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Ghosh SK, Ishangulyyeva G, Erbilgin N, Bonello P. Terpenoids are involved in the expression of systemic-induced resistance in Austrian pine. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2206-2227. [PMID: 38481105 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids are defense metabolites that are induced upon infection or wounding. However, their role in systemic-induced resistance (SIR) is not known. Here, we explored the role of terpenoids in this phenomenon at a very early stage in the interaction between Austrian pine and the tip blight and canker pathogen Diplodia pinea. We induced Austrian pine saplings by either wounding or inoculating the lower stems with D. pinea. The seedlings were then challenged after 12 h, 72 h, or 10 days with D. pinea on the stem 15 cm above the induction. Lesion lengths and terpenoids were quantified at both induction and challenge locations. Key terpenoids were assayed for antifungal activity in in vitro bioassays. SIR increased with time and was correlated with the inducibility of several compounds. α-Pinene and a cluster of β-pinene, limonene, benzaldehyde, dodecanol, and n-dodecyl acrylate were positively correlated with SIR and were fungistatic in vitro, while other compounds were negatively correlated with SIR and appeared to serve as a carbon source for D. pinea. This study shows that, overall, terpenoids are involved in SIR in this system, but their role is nuanced, depending on the type of induction and time of incubation. We hypothesize that some, such as α-pinene, could serve in SIR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya K Ghosh
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Guncha Ishangulyyeva
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Pierluigi Bonello
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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2
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Yu Y, Yang Z, Han M, Sun S, Xu G, Yang G. Beneficial rhizosphere bacteria provides active assistance in resisting Aphis gossypiis in Ageratina adenophora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1394153. [PMID: 38812733 PMCID: PMC11133562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1394153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Ageratina adenophora can enhance its invasive ability by using beneficial rhizosphere bacteria. Bacillus cereus is able to promote plant growth and provide a positive feedback effect to A. adenophora. However, the interaction between A. adenophora and B. cereus under the influence of native polyphagous insect feeding is still unclear. In this study, Eupatorium lindleyanum, a local species closely related to A. adenophora, was used as a control, aimed to compare the content of B. cereus in the roots of A. adenophora and rhizosphere soil after different densities of Aphis gossypii feeding, and then investigated the variations in the population of A. gossypii and soil characteristics after the addition of B. cereus. The result showed that B. cereus content in the rhizosphere soil and root of A. adenophora increased significantly under A. gossypii feeding compared with local plants, which also led to the change of α-diversity and β-diversity of the bacterial community, as well as the increase in nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) content. The addition of B.cereus in the soil could also inhibit the population growth of A. gossypii on A. adenophora and increase the content of ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) in the soil. Our research demonstrated that B. cereus enhances the ability of A. adenophora to resist natural enemy by increasing soil ammonium nitrogen (NH4 +-N) and accumulating other beneficial bacteria, which means that rhizosphere microorganisms help invasive plants defend themselves against local natural enemies by regulating the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxin Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zihao Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Han
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Fortier CE, Musso AE, Evenden ML, Zaharia LI, Cooke JEK. Evidence that Ophiostomatoid Fungal Symbionts of Mountain Pine Beetle Do Not Play a Role in Overcoming Lodgepole Pine Defenses During Mass Attack. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:445-458. [PMID: 38240660 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-23-0077-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a devastating forest insect pest that has killed millions of hectares of pines in western North America over the past two decades. Like other bark beetles, MPB vectors ophiostomatoid fungal species, some of which are pathogenic to host pine species. The phytopathogenicity of these fungal symbionts has sparked considerable debate regarding their role in facilitating MPB attack success. We tested the hypothesis that MPB ophiostomatoid fungal associates like Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield contribute to overwhelming host defenses during MPB mass attack. We compared responses of mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees growing in natural stands that were mass attacked by MPB with those inoculated with G. clavigera by examining host defense hormones, secondary metabolites, and gene expression profiles. The jasmonate and ethylene signatures of necrotrophic pathogen-triggered response were identified in G. clavigera-inoculated trees, but only the jasmonate signature of a herbivore-triggered response was measured in MPB-attacked trees. Several G. clavigera-induced changes in pine phenolic metabolite profiles and phenolic biosynthesis gene expression patterns were absent in MPB-attacked pines. These findings indicate that ophiostomatoid fungi like G. clavigera are not a major factor in overwhelming host defenses during MPB mass attack. Instead, fungal pathogenicity likely is more important in aiding MPB colonization and development within the host tree. Phenolics appear to play a larger role in the host response to G. clavigera than to MPB, although phenolics may also influence MPB feeding and behavior. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Fortier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Antonia E Musso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - L Irina Zaharia
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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4
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Thompson RA. A neutral theory of plant carbon allocation. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad151. [PMID: 38102767 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
How plants use the carbon they gain from photosynthesis remains a key area of study among plant ecologists. Although numerous theories have been presented throughout the years, the field lacks a clear null model. To fill this gap, I have developed the first null model, or neutral theory, of plant carbon allocation using probability theory, plant biochemistry and graph theory at the level of a leaf. Neutral theories have been used to establish a null hypothesis in molecular evolution and community assembly to describe how much of an ecological phenomenon can be described by chance alone. Here, the aim of a neutral theory of plant carbon allocation is to ask: how is carbon partitioned between sinks if one assumes plants do not prioritize certain sinks over others? Using the biochemical network of plant carbon metabolism, I show that, if allocation was strictly random, carbon is more likely to be allocated to storage, defense, respiration and finally growth. This 'neutral hierarchy' suggests that a sink's biochemical distance from photosynthesis plays an important role in carbon allocation patterns, highlighting the potentially adaptive role of this biochemical network for plant survival in variable environments. A brief simulation underscores that our ability to measure the carbon allocation from photosynthesis to a given sink is unreliable due to simple probabilistic rules. While neutral theory may not explain all patterns of carbon allocation, its utility is in the minimal assumptions and role as a null model against which future data should be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alex Thompson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Wang Q, Wang X, Huang L, Cheng Y, Ren L, Yang H, Zhou C, Wang X, He J. Promoter characterization of a citrus linalool synthase gene mediating interspecific variation in resistance to a bacterial pathogen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:405. [PMID: 37620808 PMCID: PMC10463377 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terpenoids play essential roles in plant defense against biotic stresses. In Citrus species, the monoterpene linalool mediates resistance against citrus canker disease caused by the gram-negative bacteria Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc). Previous work had associated linalool contents with resistance; here we characterize transcriptional responses of linalool synthase genes. RESULTS Leaf linalool contents are highly variable among different Citrus species. "Dongfang" tangerine (Citrus reticulata), a species with high linalool levels was more resistant to Xcc than "Shatian" pummelo (C. grandis) which accumulates only small amounts of linalool. The coding sequences of the major leaf-expressed linalool synthase gene (STS4) are highly conserved, while transcript levels differ between the two Citrus species. To understand this apparent differential transcription, we isolated the promoters of STS4 from the two species, fused them to a GUS reporter and expressed them in Arabidopsis. This reporter system revealed that the two promoters have different constitutive activities, mainly in trichomes. Interestingly, both linalool contents and STS4 transcript levels are insensitive to Xcc infestation in citrus plants, but in these transgenic Arabidopsis plants, the promoters are activated by challenge of a bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, as well as wounding and external jasmonic acid treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals variation in linalool and resistance to Xcc in citrus plants, which may be mediated by different promoter activities of a terpene synthase gene in different Citrus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiying Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xiaochun Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Linhua Huang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Yujiao Cheng
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Li Ren
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Huayu Yang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Changyong Zhou
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China.
| | - Jun He
- National Citrus Engineering Research Center, Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400712, China.
