. vesca. Additionally, specific repression of FvYUC6 expression by RNA interference significantly inhibited vegetative growth and reduced plant fertility. The development of leaves, roots, flowers, and fruits was greatly affected in FvYUC6-repressed plants. Expression of a subset of auxin-responsive genes was well correlated with the changes of FvYUC6 transcript levels and free indole-3-acetic acid levels in transgenic strawberry. These observations are consistent with an important role of FvYUC6 in auxin synthesis, and support a main role of the gene product in vegetative and reproductive development in woodland strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Forestry and Fruit Tree Research Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences (SAAS), Shanghai, 201403, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Institute of Biotechnology, SAAS, Shanghai, 201106, China
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Rienth M, Torregrosa L, Kelly MT, Luchaire N, Pellegrino A, Grimplet J, Romieu C. Is transcriptomic regulation of berry development more important at night than during the day? PLoS One 2014; 9:e88844. [PMID: 24551177 PMCID: PMC3923830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diurnal changes in gene expression occur in all living organisms and have been studied on model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana. To our knowledge the impact of the nycthemeral cycle on the genetic program of fleshly fruit development has been hitherto overlooked. In order to circumvent environmental changes throughout fruit development, young and ripening berries were sampled simultaneously on continuously flowering microvines acclimated to controlled circadian light and temperature changes. Gene expression profiles along fruit development were monitored during both day and night with whole genome microarrays (Nimblegen® vitis 12x), yielding a total number of 9273 developmentally modulated probesets. All day-detected transcripts were modulated at night, whereas 1843 genes were night-specific. Very similar developmental patterns of gene expression were observed using independent hierarchical clustering of day and night data, whereas functional categories of allocated transcripts varied according to time of day. Many transcripts within pathways, known to be up-regulated during ripening, in particular those linked to secondary metabolism exhibited a clearer developmental regulation at night than during the day. Functional enrichment analysis also indicated that diurnally modulated genes considerably varied during fruit development, with a shift from cellular organization and photosynthesis in green berries to secondary metabolism and stress-related genes in ripening berries. These results reveal critical changes in gene expression during night development that differ from daytime development, which have not been observed in other transcriptomic studies on fruit development thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rienth
- Fondation Jean Poupelain, Javrezac, France
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Mary T. Kelly
- Laboratoire d’Oenologie, UMR1083, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Luchaire
- INRA-SupAgro, UMR AGAP, Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR LEPSE, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jérôme Grimplet
- ICVV (CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Gobierno de La Rioja), Logroño, Spain
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Jung S, Main D. Genomics and bioinformatics resources for translational science in Rosaceae. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS 2014; 8:49-64. [PMID: 24634697 PMCID: PMC3951882 DOI: 10.1007/s11816-013-0282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent technological advances in biology promise unprecedented opportunities for rapid and sustainable advancement of crop quality. Following this trend, the Rosaceae research community continues to generate large amounts of genomic, genetic and breeding data. These include annotated whole genome sequences, transcriptome and expression data, proteomic and metabolomic data, genotypic and phenotypic data, and genetic and physical maps. Analysis, storage, integration and dissemination of these data using bioinformatics tools and databases are essential to provide utility of the data for basic, translational and applied research. This review discusses the currently available genomics and bioinformatics resources for the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Jung
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Dorrie Main
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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Li L, Song J, Kalt W, Forney C, Tsao R, Pinto D, Chisholm K, Campbell L, Fillmore S, Li X. Quantitative proteomic investigation employing stable isotope labeling by peptide dimethylation on proteins of strawberry fruit at different ripening stages. J Proteomics 2013; 94:219-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Ring L, Yeh SY, Hücherig S, Hoffmann T, Blanco-Portales R, Fouche M, Villatoro C, Denoyes B, Monfort A, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Gershenson J, Schwab W. Metabolic interaction between anthocyanin and lignin biosynthesis is associated with peroxidase FaPRX27 in strawberry fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:43-60. [PMID: 23835409 PMCID: PMC3762661 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.222778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenolics have drawn increasing attention due to their potential nutritional benefits. Although the basic reactions of the phenolics biosynthetic pathways in plants have been intensively analyzed, the regulation of their accumulation and flux through the pathway is not that well established. The aim of this study was to use a strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) microarray to investigate gene expression patterns associated with the accumulation of phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins in strawberry fruit. An examination of the transcriptome, coupled with metabolite profiling data from different commercial varieties, was undertaken to identify genes whose expression correlated with altered phenolics composition. Seventeen comparative microarray analyses revealed 15 genes that were differentially (more than 200-fold) expressed in phenolics-rich versus phenolics-poor varieties. The results were validated by heterologous expression of the peroxidase FaPRX27 gene, which showed the highest altered expression level (more than 900-fold). The encoded protein was functionally characterized and is assumed to be involved in lignin formation during strawberry fruit ripening. Quantitative trait locus analysis indicated that the genomic region of FaPRX27 is associated with the fruit color trait. Down-regulation of the CHALCONE SYNTHASE gene and concomitant induction of FaPRX27 expression diverted the flux from anthocyanins to lignin. The results highlight the competition of the different phenolics pathways for their common precursors. The list of the 15 candidates provides new genes that are likely to impact polyphenol accumulation in strawberry fruit and could be used to develop molecular markers to select phenolics-rich germplasm.
