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Rajkumari N, Chowrasia S, Nishad J, Ganie SA, Mondal TK. Metabolomics-mediated elucidation of rice responses to salt stress. PLANTA 2023; 258:111. [PMID: 37919614 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04258-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Role of salinity responsive metabolites of rice and its wild species has been discussed. Salinity stress is one of the important environmental stresses that severely affects rice productivity. Although, several vital physio-biochemical and molecular responses have been activated in rice under salinity stress which were well described in literatures, the mechanistic role of salt stress and microbes-induced metabolites to overcome salt stress in rice are less studied. Nevertheless, over the years, metabolomic studies have allowed a comprehensive analyses of rice salt stress responses. Hence, we review the salt stress-triggered alterations of various metabolites in rice and discuss their significant roles toward salinity tolerance. Some of the metabolites such as serotonin, salicylic acid, ferulic acid and gentisic acid may act as signaling molecules to activate different downstream salt-tolerance mechanisms; whereas, the other compounds such as amino acids, sugars and organic acids directly act as protective agents to maintain osmotic balance and scavenger of reactive oxygen species during the salinity stress. The quantity, type, tissues specificity and time of accumulation of metabolites induced by salinity stress vary between salt-sensitive and tolerant rice genotypes and thus, contribute to their different degrees of salt tolerance. Moreover, few tolerance metabolites such as allantoin, serotonin and melatonin induce unique pathways for activation of defence mechanisms in salt-tolerant varieties of rice, suggesting their potential roles as the universal biomarkers for salt tolerance. Therefore, these metabolites can be applied exogenously to the sensitive genotypes of rice to enhance their performance under salt stress. Furthermore, the microbes of rhizosphere also participated in rice salt tolerance either directly or indirectly by regulating their metabolic pathways. Thus, this review for the first time offers valuable and comprehensive insights into salt-induced spatio-temporal and genotype-specific metabolites in different genotypes of rice which provide a reference point to analyze stress-gene-metabolite relationships for the biomarker designing in rice. Further, it can also help to decipher several metabolic systems associated with salt tolerance in rice which will be useful in developing salt-tolerance cultivars by conventional breeding/genetic engineering/exogenous application of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitasana Rajkumari
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Soni Chowrasia
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banastahli Vidyapith, Tonk, Rajasthan, 304022, India
| | - Jyoti Nishad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Showkat Ahmad Ganie
- Plant Molecular Sciences and Centre of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, Surrey, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Tapan Kumar Mondal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, LBS Centre, New Delhi, 110012, India.
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Kawochar MA, Cheng Y, Begum S, Wang E, Zhou T, Liu T, Liu T, Song B. Suppression of the tonoplast sugar transporter StTST3.2 improves quality of potato chips. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 269:153603. [PMID: 34959218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Which sugar transporter regulates sugar accumulation in tubers is largely unknown. Accumulation of reducing sugar (RS) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers negatively affects the quality of tubers undergoing the frying process. However, little is known about the genes involved in regulating RS content in tubers at harvest. Here, we have identified two tonoplast sugar transporter (TST) 3-type isoforms (StTST3.1 and StTST3.2) in potato. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicate that StTST3.1 and StTST3.2 possess distinct expression patterns in various potato tissues. StTST3.2 was found to be the expressed TST3-type isoform in tubers. Further subcellular localization analysis revealed that StTST3.2 was targeted to the tonoplast. Silencing of StTST3.2 in potato by stable transformation resulted in significantly lower RS content in tubers at harvest or after room temperature storage, suggesting StTST3.2 plays an important role in RS accumulation in tubers. Accordingly, compared with the unsilenced control, potato chips processed from StTST3.2-silenced tubers exhibited lighter color and dramatically decreased acrylamide production at harvest or after room temperature storage. In addition, we demonstrated that silencing of StTST3.2 has no significant effect on potato growth and development. Thus, suppression of StTST3.2 could be another effective approach for improving processing quality and decreasing acrylamide content in potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abu Kawochar
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Shahnewaz Begum
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Enshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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3
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Destailleur A, Poucet T, Cabasson C, Alonso AP, Cocuron JC, Larbat R, Vercambre G, Colombié S, Petriacq P, Andrieu MH, Beauvoit B, Gibon Y, Dieuaide-Noubhani M. The Evolution of Leaf Function during Development Is Reflected in Profound Changes in the Metabolic Composition of the Vacuole. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120848. [PMID: 34940606 PMCID: PMC8707551 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During its development, the leaf undergoes profound metabolic changes to ensure, among other things, its growth. The subcellular metabolome of tomato leaves was studied at four stages of leaf development, with a particular emphasis on the composition of the vacuole, a major actor of cell growth. For this, leaves were collected at different positions of the plant, corresponding to different developmental stages. Coupling cytology approaches to non-aqueous cell fractionation allowed to estimate the subcellular concentrations of major compounds in the leaves. The results showed major changes in the composition of the vacuole across leaf development. Thus, sucrose underwent a strong allocation, being mostly located in the vacuole at the beginning of development and in the cytosol at maturity. Furthermore, these analyses revealed that the vacuole, rather rich in secondary metabolites and sugars in the growth phases, accumulated organic acids thereafter. This result suggests that the maintenance of the osmolarity of the vacuole of mature leaves would largely involve inorganic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Destailleur
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Théo Poucet
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Cécile Cabasson
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ana Paula Alonso
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA;
| | | | - Romain Larbat
- LAE, Université de Lorraine, INRAE, F-54000 Nancy, France;
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- Plants and Cropping Systems in Horticulture, INRAE, F-84914 Avignon, France;
| | - Sophie Colombié
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Pierre Petriacq
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marie Hélène Andrieu
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Bertrand Beauvoit
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yves Gibon
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Bordeaux Metabolome, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Martine Dieuaide-Noubhani
- UMR Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, F-33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France; (A.D.); (T.P.); (C.C.); (S.C.); (P.P.); (M.H.A.); (B.B.); (Y.G.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Walker RP, Bonghi C, Varotto S, Battistelli A, Burbidge CA, Castellarin SD, Chen ZH, Darriet P, Moscatello S, Rienth M, Sweetman C, Famiani F. Sucrose Metabolism and Transport in Grapevines, with Emphasis on Berries and Leaves, and Insights Gained from a Cross-Species Comparison. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7794. [PMID: 34360556 PMCID: PMC8345980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In grapevines, as in other plants, sucrose and its constituents glucose and fructose are fundamentally important and carry out a multitude of roles. The aims of this review are three-fold. First, to provide a summary of the metabolism and transport of sucrose in grapevines, together with new insights and interpretations. Second, to stress the importance of considering the compartmentation of metabolism. Third, to outline the key role of acid invertase in osmoregulation associated with sucrose metabolism and transport in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Alberto Battistelli
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | | | - Simone D. Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 0Z4, Canada;
| | - Zhi-Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Cenologie, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV), 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France;
| | - Stefano Moscatello
- Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 05010 Porano, Italy; (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Markus Rienth
- Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, 1260 Nyon, Switzerland;
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science & Engineering, Flinders University, GPO Box 5100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy
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5
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Li J, Xiao Y, Fan Q, Liao Y, Wang X, Fu X, Gu D, Chen Y, Zhou B, Tang J, Zeng L. Transformation of Salicylic Acid and Its Distribution in Tea Plants ( Camellia sinensis) at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:282. [PMID: 33540509 PMCID: PMC7912924 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a well-known immune-related hormone that has been well studied in model plants. However, less attention has been paid to the presence of SA and its derivatives in economic plants, such as tea plants (Camellia sinensis). This study showed that tea plants were rich in SA and responded differently to different pathogens. Feeding experiments in tea tissues further confirmed the transformation of SA into salicylic acid 2-O-β-glucoside (SAG) and methyl salicylate. Nonaqueous fractionation techniques confirmed that SA and SAG were mostly distributed in the cytosol of tea leaves, consistent with distributions in other plant species. Furthermore, the stem epidermis contained more SA than the stem core both in C. sinensis cv. "Jinxuan" (small-leaf species) and "Yinghong No. 9" (large-leaf species). Compared with cv. "Yinghong No. 9", cv. "Jinxuan" contained more SAG in the stem epidermis, which might explain its lower incidence rate of wilt disease. This information will improve understanding of SA occurrence in tea plants and provide a basis for investigating the relationship between SA and disease resistance in tea plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Rongjiang New District, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
| | - Yiyong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bo Zhou
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Jinchi Tang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation and Utilization, No. 6 Dafeng Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (Y.C.); (B.Z.)