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Krokene P, Kohmann K, Huynh NB, Mageroy MH. Methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid, and oxalic acid affects growth, inducible defenses, and pine weevil resistance in Norway spruce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1155170. [PMID: 37484458 PMCID: PMC10357964 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1155170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The large pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is a major regeneration pest in commercial forestry. Pesticide application has historically been the preferred control method, but pesticides are now being phased out in several countries for environmental reasons. There is, thus, a need for alternative plant protection strategies. We applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA) or oxalic acid (OxA) on the stem of 2-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies) plants to determine effects on inducible defenses and plant growth. Anatomical examination of stem cross-sections 9 weeks after application of 100 mM MeJA revealed massive formation of traumatic resin ducts and greatly reduced sapwood growth. Application of high concentrations of SA or OxA (500 and 200 mM, respectively) induced much weaker physiological responses than 100 mM MeJA. All three treatments reduced plant height growth significantly, but the reduction was larger for MeJA (~55%) than for SA and OxA (34-35%). Lower MeJA concentrations (5-50 mM) induced comparable traumatic resin duct formation as the high MeJA concentration but caused moderate (and non-significant) reductions in plant growth. Two-year-old spruce plants treated with 100 mM MeJA showed reduced mortality after exposure to pine weevils in the field, and this enhanced resistance-effect was statistically significant for three years after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paal Krokene
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ketil Kohmann
- Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Ngan Bao Huynh
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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Malone SC, Simonpietri A, Knighton WB, Trowbridge AM. Drought impairs herbivore-induced volatile terpene emissions by ponderosa pine but not through constraints on newly assimilated carbon. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:938-951. [PMID: 36762917 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Volatile terpenes serve multiple biological roles including tree resistance against herbivores. The increased frequency and severity of drought stress observed in forests across the globe may hinder trees from producing defense-related volatiles in response to biotic stress. To assess how drought-induced physiological stress alters volatile emissions alone and in combination with a biotic challenge, we monitored pre-dawn water potential, gas-exchange, needle terpene concentrations and terpene volatile emissions of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) saplings during three periods of drought and in response to simulated herbivory via methyl jasmonate application. Although 3-, 6- and 7-week drought treatments reduced net photosynthetic rates by 20, 89 and 105%, respectively, the magnitude of volatile fluxes remained generally resistant to drought. Herbivore-induced emissions, however, exhibited threshold-like behavior; saplings were unable to induce emissions above constitutive levels when pre-dawn water potentials were below the approximate zero-assimilation point. By comparing compositional shifts in emissions to needle terpene concentrations, we found evidence that drought effects on constitutive and herbivore-induced volatile flux and composition are primarily via constraints on the de novo fraction, suggesting that reduced photosynthesis during drought limits the carbon substrate available for de novo volatile synthesis. However, results from a subsequent 13CO2 pulse-chase labeling experiment then confirmed that both constitutive (<3% labeled) and herbivore-induced (<8% labeled) de novo emissions from ponderosa pine are synthesized predominantly from older carbon sources with little contribution from new photosynthates. Taken together, we provide evidence that in ponderosa pine, drought does not constrain herbivore-induced de novo emissions through substrate limitation via reduced photosynthesis, but rather through more sophisticated molecular and/or biophysical mechanisms that manifest as saplings reach the zero-assimilation point. These results highlight the importance of considering drought severity when assessing impacts on the herbivore-induced response and suggest that drought-altered volatile metabolism constrains induced emissions once a physiological threshold is surpassed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shealyn C Malone
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Austin Simonpietri
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Walter B Knighton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Department of Land Resources & Environmental Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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8
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Tran HTD, Nguyen HTT, Huynh TB, Nguyen HN, Nguyen LT, Tran NU, Pham BTM, Nguyen DH, Tran T, Nguyen TTH. Functional characterization of a bark-specific monoterpene synthase potentially involved in wounding- and methyl jasmonate-induced linalool emission in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 282:153942. [PMID: 36805520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.153942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is a latex-producing plant that often encounters mechanical wounding, as well as pathogen and pest attacks through wound sites during and after tapping. Terpenoids play an important role in the ecological interactions of many plant species, and their diversity is mainly generated by enzymes known as terpene synthases (TPS). In this study, one cDNA sequence encoding a putative terpene synthase, HbTPS20, was obtained from the bark tissues of H. brasiliensis. The encoded protein contains 610 amino acids with a putative N-terminal plastid transit peptide of approximately 70 residues. It belongs to the TPS-b subfamily. Further phylogenetic analysis showed that HbTPS20 formed a separate branch that diverged from the progenitor of all other potentially functional terpene synthases of the rubber TPS-b subfamily. The truncated HbTPS20 without the signal peptide coding sequence was successfully expressed in E. coli and in vitro enzymatic assays with geranyl diphosphate (GPP) or neryl diphosphate (NPP) as a substrate defined HbTPS20 as an active linalool synthase (HbLIS) with the ability to produce linalool as the principal product. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the highest transcript levels of HbTPS20 were found in barks, and this gene was expressed at 2.26- and 250-fold greater levels in the bark tissues of wounded and MeJA-treated plants, respectively, than in those of the control plants. This indicates that this gene may be involved in the induced stress responses of rubber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Thi Diem Tran
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hong Thi Thuy Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tram Bich Huynh
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hang Nguyet Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Long Thanh Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhi Uyen Tran
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Binh Thi My Pham
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Du Huy Nguyen
- Central Laboratory of Analysis, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Tran
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rubber Research Institute of Vietnam, Binh Duong, 820000, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Hong Nguyen
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam; Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam.
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Yu N, Dong M, Yang J, Li R. Age-dependent modulation of oleoresin production in the stem of Sindora glabra. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2050-2067. [PMID: 35532079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce specialized metabolites in various organs which serve important functions in defense and development. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of oleoresin production in stems from broadleaved tree species are not fully understood. To determine whether endogenous developmental cues play a role in the regulation of oleoresin biosynthesis in tree stems, anatomy, multi-omics and molecular experiments were utilized to investigate the change of secretory structures, chemical profiles and gene expression in different ontogenetic stages of Sindora glabra tree, which accumulates copious amount of sesquiterpene-rich oleoresin in stems. The size of secretory canals and the concentration of five sesquiterpenes in Sindora stems exhibited obvious increase with plant age, from 0.5- to 20-year-old plants. Moreover, α-copaene and β-copaene were found to be stem-specific sesquiterpenes. Metabolomic analysis revealed that salicylic acid highly accumulated in mature stems, but the content of triterpenes was greatly decreased. The expression of three repressors AUX/IAA, DELLA and JAZ involved in hormone signaling transduction pathways was significantly downregulated in stems of 10- and 20-year-old plants. Two key genes SgTPS3 and SgTPS5 were identified, whose expression was highly correlated with the accumulation patterns of specific sesquiterpenes and their enzymatic products were consistent with the chemical profiles in the stem. The promoters of three SgTPSs exhibiting high activity were isolated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SgSPL15 directly interacts with SgTPS3 and SgTPS5 promoters and activates SgTPS5 expression but SgSPL15 inhibits SgTPS3 expression. In addition, SgSPL15 enhanced sesquiterpene levels by upregulating AtTPSs expression in Arabidopsis. These results suggested that sesquiterpene biosynthesis in S. glabra stem was dependent on the regulation of endogenous hormones as well as plant age, and SgSPL15 might act as a buffering factor to regulate sesquiterpene biosynthesis by targeting SgTPS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Mingliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Rongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
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10
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Liu B, Xie Y, Yin H, Zhou Z, Liu Q. Identification and Defensive Characterization of PmCYP720B11v2 from Pinus massoniana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6640. [PMID: 35743081 PMCID: PMC9223603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pinus massoniana is a pioneer species for afforestation timber and oleoresin, while epidemics of pinewood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) are causing a serious biotic disaster for P. massoniana in China. Importantly, resistant P. massoniana could leak copious oleoresin terpenoids to build particular defense fronts for survival when attacked by PWN. However, the defense mechanisms regulating this process remain unknown. Here, PmCYP720B11v2, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene, was first identified and functionally characterized from resistant P. massoniana following PWN inoculation. The tissue-specific expression pattern and localization of PmCYP720B11v2 at the transcript and protein levels in resistant P. massoniana indicated that its upregulation in the stem supported its involvement in the metabolic processes of diterpene biosynthesis as a positive part of the defense against PWN attack. Furthermore, overexpression of PmCYP720B11v2 may enhance the growth and development of plants. In addition, PmCYP720B11v2 activated the metabolic flux of antioxidases and stress-responsive proteins under drought conditions and improved drought stress tolerance. Our results provide new insights into the favorable role of PmCYP720B11v2 in diterpene defense mechanisms in response to PWN attack in resistant P. massoniana and provide a novel metabolic engineering scenario to reform the stress tolerance potential of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (B.L.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (B.L.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huanhuan Yin
- Zhengzhou Botanical Garden, Zhengzhou 450007, China;
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (B.L.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China; (B.L.); (Y.X.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou 311400, China
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11
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Perreca E, Eberl F, Santoro MV, Wright LP, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J. Effect of Drought and Methyl Jasmonate Treatment on Primary and Secondary Isoprenoid Metabolites Derived from the MEP Pathway in the White Spruce Picea glauca. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073838. [PMID: 35409197 PMCID: PMC8998179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
White spruce (Picea glauca) emits monoterpenes that function as defensive signals and weapons after herbivore attack. We assessed the effects of drought and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment, used as a proxy for herbivory, on monoterpenes and other isoprenoids in P. glauca. The emission of monoterpenes was significantly increased after MeJA treatment compared to the control, but drought suppressed the MeJA-induced increase. The composition of the emitted blend was altered strongly by stress, with drought increasing the proportion of oxygenated compounds and MeJA increasing the proportion of induced compounds such as linalool and (E)-β-ocimene. In contrast, no treatment had any significant effect on the levels of stored monoterpenes and diterpenes. Among other MEP pathway-derived isoprenoids, MeJA treatment decreased chlorophyll levels by 40%, but had no effect on carotenoids, while drought stress had no impact on either of these pigment classes. Of the three described spruce genes encoding 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS) catalyzing the first step of the MEP pathway, the expression of only one, DXS2B, was affected by our treatments, being increased by MeJA and decreased by drought. These findings show the sensitivity of monoterpene emission to biotic and abiotic stress regimes, and the mediation of the response by DXS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Perreca
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (M.V.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Franziska Eberl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (M.V.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maricel Valeria Santoro
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (M.V.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.)
| | | | - Axel Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (M.V.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany; (F.E.); (M.V.S.); (A.S.); (J.G.)
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12
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Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Frickey T, Telfer E, Dungey H, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:52. [PMID: 35026979 PMCID: PMC8759178 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are attacked by diverse insect and mammalian herbivores and respond with different physical and chemical defences. Transcriptional changes underlie these phenotypic changes. Simulated herbivory has been used to study the transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses. In this study, constitutive and induced transcriptional responses to artificial bark stripping are compared in the needles and the bark of Pinus radiata to the responses from application of the plant stressor, methyl jasmonate. The time progression of the responses was assessed over a 4-week period. RESULTS Of the 6312 unique transcripts studied, 86.6% were differentially expressed between the needles and the bark prior to treatment. The most abundant constitutive transcripts were related to defence and photosynthesis and their expression did not differ between the needles and the bark. While no differential expression of transcripts were detected in the needles following bark stripping, in the bark this treatment caused an up-regulation and down-regulation of genes associated with primary and secondary metabolism. Methyl jasmonate treatment caused differential expression of transcripts in both the bark and the needles, with individual genes related to primary metabolism more responsive than those associated with secondary metabolism. The up-regulation of genes related to sugar break-down and the repression of genes related with photosynthesis, following both treatments was consistent with the strong down-regulation of sugars that has been observed in the same population. Relative to the control, the treatments caused a differential expression of genes involved in signalling, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as defence and water stress. However, non-overlapping transcripts were detected between the needles and the bark, between treatments and at different times of assessment. Methyl jasmonate induced more transcriptional responses in the bark than bark stripping, although the peak of expression following both treatments was detected 7 days post treatment application. The effects of bark stripping were localised, and no systemic changes were detected in the needles. CONCLUSION There are constitutive and induced differences in the needle and bark transcriptome of Pinus radiata. Some expression responses to bark stripping may differ from other biotic and abiotic stresses, which contributes to the understanding of plant molecular responses to diverse stresses. Whether the gene expression changes are heritable and how they differ between resistant and susceptible families identified in earlier studies needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda.
| | - B M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - H Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - J M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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13
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Amo L, Mrazova A, Saavedra I, Sam K. Exogenous Application of Methyl Jasmonate Increases Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in Pyrenean Oak Trees, Quercus pyrenaica. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:84. [PMID: 35053082 PMCID: PMC8773279 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The tri-trophic interactions between plants, insects, and insect predators and parasitoids are often mediated by chemical cues. The attraction to herbivore-induced Plant Volatiles (HIPVs) has been well documented for arthropod predators and parasitoids, and more recently for insectivorous birds. The attraction to plant volatiles induced by the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a phytohormone typically produced in response to an attack of chewing herbivores, has provided controversial results both in arthropod and avian predators. In this study, we examined whether potential differences in the composition of bouquets of volatiles produced by herbivore-induced and MeJA-treated Pyrenean oak trees (Quercus pyrenaica) were related to differential avian attraction, as results from a previous study suggested. Results showed that the overall emission of volatiles produced by MeJA-treated and herbivore-induced trees did not differ, and were higher than emissions of Control trees, although MeJA treatment showed a more significant reaction and released several specific compounds in contrast to herbivore-induced trees. These slight yet significant differences in the volatile composition may explain why avian predators were not so attracted to MeJA-treated trees, as observed in a previous study in this plant-herbivore system. Unfortunately, the lack of avian visits to the experimental trees in the current study did not allow us to confirm this result and points out the need to perform more robust predator studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Amo
- Area of Biodiversity and Conservation, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos C/ Tulipán, s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Spain
| | - Anna Mrazova
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 1160/31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Irene Saavedra
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (MNCN-CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branisovska 1160/31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; (A.M.); (K.S.)
