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Alexander LE, Winkelman D, Stenback KE, Lane M, Campbell KR, Trost E, Flyckt K, Schelling MA, Rizhsky L, Yandeau-Nelson MD, Nikolau BJ. The impact of the GLOSSY2 and GLOSSY2-LIKE BAHD-proteins in affecting the product profile of the maize fatty acid elongase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1403779. [PMID: 39055356 PMCID: PMC11269236 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1403779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The maize glossy2 and glossy2-like genes are homologs, which encode proteins that belong to the BAHD family of acyltransferases. In planta genetic studies have demonstrated that these genes may be involved in the elongation of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) that are precursors of the cuticular wax fraction of the plant cuticle. VLCFAs are synthesized by a fatty acyl-CoA elongase complex (FAE) that consists of four component enzymes. Previously, we functionally identified the maize FAE component enzymes by their ability to complement haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that carry lethal deletion alleles for each FAE component enzyme. In this study we used these complemented haploid strains and wild-type diploid strains to evaluate whether the co-expression of either GLOSSY2 or GLOSSY2-LIKE with individual maize FAE component enzymes affects the VLCFA product-profile of the FAE system. Wild-type diploid strains produced VLCFAs of up to 28-carbon chain length. Co-expression of GLOSSY2 or GLOSSY2-LIKE with a combination of maize 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases stimulated the synthesis of longer VLCFAs, up to 30-carbon chain lengths. However, such results could not be recapitulated when these co-expression experiments were conducted in the yeast haploid mutant strains that lacked individual components of the endogenous FAE system. Specifically, lethal yeast mutant strains that are genetically complemented by the expression of maize FAE-component enzymes produce VLCFAs that range between 20- and 26-carbon chain lengths. However, expressing either GLOSSY2 or GLOSSY2-LIKE in these complemented strains does not enable the synthesis of longer chain VLCFAs. These results indicate that the apparent stimulatory role of GLOSSY2 or GLOSSY2-LIKE to enable the synthesis of longer chain VLCFAs in diploid yeast cells may be associated with mixing plant enzyme components with the endogenous FAE complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza Esther Alexander
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Dirk Winkelman
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kenna E. Stenback
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Madison Lane
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Katelyn R. Campbell
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elysse Trost
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kayla Flyckt
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael A. Schelling
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ludmila Rizhsky
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Marna D. Yandeau-Nelson
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Sun X, Kaleri GA, Mu Z, Feng Y, Yang Z, Zhong Y, Dou Y, Xu H, Zhou J, Luo J, Xiao Y. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Effect of Epicuticular Wax Accumulation on Salt Stress in Coconuts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:141. [PMID: 38202449 PMCID: PMC10780918 DOI: 10.3390/plants13010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The coconut is an important tropical economical crop and exhibits high tolerance to various types of salinity stress. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism underlying its salt tolerance. In this study, RNA-Seq was applied to examine the different genes expressed in four coconut varieties when exposed to a salt environment, resulting in the generation of data for 48 transcriptomes. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that some genes involved in cutin and wax biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in salt treatment compared to the control, including CYP86A4, HTH, CER1, CER2, CER3, DCR, GPAT4, LTP3, LTP4, and LTP5. In particular, the expression of CER2 was induced more than sixfold, with an RPKM value of up to 205 ten days after salt treatment in Hainan Tall coconut, demonstrating superior capacity in salt tolerance compared to dwarf coconut varieties. However, for yellow dwarf and red dwarf coconut varieties, the expression level of the CER2 gene was low at four different time points after exposure to salt treatment, suggesting that this gene may contribute to the divergence in salt tolerance between tall and dwarf coconut varieties. Cytological evidence showed a higher abundance of cuticle accumulation in tall coconut and severe damage to cuticular wax in dwarf coconut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Sun
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Ghulam Abid Kaleri
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhihua Mu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yalan Feng
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Zhuang Yang
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yazhu Zhong
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yajing Dou
- Coconut Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Wenchang 571300, China; (X.S.); (Y.F.); (Y.Z.); (Y.D.)
| | - Hang Xu
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Junjie Zhou
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yong Xiao
- College of Breeding and Multiplication, Hainan University, Sanya 572025, China; (G.A.K.); (Z.M.); (J.Z.)
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Allsman LA, Bellinger MA, Huang V, Duong M, Contreras A, Romero AN, Verboonen B, Sidhu S, Zhang X, Steinkraus H, Uyehara AN, Martinez SE, Sinclair RM, Soriano GS, Diep B, Byrd V. D, Noriega A, Drakakaki G, Sylvester AW, Rasmussen CG. Subcellular positioning during cell division and cell plate formation in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1204889. [PMID: 37484472 PMCID: PMC10360171 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1204889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction During proliferative plant cell division, the new cell wall, called the cell plate, is first built in the middle of the cell and then expands outward to complete cytokinesis. This dynamic process requires coordinated movement and arrangement of the cytoskeleton and organelles. Methods Here we use live-cell markers to track the dynamic reorganization of microtubules, nuclei, endoplasmic reticulum, and endomembrane compartments during division and the formation of the cell plate in maize leaf epidermal cells. Results The microtubule plus-end localized protein END BINDING1 (EB1) highlighted increasing microtubule dynamicity during mitosis to support rapid changes in microtubule structures. The localization of the cell-plate specific syntaxin KNOLLE, several RAB-GTPases, as well as two plasma membrane localized proteins was assessed after treatment with the cytokinesis-specific callose-deposition inhibitor Endosidin7 (ES7) and the microtubule-disrupting herbicide chlorpropham (CIPC). While ES7 caused cell plate defects in Arabidopsis thaliana, it did not alter callose accumulation, or disrupt cell plate formation in maize. In contrast, CIPC treatment of maize epidermal cells occasionally produced irregular cell plates that split or fragmented, but did not otherwise disrupt the accumulation of cell-plate localized proteins. Discussion Together, these markers provide a robust suite of tools to examine subcellular trafficking and organellar organization during mitosis and cell plate formation in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindy A. Allsman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Marschal A. Bellinger
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vivian Huang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Duong
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alondra Contreras
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Andrea N. Romero
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Benjamin Verboonen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Sukhmani Sidhu
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xiaoguo Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Holly Steinkraus
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Aimee N. Uyehara
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie E. Martinez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rosalie M. Sinclair
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Gabriela Salazar Soriano
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Beatrice Diep
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Dawson Byrd V.
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Alexander Noriega
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Anne W. Sylvester
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, United States
| | - Carolyn G. Rasmussen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Usman B, Nawaz G, Zhao N, Liao S, Liu Y, Li R. Precise Editing of the OsPYL9 Gene by RNA-Guided Cas9 Nuclease Confers Enhanced Drought Tolerance and Grain Yield in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) by Regulating Circadian Rhythm and Abiotic Stress Responsive Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217854. [PMID: 33113937 PMCID: PMC7660227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in regulating drought tolerance, and pyrabactin resistance-like (PYL) proteins are known as ABA receptors. To elucidate the role of one of the ABA receptors in rice, OsPYL9 was mutagenized through CRISPR/Cas9 in rice. Homozygous and heterozygous mutant plants lacking any off-targets and T-DNA were screened based on site-specific sequencing and used for morpho-physiological, molecular, and proteomic analysis. Mutant lines appear to accumulate higher ABA, antioxidant activities, chlorophyll content, leaf cuticular wax, and survival rate, whereas a lower malondialdehyde level, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and vascular bundles occur under stress conditions. Proteomic analysis found a total of 324 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), out of which 184 and 140 were up and downregulated, respectively. The OsPYL9 mutants showed an increase in grain yield under both drought and well watered field conditions. Most of the DEPs related to circadian clock rhythm, drought response, and reactive oxygen species were upregulated in the mutant plants. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that DEPs were only involved in circadian rhythm and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that most of the DEPs were involved in response to abiotic stimulus, and abscisic acid-activated signaling pathways. Protein GIGANTEA, Adagio-like, and Pseudo-response regulator proteins showed higher interaction in protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. Thus, the overall results showed that CRISPR/Cas9-generated OsPYL9 mutants have potential to improve both drought tolerance and the yield of rice. Furthermore, global proteome analysis provides new potential biomarkers and understandings of the molecular mechanism of rice drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babar Usman
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.U.); (G.N.); (N.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Gul Nawaz
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.U.); (G.N.); (N.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Neng Zhao
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.U.); (G.N.); (N.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shanyue Liao
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.U.); (G.N.); (N.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Yaoguang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agricultural Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.L.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-1908 (Y.L.); +86-136-0009-4135 (R.L.)
| | - Rongbai Li
- College of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (B.U.); (G.N.); (N.Z.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (R.L.); Tel.: +86-20-8528-1908 (Y.L.); +86-136-0009-4135 (R.L.)