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (Y.X.); (Q.F.); (Y.L.); (X.W.); (X.F.); (D.G.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Kleczkowski LA, Igamberdiev AU. Magnesium Signaling in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1159. [PMID: 33503839 PMCID: PMC7865908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Free magnesium (Mg2+) is a signal of the adenylate (ATP+ADP+AMP) status in the cells. It results from the equilibrium of adenylate kinase (AK), which uses Mg-chelated and Mg-free adenylates as substrates in both directions of its reaction. The AK-mediated primary control of intracellular [Mg2+] is finely interwoven with the operation of membrane-bound adenylate- and Mg2+-translocators, which in a given compartment control the supply of free adenylates and Mg2+ for the AK-mediated equilibration. As a result, [Mg2+] itself varies both between and within the compartments, depending on their energetic status and environmental clues. Other key nucleotide-utilizing/producing enzymes (e.g., nucleoside diphosphate kinase) may also be involved in fine-tuning of the intracellular [Mg2+]. Changes in [Mg2+] regulate activities of myriads of Mg-utilizing/requiring enzymes, affecting metabolism under both normal and stress conditions, and impacting photosynthetic performance, respiration, phloem loading and other processes. In compartments controlled by AK equilibrium (cytosol, chloroplasts, mitochondria, nucleus), the intracellular [Mg2+] can be calculated from total adenylate contents, based on the dependence of the apparent equilibrium constant of AK on [Mg2+]. Magnesium signaling, reflecting cellular adenylate status, is likely widespread in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms, due simply to the omnipresent nature of AK and to its involvement in adenylate equilibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek A. Kleczkowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, University of Umeå, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Abir U. Igamberdiev
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B3X9, Canada;
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Fu X, Liao Y, Cheng S, Xu X, Grierson D, Yang Z. Nonaqueous fractionation and overexpression of fluorescent-tagged enzymes reveals the subcellular sites of L-theanine biosynthesis in tea. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:98-108. [PMID: 32643247 PMCID: PMC7769230 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine is a specialized metabolite in the tea (Camellia sinensis) plant which can constitute over 50% of the total amino acids. This makes an important contribution to tea functionality and quality, but the subcellular location and mechanism of biosynthesis of l-theanine are unclear. Here, we identified five distinct genes potentially capable of synthesizing l-theanine in tea. Using a nonaqueous fractionation method, we determined the subcellular distribution of l-theanine in tea shoots and roots and used transient expression in Nicotiana or Arabidopsis to investigate in vivo functions of l-theanine synthetase and also to determine the subcellular localization of fluorescent-tagged proteins by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In tea root tissue, the cytosol was the main site of l-theanine biosynthesis, and cytosol-located CsTSI was the key l-theanine synthase. In tea shoot tissue, l-theanine biosynthesis occurred mainly in the cytosol and chloroplasts and CsGS1.1 and CsGS2 were most likely the key l-theanine synthases. In addition, l-theanine content and distribution were affected by light in leaf tissue. These results enhance our knowledge of biochemistry and molecular biology of the biosynthesis of functional tea compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | - Don Grierson
- Plant and Crop SciencesSchool of BiosciencesUniversity of NottinghamLoughboroughUK
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied BotanySouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Center of Economic BotanyCore Botanical GardensChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
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8
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Fu X, Cheng S, Liao Y, Xu X, Wang X, Hao X, Xu P, Dong F, Yang Z. Characterization of l-Theanine Hydrolase in Vitro and Subcellular Distribution of Its Specific Product Ethylamine in Tea ( Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10842-10851. [PMID: 32866009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
l-Theanine has a significant role in the taste of tea (Camellia sinensis) infusions. Our previous research indicated that the lower l-theanine metabolism in ethylamine and l-glutamate is a key factor that explains the higher content of l-theanine in albino tea with yellow or white leaves, compared with that of normal tea with green leaves. However, the specific genes encoding l-theanine hydrolase in tea remains unknown. In this study, CsPDX2.1 was cloned together with the homologous Arabidopsis PDX2 gene and the recombinant protein was shown to catalyze l-theanine hydrolysis into ethylamine and l-glutamate in vitro. There were higher CsPDX2.1 transcript levels in leaf tissue and lower transcripts in the types of albino (yellow leaf) teas compared with green controls. The subcellular location of ethylamine in tea leaves was shown to be in the mitochondria and peroxisome using a nonaqueous fractionation method. This study identified the l-theanine hydrolase gene and subcellular distribution of ethylamine in tea leaves, which improves our understanding of the l-theanine metabolism and the mechanism of differential accumulation of l-theanine among tea varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Sihua Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Xinchao Wang
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xinyuan Hao
- National Center for Tea Improvement, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, No. 388 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, No. 321 Longdongbei Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
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9
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Liao Y, Fu X, Zeng L, Yang Z. Strategies for studying in vivo biochemical formation pathways and multilevel distributions of quality or function-related specialized metabolites in tea (Camellia sinensis). Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:429-442. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1819195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Ingallina C, Spano M, Sobolev AP, Esposito C, Santarcangelo C, Baldi A, Daglia M, Mannina L. Characterization of Local Products for Their Industrial Use: The Case of Italian Potato Cultivars Analyzed by Untargeted and Targeted Methodologies. Foods 2020; 9:foods9091216. [PMID: 32887216 PMCID: PMC7555304 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical characterization of local Italian potato cultivars is reported to promote their preservation and use as high quality raw material in food industries. Twenty potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars from Piedmont and Liguria Italian regions were investigated using NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and RP-HPLC-PDA-ESI-MSn (Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detector and Electrospray Ionization Mass Detector) methodologies. Water soluble and lipophilic metabolites were identified and quantified. With respect to literature data, a more complete 1H (protonic) spectral assignment of the aqueous potato extracts was reported, whereas the 1H NMR assignment of potato organic extracts was reported here for the first time. Phenolics resulted to be in high concentrations in the purple–blue colored Rouge des Flandres, Bergerac, Fleur Bleu, and Blue Star cultivars. Servane, Piatlina, and Malou showed the highest amount of galacturonic acid, a marker of pectin presence, whereas Jelly cultivar was characterized by high levels of monosaccharides. Roseval and Rubra Spes contained high levels of citric acid involved in the inhibition of the enzymatic browning in fresh-cut potato. High levels of the amino acids involved in the formation of pleasant-smell volatile compounds during potato cooking were detected in Rouge des Flandres, Blue Star, Bergerac, Roseval, and Ratte cultivars. These results suggest that each local cultivar is characterized by a proper chemical profile related to specific proprieties that can be useful to obtain high quality industrial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Ingallina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Mattia Spano
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Anatoly P. Sobolev
- Institute for Biological Systems, Magnetic Resonance Laboratory “Segre-Capitani”, CNR, Via Salaria Km 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo (Rome), Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.S.); (M.D.); Tel.: +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.); +39-081-678644 (M.D.)
| | - Cristina Esposito
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Cristina Santarcangelo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Alessandra Baldi
- Tefarco Innova, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A-Campus, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Maria Daglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy; (C.E.); (C.S.)
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Correspondence: (A.P.S.); (M.D.); Tel.: +39-06-9067-2385 (A.P.S.); +39-081-678644 (M.D.)
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (M.S.); (L.M.)
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11
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Zhou X, Zeng L, Chen Y, Wang X, Liao Y, Xiao Y, Fu X, Yang Z. Metabolism of Gallic Acid and Its Distributions in Tea ( Camellia sinensis) Plants at the Tissue and Subcellular Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165684. [PMID: 32784431 PMCID: PMC7460824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In tea (Camellia sinensis) plants, polyphenols are the representative metabolites and play important roles during their growth. Among tea polyphenols, catechins are extensively studied, while very little attention has been paid to other polyphenols such as gallic acid (GA) that occur in tea leaves with relatively high content. In this study, GA was able to be transformed into methyl gallate (MG), suggesting that GA is not only a precursor of catechins, but also can be transformed into other metabolites in tea plants. GA content in tea leaves was higher than MG content-regardless of the cultivar, plucking month or leaf position. These two metabolites occurred with higher amounts in tender leaves. Using nonaqueous fractionation techniques, it was found that GA and MG were abundantly accumulated in peroxisome. In addition, GA and MG were found to have strong antifungal activity against two main tea plant diseases, Colletotrichum camelliae and Pseudopestalotiopsis camelliae-sinensis. The information will advance our understanding on formation and biologic functions of polyphenols in tea plants and also provide a good reference for studying in vivo occurrence of specialized metabolites in economic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yingjuan Chen
- Department of Tea Science, College of Food Science, Southwest University, No. 2 Tiansheng Road, Beibei District, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangyang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Xiumin Fu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.Z.); (L.Z.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (Y.X.); (X.F.)
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-3807-2989
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12
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Güntzel P, Schilling K, Hanio S, Schlauersbach J, Schollmayer C, Meinel L, Holzgrabe U. Bioinspired Ion Pairs Transforming Papaverine into a Protic Ionic Liquid and Salts. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19202-19209. [PMID: 32775923 PMCID: PMC7409249 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microbial, mammalian, and plant cells produce and contain secondary metabolites, which typically are soluble in water to prevent cell damage by crystallization. The formation of ion pairs, for example, with carboxylic acids or mineral acids, is a natural blueprint to maintain basic metabolites in solution. Here, we aim at showing whether the mostly large carboxylates form soluble protic ionic liquids (PILs) with the basic natural product papaverine resulting in enhanced aqueous solubility. The obtained PILs were characterized by 1H-15N HMBC nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and in the solid state using X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and dissolution measurements. Furthermore, their supramolecular pattern in aqueous solution was studied by means of potentiometric and photometrical solubility, NMR aggregation assay, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and viscosity measurements. Thereby, we identified the naturally occurring carboxylic acids, citric acid, malic acid, and tartaric acid, as being appropriate counterions for papaverine and which will facilitate the formation of PILs with their beneficial characteristics, like the improved dissolution rate and enhanced apparent solubility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Güntzel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schilling
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Curd Schollmayer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Subcellular Compartmentation of Metabolites Involved in Cold Acclimation. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32607987 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0660-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Plant cells are heavily compartmentalized, and metabolite concentrations in the various compartments differ significantly. Thus, determination of metabolite abundance in whole-cell extracts may be misleading, when the role of a compound in plant freezing tolerance shall be evaluated. Here, we describe a method for the separation of the largest compartments of plant cells, the vacuole, plastid, and cytosol. With more elaborate analysis, this method can be expanded to also resolve mitochondria and other compartments.