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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14
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Yu N, Sun H, Yang J, Li R. The Diesel Tree Sindora glabra Genome Provides Insights Into the Evolution of Oleoresin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:794830. [PMID: 35058955 PMCID: PMC8764381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.794830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sindora glabra is an economically important tree that produces abundant oleoresin in the trunk. Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-scale assembly of S. glabra genome by combining Illumina HiSeq, Pacific Biosciences sequencing, and Hi-C technologies. The size of S. glabra genome was 1.11 Gb, with a contig N50 of 1.27 Mb and 31,944 predicted genes. This is the first sequenced genome of the subfamily Caesalpinioideae. As a sister taxon to Papilionoideae, S. glabra underwent an ancient genome triplication shared by core eudicots and further whole-genome duplication shared by early-legume in the last 73.3 million years. S. glabra harbors specific genes and expanded genes largely involved in stress responses and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Moreover, 59 terpene backbone biosynthesis genes and 64 terpene synthase genes were identified, which together with co-expressed transcription factors could contribute to the diversity and specificity of terpene compounds and high terpene content in S. glabra stem. In addition, 63 disease resistance NBS-LRR genes were found to be unique in S. glabra genome and their expression levels were correlated with the accumulation of terpene profiles, suggesting potential defense function of terpenes in S. glabra. These together provide new resources for understanding genome evolution and oleoresin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixi Sun
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Yuan X, Feng Z, Hu C, Zhang K, Qu L, Paoletti E. Effects of elevated ozone on the emission of volatile isoprenoids from flowers and leaves of rose (Rosa sp.) varieties. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118141. [PMID: 34517180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) affects isoprenoid emissions, and floral emissions in particular, which may result in potential impacts on the interactions of plants with other organisms. The effects of ozone (O3) on isoprenoid emissions have been investigated for many years, while knowledge on O3 effects on floral emissions is still scarce and the relevant mechanism has not been clarified so far. We investigated the effects of O3 on floral and foliar isoprenoid emissions (mainly isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) and their synthase substrates from three rose varieties (CH, Rosa chinensis Jacq. var. chinensis; SA, R. hybrida 'Saiun'; MO, R. hybrida 'Monica Bellucci') at different exposure durations. Results indicated that the O3-induced stimulation after short-term exposure (35 days after the beginning of O3 exposure) was significant only for sesquiterpene emissions from flowers, while long-term O3 exposure (90 days after the beginning of O3 exposure) significantly decreased both foliar and floral monoterpene and sesquiterpene emissions. In addition, the observed decline of emissions under long-term O3 exposure resulted from the limitation of synthase substrates, and the responses of emissions and substrates varied among varieties, with the greatest variation in the O3-sensitive variety. These findings provide important insights on plant isoprenoid emissions and species selection for landscaping, especially in areas with high O3 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Chunfang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Laiye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Additive genetic variation in Pinus radiata bark chemistry and the chemical traits associated with variation in mammalian bark stripping. Heredity (Edinb) 2021; 127:498-509. [PMID: 34663917 PMCID: PMC8626423 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-021-00476-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Secondary metabolites are suggested as a major mechanism explaining genetic variation in herbivory levels in Pinus radiata. The potential to incorporate these chemical traits into breeding/deployment programmes partly depends on the presence of additive genetic variation for the relevant chemical traits. In this study, near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify the constitutive and induced levels of 54 compounds in the bark of trees from 74 P. radiata full-sib families. The trees sampled for chemistry were protected from browsing and induced levels were obtained by subjecting half of the trees to artificial bark stripping. The treatment effect on bark chemistry was assessed along with narrow-sense heritability, the significance of non-additive genetic effects and the additive genetic correlations of compounds with bark stripping by mammalian herbivores that was observed in unprotected replicates of the field trial. The results indicated: (i) significant additive genetic variation, with low-moderate narrow-sense heritability estimates for most compounds; (ii) while significant induced effects were detected for some chemicals, no significant genetic variation in inducibility was detected; and (iii) sugars, fatty acids and a diterpenoid positively genetically correlated while a sesquiterpenoid negatively genetically correlated with bark stripping by the mammalian herbivore, the Bennett's wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). At the onset of browsing, a trade-off with height was detected for selecting higher amounts of this sesquiterpenoid. However, overall, results showed potential to incorporate chemical traits into breeding/deployment programmes. The quantitative genetic analyses of the near infrared predicted chemical traits produced associations with mammalian bark stripping that mostly conform with those obtained using standard wet chemistry.
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17
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Chen Y, Puentes A, Björkman C, Brosset A, Bylund H. Comparing Exogenous Methods to Induce Plant-Resistance Against a Bark-Feeding Insect. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:695867. [PMID: 34354725 PMCID: PMC8329535 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.695867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger induced plant defenses against herbivores, and has been shown to provide protection against insect herbivory in conifer seedlings. Other methods, such as mechanical damage to seedlings, can also induce plant defenses, yet few have been compared to MeJA and most studies lack subsequent herbivory feeding tests. We conducted two lab experiments to: (1) compare the efficacy of MeJA to mechanical damage treatments that could also induce seedling resistance, (2) examine if subsequent insect damage differs depending on the time since induction treatments occurred, and (3) assess if these induction methods affect plant growth. We compared Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings sprayed with MeJA (10 or 15 mM) to seedlings subjected to four different mechanical bark damage treatments (two different bark wound sizes, needle-piercing damage, root damage) and previous pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage as a reference treatment. The seedlings were exposed to pine weevils 12 or 32 days after treatments (early and late exposure, hereafter), and resistance was measured as the amount of damage received by plants. At early exposure, seedlings treated with needle-piercing damage received significantly more subsequent pine weevil feeding damage than those treated with MeJA. Seedlings treated with MeJA and needle-piercing damage received 84% less and 250% more pine weevil feeding, respectively, relative to control seedlings. The other treatments did not differ statistically from control or MeJA in terms of subsequent pine weevil damage. For the late exposure group, plants in all induction treatments tended to receive less pine weevil feeding (yet this was not statistically significant) compared to control seedlings. On the other hand, MeJA significantly slowed down seedling growth relative to control and all other induction treatments. Overall, the mechanical damage treatments appeared to have no or variable effects on seedling resistance. One of the treatments, needle-piercing damage, actually increased pine weevil feeding at early exposure. These results therefore suggest that mechanical damage shows little potential as a plant protection measure to reduce feeding by a bark-chewing insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan Chen
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Björkman
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Agnès Brosset
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Helena Bylund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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18
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Lirette AO, Despland E. Defensive Traits during White Spruce ( Picea glauca) Leaf Ontogeny. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12070644. [PMID: 34357304 PMCID: PMC8306798 DOI: 10.3390/insects12070644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Leaves can only toughen after they have finished growing and, as a result, many herbivorous insects specialize in newly developing leaves because softer leaves are easier to chew. The foliage of conifer trees is particularly tough, and so one would expect conifers to invest more defensive chemicals into soft vulnerable growing needles than into tough mature ones. We summarize the literature describing how chemical defenses of foliage change during the growing season in white spruce, an economically important conifer tree. We next report measurements of the toughness of white spruce buds as they swell, burst, and grow into young needles. As expected, buds soften as they swell in spring, but after budburst, needles become tougher until they are similar to previous-year foliage in mid-summer. Leaves grown in the sun are slightly tougher than leaves grown in the shade. However, there was no indication that trees invest more in chemical defense of growing leaves than of mature leaves. Abstract Changes during leaf ontogeny affect palatability to herbivores, such that many insects, including the eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)), are specialist feeders on growing conifer leaves and buds. Developmental constraints imply lower toughness in developing foliage, and optimal defense theory predicts higher investment in chemical defense in these vulnerable yet valuable developing leaves. We summarize the literature on the time course of defensive compounds in developing white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) needles and report original research findings on the ontogeny of white spruce needle toughness. Our results show the predicted pattern of buds decreasing in toughness followed by leaves increasing in toughness during expansion, accompanied by opposite trends in water content. Toughness of mature foliage decreased slightly during the growing season, with no significant relationship with water content. Toughness of sun-grown leaves was slightly higher than that of shade-grown leaves. However, the literature review did not support the expected pattern of higher defensive compounds in expanding leaves than in mature leaves, suggesting that white spruce might instead exhibit a fast-growth low-defense strategy.