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Concha CM, Figueroa NE, Poblete LA, Oñate FA, Schwab W, Figueroa CR. Methyl jasmonate treatment induces changes in fruit ripening by modifying the expression of several ripening genes in Fragaria chiloensis fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:433-44. [PMID: 23835361 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of jasmonates (JAs) in the ripening of Fragaria chiloensis fruit, two concentrations of methyl jasmonate (MeJA, 10 and 100 μM) were evaluated at 2, 5 and 9 d using an in vitro ripening system. Fruit quality parameters; the contents of anthocyanin, lignin and cell wall polymers; and the transcriptional profiles of several ripening-related genes were analyzed. MeJA accelerated fruit ripening by means of a transitory increase in the soluble solid content/titratable acidity ratio, anthocyanin accumulation and an increase in softening at day 5. The expression of several phenylpropanoid-related genes, primarily those associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis, was increased under MeJA treatment, which correlated with an increased accumulation of anthocyanin. MeJA also altered the expression profiles of some cell wall-modifying genes, namely, EG1 and XTH1, and these changes correlated with a transient reduction in the firmness of MeJA-treated fruits. MeJA-responsive elements were observed in the promoter region of the EG1 gene. MeJA also increased the expression of LOX, AOS and OPR3, genes involved in the biosynthesis of JAs, and these changes correlated with the transient activation of fruit ripening observed. Conversely, the expression of ethylene and lignin biosynthesis genes (ACS, ACO, CAD and POD27) increased in MeJA-treated fruits at day 9. The present findings suggest that JAs promote the ripening of non-climacteric fruits through their involvement in anthocyanin accumulation, cell wall modification and the biosynthesis of ethylene and JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal M Concha
- Faculty of Forest Sciences and Biotechnology Center, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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McAtee P, Karim S, Schaffer R, David K. A dynamic interplay between phytohormones is required for fruit development, maturation, and ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:79. [PMID: 23616786 PMCID: PMC3628358 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant species that bear fruit often utilize expansion of an ovary (carpel) or accessory tissue as a vehicle for seed dispersal. While the seed(s) develop, the tissue(s) of the fruit follow a common progression of cell division and cell expansion, promoting growth of the fruit. Once the seed is fully developed, the fruit matures and the surrounding tissue either dries or ripens promoting the dissemination of the seed. As with many developmental processes in plants, plant hormones play an important role in the synchronization of signals between the developing seed and its surrounding fruit tissue(s), regulating each phase of fruit development. Following pollination, fruit set is achieved through a de-repression of growth and an activation of cell division via the action of auxin and/or cytokinin and/or gibberellin. Following fruit set, growth of the fruit is facilitated through a relatively poorly studied period of cell expansion and endoreduplication that is likely regulated by similar hormones as in fruit set. Once the seeds reach maturity, fruit become ready to undergo ripening and during this period there is a major switch in relative hormone levels of the fruit, involving an overall decrease in auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin and a simultaneous increase in abscisic acid and ethylene. While the role of hormones in fruit set and ripening is well documented, the knowledge of the roles of other hormones during growth, maturation, and some individual ripening components is sketchy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McAtee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Siti Karim
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Schaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Karine David
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
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Frenkel C, Hartman TG. Decrease in fruit moisture content heralds and might launch the onset of ripening processes. J Food Sci 2013; 77:S365-76. [PMID: 23061891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02910.