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14
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Overexpression of Melon Tonoplast Sugar Transporter CmTST1 Improved Root Growth under High Sugar Content. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103524. [PMID: 32429319 PMCID: PMC7279021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugar allocation is based on the source-to-sink and intracellular transport between different organelles, and sugar transporters are usually involved in these processes. Tonoplast sugar transporters (TST) are responsible for transporting sugar into vacuoles; however, the role of TSTs in root growth and the response to abiotic stress is poorly studied. Here, RNA analysis and promoter-β-glucuronidase staining revealed that a melon TST1 gene (CmTST1) is highly expressed in the roots. The sugar feeding experiment results showed that the expression of CmTST1 in the roots was induced by a relatively high level of sucrose (6%), glucose (3%), and fructose (3%). The ectopic overexpression of CmTST1 in Arabidopsis improved the root and shoot growth of seedlings under high exogenous sugar stress. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of CmTST1 promoted the expression of plasma membrane-located sugar transporters. We proposed that CmTST1 plays a key role in importing sugar transport into the vacuoles of roots in response to metabolic demands to maintain cytosolic sugar homeostasis.
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15
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Measurement of Subcellular Metabolite Concentrations in Relation to Phloem Loading. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2014:235-251. [PMID: 31197801 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The key step of carbon export from green leaves is the loading of sugars into the phloem. To fully understand and quantify this process, it is essential to know the concentration of sugars in the different compartments of the cells along the phloem loading pathway. However, determining subcellular metabolite concentrations has been technically challenging. This paper describes a technique to measure metabolite levels in the chloroplast, the cytosol, and the vacuole of mesophyll cells with high accuracy. The nonaqueous fractionation (NAF) technique is arguably the method of choice to analyze the subcellular metabolite distributions as it minimizes the risk of metabolite interconversions or redistribution during the process. The principle of NAF is the separation of small subcellular particles, which are obtained by homogenization, lyophilization, and sonication, in a nonaqueous density gradient. Due to the varying composition-dependent density of the fragments, their segregation reflects compartmental distributions throughout the gradient. By determining marker enzymes for chloroplast stroma, cytosol, and vacuole in gradient fractions the proportions of each subcellular compartment in each gradient fraction can be analyzed. The measured distribution of marker enzymes and of metabolites in each fraction of the gradient can be used to calculate the subcellular distribution of the metabolites.
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16
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Anjum NA, Amreen, Tantray AY, Khan NA, Ahmad A. Reactive oxygen species detection-approaches in plants: Insights into genetically encoded FRET-based sensors. J Biotechnol 2019; 308:108-117. [PMID: 31836526 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (and their reaction products) in abiotic stressed plants can be simultaneous. Hence, it is very difficult to establish individual roles of ROS (and their reaction products) in plants particularly under abiotic stress conditions. It is highly imperative to detect ROS (and their reaction products) and ascertain their role in vivo and also to point their optimal level in order to unveil exact relation of ROS (and their reaction products) with the major components of ROS-controlling systems. Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) technology enables us with high potential for monitoring and quantification of ROS and redox variations, avoiding some of the obstacles presented by small-molecule fluorescent dyes. This paper aims to: (i) introduce ROS and overview ROS-chemistry and ROS-accrued major damages to major biomolecules; (ii) highlight invasive and non-invasive approaches for the detection of ROS (and their reaction products); (iii) appraise literature available on genetically encoded ROS (and their reaction products)-sensors based on FRET technology, and (iv) enlighten so far unexplored aspects in the current context. The studies integrating the outcomes of the FRET-based ROS-detection approaches with OMICS sciences (genetics, genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) would enlighten major insights into real-time ROS and redox dynamics, and their signaling at cellular and subcellular levels in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A Anjum
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India.
| | - Amreen
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India
| | - Aadil Y Tantray
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India
| | - Altaf Ahmad
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, U.P., India.
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17
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Fürtauer L, Küstner L, Weckwerth W, Heyer AG, Nägele T. Resolving subcellular plant metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:438-455. [PMID: 31361942 PMCID: PMC8653894 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are characterized by a high degree of compartmentalization and a diverse proteome and metabolome. Only a very limited number of studies has addressed combined subcellular proteomics and metabolomics which strongly limits biochemical and physiological interpretation of large-scale 'omics data. Our study presents a methodological combination of nonaqueous fractionation, shotgun proteomics, enzyme activities and metabolomics to reveal subcellular diurnal dynamics of plant metabolism. Subcellular marker protein sets were identified and enzymatically validated to resolve metabolism in a four-compartment model comprising chloroplasts, cytosol, vacuole and mitochondria. These marker sets are now available for future studies that aim to monitor subcellular metabolome and proteome dynamics. Comparing subcellular dynamics in wild type plants and HXK1-deficient gin2-1 mutants revealed a strong impact of HXK1 activity on metabolome dynamics in multiple compartments. Glucose accumulation in the cytosol of gin2-1 was accompanied by diminished vacuolar glucose levels. Subcellular dynamics of pyruvate, succinate and fumarate amounts were significantly affected in gin2-1 and coincided with differential mitochondrial proteome dynamics. Lowered mitochondrial glycine and serine amounts in gin2-1 together with reduced abundance of photorespiratory proteins indicated an effect of the gin2-1 mutation on photorespiratory capacity. Our findings highlight the necessity to resolve plant metabolism to a subcellular level to provide a causal relationship between metabolites, proteins and metabolic pathway regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fürtauer
- Department Biology I, Plant Evolutionary Cell BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lisa Küstner
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of StuttgartInstitute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular SystemsStuttgartGermany
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Metabolomics CenterUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Arnd G. Heyer
- Department of Plant BiotechnologyUniversity of StuttgartInstitute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular SystemsStuttgartGermany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Department Biology I, Plant Evolutionary Cell BiologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenPlanegg‐MartinsriedGermany
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems BiologyUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
- Vienna Metabolomics CenterUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
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18
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Hou LY, Ehrlich M, Thormählen I, Lehmann M, Krahnert I, Obata T, Cejudo FJ, Fernie AR, Geigenberger P. NTRC Plays a Crucial Role in Starch Metabolism, Redox Balance, and Tomato Fruit Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:976-992. [PMID: 31527089 PMCID: PMC6836810 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-thioredoxin reductase C (NTRC) forms a separate thiol-reduction cascade in plastids, combining both NADPH-thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin activities on a single polypeptide. While NTRC is an important regulator of photosynthetic processes in leaves, its function in heterotrophic tissues remains unclear. Here, we focus on the role of NTRC in developing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits representing heterotrophic storage organs important for agriculture and human diet. We used a fruit-specific promoter to decrease NTRC expression by RNA interference in developing tomato fruits by 60% to 80% compared to the wild type. This led to a decrease in fruit growth, resulting in smaller and lighter fully ripe fruits containing less dry matter and more water. In immature fruits, NTRC downregulation decreased transient starch accumulation, which led to a subsequent decrease in soluble sugars in ripe fruits. The inhibition of starch synthesis was associated with a decrease in the redox-activation state of ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase and soluble starch synthase, which catalyze the first committed and final polymerizing steps, respectively, of starch biosynthesis. This was accompanied by a decrease in the level of ADP-Glc. NTRC downregulation also led to a strong increase in the reductive states of NAD(H) and NADP(H) redox systems. Metabolite profiling of NTRC-RNA interference lines revealed increased organic and amino acid levels, but reduced sugar levels, implying that NTRC regulates the osmotic balance of developing fruits. These results indicate that NTRC acts as a central hub in regulating carbon metabolism and redox balance in heterotrophic tomato fruits, affecting fruit development as well as final fruit size and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Yu Hou
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Ehrlich
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martin Lehmann
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Krahnert
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Francisco J Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, and Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Medeiros DB, Arrivault S, Alpers J, Fernie AR, Aarabi F. Non-aqueous Fractionation (NAF) for Metabolite Analysis in Subcellular Compartments of Arabidopsis Leaf Tissues. Bio Protoc 2019; 9:e3399. [PMID: 33654900 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.3399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The accurate determination of metabolite distribution in subcellular compartments is still challenging in plant science. Various methodologies, such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based technology, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and protoplast fractionation allow the study of metabolite compartmentation. However, large changes in metabolite levels occur during such procedures. Therefore, the non-aqueous fractionation (NAF) technique is currently the best method for the study of in-vivo metabolite distribution. Our protocol presents a detailed workflow including the NAF procedure and quantification of compartment-specific markers for three subcellular compartments: ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) as plastidic marker, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) as cytosolic marker, and nitrate and acid invertase as vacuolar markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Medeiros