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5
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Kassab E, Mehlmer N, Brueck T. GFP Scaffold-Based Engineering for the Production of Unbranched Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Escherichia coli With Oleic Acid and Cerulenin Supplementation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 7:408. [PMID: 31921813 PMCID: PMC6914682 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) for oleochemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or food applications are extracted from plant or marine organism resources, which is associated with a negative environmental impact. Therefore, there is an industrial demand to develop sustainable, microbial resources. Due to its ease of genetic modification and well-characterized metabolism, Escherichia coli has established itself as a model organism to study and tailor microbial fatty acid biosynthesis using a concerted genetic engineering approach. In this study, we systematically implemented a plant-derived (Arabidopsis thaliana) enzymatic cascade in Escherichia coli to enable unbranched VLCFA biosynthesis. The four Arabidopsis thaliana membrane-bound VLCFA enzymes were expressed using a synthetic expression cassette. To facilitate enzyme solubilization and interaction of the synthetic VLCFA synthase complex, we applied a self-assembly GFP scaffold. In order to initiate VLCFA biosynthesis, external oleic acid and cerulenin were supplemented to cultures. In this context, we detected the generation of arachidic (20:0), cis-11-eicosenoic (20:1) and cis-13-eicosenoic acid (20:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kassab
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Brueck
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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6
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Campbell AA, Stenback KE, Flyckt K, Hoang T, Perera MADN, Nikolau BJ. A single-cell platform for reconstituting and characterizing fatty acid elongase component enzymes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213620. [PMID: 30856216 PMCID: PMC6411113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids of more than 18-carbons, generally known as very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential for eukaryotic cell viability, and uniquely in terrestrial plants they are the precursors of the cuticular lipids that form the organism's outer barrier to the environment. VLCFAs are synthesized by fatty acid elongase (FAE), which is an integral membrane enzyme system with multiple components. The genetic complexity of the FAE system, and its membrane association has hampered the biochemical characterization of FAE. In this study we computationally identified Zea mays genetic sequences that encode the enzymatic components of FAE and developed a heterologous expression system to evaluate their functionality. The ability of the maize components to genetically complement Saccharomyces cerevisiae lethal mutants confirmed the functionality of ZmKCS4, ZmELO1, ZmKCR1, ZmKCR2, ZmHCD and ZmECR, and the VLCFA profiles of the resulting strains were used to infer the ability of each enzyme component to determine the product profile of FAE. These characterizations indicate that the product profile of the FAE system is an attribute shared among the KCS, ELO, and KCR components of FAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis A. Campbell
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- NSF-Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kenna E. Stenback
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- NSF-Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kayla Flyckt
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- NSF-Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Trang Hoang
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- NSF-Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - M Ann DN Perera
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Basil J. Nikolau
- Roy J Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Center for Metabolic Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- NSF-Engineering Research Center for Biorenewable Chemicals, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Chai G, Li C, Xu F, Li Y, Shi X, Wang Y, Wang Z. Three endoplasmic reticulum-associated fatty acyl-coenzyme a reductases were involved in the production of primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:41. [PMID: 29506473 PMCID: PMC5836450 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1256-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle covers the surface of the polysaccharide cell wall of leaf epidermal cells and forms an essential diffusion barrier between the plant and the environment. The cuticle is composed of cutin and wax. Cuticular wax plays an important role in the survival of plants by serving as the interface between plants and their biotic and abiotic environments, especially restricting nonstomatal water loss. Leaf cuticular waxes of hexaploid wheat at the seedling stage mainly consist of primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, alkane and esters. Primary alcohols account for more than 80% of the total wax load. Therefore, we cloned several genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases from wheat and analyzed their function in yeast and plants. We propose the potential use of these genes in wheat genetic breeding. RESULTS We reported the cloning and characterization of three TaFARs, namely TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8, encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductases (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 were expressed at the higher levels in the seedling leaf blades, and were expressed moderately or weakly in stamen, glumes, peduncle, flag leaf blade, sheath, spike, and pistil. The heterologous expression of three TaFARs in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to the production of C24:0 and C26:0 primary alcohols. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and rice (Oryza sativa) led to increased accumulation of C24:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. Transient expression of GFP protein-tagged TaFARs revealed that the three TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The three TaFAR genes were transcriptionally induced by drought, cold, heat, powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis) infection, abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJa) treatments. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that wheat TaFAR6, TaFAR7 and TaFAR8 are involved in biosynthesis of very-long-chain primary alcohols in hexaploid wheat and in response to multiple environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Xue Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 China
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8
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Hegebarth D, Buschhaus C, Joubès J, Thoraval D, Bird D, Jetter R. Arabidopsis ketoacyl-CoA synthase 16 (KCS16) forms C 36 /C 38 acyl precursors for leaf trichome and pavement surface wax. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1761-1776. [PMID: 28477442 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aliphatic waxes sealing plant surfaces against environmental stress are generated by fatty acid elongase complexes, each containing a β-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) enzyme that catalyses a crucial condensation forming a new C─C bond to extend the carbon backbone. The relatively high abundance of C35 and C37 alkanes derived from C36 and C38 acyl-CoAs in Arabidopsis leaf trichomes (relative to other epidermis cells) suggests differences in the elongation machineries of different epidermis cell types, possibly involving KCS16, a condensing enzyme expressed preferentially in trichomes. Here, KCS16 was found expressed primarily in Arabidopsis rosette leaves, flowers and siliques, and the corresponding protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. The cuticular waxes on young leaves and isolated leaf trichomes of ksc16 loss-of-function mutants were depleted of C35 and C37 alkanes and alkenes, whereas expression of Arabidopsis KCS16 in yeast and ectopic overexpression in Arabidopsis resulted in accumulation of C36 and C38 fatty acid products. Taken together, our results show that KCS16 is the sole enzyme catalysing the elongation of C34 to C38 acyl-CoAs in Arabidopsis leaf trichomes and that it contributes to the formation of extra-long compounds in adjacent pavement cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher Buschhaus
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5200, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Thoraval
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université de Bordeaux, UMR5200, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - David Bird
- Department of Biology, Mount Royal University, 4825 Mount Royal Gate SW, Calgary, Alberta, T3E 6K6, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
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9
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Li C, Zhao Z, Liu Y, Liang B, Guan S, Lan H, Wang J, Lu Y, Cao M. Comparative transcriptome analysis of isonuclear-alloplasmic lines unmask key transcription factor genes and metabolic pathways involved in sterility of maize CMS-C. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3408. [PMID: 28584730 PMCID: PMC5452966 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although C-type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS-C) is one of the most attractive tools for maize hybrid seed production, the detailed regulation network of the male sterility remains unclear. In order to identify the CMS-C sterility associated genes and/or pathways, the comparison of the transcriptomes between the CMS-C line C48-2 and its isonuclear-alloplasmic maintainer line N48-2 at pollen mother cell stage (PS), an early development stage of microspore, and mononuclear stage (MS), an abortive stage of microspore, were analyzed. 2,069 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two stages were detected and thought to be essential for the spikelet development of N48-2. 453 of the 2,069 DEGs were differentially expressed at MS stage between the two lines and thought to be participated in the process or the causes of microspore abortion. Among the 453 DEGs, 385 (84.99%) genes were down-regulated and only 68 (15.01%) genes were up-regulated in C48-2 at MS stage. The dramatic decreased expression of the four DEGs encoding MYB transcription factors and the DEGs involved in "polyamine metabolic process", "Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis", "Fatty acid elongation", "Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids" and "Proline metabolism" might play an important role in the sterility of C48-2. This study will point out some directions for detailed molecular analysis and better understanding of sterility of CMS-C in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Zhuofan Zhao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yongming Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Shuxian Guan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
| | - Moju Cao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, P.R. China
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10