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It is known that fruit ripening is a genetically programmed event but it is not entirely clear what metabolic cue(s) stimulate the onset of ripening, ethylene action notwithstanding. Here, we examined the conjecture that fruit ripening might be evoked by an autonomously induced decrease in tissue water status. We found decline in water content occurring at the onset of ripening in climacteric and nonclimacteric fruit, suggesting that this phenomenon might be universal. This decline in water content persisted throughout the ripening process in some fruit, whereas in others it reversed during the progression of the ripening process. Applied ethylene also induced a decrease in water content in potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. In ethylene-mutant tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit (antisense to1-aminocyclopropane carboxylate synthase), cold-induced decline in water content stimulated onset of ripening processes apparently independently of ethylene action, suggesting cause-and-effect relationship between decreasing water content and onset of ripening. The decline in tissue water content, occurring naturally or induced by ethylene, was strongly correlated with a decrease in hydration (swelling) efficacy of cell wall preparations suggesting that hydration dynamics of cell walls might account for changes in tissue moisture content. Extent of cell wall swelling was, in turn, related to the degree of oxidative cross-linking of wall-bound phenolic acids, suggesting that oxidant-induced wall restructuring might mediate cell wall and, thus, fruit tissue hydration status. We propose that oxidant-induced cell wall remodeling and consequent wall dehydration might evoke stress signaling for the onset of ripening processes. PRACTICAL APPLICATION This study suggests that decline in fruit water content is an early event in fruit ripening. This information may be used to gauge fruit maturity for appropriate harvest date and for processing. Control of fruit hydration state might be used to regulate the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaim Frenkel
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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Jia H, Wang Y, Sun M, Li B, Han Y, Zhao Y, Li X, Ding N, Li C, Ji W, Jia W. Sucrose functions as a signal involved in the regulation of strawberry fruit development and ripening. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:453-465. [PMID: 23425297 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruits are classically divided into climacteric and nonclimacteric types. It has long been thought that the ripening of climacteric and nonclimacteric fruits is regulated by ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA), respectively. Here, we report that sucrose functions as a signal in the ripening of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), a nonclimacteric fruit. Pharmacological experiments, as well as gain- and loss-of-function studies, were performed to demonstrate the critical role of sucrose in the regulation of fruit ripening. Fruit growth and development were closely correlated with a change in sucrose content. Exogenous sucrose and its nonmetabolizable analog, turanose, induced ABA accumulation in fruit and accelerated dramatically fruit ripening. A set of sucrose transporters, FaSUT1-7, was identified and characterized, among which FaSUT1 was found to be a major component responsible for sucrose accumulation during fruit development. RNA interference-induced silencing of FaSUT1 led to a decrease in both sucrose and ABA content, and arrested fruit ripening. By contrast, overexpression of FaSUT1 led to an increase in both sucrose and ABA content, and accelerated fruit ripening. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that sucrose is an important signal in the regulation of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanhua Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingliang Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Ding
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenlong Ji
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Moyano-Cañete E, Bellido ML, García-Caparrós N, Medina-Puche L, Amil-Ruiz F, González-Reyes JA, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Blanco-Portales R. FaGAST2, a strawberry ripening-related gene, acts together with FaGAST1 to determine cell size of the fruit receptacle. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:218-36. [PMID: 23231876 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcs167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous GAST-like genes have been reported in higher plants, but only one GAST-like gene (FaGAST1) has been described in strawberry so far. Herein, we have identified a novel strawberry FaGAST gene (FaGAST2) whose expression showed an increase throughout fruit receptacle development and ripening, coinciding with those stages where a decrease in fruit expansion processes (G3-W and R-OR stages) occurs. FaGAST2 only shares 31% and 15.7% amino acid and nucleotide sequence homology, respectively, with the previously reported FaGAST1 gene, but both genes contain a signal peptide and a highly conserved GASA domain (cysteine-rich domain) in the C-terminal region. FaGAST2 expression is mainly confined to the fruit receptacle and is not regulated by auxins, GA(3) or ABA, but is regulated by ethephon, an intracellular generator of ethylene. In addition, the expression of the FaGAST2 gene also increased under oxidative stress conditions (H(2)O(2) or Colletotrichum acutatum infection), suggesting a direct role for FaGAST2 protein in reactive oxygen species scavenging during fruit growth and ripening and during fungal infection. On the other hand, the overexpression of the FaGAST2 gene in different transgenic lines analyzed caused a delay in the growth of strawberry plants and a reduction in the size of the transgenic fruits. The histological studies performed in these fruits showed that their parenchymal cells were smaller than those of the controls, supporting a relationship between FaGAST2 gene expression, strawberry fruit cell elongation and fruit size. However, transitory silencing of FaGAST2 gene expression through RNA interference approaches revealed an increase in FaGAST1 expression, but no changes in fruit cell size were observed. These results support the hypothesis that both genes must act synergistically to determine fruit cell size during fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Moyano-Cañete