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Whitehill JGA, Yuen MMS, Bohlmann J. Constitutive and insect-induced transcriptomes of weevil-resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:137-147. [PMID: 37283859 PMCID: PMC10168040 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a significant pest of regenerating spruce (Picea) and pine (Pinus) forests in North America. Weevil larvae feed in the bark, phloem, cambium, and outer xylem of apical shoots, causing stunted growth or mortality of young trees. We identified and characterized constitutive and weevil-induced patterns of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) transcriptomes in weevil-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) trees using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and differential expression (DE) analyses. We developed a statistical model for the analysis of RNA-seq data from treatment experiments with a 2 × 3 factorial design to differentiate insect-induced responses from the effects of mechanical damage. Across the different comparisons, we identified two major transcriptome contrasts: A large set of genes that was constitutively DE between R and S trees, and another set of genes that was DE in weevil-induced S-trees. The constitutive transcriptome unique to R trees appeared to be attuned to defense, while the constitutive transcriptome unique to S trees was enriched for growth-related transcripts. Notably, a set of transcripts annotated as "fungal" was detected consistently in the transcriptomes. Fungal transcripts were identified as DE in the comparison of R and S trees and in the weevil-affected DE transcriptome of S trees, suggesting a potential microbiome role in this conifer-insect interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G. A. Whitehill
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Forestry and Environmental ResourcesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Macaire M. S. Yuen
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
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Yu H, Holopainen JK, Kivimäenpää M, Virtanen A, Blande JD. Potential of Climate Change and Herbivory to Affect the Release and Atmospheric Reactions of BVOCs from Boreal and Subarctic Forests. Molecules 2021; 26:2283. [PMID: 33920862 PMCID: PMC8071236 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared to most other forest ecosystems, circumpolar boreal and subarctic forests have few tree species, and are prone to mass outbreaks of herbivorous insects. A short growing season with long days allows rapid plant growth, which will be stimulated by predicted warming of polar areas. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from soil and vegetation could be substantial on sunny and warm days and biotic stress may accelerate emission rates. In the atmosphere, BVOCs are involved in various gas-phase chemical reactions within and above forest canopies. Importantly, the oxidation of BVOCs leads to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. SOA particles scatter and absorb solar radiation and grow to form cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and participate in cloud formation. Through BVOC and moisture release and SOA formation and condensation processes, vegetation has the capacity to affect the abiotic environment at the ecosystem scale. Recent BVOC literature indicates that both temperature and herbivory have a major impact on BVOC emissions released by woody species. Boreal conifer forest is the largest terrestrial biome and could be one of the largest sources of biogenic mono- and sesquiterpene emissions due to the capacity of conifer trees to store terpene-rich resins in resin canals above and belowground. Elevated temperature promotes increased diffusion of BVOCs from resin stores. Moreover, insect damage can break resin canals in needles, bark, and xylem and cause distinctive bursts of BVOCs during outbreaks. In the subarctic, mountain birch forests have cyclic outbreaks of Geometrid moths. During outbreaks, trees are often completely defoliated leading to an absence of BVOC-emitting foliage. However, in the years following an outbreak there is extended shoot growth, a greater number of leaves, and greater density of glandular trichomes that store BVOCs. This can lead to a delayed chemical defense response resulting in the highest BVOC emission rates from subarctic forest in the 1-3 years after an insect outbreak. Climate change is expected to increase insect outbreaks at high latitudes due to warmer seasons and arrivals of invasive herbivore species. Increased BVOC emission will affect tropospheric ozone (O3) formation and O3 induced oxidation of BVOCs. Herbivore-induced BVOC emissions from deciduous and coniferous trees are also likely to increase the formation rate of SOA and further growth of the particles in the atmosphere. Field experiments measuring the BVOC emission rates, SOA formation rate and particle concentrations within and above the herbivore attacked forest stands are still urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yu
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - J. K. Holopainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - M. Kivimäenpää
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
| | - A. Virtanen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - J. D. Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; (H.Y.); (J.K.H.); (M.K.)
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Chen R, Huang K, Pan S, Xu T, Tan J, Hao D. Jasmonate induced terpene-based defense in Pinus massoniana depresses Monochamus alternatus adult feeding. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:731-740. [PMID: 32865291 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of pine wilt disease (PWD) are caused when pathogenic pine wood nematodes (PWN) invade healthy host trees via wounds created by adult Monochamus alternatus. Exogenous methyl jasmonate (MeJA) can trigger terpene-based induced defense in conifers, which is a core part of the conifer defense system. Herein, we hypothesized that the terpene-based plant defense induced by MeJA could negatively affect the feeding behavior of M. alternatus adults, and may contribute to a new strategy in the control of PWD. RESULTS The feeding area for M. alternatus adults feeding on MeJA-treated seedlings was significantly smaller compared with control seedlings. However, no significant difference was detected in the enzyme activities in the midgut of beetles that had fed on these seedlings. Terpenoids were mainly accumulated in traumatic resin duct, whereas the constitutive resin duct accumulated only diterpenoids. Correspondingly, large-scaled responses at the transcriptional level mainly focused on terpenoid and phenolic biosynthesis in the defending trees. CONCLUSIONS Breeding tree species with a high resin yield may contribute to control of the spread of PWD by suppressing the feeding of M. alternatus adults. Transcriptome sequencing results provided abundant information for further breeding of highly resistant trees. Based on these findings, a potential push-pull strategy for the control of M. alternatus was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixu Chen
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kairu Huang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shiye Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajin Tan
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dejun Hao
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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22
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Liu B, Liu Q, Zhou Z, Yin H, Xie Y, Wei Y. Two terpene synthases in resistant Pinus massoniana contribute to defence against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:257-274. [PMID: 32833225 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Pine wood nematode (PWN; Bursaphelenchus xylophilus), a destructive pest of Pinus massoniana, is causing a severe epidemic of pine wilt disease in China. When invaded by PWN, resistant P. massoniana secretes an abundance of oleoresin terpenoids as a defensive strategy. However, regulatory mechanisms of this defence in resistant P. massoniana have yet to be elucidated. Here, we characterized two terpene synthase genes, α-pinene synthase (PmTPS4) and longifolene synthase (PmTPS21), identified in resistant P. massoniana and investigate the contribution of these genes to the oleoresin defence strategy in resistant masson pines. Up-regulation of these two genes in the stem supported their involvement in terpene biosynthesis as part of the defence against PWN. Recombinant protein expression revealed catalytic activity for the two PmTPSs, with PmTPS4 primarily producing α-pinene, while PmTPS21 produced α-pinene and longifolene simultaneously. The major enzymatic products of the two terpene synthases had inhibitory effects on PWN in vitro. We demonstrated that PmTPS4 and PmTPS21 played positive roles in terpene-defence mechanisms against PWN infestation. The major products of these terpene synthases could directly inhibit the survival rate of PWN in vitro. We revealed that PmTPS21 was a novel bifunctional enzyme capable of simultaneous production of both monoterpene and sesquiterpene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hengfu Yin
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Wei
- Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Puentes A, Zhao T, Lundborg L, Björklund N, Borg-Karlson AK. Variation in Methyl Jasmonate-Induced Defense Among Norway Spruce Clones and Trade-Offs in Resistance Against a Fungal and an Insect Pest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:678959. [PMID: 34108985 PMCID: PMC8182065 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.678959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An essential component of plant defense is the change that occurs from a constitutive to an induced state following damage or infection. Exogenous application of the plant hormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) has shown great potential to be used as a defense inducer prior to pest exposure, and could be used as a plant protection measure. Here, we examined (1) the importance of MeJA-mediated induction for Norway spruce (Picea abies) resistance against damage by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis, which poses a threat to seedling survival, and infection by the spruce bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica, (2) genotypic variation in MeJA-induced defense (terpene chemistry), and (3) correlations among resistance to each pest. In a semi-field experiment, we exposed rooted-cuttings from nine different Norway spruce clones to insect damage and fungal infection separately. Plants were treated with 0, 25, or 50 mM MeJA, and planted in blocks where only pine weevils were released, or in a separate block in which plants were fungus-inoculated or not (control group). As measures of resistance, stem area debarked and fungal lesion lengths were assessed, and as a measure of defensive capacity, terpene chemistry was examined. We found that MeJA treatment increased resistance to H. abietis and E. polonica, but effects varied with clone. Norway spruce clones that exhibited high constitutive resistance did not show large changes in area debarked or lesion length when MeJA-treated, and vice versa. Moreover, insect damage negatively correlated with fungal infection. Clones receiving little pine weevil damage experienced larger lesion lengths, and vice versa, both in the constitutive and induced states. Changes in absolute terpene concentrations occurred with MeJA treatment (but not on proportional terpene concentrations), however, variation in chemistry was mostly explained by differences between clones. We conclude that MeJA can enhance protection against H. abietis and E. polonica, but the extent of protection will depend on the importance of constitutive and induced resistance for the Norway spruce clone in question. Trade-offs among resistances do not necessarily hinder the use of MeJA, as clones that are constitutively more resistant to either pest, should show greater MeJA-induced resistance against the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Puentes
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Adriana Puentes, ;
| | - Tao Zhao
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Lina Lundborg
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Björklund
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
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24
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Dhandapani S, Kim MJ, Chin HJ, Leong SH, Jang IC. Identification and Functional Characterization of Tissue-Specific Terpene Synthases in Stevia rebaudiana. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228566. [PMID: 33202940 PMCID: PMC7696289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well-known diterpenoid steviol glycosides, Stevia rebaudiana (Stevia) produces many labdane-type diterpenoids and a wide range of mono- and sesquiterpenoids. However, biosynthesis of mono- and sesquiterpenoids in Stevia remains unknown. Here we analyzed the extracts of Stevia leaves, flowers, stems, and roots by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and putatively identified a total of 69 volatile organic compounds, most of which were terpenoids with considerably varied quantities among the four tissues of Stevia. Using Stevia transcriptomes, we identified and functionally characterized five terpene synthases (TPSs) that produced major mono- and sesquiterpenoids in Stevia. Transcript levels of these Stevia TPSs and levels of corresponding terpenoids correlated well in Stevia tissues. Particularly, the root-specific SrTPS4 and SrTPS5 catalyzed the formation of γ-curcumene/zingiberene/β-sesquiphellandrene and α-longipinene/β-himachalene/himachalol as multifunctional sesqui-TPSs, respectively. Most of the SrTPSs were highly responsive to various environmental stresses in a tissue-specific manner. Taken together, our results provide new insights into how Stevia produces diverse terpenoids to confer differential responses to various environmental factors in each tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savitha Dhandapani
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (S.D.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.C.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Mi Jung Kim
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (S.D.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.C.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Hui Jun Chin
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (S.D.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.C.); (S.H.L.)