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Liu Z, Fang Z, Zhuang M, Zhang Y, Lv H, Liu Y, Li Z, Sun P, Tang J, Liu D, Zhang Z, Yang L. Fine-Mapping and Analysis of Cgl1, a Gene Conferring Glossy Trait in Cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:239. [PMID: 28265282 PMCID: PMC5316545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular waxes covering the outer plant surface impart a whitish appearance. Wax-less cabbage mutant shows glossy in leaf surface and plays important roles in riching cabbage germplasm resources and breeding brilliant green cabbage. This is the first report describing the characterization and fine-mapping of a wax biosynthesis gene using a novel glossy Brassica oleracea mutant. In the present paper, we identified a glossy cabbage mutant (line10Q-961) with a brilliant green phenotype. Genetic analyses indicated that the glossy trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. Preliminary mapping results using an F2 population containing 189 recessive individuals revealed that the Cgl1 gene was located at the end of chromosome C08. Several new markers closely linked to the target gene were designed according to the cabbage reference genome sequence. Another population of 1,172 recessive F2 individuals was used to fine-map the Cgl1 gene to a 188.7-kb interval between the C08SSR61 simple sequence repeat marker and the end of chromosome C08. There were 33 genes located in this region. According to gene annotation and homology analyses, the Bol018504 gene, which is a homolog of CER1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, was the most likely candidate for the Cgl1 gene. Its coding and promoter regions were sequenced, which indicated that the RNA splice site was altered because of a 2,722-bp insertion in the first intron of Bol018504 in the glossy mutant. Based on the FGENESH 2.6 prediction and sequence alignments, the PLN02869 domain, which controls fatty aldehyde decarbonylase activity, was absent from the Bol018504 gene of the 10Q-961 glossy mutant. We inferred that the inserted sequence in Bol018504 may result in the glossy cabbage mutant. This study represents the first step toward the characterization of cuticular wax biosynthesis in B. oleracea, and may contribute to the breeding of new cabbage varieties exhibiting a brilliant green phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Mu Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yangyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Honghao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yumei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhansheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Peitian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dongming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhenxian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Limei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers – Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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11
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Wang M, Wang Y, Wu H, Xu J, Li T, Hegebarth D, Jetter R, Chen L, Wang Z. Three TaFAR genes function in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols and the response to abiotic stresses in Triticum aestivum. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25008. [PMID: 27112792 PMCID: PMC4845010 DOI: 10.1038/srep25008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cuticular waxes play crucial roles in protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. They are complex mixtures of very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives, including C20-C32 fatty alcohols. Here, we report the identification of 32 FAR-like genes and the detailed characterization of TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4, wax biosynthetic genes encoding fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR) in wheat leaf cuticle. Heterologous expression of the three TaFARs in wild-type yeast and mutated yeast showed that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 were predominantly responsible for the accumulation of C18:0, C28:0 and C24:0 primary alcohols, respectively. Transgenic expression of the three TaFARs in tomato fruit and Arabidopsis cer4 mutant led to increased production of C22:0-C30:0 primary alcohols. GFP-fusion protein injection assay showed that the three encoded TaFAR proteins were localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of wax biosynthesis. The transcriptional expression of the three TaFAR genes was induced by cold, salt, drought and ABA. Low air humidity led to increased expression of TaFAR genes and elevated wax accumulation in wheat leaves. Collectively, these data suggest that TaFAR2, TaFAR3 and TaFAR4 encode active alcohol-forming FARs involved in the synthesis of primary alcohol in wheat leaf and the response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hongqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daniela Hegebarth
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Letian Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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12
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Wang Y, Wang M, Sun Y, Wang Y, Li T, Chai G, Jiang W, Shan L, Li C, Xiao E, Wang Z. FAR5, a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase, is involved in primary alcohol biosynthesis of the leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1165-78. [PMID: 25468933 PMCID: PMC4438443 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A waxy cuticle that serves as a protective barrier against non-stomatal water loss and environmental damage coats the aerial surfaces of land plants. It comprises a cutin polymer matrix and waxes. Cuticular waxes are complex mixtures of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and their derivatives. Results show that primary alcohols are the major components of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaf blade cuticular waxes. Here, the characterization of TaFAR5 from wheat cv Xinong 2718, which is allelic to TAA1b, an anther-specific gene, is reported. Evidence is presented for a new function for TaFAR5 in the biosynthesis of primary alcohols of leaf blade cuticular wax in wheat. Expression of TaFAR5 cDNA in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) led to production of C22:0 primary alcohol. The transgenic expression of TaFAR5 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv MicroTom leaves resulted in the accumulation of C26:0, C28:0, and C30:0 primary alcohols. TaFAR5 encodes an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase (FAR). Expression analysis revealed that TaFAR5 was expressed at high levels in the leaf blades, anthers, pistils, and seeds. Fully functional green fluorescent protein-tagged TaFAR5 protein was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the site of primary alcohol biosynthesis. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the TaFAR5 protein possessed a molecular mass of 58.4kDa, and it was also shown that TaFAR5 transcript levels were regulated in response to drought, cold, and abscisic acid (ABA). Overall, these data suggest that TaFAR5 plays an important role in the synthesis of primary alcohols in wheat leaf blade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meiling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guaiqiang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liwei Shan
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunlian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Enshi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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13
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Liu Q, Wen C, Zhao H, Zhang L, Wang J, Wang Y. RNA-Seq reveals leaf cuticular wax-related genes in Welsh onion. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113290. [PMID: 25415343 PMCID: PMC4240658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The waxy cuticle plays a very important role in plant resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses and is an important characteristic of Welsh onions. Two different types of biangan Welsh onions (BG) were selected for this study: BG, a wild-type covered by wax, which forms a continuous lipid membrane on its epidermal cells, and GLBG, a glossy mutant of BG whose epidermal cells are not covered by wax. To elucidate the waxy cuticle-related gene expression changes, we used RNA-Seq to compare these two Welsh onion varieties with distinct differences in cuticular wax. The de novo assembly yielded 42,881 putative unigenes, 25.41% of which are longer than 1,000 bp. Among the high-quality unique sequences, 22,289 (52.0%) had at least one significant match to an existing gene model. A total of 798 genes, representing 1.86% of the total putative unigenes, were differentially expressed between these two Welsh onion varieties. The expression patterns of four important unigenes that are related to waxy cuticle biosynthesis were confirmed by RT-qPCR and COG class annotation, which demonstrated that these genes play an important role in defense mechanisms and lipid transport and metabolism. To our knowledge, this study is the first exploration of the Welsh onion waxy cuticle. These results may help to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the waxy cuticle and will be useful for waxy gene cloning, genetics and breeding as well as phylogenetic and evolutionary studies of the Welsh onion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianchun Liu
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
| | - Changlong Wen
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
| | - Liying Zhang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Beijing Vegetable Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences/Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100097, P.R. China
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14
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Mertz RA, Brutnell TP. Bundle sheath suberization in grass leaves: multiple barriers to characterization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:3371-80. [PMID: 24659485 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High-yielding, stress-tolerant grass crops are essential to meet future food and energy demands. Efforts are underway to engineer improved varieties of the C3 cereal crop rice by introducing NADP-malic enzyme C4 photosynthesis using maize as a model system. However, several modifications to the rice leaf vasculature are potentially necessary, including the introduction of suberin lamellae into the bundle sheath cell walls. Suberized cell walls are ubiquitous in the root endodermis of all grasses, and developmental similarities are apparent between endodermis and bundle sheath cell walls. Nonetheless, there is considerable heterogeneity in sheath cell development and suberin composition both within and between grass taxa. The effect of this variation on physiological function remains ambiguous over forty years after suberin lamellae were initially proposed to regulate solute and photoassimilate fluxes and C4 gas exchange. Interspecies variation has confounded efforts to ascribe physiological differences specifically to the presence or absence of suberin lamellae. Thus, specific perturbation of suberization within a uniform genetic background is needed, but, until recently, the genetic resources to manipulate suberin composition in the grasses were largely unavailable. The recent dissection of the suberin biosynthesis pathway in model dicots and the identification of several promising candidate genes in model grasses will facilitate the characterization of the first suberin biosynthesis genes in a monocot. Much remains to be learned about the role of bundle sheath suberization in leaf physiology, but the stage is set for significant advances in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Mertz
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St Louis, MO 63132, USA
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15
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Zhou L, Ni E, Yang J, Zhou H, Liang H, Li J, Jiang D, Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhuang C. Rice OsGL1-6 is involved in leaf cuticular wax accumulation and drought resistance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65139. [PMID: 23741473 PMCID: PMC3669293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax is a class of organic compounds that comprises the outermost layer of plant surfaces. Plant cuticular wax, the last barrier of self-defense, plays an important role in plant growth and development. The OsGL1-6 gene, a member of the fatty aldehyde decarbonylase gene family, is highly homologous to Arabidopsis CER1, which is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis. However, whether OsGL1-6 participates in cuticular wax biosynthesis remains unknown. In this study, an OsGL1-6 antisense-RNA vector driven by its own promoter was constructed and introduced into the rice variety Zhonghua11 by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to obtain several independent transgenic plants with decreased OsGL1-6 expression. These OsGL1-6 antisense-RNA transgenic plants showed droopy leaves at the booting stage, significantly decreased leaf cuticular wax deposition, thinner cuticle membrane, increased chlorophyll leaching and water loss rates, and enhanced drought sensitivity. The OsGL1-6 gene was constitutively expressed in all examined organs and was very highly expressed in leaf epidermal cells and vascular bundles. The transient expression of OsGL1-6-GFP fusion indicated that OsGL1-6 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the wax composition using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed a significantly reduced total cuticular wax load on the leaf blades of the OsGL1-6 antisense-RNA transgenic plants as well as markedly decreased alkane and aldehyde contents. Their primary alcohol contents increased significantly compared with those in the wild type plants, suggesting that OsGL1-6 is associated with the decarbonylation pathways in wax biosynthesis. We propose that OsGL1-6 is involved in the accumulation of leaf cuticular wax and directly impacts drought resistance in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Zhou