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jessica Alpers
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Fayezeh Aarabi
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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20
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Niche-specific metabolic adaptation in biotrophic and necrotrophic oomycetes is manifested in differential use of nutrients, variation in gene content, and enzyme evolution. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007729. [PMID: 31002734 PMCID: PMC6493774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of host nutrients to support pathogen growth is central to disease. We addressed the relationship between metabolism and trophic behavior by comparing metabolic gene expression during potato tuber colonization by two oomycetes, the hemibiotroph Phytophthora infestans and the necrotroph Pythium ultimum. Genes for several pathways including amino acid, nucleotide, and cofactor biosynthesis were expressed more by Ph. infestans during its biotrophic stage compared to Py. ultimum. In contrast, Py. ultimum had higher expression of genes for metabolizing compounds that are normally sequestered within plant cells but released to the pathogen upon plant cell lysis, such as starch and triacylglycerides. The transcription pattern of metabolic genes in Ph. infestans during late infection became more like that of Py. ultimum, consistent with the former's transition to necrotrophy. Interspecific variation in metabolic gene content was limited but included the presence of γ-amylase only in Py. ultimum. The pathogens were also found to employ strikingly distinct strategies for using nitrate. Measurements of mRNA, 15N labeling studies, enzyme assays, and immunoblotting indicated that the assimilation pathway in Ph. infestans was nitrate-insensitive but induced during amino acid and ammonium starvation. In contrast, the pathway was nitrate-induced but not amino acid-repressed in Py. ultimum. The lack of amino acid repression in Py. ultimum appears due to the absence of a transcription factor common to fungi and Phytophthora that acts as a nitrogen metabolite repressor. Evidence for functional diversification in nitrate reductase protein was also observed. Its temperature optimum was adapted to each organism's growth range, and its Km was much lower in Py. ultimum. In summary, we observed divergence in patterns of gene expression, gene content, and enzyme function which contribute to the fitness of each species in its niche. A key feature of disease is the pathogen's consumption of host metabolites to support its growth and multiplication. Understanding how host nutrients are used by pathogens may lead to strategies for limiting disease, for example by developing inhibitors of metabolic pathways needed for pathogen growth. Feeding strategies of plant pathogens range between two extremes: necrotrophs kill host cells and consume the released nutrients, while biotrophs do not injure host cells but instead acquire nutrients from extracellular spaces in the plant. In this study, a comparison was made between the metabolism of Phytophthora infestans (the infamous Irish Famine pathogen) and Pythium ultimum during potato tuber colonization. These microbes have close evolutionary histories, but while Py. ultimum is a necrotroph, Ph. infestans is a biotroph for most of the disease cycle. It was discovered that distinct patterns of metabolic gene expression, gene content, and enzyme behavior underlie these lifestyles. For example, genes for utilizing compounds that are normally stored within plant cells were expressed more by Py. ultimum, while Ph. infestans appeared to synthesize more biosubstances from precursors. Several differences in carbon and nitrogen metabolism were linked to variation in enzyme content and gene expression regulators in the two species.
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Ghatak A, Chaturvedi P, Weckwerth W. Metabolomics in Plant Stress Physiology. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 164:187-236. [PMID: 29470599 DOI: 10.1007/10_2017_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics is an essential technology for functional genomics and systems biology. It plays a key role in functional annotation of genes and understanding towards cellular and molecular, biotic and abiotic stress responses. Different analytical techniques are used to extend the coverage of a full metabolome. The commonly used techniques are NMR, CE-MS, LC-MS, and GC-MS. The choice of a suitable technique depends on the speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. This chapter provides insight into plant metabolomic techniques, databases used in the analysis, data mining and processing, compound identification, and limitations in metabolomics. It also describes the workflow of measuring metabolites in plants. Metabolomic studies in plant responses to stress are a key research topic in many laboratories worldwide. We summarize different approaches and provide a generic overview of stress responsive metabolite markers and processes compiled from a broad range of different studies. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Ghatak
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. .,Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Tiessen A. Reply to Kräutler et al on the source of the fluorescent glow of banana fruits. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:463-464. [PMID: 30824028 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Tiessen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional PlanTECC, 36824, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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23
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Muchut RJ, Piattoni CV, Margarit E, Tripodi KEJ, Podestá FE, Iglesias AA. Heterologous expression and kinetic characterization of the α, β and αβ blend of the PPi-dependent phosphofructokinase from Citrus sinensis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 280:348-354. [PMID: 30824014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the molecular cloning and heterologous expression of the genes coding for α and β subunits of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) from orange. When expressed individually, both recombinant subunits were produced as highly purified monomeric proteins able to phosphorylate fructose-6-phosphate at the expenses of PPi (specific activity of 0.075 and 0.017 units. mg-1 for α and β subunits, respectively). On the other hand, co-expression rendered a α3β3 hexamer with specific activity three orders of magnitude higher than the single subunits. All the conformations of the enzyme were characterized with respect to its kinetic properties and sensitivity to the regulator fructose-2,6-bisphosphate. A thorough review of current knowledge on the matter indicates that this is the first report of the recombinant production of active plant PPi-PFK and the characterization of its different conformations. This is a main contribution for future studies focused to better understand the enzyme properties and how it accomplishes its relevant role in plant metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertino J Muchut
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL, CONICET-UNL) & FBCB, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Claudia V Piattoni
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL, CONICET-UNL) & FBCB, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Karina E J Tripodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Florencio E Podestá
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (CEFOBI, CONICET-UNR), Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (IAL, CONICET-UNL) & FBCB, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nac. Nº 168 km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, S3000ZAA, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Beshir WF, Tohge T, Watanabe M, Hertog MLATM, Hoefgen R, Fernie AR, Nicolaï BM. Non-aqueous fractionation revealed changing subcellular metabolite distribution during apple fruit development. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:98. [PMID: 31666959 PMCID: PMC6804870 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0178-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In developing apple fruit, metabolic compartmentation is poorly understood due to the lack of experimental data. Distinguishing subcellular compartments in fruit using non-aqueous fractionation has been technically difficult due to the excess amount of sugars present in the different subcellular compartments limiting the resolution of the technique. The work described in this study represents the first attempt to apply non-aqueous fractionation to developing apple fruit, covering the major events occurring during fruit development (cell division, cell expansion, and maturation). Here we describe the non-aqueous fractionation method to study the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites during apple fruit development considering three main cellular compartments (cytosol, plastids, and vacuole). Evidence is presented that most of the sugars and organic acids were predominantly located in the vacuole, whereas some of the amino acids were distributed between the cytosol and the vacuole. The results showed a shift in the plastid marker from the lightest fractions in the early growth stage to the dense fractions in the later fruit growth stages. This implies that the accumulation of starch content with progressing fruit development substantially influenced the distribution of plastidial fragments within the non-aqueous density gradient applied. Results from this study provide substantial baseline information on assessing the subcellular compartmentation of metabolites in apple fruit in general and during fruit growth in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiye F. Beshir
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maarten L. A. T. M. Hertog
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology (MPI-MP), Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Bart M. Nicolaï
- Division of Mechatronics, Biostatistics and Sensors (MeBioS), Department of Biosystems (BIOSYST), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology (VCBT), Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Zeng L, Watanabe N, Yang Z. Understanding the biosyntheses and stress response mechanisms of aroma compounds in tea ( Camellia sinensis) to safely and effectively improve tea aroma. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2321-2334. [PMID: 30277806 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1506907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolite formation is a biochemical and physiological feature of plants developed as an environmental response during the evolutionary process. These metabolites help defend plants against environmental stresses, but are also important quality components in crops. Utilizing the stress response to improve natural quality components in plants has attracted increasing research interest. Tea, which is processed by the tender shoots or leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze), is the second most popular beverage worldwide after water. Aroma is an important factor affecting tea character and quality. The defense responses of tea leaves against various stresses during preharvest (tea growth process) and postharvest (tea manufacturing) processing can result in aroma formation. Herein, we summarize recent investigations into the biosyntheses of several characteristic aroma compounds prevalent in teas and derived from volatile fatty acid derivatives, terpenes, and phenylpropanoids/benzenoids. Several key aroma synthetic genes from tea leaves have been isolated, cloned, sequenced, and functionally characterized. Biotic stress (such as tea green leafhopper attack) and abiotic stress (such as light, temperature, and wounding) could enhance the expression of aroma synthetic genes, resulting in the abundant accumulation of characteristic aroma compounds in tea leaves. Understanding the specific relationships between characteristic aroma compounds and stresses is key to improving tea quality safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Zeng