| | - Sing Hui Leong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (S.D.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.C.); (S.H.L.)
| | - In-Cheol Jang
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore; (S.D.); (M.J.K.); (H.J.C.); (S.H.L.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Correspondence:
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25
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Yamamoto F, Iwanaga F, Al-Busaidi A, Yamanaka N. Roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra Flueck. trees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16760. [PMID: 33028915 PMCID: PMC7541518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra trees growing in the drylands of Oman were studied. On March 18 (Experiment 1) and September 17 (Experiment 2), 2018, 32-year-old B. sacra trees with multiple trunks were selected at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Various lanolin pastes containing Ethrel, an ethylene-releasing compound; methyl jasmonate; sodium salicylate; and combinations of these compounds were applied to debarked wounds 15 mm in diameter on the trunks. After a certain period, the frankincense resin secreted from each wound was harvested and weighed. The anatomical characteristics of the resin ducts were also studied in the bark tissue near the upper end of each wound. The combination of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate greatly enhanced frankincense resin production within 7 days in both seasons. The application of methyl jasmonate alone, sodium salicylate alone or a combination of both did not affect resin production. These findings suggest a high possibility of artificial enhancement of frankincense resin production by the combined application of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate to B. sacra trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukuju Yamamoto
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, 1390, Japan
| | - Fumiko Iwanaga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Al-Busaidi
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Muscat, 123, Oman
| | - Norikazu Yamanaka
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, 1390, Japan
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26
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Liu Q, Xie Y, Liu B, Zhou Z, Feng Z, Chen Y. A transcriptomic variation map provides insights into the genetic basis of Pinus massoniana Lamb. evolution and the association with oleoresin yield. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:375. [PMID: 32791991 PMCID: PMC7427074 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02577-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.), the dominant native coniferous species in southern China, is commercially important for supplying timber and oleoresin. However, knowledge of the genetic variability of masson pine germplasm is still limited. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of masson pine germplasm were assessed using 204 wild accessions from 10 main distribution regions using 94,194 core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained from transcriptome sequencing data. RESULTS The average expected heterozygosity was 0.2724, implying abundant genetic diversity within masson pine germplasm. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 3.29% of the variation was sourced from genetic differentiation. Structure analysis identified two geographically distinct groups. Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) showed that one of those groups was further divided into two clusters. Sichuan and Chongqing provenance is the geographical origin, which diffused outward along two different lines. Oleoresin yield is reflected in the evolution of the two groups, and exhibits two different trends along the two lines of diffusion. The oleoresin yield may be associated with the genes of chitinase, CYP720B, cytochrome P450, ABC transporter, and AP2/ethylene-responsive transcription factor (ERF) based on SNPs and expression. CONCLUSIONS SNP markers from transcriptome sequencing are highly capable of evaluating genetic diversity within different species, as well as the genetic control of objective traits. The functions of these genes will be verified in future studies, and those genes strongly associated with oleoresin yield will be used to improve yields by means of early genotype selection and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yini Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichun Zhou
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding, Hangzhou, 311400, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongping Feng
- Laoshan Forest Farm of Chunan County, Chunan, 311700, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yadong Chen
- Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing, 101300, People's Republic of China
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27
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Celedon JM, Whitehill JGA, Madilao LL, Bohlmann J. Gymnosperm glandular trichomes: expanded dimensions of the conifer terpenoid defense system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12464. [PMID: 32719384 PMCID: PMC7385631 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glandular trichomes (GTs) are defensive structures that produce and accumulate specialized metabolites and protect plants against herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stress. GTs have been extensively studied in angiosperms for their roles in defense and biosynthesis of high-value metabolites. In contrast, trichomes of gymnosperms have been described in fossilized samples, but have not been studied in living plants. Here, we describe the characterization of GTs on young stems of a hybrid white spruce. Metabolite and histological analysis of spruce GTs support a glandular function with accumulation of a diverse array of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes including diterpene methylesters. Methylated diterpenes have previously been associated with insect resistance in white spruce. Headspeace analysis of spruce GTs showed a profile of volatiles dominated by monoterpenes and a highly diverse array of sesquiterpenes. Spruce GTs appear early during shoot growth, prior to the development of a lignified bark and prior to accumulation of terpenes in needles. Spruce GTs may provide an early, terpene-based chemical defense system at a developmental stage when young shoots are particularly vulnerable to foliage and shoot feeding insects, and before the resin duct system characteristic of conifers has fully developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Celedon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lufiani L Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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28
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Huang J, Rücker A, Schmidt A, Gleixner G, Gershenzon J, Trumbore S, Hartmann H. Production of constitutive and induced secondary metabolites is coordinated with growth and storage in Norway spruce saplings. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:928-942. [PMID: 32268379 PMCID: PMC7325531 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic understanding of how trees balance the trade-offs between growth, storage and defense is limited but crucial for predicting tree responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here we investigated how trees allocate storage of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) to growth and constitutive and induced secondary metabolites (SM). We exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies) saplings to 5 weeks of complete darkness to induce light and/or carbon limitation and then applied methyl jasmonate (MeJA) to simulate biotic attack. We measured changes in biomass, NSC (sum of soluble sugars and starches), and constitutive and induced SM (sum of phenolic compounds and terpenoids) in current-year developing and previous-year mature needles and branches, as well as volatiles emitted from the canopy. Under darkness, NSC storage was preferentially used for constitutive biosynthesis of monoterpenes rather than biosynthesis of stilbenes and growth of developing organs, while SM stored in mature organs cannot be remobilized and recycled. Furthermore, MeJA-induced production of SM was constrained by low NSC availability in developing organs but not in mature organs grown in the dark. Emissions of volatiles were suppressed in the dark but after 1 h of re-illumination, emissions of both constitutive and induced monoterpene hydrocarbons recovered rapidly, whereas emissions of linalool and sesquiterpene produced via de novo synthesis did not recover. Our results highlight that light and/or carbon limitation may constrain constitutive and JA-induced biosynthesis of SM in coordination with growth, NSC storage and mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbei Huang
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
- Corresponding author ()
| | - Alexander Rücker
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Gerd Gleixner
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Susan Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena 07745, Germany
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Transcriptome Analysis of Wounding in the Model Grass Lolium temulentum. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060780. [PMID: 32580425 PMCID: PMC7356841 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
For forage and turf grasses, wounding is a predominant stress that often results in extensive loss of vegetative tissues followed by rapid regrowth. Currently, little is known concerning the perception, signaling, or molecular responses associated with wound stress in forage- and turf-related grasses. A transcriptome analysis of Lolium temulentum plants subjected to severe wounding revealed 9413 upregulated and 7704 downregulated, distinct, differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Categories related to signaling, transcription, and response to stimuli were enriched in the upregulated DEGs. Specifically, sequences annotated as enzymes involved in hormone biosynthesis/action and cell wall modifications, mitogen-activated protein kinases, WRKY transcription factors, proteinase inhibitors, and pathogen defense-related DEGs were identified. Surprisingly, DEGs related to heat shock and chaperones were more prevalent in the downregulated DEGs when compared with the upregulated DEGs. This wound transcriptome analysis is the first step in identifying the molecular components and pathways used by grasses in response to wounding. The information gained from the analysis will provide a valuable molecular resource that will be used to develop approaches that can improve the recovery, regrowth, and long-term fitness of forage and turf grasses before/after cutting or grazing.
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30
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Liu L, Wang Z, Su Y, Wang T. Characterization and Analysis of the Full-Length Transcriptomes of Multiple Organs in Pseudotaxus chienii (W.C.Cheng) W.C.Cheng. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124305. [PMID: 32560294 PMCID: PMC7352595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudotaxus chienii, a rare tertiary relict species with economic and ecological value, is a representative of the monotypic genus Pseudotaxus that is endemic to China. P. chienii can adapt well to habitat isolation and ecological heterogeneity under a variety of climate and soil conditions, and is able to survive in harsh environments. However, little is known about the molecular and genetic resources of this long-lived conifer. Herein, we sequenced the transcriptomes of four organs of P. chienii using the PacBio Isoform Sequencing and Illumina RNA Sequencing platforms. Based on the PacBio Iso-Seq data, we obtained 44,896, 58,082, 50,485, and 67,638 full-length unigenes from the root, stem, leaf, and strobilus, respectively, with a mean length of 2692 bp, and a mean N50 length of 3010.75 bp. We then comprehensively annotated these unigenes. The number of organ-specific expressed unigenes ranged from 4393 in leaf to 9124 in strobilus, suggesting their special roles in physiological processes, organ development, and adaptability in the different four organs. A total of 16,562 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among the four organs and clustered into six subclusters. The gene families related to biotic/abiotic factors, including the TPS, CYP450, and HSP families, were characterized. The expression levels of most DEGs in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway and plant–pathogen interactions were higher in the root than in the three other organs, suggesting that root constitutes the main organ of defensive compound synthesis and accumulation and has a stronger ability to respond to stress. The sequences were analyzed to predict transcription factors, long non-coding RNAs, and alternative splicing events. The expression levels of most DEGs of C2H2, C3H, bHLH, and bZIP families in the root and stem were higher than those in the leaf and strobilus, indicating that these TFs may play a crucial role in the survival of the root and stem. These results comprise the first comprehensive gene expression profiles obtained for different organs of P. chienii. Our findings will facilitate further studies on the functional genomics, adaptive evolution, and phylogeny of P. chienii, and lay the foundation for the development of conservation strategies for this endangered conifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yingjuan Su
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (L.L.); (Z.W.)
- Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-020-84111939 (Y.S.); +86-020-85280185 (T.W.)
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (T.W.); Tel.: +86-020-84111939 (Y.S.); +86-020-85280185 (T.W.)