- Laboratory Center of Basic Biology and Biotechnology, Education Department of Guangdong Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Erdong Ni
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Liang
- Laboratory Center of Basic Biology and Biotechnology, Education Department of Guangdong Province, College of Life Sciences, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dagang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenlan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuxiong Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Li W. Genetic interactions underlying the biosynthesis and inhibition of β-diketones in wheat and their impact on glaucousness and cuticle permeability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54129. [PMID: 23349804 PMCID: PMC3547958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuticular wax composition greatly impacts plant responses to dehydration. Two parallel pathways exist in Triticeae for manipulating wax composition: the acyl elongation, reduction, and decarbonylation pathway that is active at the vegetative stage and yields primary alcohols and alkanes, and the β-diketone pathway that predominates at the reproductive stage and synthesizes β-diketones. Variation in glaucousness during the reproductive stage of wheat is mainly controlled by the wax production genes, W1 and W2, and wax inhibitor genes, Iw1 and Iw2. Little is known about the metabolic and physiological effects of the genetic interactions among these genes and their roles in shifting wax composition during plant development. We characterized the effect of W1, W2, Iw1, and Iw2 and analyzed their interaction using a set of six near-isogenic lines (NILs) by metabolic, molecular and physiological approaches. Loss of functional alleles of both W genes or the presence of either Iw gene depletes β-diketones and results in the nonglaucous phenotype. Elimination of β-diketones is compensated for by an increase in aldehydes and primary alcohols in the Iw NILs. Accordingly, transcription of CER4-6, which encodes an alcohol-forming fatty acyl-CoA reductase, was elevated 120-fold in iw1Iw2. CER4-6 was transcribed at much higher levels in seedlings than in adult plants, and showed little difference between the glaucous and nonglaucous NILs, suggesting that Iw2 counteracts the developmental repression of CER4-6 at the reproductive stage. While W1 and W2 redundantly function in β-diketone biosynthesis, a combination of both functional alleles led to the β-diketone hydroxylation. Consistent with this, transcription of MAH1-9, which encodes a mid-chain alkane hydroxylase, increased seven-fold only in W1W2. In parallel with the hydroxyl-β-diketone production patterns, glaucousness was intensified and cuticle permeability was reduced significantly in W1W2 compared to the other NILs. This suggests that both W1 and W2 are required for enhancing drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Zhang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Wanlong Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Komatsu S, Kuji R, Nanjo Y, Hiraga S, Furukawa K. Comprehensive analysis of endoplasmic reticulum-enriched fraction in root tips of soybean under flooding stress using proteomics techniques. J Proteomics 2012; 77:531-60. [PMID: 23041469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Flooding is a serious problem for soybean cultivation because it markedly reduces growth and grain yields. Here, 2 proteomics techniques were used to evaluate whether endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-enriched fraction is altered in soybean under flooding stress. Two-day-old soybeans were treated with flooding for 2 days, and rough ER-enriched fraction was then purified from root tips. Flooding-responsive protein of ER-enriched fraction was identified using gel-free and 1D-gel based proteomics techniques, and 117 proteins were increased and 212 proteins were decreased in soybean root tips in response to flooding stress. Among the identified proteins, 111 were functionally categorized as being involved in protein synthesis, post-translational modification, protein folding, protein degradation, and protein activation. Among differentially regulated proteins, the mRNA expression levels of 14 proteins that were predicted to be localized in the ER were analyzed. Notably, 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase 1 was up-regulated and eight genes related to stress, hormone metabolism, cell wall and DNA repair were down-regulated within 1 day under flooding conditions. In addition, the expression of luminal-binding protein 5 was specifically induced in flood-stressed roots, whereas arabinogalactan protein 2 and methyltransferase PMT2 were down-regulated. Taken together, these results suggest that flooding mainly affects the function of protein synthesis and glycosylation in the ER in root tips of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsuko Komatsu
- National Institute of Crop Science, Tsukuba 305-8518, Japan.
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18
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Kirienko DR, Luo A, Sylvester AW. Reliable transient transformation of intact maize leaf cells for functional genomics and experimental study. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 159:1309-18. [PMID: 22706447 PMCID: PMC3425180 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.199737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) transformation routinely produces stable transgenic lines essential for functional genomics; however, transient expression of target proteins in maize cells is not yet routine. Such techniques are critical for rapid testing of transgene constructs and for experimental studies. Here, we report bombardment methods that depend on leaf developmental stage and result in successful expression with broad applications. Fluorescent marker genes were constructed and bombarded into five developmental regions in a growing maize leaf. Expression efficiency was highest in the basal-most 3 cm above the ligule of an approximately 50-cm growing adult leaf. Straightforward dissection procedures provide access to the receptive leaf regions, increasing efficiency from less than one transformant per cm(2) to over 21 transformants per cm(2). Successful expression was routine for proteins from full genomic sequences driven by native regulatory regions and from complementary DNA sequences driven by the constitutive maize polyubiquitin promoter and a heterologous terminator. Four tested fusion proteins, maize PROTEIN DISULFIDE ISOMERASE-Yellow Fluorescent Protein, GLOSSY8a-monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein and maize XYLOSYLTRANSFERASE, and maize Rho-of-Plants7-monomeric Teal Fluorescent Protein, localized as predicted in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and plasma membrane, respectively. Localization patterns were similar between transient and stable modes of expression, and cotransformation was equally successful. Coexpression was also demonstrated by transiently transforming cells in a stable line expressing a second marker protein, thus increasing the utility of a single stable transformant. Given the ease of dissection procedures, this method replaces heterologous expression assays with a more direct, native, and informative system, and the techniques will be useful for localization, colocalization, and functional studies.
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Mao B, Cheng Z, Lei C, Xu F, Gao S, Ren Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang J, Wu F, Guo X, Liu X, Wu C, Wang H, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf2, a rice homologue of WAX2/GL1, is involved in synthesis of leaf cuticular wax. PLANTA 2012; 235:39-52. [PMID: 21809091 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Epicuticular wax in plants limits non-stomatal water loss, inhibits postgenital organ fusion, protects plants against damage from UV radiation and imposes a physical barrier against pathogen infection. Here, we give a detailed description of the genetic, physiological and morphological consequences of a mutation in the rice gene WSL2, based on a comparison between the wild-type and an EMS mutant. The mutant's leaf cuticle membrane is thicker and less organized than that of the wild type, and its total wax content is diminished by ~80%. The mutant is also more sensitive to drought stress. WSL2 was isolated by positional cloning, and was shown to encode a homologue of the Arabidopsis thaliana genes CER3/WAX2/YRE/FLP1 and the maize gene GL1. It is expressed throughout the plant, except in the root. A transient assay carried out in both A. thaliana and rice protoplasts showed that the gene product is deposited in the endoplasmic reticulum. An analysis of the overall composition of the wax revealed that the mutant produces a substantially reduced quantity of C22-C32 fatty acids, which suggests that the function of WSL2 is associated with the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigang Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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20
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Mao B, Cheng Z, Lei C, Xu F, Gao S, Ren Y, Wang J, Zhang X, Wang J, Wu F, Guo X, Liu X, Wu C, Wang H, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf2, a rice homologue of WAX2/GL1, is involved in synthesis of leaf cuticular wax. PLANTA 2012; 235:39-52. [PMID: 21809091 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1481-1481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Epicuticular wax in plants limits non-stomatal water loss, inhibits postgenital organ fusion, protects plants against damage from UV radiation and imposes a physical barrier against pathogen infection. Here, we give a detailed description of the genetic, physiological and morphological consequences of a mutation in the rice gene WSL2, based on a comparison between the wild-type and an EMS mutant. The mutant's leaf cuticle membrane is thicker and less organized than that of the wild type, and its total wax content is diminished by ~80%. The mutant is also more sensitive to drought stress. WSL2 was isolated by positional cloning, and was shown to encode a homologue of the Arabidopsis thaliana genes CER3/WAX2/YRE/FLP1 and the maize gene GL1. It is expressed throughout the plant, except in the root. A transient assay carried out in both A. thaliana and rice protoplasts showed that the gene product is deposited in the endoplasmic reticulum. An analysis of the overall composition of the wax revealed that the mutant produces a substantially reduced quantity of C22-C32 fatty acids, which suggests that the function of WSL2 is associated with the elongation of very long-chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bigang Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
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21