- a Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,b College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Naoharu Watanabe
- c Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University , Naka-ku, Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Ziyin Yang
- a Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou , China.,b College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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26
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Tiessen A. The fluorescent blue glow of banana fruits is not due to symplasmic plastidial catabolism but arises from insoluble phenols estherified to the cell wall. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 275:75-83. [PMID: 30107883 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Banana fruits are firstly green due to chlorophyll, then yellow due to carotenoids and finally turn black due to polyphenols. However, bananas glow blue when observed under UV light. It has been reported that chlorophylls fade to give rise to fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (FCCs) in senescent banana leaves and in ripening banana peels. FCCs are short lived catabolic intermediates that ultimately lead to non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs). FCCs are abundant in bananas due to hypermodification; therefore, it was concluded that FCC caused yellow bananas to glow blue. Experiments were performed in order to shed new light into the autofluorescence phenomenon. Microscopy performed on living plant samples contradict the interpretation that the fluorescent blue glow is mainly caused by FCC inside the cell. Blue fluorescence in banana emerges from the cell wall, not from the symplasm. It is not primarily caused by soluble chlorophyll catabolites in the vacuoles or senescing plastids. Insoluble phenolics from the apoplast make bananas shine strongly blue under black light. Chlorophyll is a light trap that generates black holes of blue fluorescence, and therefore cells with chloroplasts glow less blue. The white pulp of banana fruits shine more strongly than the outer peel. In both tissues autofluorescence arises from insoluble phenols that are estherified to the cell wall. In monocot species (banana, maize, sugarcanne), blue fluorescense was strongest in the cell wall, whereas in dicots (e.g. arabidopsis, spearmint, hibiscus), blue fluorescence may be dominant from cytosolic, vacuolar or plastidial compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Tiessen
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto, Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico; Laboratorio Nacional PlanTECC, 36824 Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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27
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Wang C, Zhang J, Wu J, Brodsky D, Schroeder JI. Cytosolic malate and oxaloacetate activate S-type anion channels in Arabidopsis guard cells. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:178-186. [PMID: 29971803 PMCID: PMC6115288 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular malate-starch interconversion plays an important role in stomatal movements. We investigated whether malate or oxaloacetate from the cytosolic membrane side regulate anion channels in the plasma membrane of Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Physiological concentrations of cytosolic malate have been reported in the range of 0.4-3 mM in leaf cells. Guard cell patch clamp and two-electrode oocyte voltage-clamp experiments were pursued. We show that a concentration of 1 mM cytosolic malate greatly activates S-type anion channels in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells. Interestingly, 1 mM cytosolic oxaloacetate also activates S-type anion channels. Malate activation was abrogated at 10 mM malate and in SLAC1 anion channel mutant alleles. Interestingly, malate activation of S-type anion currents was disrupted at below resting cytosolic-free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+ ]cyt ), suggesting a key role for basal [Ca2+ ]cyt signaling. Cytosolic malate was not able to directly activate or enhance SLAC1-mediated anion currents in Xenopus oocytes, whereas in positive controls, cytosolic NaHCO3 enhanced SLAC1 activity, suggesting that malate may not directly modulate SLAC1. Cytosolic malate activation of S-type anion currents was impaired in ost1 and in cpk5/6/11/23 quadruple mutant guard cells. Together these findings show that these cytosolic organic anions function in guard cell 'plasma membrane' ion channel regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Wang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
- College of Life Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Juyou Wu
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Dennis Brodsky
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Julian I. Schroeder
- Cell and Developmental Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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28
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Fink D, Dobbelstein E, Barbian A, Lohaus G. Ratio of sugar concentrations in the phloem sap and the cytosol of mesophyll cells in different tree species as an indicator of the phloem loading mechanism. PLANTA 2018; 248:661-673. [PMID: 29882156 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2933-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose concentration in phloem sap was several times higher than in the cytosol of mesophyll cells. The results suggest that phloem loading involves active steps in the analyzed tree species. Phloem loading in source leaves is a key step for carbon partitioning and passive symplastic loading has been proposed for several tree species. However, experimental evidence to prove the potential for sucrose diffusion from mesophyll to phloem is rare. Here, we analyzed three tree species (two angiosperms, Fagus sylvatica, Magnolia kobus, and one gymnosperm, Gnetum gnemon) to investigate the proposed phloem loading mechanism. For this purpose, the minor vein structure and the sugar concentrations in phloem sap as well as in the subcellular compartments of mesophyll cells were investigated. The analyzed tree species belong to the open type minor vein subcategory. The sucrose concentration in the cytosol of mesophyll cells ranged between 75 and 165 mM and was almost equal to the vacuolar concentration. Phloem sap could be collected from F. sylvatica and M. kobus and the concentration of sucrose in phloem sap was about five- and 11-fold higher, respectively, than in the cytosol of mesophyll cells. Sugar exudation of cut leaves was decreased by p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid, an inhibitor of sucrose-proton transporter. The results suggest that phloem loading of sucrose in the analyzed tree species involves active steps, and apoplastic phloem loading seems more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fink
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Elena Dobbelstein
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Andreas Barbian
- Core Facility Electron Microscopy, UKD, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany.
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29
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Li J, Wu H, Santana I, Fahlgren M, Giraldo JP. Standoff Optical Glucose Sensing in Photosynthetic Organisms by a Quantum Dot Fluorescent Probe. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:28279-28289. [PMID: 30058800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is a major product of photosynthesis and a key energy source for cellular respiration in organisms. Herein, we enable in vivo optical glucose sensing in wild-type plants using a quantum dot (QD) ratiometric approach. The optical probe is formed by a pair of QDs: thioglycolic acid-capped QDs which remain invariable to glucose (acting as an internal fluorescent reference control) and boronic acid (BA)-conjugated QDs (BA-QD) that quench their fluorescence in response to glucose. The fluorescence response of the QD probe is within the visible light window where photosynthetic tissues have a relatively low background. It is highly selective against other common sugars found in plants and can be used to quantify glucose levels above 500 μM in planta within the physiological range. We demonstrate that the QD fluorescent probe reports glucose from single chloroplast to algae cells ( Chara zeylanica) and plant leaf tissues ( Arabidopsis thaliana) in vivo via confocal microscopy and to a standoff Raspberry Pi camera setup. QD-based probes exhibit bright fluorescence, no photobleaching, tunable emission peak, and a size under plant cell wall porosity offering great potential for selective in vivo monitoring of glucose in photosynthetic organisms in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Honghong Wu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Israel Santana
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Mackenzie Fahlgren
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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30
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Troncoso-Ponce MA, Rivoal J, Dorion S, Sánchez R, Venegas-Calerón M, Moreno-Pérez AJ, Baud S, Garcés R, Martínez-Force E. Molecular and biochemical characterization of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cytosolic and plastidial enolases in relation to seed development. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 272:117-130. [PMID: 29807582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the molecular and biochemical characterization of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) enolase (ENO, EC 4.2.1.11) proteins, which catalyze the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate, the penultimate intermediate in the glycolytic pathway. We cloned and characterized three cDNAs encoding different ENO isoforms from developing sunflower seeds. Studies using fluorescently tagged ENOs confirmed the predicted subcellular localization of ENO isoforms: HaENO1 in the plastid while HaENO2 and HaENO3 were found in the cytosol. The cDNAs were used to express the corresponding 6(His)-tagged proteins in Escherichia coli. The proteins were purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography, and biochemically characterized. Recombinant HaENO1 and HaENO2, but not HaENO3 were shown to have enolase activity, in agreement with data obtained with the Arabidopsis homolog proteins. Site directed mutagenesis of several critical amino acids was used to attempt to recover enolase activity in recombinant HaENO3, resulting in very small increases that were not additive. A kinetic characterization of the two active isoforms showed that pH had similar effect on their velocity, that they had similar affinity for 2-phosphoglycerate, but that the kcat/Km of the plastidial enzyme was higher than that of the cytosolic isoform. Even though HaENO2 was always the most highly expressed transcript, the levels of expression of the three ENO genes were remarkably distinct in all the vegetative and reproductive tissues studied. This indicates that in seeds the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate takes place through the cytosolic and the plastidial pathways therefore both routes could contribute to the supply of carbon for lipid synthesis. The identity of the main source of carbon during the period of stored products synthesis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Troncoso-Ponce
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain; Sorbonne University, Université de technologie de Compiègne, CNRS, Institute for Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Centre de recherche Royallieu, CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiègne cedex, France.