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31
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Zhou Y, Zeng L, Hou X, Liao Y, Yang Z. Low temperature synergistically promotes wounding-induced indole accumulation by INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION-mediated alterations of jasmonic acid signaling in Camellia sinensis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2172-2185. [PMID: 31900491 PMCID: PMC7242085 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plants have to cope with various environmental stress factors which significantly impact plant physiology and secondary metabolism. Individual stresses, such as low temperature, are known to activate plant volatile compounds as a defense. However, less is known about the effect of multiple stresses on plant volatile formation. Here, the effect of dual stresses (wounding and low temperature) on volatile compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis) plants and the underlying signalling mechanisms were investigated. Indole, an insect resistance volatile, was maintained at a higher content and for a longer time under dual stresses compared with wounding alone. CsMYC2a, a jasmonate (JA)-responsive transcription factor, was the major regulator of CsTSB2, a gene encoding a tryptophan synthase β-subunit essential for indole synthesis. During the recovery phase after tea wounding, low temperature helped to maintain a higher JA level. Further study showed that CsICE2 interacted directly with CsJAZ2 to relieve inhibition of CsMYC2a, thereby promoting JA biosynthesis and downstream expression of the responsive gene CsTSB2 ultimately enhancing indole biosynthesis. These findings shed light on the role of low temperature in promoting plant damage responses and advance knowledge of the molecular mechanisms by which multiple stresses coordinately regulate plant responses to the biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, China
- Correspondence:
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Celedon JM, Bohlmann J. Oleoresin defenses in conifers: chemical diversity, terpene synthases and limitations of oleoresin defense under climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1444-1463. [PMID: 31179548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers have evolved complex oleoresin terpene defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In co-evolved bark beetles, conifer terpenes also serve chemo-ecological functions as pheromone precursors, chemical barcodes for host identification, or nutrients for insect-associated microbiomes. We highlight the genomic, molecular and biochemical underpinnings of the large chemical space of conifer oleoresin terpenes and volatiles. Conifer terpenes are predominantly the products of the conifer terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. Terpene diversity is increased by cytochromes P450 of the CYP720B class. Many conifer TPS are multiproduct enzymes. Multisubstrate CYP720B enzymes catalyse multistep oxidations. We summarise known terpenoid gene functions in various different conifer species with reference to the annotated terpenoid gene space in a spruce genome. Overall, biosynthesis of terpene diversity in conifers is achieved through a system of biochemical radiation and metabolic grids. Expression of TPS and CYP720B genes can be specific to individual cell types of constitutive or traumatic resin duct systems. Induced terpenoid transcriptomes in resin duct cells lead to dynamic changes of terpene composition and quantity to fend off herbivores and pathogens. While terpenoid defenses have contributed much to the evolutionary success of conifers, under new conditions of climate change, these defences may become inconsequential against range-expanding forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Celedon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Bai Q, He B, Cai Y, Lian H, Zhang Q. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveal several critical metabolic pathways and candidate genes involved in resin biosynthesis in Pinus massoniana. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 295:327-341. [PMID: 31735985 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-019-01624-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pine resin, which typically consists of terpenoids, is a natural product used in various industrial applications. Oleoresin can be obtained from the xylem tissue by wounding the stem bark. Pinus massoniana (masson pine) is an important resin-tapping tree species that originated in southern China. Masson pines with different genetic backgrounds typically have different resin-yielding capacities (RYCs). However, the mechanisms underlying high resin yield in masson pines are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the possible genetic regulation pathways and functional genes that influence the resin yield. In this study, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic studies of masson pine secondary xylem with high, medium, and low RYCs. A total of 230,068 unigenes and 3894 metabolites were identified from the tissue of the secondary xylem. Several differentially expressed regulation factors, including WRKY, bHLH, and ERF, and functional genes such as PKc and LRR-RLKs, were identified among these masson pines. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were mainly focused on diterpenoid biosynthesis, plant hormone signal transduction, and ABC transporters. Furthermore, integration of the transcriptomic and metabolomic data indicated that the PKc- and LRR-RLK-related regulatory and metabolic pathways may play critical roles in the biosynthesis of terpenoids. These above results improve our understanding of the biosynthesis mechanism of oleoresin in P. massoniana and facilitate further research work into the functional analysis of these candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Boxiang He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Huiming Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China.
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Kanagendran A, Chatterjee P, Liu B, Sa T, Pazouki L, Niinemets Ü. Foliage inoculation by Burkholderia vietnamiensis CBMB40 antagonizes methyl jasmonate-mediated stress in Eucalyptus grandis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 242:153032. [PMID: 31491672 PMCID: PMC6863749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is widely used as a model chemical to study hypersensitive responses to biotic stress impacts in plants. Elevated levels of methyl jasmonate induce jasmonate-dependent defense responses, associated with a decline in primary metabolism and enhancement of secondary metabolism of plants. However, there is no information of how stress resistance of plants, and accordingly the sensitivity to exogenous MeJA can be decreased by endophytic plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) harboring ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase. In this study, we estimated stress alleviating potential of endophytic PGPR against MeJA-induced plant perturbations through assessing photosynthetic traits and stress volatile emissions. We used mild (5 mM) to severe (20 mM) MeJA and endophytic plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Burkholderia vietnamiensis CBMB40 and studied how MeJA and B. vietnamiensis treatments influenced temporal changes in photosynthetic characteristics and stress volatile emissions. Separate application of MeJA markedly decreased photosynthetic characteristics and increased lipoxygenase pathway (LOX) volatiles, volatile isoprenoids, saturated aldehydes, lightweight oxygenated compounds (LOC), geranyl-geranyl diphosphate pathway (GGDP) volatiles, and benzenoids. However, MeJA-treated leaves inoculated by endophytic bacteria B. vietnamiensis had substantially increased photosynthetic characteristics and decreased emissions of LOX, volatile isoprenoids and other stress volatiles compared with non-inoculated MeJA treatments, especially at later stages of recovery. In addition, analysis of leaf terpenoid contents demonstrated that several mono- and sesquiterpenes were de novo synthesized upon MeJA and B. vietnamiensis applications. This study demonstrates that foliar application of endophytic bacteria B. vietnamiensis can potentially enhance resistance to biotic stresses and contribute to the maintenance of the integrity of plant metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia
| | - Tongmin Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, Tallinn 10130, Estonia
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Whitehill JG, Bohlmann J. A molecular and genomic reference system for conifer defence against insects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2844-2859. [PMID: 31042808 PMCID: PMC6852437 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect pests are part of natural forest ecosystems contributing to forest rejuvenation but can also cause ecological disturbance and economic losses that are expected to increase with climate change. The white pine or spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a pest of conifer forests in North America. Weevil-host interactions with various spruce (Picea) species have been explored as a genomic and molecular reference system for conifer defence against insects. Interactions occur in two major phases of the insect life cycle. In the exophase, adult weevils are free-moving and display behaviour of host selection for oviposition that is affected by host traits. In the endophase, insects live within the host where mobility and development from eggs to young adults are affected by a complex system of host defences. Genetic resistance exists in several spruce species and involves synergism of constitutive and induced chemical and physical defences that comprise the conifer defence syndrome. Here, we review conifer defences that disrupt the weevil life cycle and mechanisms by which trees resist weevil attack. We highlight molecular and genomic aspects and a possible role for the weevil microbiome. Knowledge of this conifer defence system is supporting forest health strategies and tree breeding for insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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Bathe U, Tissier A. Cytochrome P450 enzymes: A driving force of plant diterpene diversity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:149-162. [PMID: 30733060 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plant terpene biosynthesis, oxidation of the hydrocarbon backbone produced by terpene synthases is typically carried out by cytochrome P450 oxygenases (CYPs). The modifications introduced by CYPs include hydroxylations, sequential oxidations at one position and ring rearrangements and closures. These reactions significantly expand the structural diversity of terpenoids, but also provide anchoring points for further decorations by various transferases. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in reports of CYPs involved in plant terpene pathways. Plant diterpenes represent an important class of metabolites that includes hormones and a number of industrially relevant compounds such as pharmaceutical, aroma or food ingredients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive survey on CYPs reported to be involved in plant diterpene biosynthesis to date. A phylogenetic analysis showed that only few CYP clans are represented in diterpene biosynthesis, namely CYP71, CYP85 and CYP72. Remarkably few CYP families and subfamilies within those clans are involved, indicating specific expansion of these clades in plant diterpene biosynthesis. Nonetheless, the evolutionary trajectory of CYPs of specialized diterpene biosynthesis is diverse. Some are recently derived from gibberellin biosynthesis, while others have a more ancient history with recent expansions in specific plant families. Among diterpenoids, labdane-related diterpenoids represent a dominant class. The availability of CYPs from diverse plant species able to catalyze oxidations in specific regions of the labdane-related backbones provides opportunities for combinatorial biosynthesis to produce novel diterpene compounds that can be screened for biological activities of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulschan Bathe
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Alain Tissier
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle, Germany.