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa C-6, Campus Universitario de Rabanales y Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario CeiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Symons G, Chua YJ, Ross J, Quittenden L, Davies N, Reid J. Hormonal changes during non-climacteric ripening in strawberry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4741-50. [PMID: 22791823 PMCID: PMC3428006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to climacteric fruits, where ethylene is known to be pivotal, the regulation of ripening in non-climacteric fruits is not well understood. In the non-climacteric strawberry (Fragaria anannassa), auxin and abscisic acid (ABA) are thought to be important, but the roles of other hormones suggested to be involved in fruit development and ripening are not clear. Here changes in the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), ABA, GA1, and castasterone from anthesis to fully ripened fruit are reported. The levels of IAA and GA1 rise early in fruit development before dropping to low levels prior to colour accumulation. Castasterone levels are highest at anthesis and drop to very low levels well before ripening commences, suggesting that brassinosteroids do not play an important role in ripening in strawberry. ABA levels are low at anthesis and gradually rise through development and ripening. The synthetic auxin, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), can delay ripening, but the application of GA3, the gibberellin biosythesis inhibitor paclobutrazol, and ABA had no significant effect. IAA and ABA levels are higher in the developing achenes than in the receptacle tissue and may be important for receptacle enlargement and ripening, and seed maturation, respectively. Contrary to a recent report, the biologically active GA4 was not detected. The pattern of changes in the levels of the hormones are different from those reported in another well studied non-climateric fruit, grape, suggesting that a single consistent pattern of hormone changes does not occur in this group of fruit during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.M. Symons
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Y.-J. Chua
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - J.J. Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - L.J. Quittenden
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - N.W. Davies
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - J.B. Reid
- School of Plant Science, University of TasmaniaPrivate Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Liu H, Ying YY, Zhang L, Gao QH, Li J, Zhang Z, Fang JG, Duan K. Isolation and characterization of two YUCCA flavin monooxygenase genes from cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:1425-1435. [PMID: 22491872 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), auxin has been recognized as the main signal molecule coordinating the growth and initiation of ripening of fruits. The molecular mechanism regulating auxin biosynthesis in strawberry remains unknown. This project reports two YUCCA flavin monooxygenase genes FaYUC1-2 isolated from cultivated strawberry. FaYUC1 and FaYUC2 are most homologous to AtYUC6 and AtYUC4, respectively. Significant expression of FaYUC1-2 is found in vegetative meristems and reproductive organs, with overlapping but distinct patterns. During fruit development, both transcripts of FaYUC1 and FaYUC2 in achenes reach a peak around large green fruit (G2) stage, but the sudden rise in FaYUC2 transcript level is much steeper and begins earlier than that in FaYUC1. FaYUC2 is also obviously expressed in the receptacles from green fruits, hinting another auxin source for receptacle development, other than achenes. FaYUC1 over-expression Arabidopsis exhibits typical auxin hyper-accumulation phenotype in many aspects, such as the narrow and downward curled leaves, strong apical dominance, short and hairy root. It is also severely sterile, due to the disruption of floral meristems initiation and floral organs development. Transgenic analysis indicates that strawberry YUC gene may hold conserved role in auxin biosynthesis like their homologs in other plants. Integrated with the spatiotemporal expression features, these results led us to propose that FaYUC1-2 may involve in many developmental processes including flower and fruit development in strawberry. KEY MESSAGE This paper is the first report of isolation and characterization of strawberry auxin biosynthesis genes. And their conserved functions in auxin biosynthesis were confirmed after ectopic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- College of Horticultural Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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