| | - J Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S Dorion
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Rue Sherbrooke est, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - R Sánchez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Venegas-Calerón
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A J Moreno-Pérez
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S Baud
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, AgroParisTech, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - R Garcés
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - E Martínez-Force
- Instituto de la Grasa (CSIC), Edificio 46, Campus Universitario Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera Km 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Ershova AN, Vinokurova N. Effect of Phytohormones of Kinetin and Epibrassinolide on Content and Intracellular Localization of Glucosides and Free Amino Acids in Pea Plants Cells (Pisum sativum L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SECONDARY METABOLITE 2018. [DOI: 10.21448/ijsm.422077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Desnoues E, Génard M, Quilot-Turion B, Baldazzi V. A kinetic model of sugar metabolism in peach fruit reveals a functional hypothesis of a markedly low fructose-to-glucose ratio phenotype. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29543354 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of sugars in fruit vary with fruit development, environment and genotype. In general, there were weak correlations between the variations in sugar concentrations and the activities of enzymes directly related with the synthesis or degradation of sugars. This finding suggests that the relationships between enzyme activities and metabolites are often non-linear and are difficult to assess. To simulate the concentrations of sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol during the development of peach fruit, a kinetic model of sugar metabolism was developed by taking advantage of recent profiling data. Cell compartmentation (cytosol and vacuole) was described explicitly, and data-driven enzyme activities were used to parameterize equations. The model correctly accounts for both annual and genotypic variations, which were observed in 10 genotypes derived from an interspecific cross. They provided important information on the mechanisms underlying the specification of phenotypic differences. In particular, the model supports the hypothesis that a difference in fructokinase affinity could be responsible for a low fructose-to-glucose ratio phenotype, which was observed in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Desnoues
- UR1115, PSH, INRA, 84914, Avignon, France
- UR1052, GAFL, INRA, 84143, Montfavet, France
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Andersson M, Turesson H, Arrivault S, Zhang Y, Fält AS, Fernie AR, Hofvander P. Inhibition of plastid PPase and NTT leads to major changes in starch and tuber formation in potato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1913-1924. [PMID: 29538769 PMCID: PMC6018912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The importance of a plastidial soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (psPPase) and an ATP/ADP translocator (NTT) for starch composition and tuber formation in potato (Solanum tuberosum) was evaluated by individual and simultaneous down-regulation of the corresponding endogenous genes. Starch and amylose content of the transgenic lines were considerably lower, and granule size substantially smaller, with down-regulation of StpsPPase generating the most pronounced effects. Single-gene down-regulation of either StpsPPase or StNTT resulted in increased tuber numbers per plant and higher fresh weight yield. In contrast, when both genes were inhibited simultaneously, some lines developed only a few, small and distorted tubers. Analysis of metabolites revealed altered amounts of sugar intermediates, and a substantial increase in ADP-glucose content of the StpsPPase lines. Increased amounts of intermediates of vitamin C biosynthesis were also observed. This study suggests that hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) by action of a psPPase is vital for functional starch accumulation in potato tubers and that no additional mechanism for consuming, hydrolysing, or exporting PPi exists in the studied tissue. Additionally, it demonstrates that functional PPi hydrolysis in combination with efficient ATP import is essential for tuber formation and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Andersson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Helle Turesson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Arrivault
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ann-Sofie Fält
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Per Hofvander
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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34
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Martinoia E. Vacuolar Transporters - Companions on a Longtime Journey. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:1384-1407. [PMID: 29295940 PMCID: PMC5813537 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and electrophysiological studies on plant vacuolar transporters became feasible in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when methods to isolate large quantities of intact vacuoles and purified vacuolar membrane vesicles were established. However, with the exception of the H+-ATPase and H+-PPase, which could be followed due to their hydrolytic activities, attempts to purify tonoplast transporters were for a long time not successful. Heterologous complementation, T-DNA insertion mutants, and later proteomic studies allowed the next steps, starting from the 1990s. Nowadays, our knowledge about vacuolar transporters has increased greatly. Nevertheless, there are several transporters of central importance that have still to be identified at the molecular level or have even not been characterized biochemically. Furthermore, our knowledge about regulation of the vacuolar transporters is very limited, and much work is needed to get a holistic view about the interplay of the vacuolar transportome. The huge amount of information generated during the last 35 years cannot be summarized in such a review. Therefore, I decided to concentrate on some aspects where we were involved during my research on vacuolar transporters, for some our laboratories contributed more, while others contributed less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Martinoia
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Zhu Q, Wang L, Dong Q, Chang S, Wen K, Jia S, Chu Z, Wang H, Gao P, Zhao H, Han S, Wang Y. FRET-based glucose imaging identifies glucose signalling in response to biotic and abiotic stresses in rice roots. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 215:65-72. [PMID: 28582731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucose is the primary energy provider and the most important sugar-signalling molecule, regulating metabolites and modulating gene expression from unicellular yeast to multicellular plants and animals. Therefore, monitoring intracellular glucose levels temporally and spatially in living cells is an essential step for decoding the glucose signalling in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the genetically encoded FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) nanosensors, FLIPglu-2μ∆13 and FLIPglu-600μΔ13, were used to measure cytosolic glucose dynamics in rice plants. First, we found that the FRET signal decreased in response to external glucose in a concentration-dependent manner. The glucose concentration at which the cytosolic level corresponded to the K0.5 value for FLIPglu-2μΔ13 was approximately 10.05μM, and that for FLIPglu-600μΔ13 was 0.9mM, respectively. The substrate selectivity of nanosensors for glucose and its analogues is D-Glucose>2-deoxyglucose>3-O-methylglucose>L-Glucose. We further showed that the biotic elicitors (flg22 and chitin) and the abiotic elicitors (osmotic stress, salinity and extreme temperature) induce the intracellular glucose increases in the detached root segments of transgenic rice containing FLIPglu-2μΔ13 in a stimulus-specific manner, but not in FLIPglu-600μΔ13 transgenic lines. These results demonstrated that FRET nanosensors can be used to detect increases in intracellular glucose within the physiological range of 0.2-20μM in response to various stimuli in transgenic rice root cells, which indicated that intracellular glucose may act as a potential secondary messenger to connect extracellular stimuli with cellular physiological responses in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdong Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qianli Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shu Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Kexin Wen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shenghua Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhilin Chu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Hanmeng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Heping Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shengcheng Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yingdian Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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36
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Joshi V, Fernie AR. Citrulline metabolism in plants. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1543-1559. [PMID: 28741223 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Citrulline was chemically isolated more than 100 years ago and is ubiquitous in animals, plants, bacteria, and fungi. Most of the research on plant citrulline metabolism and transport has been carried out in Arabidopsis thaliana and the Cucurbitaceae family, particularly in watermelon which accumulates this non-proteinogenic amino acid to very high levels. Industrially, citrulline is produced via specially optimized microbial strains; however, the amounts present in watermelon render it an economically viable source providing that other high-value compounds can be co-extracted. In this review, we provide an overview of our current understanding of citrulline biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism in plants additionally pointing out significant gaps in our knowledge which need to be closed by future experimentation. This includes the identification of further potential enzymes of citrulline metabolism as well as obtaining a far better spatial resolution of both sub-cellular and long-distance partitioning of citrulline. We further discuss what is known concerning the biological function of citrulline in plants paying particular attention to the proposed roles in scavenging of excess NH4+ and as a compatible solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshi
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Uvalde, TX, 78801, USA.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Wissenschaftspark Golm, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Dorion S, Clendenning A, Rivoal J. Engineering the expression level of cytosolic nucleoside diphosphate kinase in transgenic Solanum tuberosum roots alters growth, respiration and carbon metabolism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:914-926. [PMID: 27880021 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) is a ubiquitous enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the γ-phosphate from a donor nucleoside triphosphate to an acceptor nucleoside diphosphate. In this study we used a targeted metabolomic approach and measurement of physiological parameters to report the effects of the genetic manipulation of cytosolic NDPK (NDPK1) expression on physiology and carbon metabolism in potato (Solanum tuberosum) roots. Sense and antisense NDPK1 constructs were introduced in potato using Agrobacterium rhizogenes to generate a population of root clones displaying a 40-fold difference in NDPK activity. Root growth, O2 uptake, flux of carbon between sucrose and CO2 , levels of reactive oxygen species and some tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates were positively correlated with levels of NDPK1 expression. In addition, NDPK1 levels positively affected UDP-glucose and cellulose contents. The activation state of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, a key enzyme in starch synthesis, was higher in antisense roots than in roots overexpressing NDPK1. Further analyses demonstrated that ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase was more oxidized, and therefore less active, in sense clones than antisense clones. Consequently, antisense NDPK1 roots accumulated more starch and the starch to cellulose ratio was negatively affected by the level of NDPK1. These data support the idea that modulation of NDPK1 affects the distribution of carbon between starch and cellulose biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Dorion
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Audrey Clendenning
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, QC, H1X 2B2, Canada
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38
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Decker D, Kleczkowski LA. Substrate Specificity and Inhibitor Sensitivity of Plant UDP-Sugar Producing Pyrophosphorylases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1610. [PMID: 28970843 PMCID: PMC5609113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UDP-sugars are essential precursors for glycosylation reactions producing cell wall polysaccharides, sucrose, glycoproteins, glycolipids, etc. Primary mechanisms of UDP sugar formation involve the action of at least three distinct pyrophosphorylases using UTP and sugar-1-P as substrates. Here, substrate specificities of barley and Arabidopsis (two isozymes) UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylases (UGPase), Arabidopsis UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase (USPase) and Arabidopsis UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine pyrophosphorylase2 (UAGPase2) were investigated using a range of sugar-1-phosphates and nucleoside-triphosphates as substrates. Whereas all the enzymes preferentially used UTP as nucleotide donor, they differed in their specificity for sugar-1-P. UGPases had high activity with D-Glc-1-P, but could also react with Fru-1-P and Fru-2-P (Km values over 10 mM). Contrary to an earlier report, their activity with Gal-1-P was extremely low. USPase reacted with a range of sugar-1-phosphates, including D-Glc-1-P, D-Gal-1-P, D-GalA-1-P (Km of 1.3 mM), β-L-Ara-1-P and α-D-Fuc-1-P (Km of 3.4 mM), but not β-L-Fuc-1-P. In contrast, UAGPase2 reacted only with D-GlcNAc-1-P, D-GalNAc-1-P (Km of 1 mM) and, to some extent, D-Glc-1-P (Km of 3.2 mM). Generally, different conformations/substituents at C2, C4, and C5 of the pyranose ring of a sugar were crucial determinants of substrate specificity of a given pyrophosphorylase. Homology models of UDP-sugar binding to UGPase, USPase and UAGPase2 revealed more common amino acids for UDP binding than for sugar binding, reflecting differences in substrate specificity of these proteins. UAGPase2 was inhibited by a salicylate derivative that was earlier shown to affect UGPase and USPase activities, consistent with a common structural architecture of the three pyrophosphorylases. The results are discussed with respect to the role of the pyrophosphorylases in sugar activation for glycosylated end-products.