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Whitehill JGA, Yuen MMS, Henderson H, Madilao L, Kshatriya K, Bryan J, Jaquish B, Bohlmann J. Functions of stone cells and oleoresin terpenes in the conifer defense syndrome. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1503-1517. [PMID: 30216451 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Conifers depend on complex defense systems against herbivores. Stone cells (SC) and oleoresin are physical and chemical defenses of Sitka spruce that have been separately studied in previous work. Weevil oviposit at the tip of the previous year's apical shoot (PYAS). We investigated interactions between weevil larvae and trees in controlled oviposition experiments with resistant (R) and susceptible (S) Sitka spruce. R trees have an abundance of SC in the PYAS cortex. SC are mostly absent in S trees. R trees and S trees also differ in the composition of oleoresin terpenes. Transcriptomes of R and S trees revealed differences in long-term weevil-induced responses. Performance of larvae was significantly reduced on R trees compared with S trees under experimental conditions that mimicked natural oviposition behavior at apical shoot tips and may be attributed to the effects of SC. In oviposition experiments designed for larvae to feed below the area of highest SC abundance, larvae showed an unusual feeding behavior and oleoresin appeared to function as the major defense. The results support a role for both SC and oleoresin terpenes and possible synergies between these traits in the defense syndrome of weevil-resistant Sitka spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hannah Henderson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Lina Madilao
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina Kshatriya
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bryan
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Barry Jaquish
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, Tree Improvement Branch, Kalamalka Forestry Centre, 3401 Reservoir Road, Vernon, BC, V1B 2C7, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Abstract
This article comments on: Turner GW, Parrish AN, Zager JJ, Fischedick JT, Lange BM. 2018. Assessment of flux through oleoresin biosynthesis in epithelial cells of loblolly pine resin ducts. Journal of Experimental Botany 70, 217–230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harro Bouwmeester
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Yu N, Yang JC, Yin GT, Li RS, Zou WT. Transcriptome Analysis of Oleoresin-Producing Tree Sindora Glabra and Characterization of Sesquiterpene Synthases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1619. [PMID: 30515178 PMCID: PMC6256070 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes serve important physiological and ecological functions in plants. Sindora glabra trees accumulate copious amounts of sesquiterpene-rich oleoresin in the stem. A transcriptome approach was used to determine the unique terpene biosynthesis pathway and to explore the different regulatory mechanisms responsible for the variation of terpene content among individuals. Analysis of de novo-assembled contigs revealed a complete set of genes for terpene biosynthesis. A total of 23,261 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were discovered between high and low oil-yielding plants. DEG enrichment analysis suggested that the terpene biosynthesis process and the plant hormone signal transduction pathway may exert a major role in determining terpene variation in S. glabra. The expression patterns of candidate genes were further verified by quantitative RT-PCR experiments. Key genes involved in the terpene biosynthesis pathway were predominantly expressed in phloem and root tissues. Phylogenetic analysis and subcellular localization implied that S. glabra terpene synthases may evolve from a common ancestor. Furthermore, two sesquiterpene synthase genes, SgSTPS1 and SgSTPS2, were functionally characterized. SgSTPS1 mainly generated β-caryophyllene from farnesyl pyrophosphate. SgSTPS2 is a versatile enzyme that catalyzes the formation of 12 sequiterpenes from farnesyl pyrophosphate and synthesis of three monoterpenes using geranyl pyrophosphate. Together, these results provide large reservoir for elucidating the molecular mechanism of terpene biosynthesis and for exploring the ecological function of sesquiterpenes in S. glabra.
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Kanagendran A, Pazouki L, Bichele R, Külheim C, Niinemets Ü. Temporal regulation of terpene synthase gene expression in Eucalyptus globulus leaves upon ozone and wounding stresses: relationships with stomatal ozone uptake and emission responses. ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 155:552-565. [PMID: 30686846 PMCID: PMC6345374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ozone and wounding are key abiotic factors but, their interactive effects on temporal changes in terpene synthase gene expression and emission responses are poorly understood. Here, we applied combined acute ozone and wounding stresses to the constitutive isoprenoid-emitter Eucalyptus globulus and studied how isoprene, 1,8-cineole, and isoledene synthase genes were regulated, and how the gene expression was associated with temporal changes in photosynthetic characteristics, product emission rates, and stomatal ozone uptake through recovery phase. Photosynthetic characteristics and emission rate of isoprene, 1,8-cineole, and isoledene were synergistically altered, while three TPS gene expressions were antagonistically altered by combined stress applications. A time-delay analysis indicated that the best correspondences between gene expression and product emission rates were observed for 0 h time-shift for wounding and 0-2 h time-shifts for separate ozone, and combined ozone and wounding treatments. The best correspondence between ozone uptake and gene expression was observed for 0-4 h time-shifts for separate ozone and combined ozone and wounding treatments. Overall, this study demonstrated that expression profiles of isoprene, the monoterpene 1,8-cineole, and the sesquiterpene isoledene synthase genes differentially influenced their corresponding product emissions for separate and combined ozone and wounding treatments through recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Corresponding author: Arooran Kanagendran, . Tel: +372 584 984 74
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Rudolf Bichele
- Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Carsten Külheim
- School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science; Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931 USA
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
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Methyl Jasmonate Changes the Composition and Distribution Rather than the Concentration of Defence Compounds: a Study on Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids. J Chem Ecol 2018; 45:136-145. [PMID: 30284188 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-018-1020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) application on pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) concentration and composition of two closely related Jacobaea species. In addition, we examined whether MeJA application affected herbivory of the polyphagous leaf feeding herbivore Spodoptera exigua. A range of concentrations of MeJA was added to the medium of Jacobaea vulgaris and J. aquatica tissue culture plants grown under axenic conditions. PA concentrations were measured in roots and shoots using LC-MS/MS. In neither species MeJA application did affect the total PA concentration at the whole plant level. In J. vulgaris the total PA concentration decreased in roots but increased in shoots. In J. aquatica a similar non-significant trend was observed. In both Jacobaea species MeJA application induced a strong shift from senecionine- to erucifoline-like PAs, while the jacobine- and otosenine-like PAs remained largely unaffected. The results show that MeJA application does not necessarily elicits de novo synthesis, but rather leads to PA conversion combined with reallocation of certain PAs from roots to shoots. S. exigua preferred feeding on control leaves of J. aquatica over MeJA treated leaves, while for J. vulgaris both the control and MeJA treated leaves were hardly eaten. This suggests that the MeJA-induced increase of erucifoline-like PAs can play a role in resistance of J. aquatica to S. exigua. In J. vulgaris resistance to S. exigua may already be high due to the presence of jacobine-like PAs or other resistance factors.
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Zhang J, Li Y, Guo J, Du B, He G, Zhang Y, Chen R, Li J. Lipid profiles reveal different responses to brown planthopper infestation for pest susceptible and resistant rice plants. Metabolomics 2018; 14:120. [PMID: 30830454 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-018-1422-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most destructive insect pest for rice, causing major reductions in rice yield and large economic losses. More than 31 BPH-resistance genes have been located, and several of them have been isolated. Nevertheless, the metabolic mechanism related to BPH-resistance genes remain uncharacterized. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the resistance mechanism of the BPH-resistance gene Bph6 at the metabolic level, a Bph6-transgenic line R6 (BPH-resistant) and the wild-type Nipponbare (BPH-susceptible) were used to investigate their lipid profiles under control and BPH treatments. METHODS In conjunction with multivariate statistical analysis and quantitative real-time PCR, BPH-induced lipid changes in leaf blade and leaf sheath were investigated by GC-MS-based lipidomics. RESULTS Forty-five lipids were identified in leaf sheath extracts. Leaf sheath lipidomics analysis results show that BPH infestation induces significant differences in the lipid profiles of Nipponbare and R6. The levels of hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, linoleic acid, methyl ester, linolenic acid, methyl ester, glycidyl palmitate, eicosanoic acid, methyl ester, docosanoic acid, methyl ester, beta-monolinolein, campesterol, beta-sitosterol, cycloartenol, phytol and phytyl acetate had undergone enormous changes after BPH feeding. These results illustrate that BPH feeding enhances sterol biosynthetic pathway in Nipponbare plants, and strengthens wax biosynthesis and phytol metabolism in R6 plants. The results of quantitative real-time PCR of 5 relevant genes were consistent with the changes in metabolic level. Forty-five lipids were identified in the leaf blade extracts. BPH infestation induces distinct changes in the lipid profiles of the leaf blade samples of Nipponbare and R6. Although the lipid changes in Nipponbare are more drastic, the changes within the two varieties are similar. Lipid profiles in leaf sheath brought out significant differences than in leaf blade within Nipponbare and R6. We propose that Bph6 mainly affects the levels of lipids in leaf sheath, and mediates resistance by deploying metabolic re-programming during BPH feeding. CONCLUSION The results indicate that wax biosynthesis, sterol biosynthetic pathway and phytol metabolism play vital roles in rice response to BPH infestation. This finding demonstrated that the combination of lipidomics and quantitative real-time PCR is an effective approach to elucidating the interactions between brown planthopper and rice mediated by resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jianping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guangcun He
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Rongzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jiaru Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PbbHLH4 regulates floral monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4363-4377. [PMID: 29982590 PMCID: PMC6093345 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important factor in attracting pollinators and repelling florivores. In Phalaenopsis bellina (Orchidaceae), the major floral scent components are monoterpenoids. Previously, we determined that expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is highly correlated with monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenosis orchids. Here, we found that both cis- and trans-regulation were present on the GDPS promoters, with trans-regulation playing a key role. To investigate the regulation of biosynthesis of floral scent, we compared the transcriptomic data of two Phalaenopsis orchids with contrasting scent phenotypes. Eight transcription factors (TFs) that exhibited sequential elevation in abundance through floral development in P. bellina were identified, and their transcript levels were higher in the scented orchid than the scentless one. Five of these TFs transactivated several structural genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis including PbbHLH4, PbbHLH6, PbbZIP4, PbERF1, and PbNAC1. Ectopic transient expression of each of these TFs in scentless orchids resulted in stimulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. PbbHLH4 most profoundly induced monoterpene biosynthesis, with a 950-fold increase of monoterpenoid production in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, we determined that biosynthesis of orchid floral monoterpenes was sequentially regulated, with PbbHLH4 playing a crucial role for monoterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Chuang YC, Hung YC, Tsai WC, Chen WH, Chen HH. PbbHLH4 regulates floral monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018. [PMID: 29982590 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.kt056q7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Floral scent is an important factor in attracting pollinators and repelling florivores. In Phalaenopsis bellina (Orchidaceae), the major floral scent components are monoterpenoids. Previously, we determined that expression of GERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE (PbGDPS) is highly correlated with monoterpene biosynthesis in Phalaenosis orchids. Here, we found that both cis- and trans-regulation were present on the GDPS promoters, with trans-regulation playing a key role. To investigate the regulation of biosynthesis of floral scent, we compared the transcriptomic data of two Phalaenopsis orchids with contrasting scent phenotypes. Eight transcription factors (TFs) that exhibited sequential elevation in abundance through floral development in P. bellina were identified, and their transcript levels were higher in the scented orchid than the scentless one. Five of these TFs transactivated several structural genes involved in monoterpene biosynthesis including PbbHLH4, PbbHLH6, PbbZIP4, PbERF1, and PbNAC1. Ectopic transient expression of each of these TFs in scentless orchids resulted in stimulation of terpenoid biosynthesis. PbbHLH4 most profoundly induced monoterpene biosynthesis, with a 950-fold increase of monoterpenoid production in the scentless orchid. In conclusion, we determined that biosynthesis of orchid floral monoterpenes was sequentially regulated, with PbbHLH4 playing a crucial role for monoterpene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Chuang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chu Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Huei Chen