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Perera MADN, Qin W, Yandeau-Nelson M, Fan L, Dixon P, Nikolau BJ. Biological origins of normal-chain hydrocarbons: a pathway model based on cuticular wax analyses of maize silks. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 64:618-32. [PMID: 21070415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain normal hydrocarbons (e.g. alkanes, alkenes and dienes) are rare biological molecules and their biosynthetic origins are obscure. Detailed analyses of the surface lipids that accumulate on maize silks have revealed that these hydrocarbons constitute a large portion (>90%) of the cuticular waxes that coat this organ, which contrasts with the situation on maize seedling leaves, where the cuticular waxes are primary alcohols and aldehydes. The normal hydrocarbons that occur on silks are part of a homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and dienes of odd-number carbon atoms, ranging between 19 and 33 in number. The alkenes and dienes consist of a homologous series, each of which has double bonds situated at defined positions of the alkyl chains: alkenes have double bonds situated at the sixth, ninth or 12th positions, and dienes have double bonds situated at the sixth and ninth, or ninth and twelfth positions. Finding a homologous series of unsaturated aldehydes and fatty acids suggests that these alkenes and dienes are biosynthesized by a series of parallel pathways of fatty-acid elongation and desaturation reactions, which are followed by sequential reduction and decarbonylation. In addition, the silk cuticular waxes contain metabolically related unsaturated long-chain methylketones, which probably arise via a decarboxylation mechanism. Finally, metabolite profiling analyses of the cuticular waxes of two maize inbred lines (B73 and Mo17), and their genetic hybrids, have provided insights into the genetic control network of these biosynthetic pathways, and that the genetic regulation of these pathways display best-parent heterotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ann D N Perera
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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Pang Y, Song WQ, Chen FY, Qin YM. A new cotton SDR family gene encodes a polypeptide possessing aldehyde reductase and 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase activities. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:320-6. [PMID: 20370610 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To understand regulatory mechanisms of cotton fiber development, microarray analysis has been performed for upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). Based on this, a cDNA (GhKCR3) encoding a polypeptide belonging to short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase family was isolated and cloned. It contains an open reading frame of 987 bp encoding a polypeptide of 328 amino acid residues. Following its overexpression in bacterial cells, the purified recombinant protein specifically uses NADPH to reduce a variety of short-chain aldehydes. A fragment between Gly180 and Gly191 was found to be essential for its catalytic activity. Though the GhKCR3 gene shares low sequence similarities to the ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YBR159w that encodes 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) catalyzing the second step of fatty acid elongation, it was surprisingly able to complement the yeast ybr159wDelta mutant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that very long-chain fatty acids, especially C26:0, were produced in the ybr159wDelta mutant cells expressing GhKCR3. Applying palmitoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates, GhKCR3 showed KCR activity in vitro. Quantitative real time-PCR analysis indicated GhKCR3 transcripts accumulated in rapidly elongating fibers, roots, and stems. Our results suggest that GhKCR3 is probably a novel KCR contributing to very long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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23
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Li W, Wu J, Weng S, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Shi C. Characterization and fine mapping of the glabrous leaf and hull mutants (gl1) in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2010; 29:617-27. [PMID: 20376671 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The glabrous leaf and hull (gl1) mutants were isolated from M(2) generation of indica cultivar 93-11. These mutants produced smooth leaves and hairless glumes under normal growth conditions. By analyzing through scanning electron microscope, it was revealed that the leaf trichomes, including macro and micro hairs, were deficient in these mutants. Genetic analysis indicated that the mutation was controlled by a single recessive gene. Using nine SSR markers and one InDel marker, the gl1 gene was mapped between RM1200 and RM2010 at the short arm of chromosome 5, which was consistent with the mapping of gl1 in previous studies. To facilitate the map-based cloning of the gl1 gene, 12 new InDel markers were developed. A high-resolution genetic and physical map was constructed by using 1,396 mutant individuals of F(2) mapping population. Finally, the gl1 was fine mapped in 54-kb region containing 10 annotated genes. Cloning and sequencing of the target region from four gl1 mutants (gl1-1, gl1-2, gl1-3 and gl1-4) and four glabrous rice varieties (Jackson, Jefferson, Katy and Lemont) all showed that the same single point mutation (A-->T) occurred in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of the locus Os05g0118900 (corresponding to the 3'-UTR of STAR2). RT-PCR analysis of the locus Os05g0118900 revealed that its mRNA expression level was normal in gl1 mutant. RNA secondary structure prediction showed that the single point mutation resulted in a striking RNA conformational change. These results suggest that the single point mutation is most likely responsible for the glabrous leaf and hull phenotypes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Li
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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DLA-based strategies for cloning insertion mutants: cloning the gl4 locus of maize using Mu transposon tagged alleles. Genetics 2009; 183:1215-25. [PMID: 19805815 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.109.108936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Digestion-ligation-amplification (DLA), a novel adaptor-mediated PCR-based method that uses a single-stranded oligo as the adaptor, was developed to overcome difficulties of amplifying unknown sequences flanking known DNA sequences in large genomes. DLA specifically overcomes the problems associated with existing methods for amplifying genomic sequences flanking Mu transposons, including high levels of nonspecific amplification. Two DLA-based strategies, MuClone and DLA-454, were developed to isolate Mu-tagged alleles. MuClone allows for the amplification of subsets of the numerous Mu transposons in the genome, using unique three-nucleotide tags at the 3' ends of primers, simplifying the identification of flanking sequences that cosegregate with mutant phenotypes caused by Mu insertions. DLA-454, which combines DLA with 454 pyrosequencing, permits the efficient cloning of genes for which multiple independent insertion alleles are available without the need to develop segregating populations. The utility of each approach was validated by independently cloning the gl4 (glossy4) gene. Mutants of gl4 lack the normal accumulation of epicuticular waxes. The gl4 gene is a homolog of the Arabidopsis CUT1 gene, which encodes a condensing enzyme involved in the synthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids, which are precursors of epicuticular waxes.
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25
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Reina-Pinto JJ, Yephremov A. Surface lipids and plant defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2009; 47:540-9. [PMID: 19230697 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 01/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The major function of the plant epidermis is to form the cuticle, a functional permeability barrier of the cell wall which prevents excessive water loss and the entry of harmful substances and pathogens into the host. This type of cell wall modification is mainly composed of a polyester matrix, cutin, and soluble waxes embedded in the matrix and deposited on the external surface. Cuticle-associated proteins may also be important. Recent observations are starting to reveal complex inter-relationships between cuticular lipids and immunity. This suggests that the cuticle is not simply a physical barrier, but a dynamic host defense with signaling circuits and effector molecules. Furthermore, these studies have also demonstrated that cuticular lipids and immunity may intersect in common pathways, although the significance of this is not fully understood. In this review, we examine the functions of the plant cuticle in host-pathogen interactions, and discuss the possibilities of integrating the membrane and cuticular glycerolipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Reina-Pinto
- Max-Planck-Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Ab. Molekulare Pflanzengenetik, Köln, Germany
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26
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Ni Y, Guo YJ. [Progress in the study on genes encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids and cuticular wax in plants]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2009; 30:561-7. [PMID: 18487144 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) play a comprehensive role in organisms. They are essential biological components in seed storage triacylglycerols (TAGs), membrane lipids, and sphingolipids. They also serve as precursors of wax layer compounds. The cuticle covers the aerial surface of land plants, which consists of cutin and wax. The wax, including amorphous intracuticular wax embedded in cutin polymer and epicuticular wax crystalloids that cover the outer plant surface, plays crucial roles in plant growth and development, and adaptation to environment. Biosynthesis of VLCFAs is catalyzed by the fatty acyl-CoA elongase, a membrane-bound enzymatic complex containing 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS), 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR), 3-hydroxacyl-CoA dehydratase (HCD), and trans-2, 3-enoyl-CoA reductase (ECR). Very long chain fatty acid wax precursors flux into cuticular wax biosynthetic pathways through acyl reduction and decarbonylation, and then are converted to all kinds of wax components. This article reviews the functions of VLCFAs and cuticular wax, and the recent progress in cloning and characterization of genes encoding enzymes involved in catalyzing VLCFAs and cuticular wax biosynthesis. The problems existing in researches of wax genes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ni
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Burow GB, Franks CD, Acosta-Martinez V, Xin Z. Molecular mapping and characterization of BLMC, a locus for profuse wax (bloom) and enhanced cuticular features of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2009; 118:423-31. [PMID: 18985313 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0908-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/27/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum is distinct from other cereal crops due to its ability to produce profuse amount of epicuticular wax (EW or bloom) on its culm and leaves along with less permeable cuticle which are considered to be important traits contributing to abiotic stress tolerance. Here, we report the molecular mapping and characterization of BL OO M-C UTICLE (BLMC), a locus associated with production of profuse wax, using a mutant mapping population developed from a cross between BTx623 (wild type with profuse wax) and KFS2021 (a mutant with greatly reduced wax). The F2 progenies were genotyped using known and newly developed microsatellite markers to establish a molecular map of BLMC. The locus mapped to a 3.6-centimorgans (cM) interval in the terminal end of sorghum chromosome 10 with flanking markers Xsbarslbk10.47 and Xcup42. Targeted mapping delimited BLMC to as small as 0.7 cM region and facilitated identification of three cosegregating markers with the trait. The BLMC region corresponds to approximately 153,000 bp and candidate genes identified include among others an acyl CoA oxidase (a gene involved in lipid and wax biosynthesis) and seven other putative transcripts. Phenotypic characterization showed that in addition to disrupting the EW production, BLMC mutation reduced culm and leaf cuticle, increased plant death rating in the field at anthesis and significantly reduced the C:28 to C:30 free fatty acid fractions of culm and leaf EW. These results clearly support the important role of BLMC in the expression of profuse wax and enhanced cuticular features of sorghum. Genetic mapping of BLMC opened avenues for identification of genes involved in the cuticle/wax pathway of sorghum and their application for improvement of abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria B Burow
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, USDA ARS, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79415, USA.