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Zhu FY, Chen MX, Su YW, Xu X, Ye NH, Cao YY, Lin S, Liu TY, Li HX, Wang GQ, Jin Y, Gu YH, Chan WL, Lo C, Peng X, Zhu G, Zhang J. SWATH-MS Quantitative Analysis of Proteins in the Rice Inferior and Superior Spikelets during Grain Filling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1926. [PMID: 28066479 PMCID: PMC5169098 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Modern rice cultivars have large panicle but their yield potential is often not fully achieved due to poor grain-filling of late-flowering inferior spikelets (IS). Our earlier work suggested a broad transcriptional reprogramming during grain filling and showed a difference in gene expression between IS and earlier-flowering superior spikelets (SS). However, the links between the abundances of transcripts and their corresponding proteins are unclear. In this study, a SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry) -based quantitative proteomic analysis has been applied to investigate SS and IS proteomes. A total of 304 proteins of widely differing functionality were observed to be differentially expressed between IS and SS. Detailed gene ontology analysis indicated that several biological processes including photosynthesis, protein metabolism, and energy metabolism are differentially regulated. Further correlation analysis revealed that abundances of most of the differentially expressed proteins are not correlated to the respective transcript levels, indicating that an extra layer of gene regulation which may exist during rice grain filling. Our findings raised an intriguing possibility that these candidate proteins may be crucial in determining the poor grain-filling of IS. Therefore, we hypothesize that the regulation of proteome changes not only occurs at the transcriptional, but also at the post-transcriptional level, during grain filling in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Yuan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu-Wen Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xuezhong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Neng-Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
| | - Yun-Ying Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Sheng Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Tie-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Hao-Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Guan-Qun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yong-Hai Gu
- The Rice Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Wai-Lung Chan
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Science, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Xinxiang Peng
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong, Hong Kong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen, China
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40
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Thieulin-Pardo G, Schramm A, Lignon S, Lebrun R, Kojadinovic M, Gontero B. The intriguing CP12-like tail of adenylate kinase 3 fromChlamydomonas reinhardtii. FEBS J 2016; 283:3389-407. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Schramm
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS; BIP, UMR 7281, IMM; Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Sabrina Lignon
- Plate-forme Protéomique; Marseille Protéomique (MaP); Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée; CNRS, FR 3479 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Régine Lebrun
- Plate-forme Protéomique; Marseille Protéomique (MaP); Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée; CNRS, FR 3479 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Mila Kojadinovic
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS; BIP, UMR 7281, IMM; Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Brigitte Gontero
- Aix Marseille Univ; CNRS; BIP, UMR 7281, IMM; Marseille Cedex 20 France
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41
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Dersch LM, Beckers V, Wittmann C. Green pathways: Metabolic network analysis of plant systems. Metab Eng 2016; 34:1-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Matuszczyk JC, Teleki A, Pfizenmaier J, Takors R. Compartment-specific metabolomics for CHO reveals that ATP pools in mitochondria are much lower than in cytosol. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1639-50. [PMID: 26179617 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201500060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells show a compartmented metabolism. Getting access to subcellular metabolite pools is of high interest to understand the cells' metabolomic state. Therefore a protocol is developed and applied for monitoring compartment-specific metabolite and nucleotide pool sizes in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The approach consists of a subtracting filtering method separating cytosolic components from physically intact mitochondrial compartments. The internal standards glucose-6-phosphate and cis-aconitate were chosen to quantify cytosolic secession and mitochondrial membrane integrity. Extracts of related fractions were studied by liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry for the absolute quantification of a subset of glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates together with the adenylate nucleotides ATP, ADP and AMP. The application of the protocol revealed highly dynamic changes in the related pool sizes as a function of distinct cultivation periods of IgG1 producing CHO cells. Mitochondrial and cytosolic pool dynamics were in agreement with anticipated metabolite pools of independent studies. The analysis of adenosine phosphate levels unraveled significantly higher ATP levels in the cytosol leading to the hypothesis that mitochondria predominantly serve for fueling ATP into the cytosol where it is tightly controlled at physiological adenylate energy charges about 0.9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Teleki
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Stuttgart University, Stuttgart, Germany.
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Schwender J, Hebbelmann I, Heinzel N, Hildebrandt T, Rogers A, Naik D, Klapperstück M, Braun HP, Schreiber F, Denolf P, Borisjuk L, Rolletschek H. Quantitative Multilevel Analysis of Central Metabolism in Developing Oilseeds of Oilseed Rape during in Vitro Culture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:828-48. [PMID: 25944824 PMCID: PMC4741336 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seeds provide the basis for many food, feed, and fuel products. Continued increases in seed yield, composition, and quality require an improved understanding of how the developing seed converts carbon and nitrogen supplies into storage. Current knowledge of this process is often based on the premise that transcriptional regulation directly translates via enzyme concentration into flux. In an attempt to highlight metabolic control, we explore genotypic differences in carbon partitioning for in vitro cultured developing embryos of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). We determined biomass composition as well as 79 net fluxes, the levels of 77 metabolites, and 26 enzyme activities with specific focus on central metabolism in nine selected germplasm accessions. Overall, we observed a tradeoff between the biomass component fractions of lipid and starch. With increasing lipid content over the spectrum of genotypes, plastidic fatty acid synthesis and glycolytic flux increased concomitantly, while glycolytic intermediates decreased. The lipid/starch tradeoff was not reflected at the proteome level, pointing to the significance of (posttranslational) metabolic control. Enzyme activity/flux and metabolite/flux correlations suggest that plastidic pyruvate kinase exerts flux control and that the lipid/starch tradeoff is most likely mediated by allosteric feedback regulation of phosphofructokinase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Quantitative data were also used to calculate in vivo mass action ratios, reaction equilibria, and metabolite turnover times. Compounds like cyclic 3',5'-AMP and sucrose-6-phosphate were identified to potentially be involved in so far unknown mechanisms of metabolic control. This study provides a rich source of quantitative data for those studying central metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schwender
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Inga Hebbelmann
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Nicolas Heinzel
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Tatjana Hildebrandt
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Dhiraj Naik
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Matthias Klapperstück
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Hans-Peter Braun
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Falk Schreiber
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Peter Denolf
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Ljudmilla Borisjuk
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
| | - Hardy Rolletschek
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Biological, Environmental, and Climate Sciences Department, Upton, New York 11973 (J.S., I.H., A.R., D.N.);Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany (N.H., L.B., H.R.);Institut für Pflanzengenetik, Universität Hannover, 30419 Hannover, Germany (T.H., H.-P.B.);Department of Environmental Science, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba, Gandhinagar 382007, Gujarat, India (D.N.);Clayton School of Information Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia (M.K., F.S.);Institute of Computer Science, University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle, Germany (F.S.); andBayer CropScience, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium (P.D.)
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44
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Allen DK, Bates PD, Tjellström H. Tracking the metabolic pulse of plant lipid production with isotopic labeling and flux analyses: Past, present and future. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 58:97-120. [PMID: 25773881 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism is comprised of networks of chemical transformations, organized into integrated biochemical pathways that are the basis of cellular operation, and function to sustain life. Metabolism, and thus life, is not static. The rate of metabolites transitioning through biochemical pathways (i.e., flux) determines cellular phenotypes, and is constantly changing in response to genetic or environmental perturbations. Each change evokes a response in metabolic pathway flow, and the quantification of fluxes under varied conditions helps to elucidate major and minor routes, and regulatory aspects of metabolism. To measure fluxes requires experimental methods that assess the movements and transformations of metabolites without creating artifacts. Isotopic labeling fills this role and is a long-standing experimental approach to identify pathways and quantify their metabolic relevance in different tissues or under different conditions. The application of labeling techniques to plant science is however far from reaching it potential. In light of advances in genetics and molecular biology that provide a means to alter metabolism, and given recent improvements in instrumentation, computational tools and available isotopes, the use of isotopic labeling to probe metabolism is becoming more and more powerful. We review the principal analytical methods for isotopic labeling with a focus on seminal studies of pathways and fluxes in lipid metabolism and carbon partitioning through central metabolism. Central carbon metabolic steps are directly linked to lipid production by serving to generate the precursors for fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid assembly. Additionally some of the ideas for labeling techniques that may be most applicable for lipid metabolism in the future were originally developed to investigate other aspects of central metabolism. We conclude by describing recent advances that will play an important future role in quantifying flux and metabolic operation in plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug K Allen
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, 975 North Warson Road, St. Louis, MO 63132, United States.