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Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Plants — Metabolic Pathways, Structure and Organization. LIPIDS IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Joubès J, Raffaele S, Bourdenx B, Garcia C, Laroche-Traineau J, Moreau P, Domergue F, Lessire R. The VLCFA elongase gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana: phylogenetic analysis, 3D modelling and expression profiling. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 67:547-66. [PMID: 18465198 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-008-9339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As precursors of wax compounds, very long chain fatty acids participate in the limitation of non-stomatal water loss and the prevention of pathogen attacks. They also serve as energy storage in seeds and as membrane building blocks. Their biosynthesis is catalyzed by the acyl-CoA elongase, a membrane-bound enzymatic complex containing four distinct enzymes (KCS, KCR, HCD and ECR). Twenty-one 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) genes have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana genome. In this paper we present an overview of the acyl-CoA elongase genes in Arabidopsis focusing on the entire KCS family. We show that the KCS family is made up of 8 distinct subclasses, according to their phylogeny, duplication history, genomic organization, protein topology and 3D modelling. The analysis of the subcellular localization in tobacco cells of the different subunits of the acyl-CoA elongase shows that all these proteins are localized in the endoplasmic reticulum demonstrating that VLCFA production occurs in this compartment. The expression patterns in Arabidopsis of the acyl-CoA elongase genes suggest several levels of regulations at the tissular or organ level but also under stress conditions suggesting a complex organization of this multigenic family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Joubès
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Université Victor Ségalen Bordeaux 2, CNRS, UMR5200, 146 rue Léo Saignat, Case 92, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Jetter R, Kunst L. Plant surface lipid biosynthetic pathways and their utility for metabolic engineering of waxes and hydrocarbon biofuels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:670-83. [PMID: 18476871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their unique physical properties, waxes are high-value materials that are used in a variety of industrial applications. They are generated by chemical synthesis, extracted from fossil sources, or harvested from a small number of plant and animal species. As a result, the diversity of chemical structures in commercial waxes is low and so are their yields. These limitations can be overcome by engineering of wax biosynthetic pathways in the seeds of high-yielding oil crops to produce designer waxes for specific industrial end uses. In this review, we first summarize the current knowledge regarding the genes and enzymes generating the chemical diversity of cuticular waxes that accumulate at the surfaces of primary plant organs. We then consider the potential of cuticle biosynthetic genes for biotechnological wax production, focusing on selected examples of wax ester chain lengths and isomers. Finally, we discuss the genes/enzymes of cuticular alkane biosynthesis and their potential in future metabolic engineering of plants for the production of renewable hydrocarbon fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Jetter
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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31
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Entchev EV, Schwudke D, Zagoriy V, Matyash V, Bogdanova A, Habermann B, Zhu L, Shevchenko A, Kurzchalia TV. LET-767 is required for the production of branched chain and long chain fatty acids in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17550-60. [PMID: 18390550 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m800965200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
LET-767 from Caenorhabditis elegans belongs to a family of short chain dehydrogenases/reductases and is homologous to 17beta-hydroxysterol dehydrogenases of type 3 and 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductases. Worms subjected to RNA interference (RNAi) of let-767 displayed multiple growth and developmental defects in the first generation and arrested in the second generation as L1 larvae. To determine the function of LET-767 in vivo, we exploited a biochemical complementation approach, in which let-767 (RNAi)-arrested larvae were rescued by feeding with compounds isolated from wild type worms. The arrest was only rescued by the addition of triacylglycerides extracted from worms but not from various natural sources, such as animal fats and plant oils. The mass spectrometric analyses showed alterations in the fatty acid content of triacylglycerides. Essential for the rescue were odd-numbered fatty acids with monomethyl branched chains. The rescue was improved when worms were additionally supplemented with long chain even-numbered fatty acids. Remarkably, let-767 completely rescued the yeast 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase mutant (ybr159Delta). Because worm ceramides exclusively contain a monomethyl branched chain sphingoid base, we also investigated ceramides in let-767 (RNAi). Indeed, the amount of ceramides was greatly reduced, and unusual sphingoid bases were observed. Taken together, we conclude that LET-767 is a major 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase in C. elegans required for the bulk production of monomethyl branched and long chain fatty acids, and the developmental arrest in let-767 (RNAi) worms is caused by the deficiency of the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugeni V Entchev
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstrasse 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Raffaele S, Vailleau F, Léger A, Joubès J, Miersch O, Huard C, Blée E, Mongrand S, Domergue F, Roby D. A MYB transcription factor regulates very-long-chain fatty acid biosynthesis for activation of the hypersensitive cell death response in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2008; 20:752-67. [PMID: 18326828 PMCID: PMC2329921 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.107.054858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 11/30/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant immune responses to pathogen attack include the hypersensitive response (HR), a form of programmed cell death occurring at invasion sites. We previously reported on Arabidopsis thaliana MYB30, a transcription factor that acts as a positive regulator of a cell death pathway conditioning the HR. Here, we show by microarray analyses of Arabidopsis plants misexpressing MYB30 that the genes encoding the four enzymes forming the acyl-coA elongase complex are putative MYB30 targets. The acyl-coA elongase complex synthesizes very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), and the accumulation of extracellular VLCFA-derived metabolites (leaf epidermal wax components) was affected in MYB30 knockout mutant and overexpressing lines. In the same lines, a lipid extraction procedure allowing high recovery of sphingolipids revealed changes in VLCFA contents that were amplified in response to inoculation. Finally, the exacerbated HR phenotype of MYB30-overexpressing lines was altered by the loss of function of the acyl-ACP thioesterase FATB, which causes severe defects in the supply of fatty acids for VLCFA biosynthesis. Based on these findings, we propose a model in which MYB30 modulates HR via VLCFAs by themselves, or VLCFA derivatives, as cell death messengers in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Raffaele
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 2594/441, 31320 Castanet-Tolosan cedex, France
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Samuels L, Kunst L, Jetter R. Sealing plant surfaces: cuticular wax formation by epidermal cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 59:683-707. [PMID: 18251711 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.103006.093219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The vital importance of plant surface wax in protecting tissue from environmental stresses is reflected in the huge commitment of epidermal cells to cuticle formation. During cuticle deposition, a massive flux of lipids occurs from the sites of lipid synthesis in the plastid and the endoplasmic reticulum to the plant surface. Recent genetic studies in Arabidopsis have improved our understanding of fatty acid elongation and of the subsequent modification of the elongated products into primary alcohols, wax esters, secondary alcohols, and ketones, shedding light on the enzymes involved in these pathways. In contrast, the biosynthesis of alkanes is still poorly understood, as are the mechanisms of wax transport from the site of biosynthesis to the cuticle. Currently, nothing is known about wax trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane, or about translocation through the cell wall to the cuticle. However, a first breakthrough toward an understanding of wax export recently came with the discovery of ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are involved in releasing wax from the plasma membrane into the apoplast. An overview of our present knowledge of wax biosynthesis and transport and the regulation of these processes during cuticle assembly is presented, including the evidence for coordination of cutin polyester and wax production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.
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Richardson A, Boscari A, Schreiber L, Kerstiens G, Jarvis M, Herzyk P, Fricke W. Cloning and expression analysis of candidate genes involved in wax deposition along the growing barley (Hordeum vulgare) leaf. PLANTA 2007; 226:1459-73. [PMID: 17661078 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to isolate clones of genes which are likely to be involved in wax deposition on barley leaves. Of particular interest were those genes which encode proteins that take part in the synthesis and further modification of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), the precursors of waxes. Previously, it had been shown that wax deposition commences within a spatially well-defined developmental zone along the growing barley leaf (Richardson et al. in Planta 222:472-483, 2005). In the present study, a barley microarray approach was used to screen for candidate contig-sequences (www.barleybase.org) that are expressed particularly in those leaf zones where wax deposition occurs and which are expressed specifically within the epidermis, the site of wax synthesis. Candidate contigs were used to screen an established in-house cDNA library of barley. Six full-length coding sequences clones were isolated. Based on sequence homologies, three clones were related to Arabidopsis CER6/CUT1, and these clones were termed HvCUT1;1, HvCUT1;2 and HvCUT1;3. A fourth clone, which was related to Arabidopsis Fiddlehead (FDH), was termed HvFDH1;1. These clones are likely to be involved in synthesis of VLCFAs. A fifth and sixth clone were related to Arabidopsis CER1, and were termed HvCER1;1 and HvCER1;2. These clones are likely to be involved in the decarbonylation pathway of VLCFAs. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR confirmed microarray expression data. In addition, expression analyses at 10-mm resolution along the blade suggest that HvCUT1;1 (and possibly HvCUT1;2) and HvCER1;1 are involved in commencement of wax deposition during barley leaf epidermal cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Richardson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Paisley, Paisley PA1 2BE, Scotland, UK
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Paul S, Gable K, Dunn TM. A six-membrane-spanning topology for yeast and Arabidopsis Tsc13p, the enoyl reductases of the microsomal fatty acid elongating system. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19237-46. [PMID: 17463005 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701774200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The very long chain fatty acids are crucial building blocks of essential lipids, most notably the sphingolipids. These elongated fatty acids are synthesized by a system of enzymes that are organized in a complex within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Although several of the components of the elongase complex have recently been identified, little is known about how these proteins are organized within the membrane or about how they interact with one another during fatty acid elongation. In this study the topology of Tsc13p, the enoyl reductase of the elongase system, was investigated. The N and C termini of Tsc13p reside in the cytoplasm, and six putative membrane-spanning domains were identified by insertion of glycosylation and factor Xa cleavage sites at various positions. The N-terminal domain including the first membrane-spanning segment contains sufficient information for targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Studies of the Arabidopsis Tsc13p protein revealed a similar topology. Highly conserved domains of the Tsc13p proteins that are likely to be important for enzymatic activity lie on the cytosolic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, possibly partially embedded within the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20184, USA
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von Wettstein-Knowles P. Analyses of barley spike mutant waxes identify alkenes, cyclopropanes and internally branched alkanes with dominating isomers at carbon 9. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 49:250-64. [PMID: 17241448 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2006.02956.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
About 15% of the epidermal wax on Hordeum vulgare cv. Bonus barley spikes is n-alkanes. Longer homologues are greatly reduced in the eceriferum mutants, cer-a(6), cer-e(8), cer-n(26), cer-n(53), cer-n(985), cer-x(60), cer-yc(135) and cer-yl(187). Simultaneously hydrocarbons accounting for only traces in the wild-type become prominent in the mutants, although their chain-length distributions remain unchanged. Accordingly several new hydrocarbon series were identified. The two major ones were C(23)-C(35)cis monoenoic alkenes (the major 9-ene isomer was part of a homologous series including 11, 13 and 15-enes), and the novel C(27)-C(31) cyclopropanes (the ring carbons of major isomers were 9,10 and 11,12 with lesser amounts of 13,14). Three minor series included 2- and 3-methylalkanes plus C(25)-C(33) internally branched alkanes (methyls on carbons 9, 11, 13, 15 or 17; shorter homologues dominated by the 9 isomer, longer homologues by 11, 13 or 15 isomers). Acyl chains destined for spike waxes are synthesized via acyl and polyketide elongase systems plus associated reductive and decarbonylative/decarboxylative enzyme systems. Both elongation systems are defective in synthesizing C(32) acyl chains in all nine mutants. The similarities in the position of the chemical groups (primarily on carbon 9, secondarily on carbon 11) of the alkenes, cyclopropanes and internally branched methyl alkanes imply an origin from a common, hitherto unrecognized associated pathway in barley, designated the enoic pathway. The elongation system leading to the enoic derived hydrocarbons differs from the known elongation systems by inclusion of a mechanism for introducing a double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny von Wettstein-Knowles
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Jung KH, Han MJ, Lee DY, Lee YS, Schreiber L, Franke R, Faust A, Yephremov A, Saedler H, Kim YW, Hwang I, An G. Wax-deficient anther1 is involved in cuticle and wax production in rice anther walls and is required for pollen development. THE PLANT CELL 2006; 18:3015-32. [PMID: 17138699 PMCID: PMC1693940 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 09/08/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In vegetative leaf tissues, cuticles including cuticular waxes are important for protection against nonstomatal water loss and pathogen infection as well as for adaptations to environmental stress. However, their roles in the anther wall are rarely studied. The innermost layer of the anther wall (the tapetum) is essential for generating male gametes. Here, we report the characterization of a T-DNA insertional mutant in the Wax-deficient anther1 (Wda1) gene of rice (Oryza sativa), which shows significant defects in the biosynthesis of very-long-chain fatty acids in both layers. This gene is strongly expressed in the epidermal cells of anthers. Scanning electron microscopy analyses showed that epicuticular wax crystals were absent in the outer layer of the anther and that microspore development was severely retarded and finally disrupted as a result of defective pollen exine formation in the mutant anthers. These biochemical and developmental defects in tapetum found in wda1 mutants are earlier events than those in other male-sterile mutants, which showed defects of lipidic molecules in exine. Our findings provide new insights into the biochemical and developmental aspects of the role of waxes in microspore exine development in the tapetum as well as the role of epicuticular waxes in anther expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hong Jung
- National Research Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Jang CS, Kamps TL, Skinner DN, Schulze SR, Vencill WK, Paterson AH. Functional classification, genomic organization, putatively cis-acting regulatory elements, and relationship to quantitative trait loci, of sorghum genes with rhizome-enriched expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1148-59. [PMID: 16998090 PMCID: PMC1630734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.082891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomes are organs of fundamental importance to plant competitiveness and invasiveness. We have identified genes expressed at substantially higher levels in rhizomes than other plant parts, and explored their functional categorization, genomic organization, regulatory motifs, and association with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring rhizomatousness. The finding that genes with rhizome-enriched expression are distributed across a wide range of functional categories suggests some degree of specialization of individual members of many gene families in rhizomatous plants. A disproportionate share of genes with rhizome-enriched expression was implicated in secondary and hormone metabolism, and abiotic stimuli and development. A high frequency of unknown-function genes reflects our still limited knowledge of this plant organ. A putative oligosaccharyl transferase showed the highest degree of rhizome-specific expression, with several transcriptional or regulatory protein complex factors also showing high (but lesser) degrees of specificity. Inferred by the upstream sequences of their putative rice (Oryza sativa) homologs, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genes that were relatively highly expressed in rhizome tip tissues were enriched for cis-element motifs, including the pyrimidine box, TATCCA box, and CAREs box, implicating the gibberellins in regulation of many rhizome-specific genes. From cDNA clones showing rhizome-enriched expression, expressed sequence tags forming 455 contigs were plotted on the rice genome and aligned to QTL likelihood intervals for ratooning and rhizomatous traits in rice and sorghum. Highly expressed rhizome genes were somewhat enriched in QTL likelihood intervals for rhizomatousness or ratooning, with specific candidates including some of the most rhizome-specific genes. Some rhizomatousness and ratooning QTLs were shown to be potentially related to one another as a result of ancient duplication, suggesting long-term functional conservation of the underlying genes. Insight into genes and pathways that influence rhizome growth set the stage for genetic and/or exogenous manipulation of rhizomatousness, and for further dissection of the molecular evolution of rhizomatousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Seong Jang
- Plant Genome Mapping Laboratory , University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Blacklock BJ, Jaworski JG. Substrate specificity of Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:583-90. [PMID: 16765910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA) incorporated into plant lipids are derived from the iterative addition of C2 units provided by malonyl-CoA to an acyl-CoA by the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) component of a fatty acid elongase (FAE) complex. Mining of the Arabidopsis genome sequence database revealed 20 genes with homology to seed-specific FAE1 KCS. Eight of the 20 putative KCSs were cloned, expressed in yeast, and isolated as (His)6 fusion proteins. Five of the eight (At1g71160, At1g19440, At1g07720, At5g04530, and At4g34250) had little or no activity with C16 to C20 substrates while three demonstrated activity with C16, C18, and C20 saturated acyl-CoA substrates. At1g01120 KCS (KCS1) and At2g26640 KCS had broad substrate specificities when assayed with saturated and mono-unsaturated C16 to C24 acyl-CoAs while At4g34510 KCS was specific for saturated fatty acyl-CoA substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J Blacklock
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, 46202, USA.
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40
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Hills MJ, Roscoe TJ. Synthesis of Structural and Storage Lipids by the ER. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/7089_056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Abstract
Plants are subject to a wide range of abiotic stresses, and their cuticular wax layer provides a protective barrier, which consists predominantly of long-chain hydrocarbon compounds, including alkanes, primary alcohols, aldehydes, secondary alcohols, ketones, esters and other derived compounds. This article discusses current knowledge relating to the effects of stress on cuticular waxes and the ways in which the wax provides protection against the deleterious effects of light, temperature, osmotic stress, physical damage, altitude and pollution. Topics covered here include biosynthesis, morphology, composition and function of cuticular waxes in relation to the effects of stress, and some recent findings concerning the effects of stress on regulation of wax biosynthesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Shepherd
- Quality Health & Nutrition, Scottish Crop Research Institute, Mylnefield, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA.