| | - Philip D Bates
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, United States
| | - Henrik Tjellström
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
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45
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Auslender EL, Dorion S, Dumont S, Rivoal J. Expression, purification and characterization of Solanum tuberosum recombinant cytosolic pyruvate kinase. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 110:7-13. [PMID: 25573389 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cDNA encoding for a Solanum tuberosum cytosolic pyruvate kinase 1 (PKc1) highly expressed in tuber tissue was cloned in the bacterial expression vector pProEX HTc. The construct carried a hexahistidine tag in N-terminal position to facilitate purification of the recombinant protein. Production of high levels of soluble recombinant PKc1 in Escherichia coli was only possible when using a co-expression strategy with the chaperones GroES-GroEL. Purification of the protein by Ni(2 +) chelation chromatography yielded a single protein with an apparent molecular mass of 58kDa and a specific activity of 34unitsmg(-1) protein. The recombinant enzyme had an optimum pH between 6 and 7. It was relatively heat stable as it retained 80% of its activity after 2min at 75°C. Hyperbolic saturation kinetics were observed with ADP and UDP whereas sigmoidal saturation was observed during analysis of phosphoenolpyruvate binding. Among possible effectors tested, aspartate and glutamate had no effect on enzyme activity, whereas α-ketoglutarate and citrate were the most potent inhibitors. When tested on phosphoenolpyruvate saturation kinetics, these latter compounds increased S0.5. These findings suggest that S. tuberosum PKc1 is subject to a strong control by respiratory metabolism exerted via citrate and other tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia L Auslender
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Qc H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Sonia Dorion
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Qc H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Sébastien Dumont
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Qc H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Jean Rivoal
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal, Qc H1X 2B2, Canada.
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46
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Zhang Z, Mao X, Ou J, Ye N, Zhang J, Peng X. Distinct photorespiratory reactions are preferentially catalyzed by glutamate:glyoxylate and serine:glyoxylate aminotransferases in rice. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2015; 142:110-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Findling S, Zanger K, Krueger S, Lohaus G. Subcellular distribution of raffinose oligosaccharides and other metabolites in summer and winter leaves of Ajuga reptans (Lamiaceae). PLANTA 2015; 241:229-241. [PMID: 25269399 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In Ajuga reptans, raffinose oligosaccharides accumulated during winter. Stachyose, verbascose, and higher RFO oligomers were exclusively found in the vacuole whereas one-fourth of raffinose was localized in the stroma. The evergreen labiate Ajuga reptans L. can grow at low temperature. The carbohydrate metabolism changes during the cold phase, e.g., raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) accumulate. Additionally, A. reptans translocates RFOs in the phloem. In the present study, subcellular concentrations of metabolites were studied in summer and winter leaves of A. reptans to gain further insight into regulatory instances involved in the cold acclimation process and into the function of RFOs. Subcellular metabolite concentrations were determined by non-aqueous fractionation. Volumes of the subcellular compartments of summer and winter leaves were analyzed by morphometric measurements. The metabolite content varied strongly between summer and winter leaves. Soluble metabolites increased up to tenfold during winter whereas the starch content was decreased. In winter leaves, the subcellular distribution showed a shift of carbohydrates from cytoplasm to vacuole and chloroplast. Despite this, the metabolite concentration was higher in all compartments in winter leaves compared to summer leaves because of the much higher total metabolite content in winter leaves. The different oligosaccharides did show different compartmentations. Stachyose, verbascose, and higher RFO oligomers were almost exclusively found in the vacuole whereas one-fourth of raffinose was localized in the stroma. Apparently, the subcellular distribution of the RFOs differs because they fulfill different functions in plant metabolism during winter. Raffinose might function in protecting chloroplast membranes during freezing, whereas higher RFO oligomers may exert protective effects on vacuolar membranes. In addition, the high content of RFOs in winter leaves may also result from reduced consumption of assimilates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Findling
- Molekulare Pflanzenforschung/Pflanzenbiochemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany,
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48
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Zhang J, Martinoia E, De Angeli A. Cytosolic nucleotides block and regulate the Arabidopsis vacuolar anion channel AtALMT9. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25581-9. [PMID: 25028514 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aluminum-activated malate transporters (ALMTs) form a membrane protein family exhibiting different physiological roles in plants, varying from conferring tolerance to environmental Al(3+) to the regulation of stomatal movement. The regulation of the anion channels of the ALMT family is largely unknown. Identifying intracellular modulators of the activity of anion channels is fundamental to understanding their physiological functions. In this study we investigated the role of cytosolic nucleotides in regulating the activity of the vacuolar anion channel AtALMT9. We found that cytosolic nucleotides modulate the transport activity of AtALMT9. This modulation was based on a direct block of the pore of the channel at negative membrane potentials (open channel block) by the nucleotide and not by a phosphorylation mechanism. The block by nucleotides of AtALMT9-mediated currents was voltage dependent. The blocking efficiency of intracellular nucleotides increased with the number of phosphate groups and ATP was the most effective cellular blocker. Interestingly, the ATP block induced a marked modification of the current-voltage characteristic of AtALMT9. In addition, increased concentrations of vacuolar anions were able to shift the ATP block threshold to a more negative membrane potential. The block of AtALMT9-mediated anion currents by ATP at negative membrane potentials acts as a gate of the channel and vacuolar anion tune this gating mechanism. Our results suggest that anion transport across the vacuolar membrane in plant cells is controlled by cytosolic nucleotides and the energetic status of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Zhang
- From the Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland and
| | - Enrico Martinoia
- From the Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland and
| | - Alexis De Angeli
- From the Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, CH-8008 Zurich, Switzerland and the Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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49
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Niehaus TD, Nguyen TND, Gidda SK, ElBadawi-Sidhu M, Lambrecht JA, McCarty DR, Downs DM, Cooper AJL, Fiehn O, Mullen RT, Hanson AD. Arabidopsis and maize RidA proteins preempt reactive enamine/imine damage to branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis in plastids. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3010-22. [PMID: 25070638 PMCID: PMC4145128 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.126854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
RidA (for Reactive Intermediate Deaminase A) proteins are ubiquitous, yet their function in eukaryotes is unclear. It is known that deleting Salmonella enterica ridA causes Ser sensitivity and that S. enterica RidA and its homologs from other organisms hydrolyze the enamine/imine intermediates that Thr dehydratase forms from Ser or Thr. In S. enterica, the Ser-derived enamine/imine inactivates a branched-chain aminotransferase; RidA prevents this damage. Arabidopsis thaliana and maize (Zea mays) have a RidA homolog that is predicted to be plastidial. Expression of either homolog complemented the Ser sensitivity of the S. enterica ridA mutant. The purified proteins hydrolyzed the enamines/imines formed by Thr dehydratase from Ser or Thr and protected the Arabidopsis plastidial branched-chain aminotransferase BCAT3 from inactivation by the Ser-derived enamine/imine. In vitro chloroplast import assays and in vivo localization of green fluorescent protein fusions showed that Arabidopsis RidA and Thr dehydratase are chloroplast targeted. Disrupting Arabidopsis RidA reduced root growth and raised the root and shoot levels of the branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis intermediate 2-oxobutanoate; Ser treatment exacerbated these effects in roots. Supplying Ile reversed the root growth defect. These results indicate that plastidial RidA proteins can preempt damage to BCAT3 and Ile biosynthesis by hydrolyzing the Ser-derived enamine/imine product of Thr dehydratase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Niehaus
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Thuy N D Nguyen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Satinder K Gidda
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mona ElBadawi-Sidhu
- Metabolics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | | | - Donald R McCarty
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Diana M Downs
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Metabolics Core, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert T Mullen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Andrew D Hanson
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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50
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Arrivault S, Guenther M, Florian A, Encke B, Feil R, Vosloh D, Lunn JE, Sulpice R, Fernie AR, Stitt M, Schulze WX. Dissecting the subcellular compartmentation of proteins and metabolites in arabidopsis leaves using non-aqueous fractionation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2246-59. [PMID: 24866124 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.038190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-aqueous fractionation is a technique for the enrichment of different subcellular compartments derived from lyophilized material. It was developed to study the subcellular distribution of metabolites. Here we analyzed the distribution of about 1,000 proteins and 70 metabolites, including 22 phosphorylated intermediates in wild-type Arabidopsis rosette leaves, using non-aqueous gradients divided into 12 fractions. Good separation of plastidial, cytosolic, and vacuolar metabolites and proteins was achieved, but cytosolic, mitochondrial, and peroxisomal proteins clustered together. There was considerable heterogeneity in the fractional distribution of transcription factors, ribosomal proteins, and subunits of the vacuolar-ATPase, indicating diverse compartmental location. Within the plastid, sub-organellar separation of thylakoids and stromal proteins was observed. Metabolites from the Calvin-Benson cycle, photorespiration, starch and sucrose synthesis, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle grouped with their associated proteins of the respective compartment. Non-aqueous fractionation thus proved to be a powerful method for the study of the organellar, and in some cases sub-organellar, distribution of proteins and their association with metabolites. It remains the technique of choice for the assignment of subcellular location to metabolites in intact plant tissues, and thus the technique of choice for doing combined metabolite-protein analysis on a single tissue sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Arrivault
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Manuela Guenther
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florian
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Beatrice Encke
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Regina Feil
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Vosloh
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; §Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John E Lunn
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; ¶National University of Ireland, University Rd., Galway, Ireland
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Mark Stitt
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- From the ‡Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; ‖Department of Plant Systems Biology, Universität Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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