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42
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Qin YM, Pujol FM, Shi YH, Feng JX, Liu YM, Kastaniotis AJ, Hiltunen JK, Zhu YX. Cloning and functional characterization of two cDNAs encoding NADPH-dependent 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductased from developing cotton fibers. Cell Res 2005; 15:465-73. [PMID: 15987605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cr.7290315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding enzymes involved in biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids were significantly up-regulated during early cotton fiber development. Two cDNAs, GhKCR1 and GhKCR2 encoding putative cotton 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductases that catalyze the second step in fatty acid elongation, were isolated from developing cotton fibers. GhKCR1 and 2 contain open reading frames of 963 bp and 924 bp encoding proteins of 320 and 307 amino acid residues, respectively. Quantatitive RT-PCR analysis showed that both these genes were highly preferentially expressed during the cotton fiber elongation period with much lower levels recovered from roots, stems and leaves. GhKCR1 and 2 showed 30%-32% identity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ybr159p at the deduced amino acid level. These cotton cDNAs were cloned and expressed in yeast haploid ybr159wD mutant that was deficient in 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase activity. Wild-type growth rate was restored in ybr159wD cells that expressed either GhKCR1 or 2. Further analysis showed that GhKCR1 and 2 were co-sedimented within the membranous pellet fraction after high-speed centrifugation, similar to the yeast endoplasmic reticulum marker ScKar2p. Both GhKCR(s) showed NADPH-dependent 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase activity in an in vitro assay system using palmitoyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA as substrates. Our results suggest that GhKCR1 and 2 are functional orthologues of ScYbr159p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Mei Qin
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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43
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Park JA, Kim TW, Kim SK, Kim WT, Pai HS. Silencing of NbECR encoding a putative enoyl-CoA reductase results in disorganized membrane structures and epidermal cell ablation in Nicotiana benthamiana. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:4459-64. [PMID: 16081072 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 07/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are synthesized by the microsomal fatty acid elongation system in plants. We investigated cellular function of NbECR putatively encoding enoyl-CoA reductase that catalyzes the last step of VLCFA elongation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Virus-induced gene silencing of NbECR produced necrotic lesions with typical cell death symptoms in leaves. In the affected tissues, ablation of the epidermal cell layer preceded disintegration of the whole leaf cell layers, and disorganized cellular membrane structure was evident. The amount of VLCFAs was reduced in the NbECR VIGS lines, suggesting NbECR function in elongation of VLCFAs. The results demonstrate that NbECR encodes a putative enoyl-CoA reductase and that the NbECR activity is essential for membrane biogenesis in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-A Park
- Department of Biology, Yonsei University 134, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Costaglioli P, Joubès J, Garcia C, Stef M, Arveiler B, Lessire R, Garbay B. Profiling candidate genes involved in wax biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana by microarray analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:247-58. [PMID: 15914083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 03/17/2005] [Accepted: 04/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant epidermal wax forms a hydrophobic layer covering aerial plant organs which constitutes a barrier against uncontrolled water loss and biotic stresses. Wax biosynthesis requires the coordinated activity of a large number of enzymes for the formation of saturated very-long-chain fatty acids and their further transformation in several aliphatic compounds. We found in the available database 282 candidate genes that may play a role in wax synthesis, regulation and transport. To identify the most interesting candidates, we measured the level of expression of 204 genes in the aerial parts of 15-day-old Arabidopsis seedlings by performing microarray experiments. We showed that only 25% of the putative candidates were expressed to significant levels in our samples, thus significantly reducing the number of genes which will be worth studying using reverse genetics to demonstrate their involvement in wax accumulation. We identified a beta-keto acyl-CoA synthase gene, At5g43760, which is co-regulated with the wax gene CER6 in a number of conditions and organs. By contrast, we showed that neither the fatty acyl-CoA reductase genes nor the wax synthase genes were expressed in 15-day-old leaves and stems, raising questions about the identity of the enzymes involved in the acyl-reduction pathway that accounts for 20% of the total wax amount.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Costaglioli
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS, UMR 5200, Université Victor Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146 rue léo Saignat, Case 92, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Dietrich CR, Perera MADN, D Yandeau-Nelson M, Meeley RB, Nikolau BJ, Schnable PS. Characterization of two GL8 paralogs reveals that the 3-ketoacyl reductase component of fatty acid elongase is essential for maize (Zea mays L.) development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 42:844-61. [PMID: 15941398 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2005.02418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Prior analyses established that the maize (Zea mays L.) gl8a gene encodes 3-ketoacyl reductase, a component of the fatty acid elongase required for the biosynthesis of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). A paralogous gene, gl8b, has been identified that is 96% identical to gl8a. The gl8a and gl8b genes map to syntenic chromosomal regions, have similar, but not identical, expression patterns, and encode proteins that are 97% identical. Both of these genes are required for the normal accumulation of cuticular waxes on seedling leaves. The chemical composition of the cuticular waxes from gl8a and gl8b mutants indicates that these genes have at least overlapping, if not redundant, functions in cuticular wax biosynthesis. Although gl8a and gl8b double mutant kernels have endosperms that cannot be distinguished from wild-type siblings, these kernels are non-viable because their embryos fail to undergo normal development. Double mutant kernels accumulate substantially reduced levels of VLCFAs. VLCFAs are components of a variety of compounds, for example, cuticular waxes, suberin, and sphingolipids. Consistent with their essential nature in yeast, the accumulation of the ceramide moiety of sphingolipids is substantially reduced and their fatty acid composition altered in gl8a and gl8b double mutant kernels relative to wild-type kernels. Hence, we hypothesize that sphingolipids or other VLCFA-containing compounds are essential for normal embryo development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Dietrich
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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46
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Sturaro M, Hartings H, Schmelzer E, Velasco R, Salamini F, Motto M. Cloning and characterization of GLOSSY1, a maize gene involved in cuticle membrane and wax production. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:478-89. [PMID: 15849306 PMCID: PMC1104201 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.058164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2004] [Revised: 02/09/2005] [Accepted: 02/09/2005] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle covering the aerial organs of land plants plays a protective role against several biotic and abiotic stresses and, in addition, participates in a variety of plant-insect interactions. Here, we describe the molecular cloning and characterization of the maize (Zea mays) GLOSSY1 (GL1) gene, a component of the pathway leading to cuticular wax biosynthesis in seedling leaves. The genomic and cDNA sequences we isolated differ significantly in length and in most of the coding region from those previously identified. The predicted GL1 protein includes three histidine-rich domains, the landmark of a family of membrane-bound desaturases/hydroxylases, including fatty acid-modifying enzymes. GL1 expression is not restricted to the juvenile developmental stage of the maize plant, pointing to a broader function of the gene product than anticipated on the basis of the mutant phenotype. Indeed, in addition to affecting cuticular wax biosynthesis, gl1 mutations have a pleiotropic effect on epidermis development, altering trichome size and impairing cutin structure. Of the many wax biosynthetic genes identified so far, only a few from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were found to be essential for normal cutin formation. Among these is WAX2, which shares 62% identity with GL1 at the protein level. In wax2-defective plants, cutin alterations induce postgenital organ fusion. This trait is not displayed by gl1 mutants, suggesting a different role of the maize and Arabidopsis cuticle in plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sturaro
- Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Sezione di Bergamo, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
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47
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Puyaubert J, Dieryck W, Costaglioli P, Chevalier S, Breton A, Lessire R. Temporal gene expression of 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is different in high and in low erucic acid Brassica napus cultivars during seed development. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1687:152-63. [PMID: 15708363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 11/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The membrane-bound acyl-CoA elongase complex is a key enzyme responsible for erucoyl-CoA synthesis. Among the four putative genes encoding the four moieties of this complex in Brassica napus seeds, only one has been characterized, the Bn-fae1 gene, which encodes the 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase. The genes encoding the other enzymes (3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase) have not been identified. We cloned two 3-ketoacyl-CoA reductase cDNA isoforms, Bn-kcr1 and Bn-kcr2, from B. napus seeds. Their function was identified by heterologous complementation in yeast by restoring elongase activities. The comparison of Bn-kcr mRNA expression in different B. napus tissues showed that the genes were preferentially expressed in seeds and roots. We also investigated the regulation of gene expression in High Erucic Acid Rapeseed (HEAR) and in Low Erucic Acid Rapeseed (LEAR) cultivars during seed development. The co-expression of Bn-fae1 and Bn-kcr observed in HEAR cultivar during seed development was different in LEAR cultivar, suggesting that expression of both genes was directly or indirectly linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Puyaubert
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, CNRS FRE 2694, Université V. Segalen Bordeaux 2, 146, Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France
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48
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Puyaubert J, Garcia C, Chevalier S, Lessire R. Acyl-CoA elongase, a key enzyme in the development of high-erucic acid rapeseed? EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200590024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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49
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Schreiber L, Franke R, Lessire R. Biochemical characterization of elongase activity in corn (Zea mays L.) roots. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2005; 66:131-8. [PMID: 15652569 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Chemical analysis of 4-day-old corn (Zea mays L.) root cell walls revealed that the lipophilic biopolymer suberin forms an important constituent of rhizodermal and hypodermal cell walls. Identified aliphatic monomers had chain lengths ranging from C16 to C26 and they belonged to 5 substance classes (omega-hydroxycarboxylic acids, 1,omega-dicarboxylic acids, 2-hydroxycarboxylic acids, carboxylic acids and alcohols) by which suberin is characterized. Biochemical experiments proved the occurrence of elongase activities in corn roots. Highest enzymatic activities were found in corn root microsomes, and major products synthesized by root elongases were elongated fatty acids with chain lengths ranging from C20 to C24. Preferred substrates of root elongases were acyl-CoAs of the chain length C18 and C20, whereas monounsaturated acyl-CoAs (C16:1 and C18:1) and acyl-CoAs of lower (C12-C16) and higher chain lengths (C22-C24) were rarely elongated. Elongase activities significantly decreased over the length (40 cm) of 10-day-old corn roots going from the young tip to the older base of the root. Thus, results presented here show the presence and activity of elongases in roots of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany.
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Moon H, Chowrira G, Rowland O, Blacklock BJ, Smith MA, Kunst L. A root-specific condensing enzyme from Lesquerella fendleri that elongates very-long-chain saturated fatty acids. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2004; 56:917-927. [PMID: 15821990 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-004-6235-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The LfKCS45 gene with a high sequence similarity to known 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthases of the membrane-bound fatty acid elongase was isolated from Lesquerella fendleri. The LfKCS45 gene has a 1464 bp open reading frame without introns, and is predicted to encode a polypeptide of 487 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 54.6 kD. High-stringency DNA blot analysis indicated that there were no closely related genes to LfKCS45 in the L. fendleri genome. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of transformed yeast revealed that expression of the LfKCS45 protein results in the synthesis of two novel very-long-chain fatty acids identified as C28:0 and C30:0. LfKCS45 was found to be not active with acyl-CoA substrates C16 to C24 in length. Reverse transcription-PCR experiments showed that the LfKCS45 gene is expressed only in L. fendleri root tips. Histochemical assays for GUS activity in Arabidopsis transformed with the LfKCS45 promoter-GUS fusion construct confirmed this expression pattern and demonstrated that LfKCS45 transcription is restricted to the cells of the lateral root cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangsik Moon
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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