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hwa Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Porth I, White R, Jaquish B, Ritland K. Partial correlation analysis of transcriptomes helps detangle the growth and defense network in spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:1349-1359. [PMID: 29504642 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, there can be a trade-off between resource allocations to growth vs defense. Here, we use partial correlation analysis of gene expression to make inferences about the nature of this interaction. We studied segregating progenies of Interior spruce subject to weevil attack. In a controlled experiment, we measured pre-attack plant growth and post-attack damage with several morphological measures, and profiled transcriptomes of 188 progeny. We used partial correlations of individual transcripts (expressed sequence tags, ESTs) with pairs of growth/defense traits to identify important nodes and edges in the inferred underlying gene network, for example, those pairs of growth/defense traits with high mutual correlation with a single EST transcript. We give a method to identify such ESTs. A terpenoid ABC transporter gene showed strongest correlations (P = 0.019); its transcript represented a hub within the compact 166-member gene-gene interaction network (P = 0.004) of the negative genetic correlations between growth and subsequent pest attack. A small 21-member interaction network (P = 0.004) represented the uncovered positive correlations. Our study demonstrates partial correlation analysis identifies important gene networks underlying growth and susceptibility to the weevil in spruce. In particular, we found transcripts that strongly modify the trade-off between growth and defense, and allow identification of networks more central to the trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilga Porth
- Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Richard White
- Department of Statistics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Barry Jaquish
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, V8W 9C2, Canada
| | - Kermit Ritland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Kännaste A, Laanisto L, Pazouki L, Copolovici L, Suhorutšenko M, Azeem M, Toom L, Borg-Karlson AK, Niinemets Ü. Diterpenoid fingerprints in pine foliage across an environmental and chemotypic matrix: Isoabienol content is a key trait differentiating chemotypes. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 147:80-88. [PMID: 29304384 PMCID: PMC6020065 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diterpenoids constitute an important part of oleoresin in conifer needles, but the environmental and genetic controls on diterpenoid composition are poorly known. We studied the presence of diterpenoids in four pine populations spanning an extensive range of nitrogen (N) availability. In most samples, isoabienol was the main diterpenoid. Additionally, low contents of (Z)-biformene, abietadiene isomers, manoyl oxide isomers, labda-7,13,14-triene and labda-7,14-dien-13-ol were quantified in pine needles. According to the occurrence and content of diterpenoids it was possible to distinguish 'non diterpenoid pines', 'high isoabienol pines', 'manoyl oxide - isoabienol pines' and 'other diterpenoid pines'. 'Non diterpenoid pines', 'high isoabienol pines' and 'other diterpenoid pines' were characteristic to the dry forest, yet the majority of pines (>80%) of the bog Laeva represented 'high isoabienol pines'. 'Manoyl oxide - isoabienol pines' were present only in the wet sites. Additionally, orthogonal partial least-squares analysis showed, that in the bogs foliar nitrogen content per dry mass (NM) correlated to diterpenoids. Significant correlations existed between abietadienes, isoabienol and foliar NM in 'manoyl oxide - isoabienol pines', and chemotypic variation was also associated by population genetic distance estimated by nuclear microsatellite markers. Previously, the presence of low and high Δ-3-carene pines has been demonstrated, but the results of the current study indicate that also diterpenoids form an independent axis of chemotypic differentiation. Further studies are needed to understand whether the enhanced abundance of diterpenoids in wetter sites reflects a phenotypic or genotypic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kännaste
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
| | - Lucian Copolovici
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Institute of Technical and Natural Sciences Research-Development of "Aurel Vlaicu" University, 2 Elena Dragoi St., Arad 310330, Romania.
| | - Marina Suhorutšenko
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia.
| | - Muhammad Azeem
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan; Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lauri Toom
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Anna-Karin Borg-Karlson
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Ecological Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Schaeffer RN, Wang Z, Thornber CS, Preisser EL, Orians CM. Two invasive herbivores on a shared host: patterns and consequences of phytohormone induction. Oecologia 2018; 186:973-982. [PMID: 29362885 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4063-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herbivore-induced changes in host quality mediate indirect interactions between herbivores. The nature of these indirect interactions can vary depending on the identity of herbivores involved, species-specific induction of defense-signaling pathways, and sequence of attack. However, our understanding of the role of these signaling pathways in the success of multiple exotic herbivores is less known. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) is attacked by two invasive herbivores [elongate hemlock scale (EHS; Fiorinia externa) and hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae)] throughout much of its range, but prior attack by EHS is known to deter HWA. The potential role of phytohormones in this interaction is poorly understood. We measured endogenous levels of phytohormones in eastern hemlock in response to attack by these invasive herbivores. We also used exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), a salicylic acid (SA) pathway elicitor, to test the hypothesis that defense-signaling phytohormones typically induced by herbivores could deter HWA. Resistance to adelgid attack was assessed using a behavioral assay. Adelgid feeding significantly elevated both abscisic acid (ABA) and SA in local tissues, while EHS feeding had no detectable effect on either phytohormone. HWA progrediens and sistens crawlers preferred to settle on ASM-treated foliage. In contrast, HWA crawlers actively avoided settlement on MJ-treated foliage. We suggest that induction of ABA- and SA-signaling pathways, in concert with defense-signaling interference, may aid HWA invasion success, and that defense-signaling interference, induced by exotic competitors, may mediate resistance of native hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert N Schaeffer
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA. .,Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Carol S Thornber
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.,Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Evan L Preisser
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Colin M Orians
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Saavedra I, Amo L. Are wild insectivorous birds attracted to methyl-jasmonate-treated Pyrenean oak trees? BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Plants emit herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) when they are attacked by herbivorous arthropods to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Previous studies have suggested that insectivorous birds can detect the HIPVs for prey location. The production of HIPVs is partly mediated by the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. Methyl jasmonate is one compound involved in the jasmonic acid signalling pathway. Therefore, spraying of methyl jasmonate (MeJa) solution on plants can induce the emission of volatiles similar to the HIPVs induced by herbivory. We performed two field experiments to test whether insectivorous adult birds are attracted to Pyrenean oak trees (Quercus pyrenaica) treated with MeJa solutions. We used artificial larvae to measure bird predation rate. There were no differences in the predation rates of plasticine larvae between control and MeJa treatments, suggesting that insectivorous birds were not attracted to trees treated with MeJa. We also tested whether blue tit nestlings without previous experience in foraging respond to the scent of Pyrenean oak tree leaves treated with MeJa, to test whether the attraction to MeJa-treated trees is innate. A similar number of nestlings performed begging responses when exposed to the scent of leaves of MeJa-treated trees compared to the scent of leaves of control untreated trees. Furthermore, the duration of the first begging was similar in response to the volatiles emitted by MeJa-treated trees and untreated trees. Despite previous evidence suggesting that insectivorous birds are attracted to HIPVs, our results show that neither insectivorous adult birds nor inexperienced nestlings were attracted to trees treated with MeJa. Further studies are needed to disentangle whether the differences in the emission of volatiles between herbivore-infested trees and MeJa-treated trees can explain this lack of attraction to MeJa-treated Pyrenean oak trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Saavedra
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa Amo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Celedon JM, Yuen MMS, Chiang A, Henderson H, Reid KE, Bohlmann J. Cell-type- and tissue-specific transcriptomes of the white spruce (Picea glauca) bark unmask fine-scale spatial patterns of constitutive and induced conifer defense. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:710-726. [PMID: 28857307 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant defenses often involve specialized cells and tissues. In conifers, specialized cells of the bark are important for defense against insects and pathogens. Using laser microdissection, we characterized the transcriptomes of cortical resin duct cells, phenolic cells and phloem of white spruce (Picea glauca) bark under constitutive and methyl jasmonate (MeJa)-induced conditions, and we compared these transcriptomes with the transcriptome of the bark tissue complex. Overall, ~3700 bark transcripts were differentially expressed in response to MeJa. Approximately 25% of transcripts were expressed in only one cell type, revealing cell specialization at the transcriptome level. MeJa caused cell-type-specific transcriptome responses and changed the overall patterns of cell-type-specific transcript accumulation. Comparison of transcriptomes of the conifer bark tissue complex and specialized cells resolved a masking effect inherent to transcriptome analysis of complex tissues, and showed the actual cell-type-specific transcriptome signatures. Characterization of cell-type-specific transcriptomes is critical to reveal the dynamic patterns of spatial and temporal display of constitutive and induced defense systems in a complex plant tissue or organ. This was demonstrated with the improved resolution of spatially restricted expression of sets of genes of secondary metabolism in the specialized cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Celedon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Angela Chiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hannah Henderson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karen E Reid
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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50
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Liu JJ, Williams H, Li XR, Schoettle AW, Sniezko RA, Murray M, Zamany A, Roke G, Chen H. Profiling methyl jasmonate-responsive transcriptome for understanding induced systemic resistance in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:359-374. [PMID: 28861810 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-seq analysis on whitebark pine needles demonstrated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-triggered transcriptome re-programming substantially overlapped with defense responses against insects and fungal pathogens in Pinus species, increasing current knowledge regarding induced systemic resistance (ISR) to pathogens and pests in whitebark pine. Many whitebark pine populations are in steep decline due to high susceptibility to mountain pine beetle and the non-native white pine blister rust (WPBR). Resistance, including induced systemic resistance (ISR), is not well characterized in whitebark pine, narrowing the current options for increasing the success of restoration and breeding programs. Exogenous jasmonates are known to trigger ISR by activating the plant's immune system through regulation of gene expression to produce chemical defense compounds. This study reports profiles of whitebark pine needle transcriptomes, following methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment using RNA-seq. A MeJA-responsive transcriptome was de novo assembled and transcriptome profiling identified a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), revealing 1422 up- and 999 down-regulated transcripts with at least twofold change (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in needle tissues in response to MeJA application. GO analysis revealed that these DEGs have putative functions in plant defense signalling, transcription regulation, biosyntheses of secondary metabolites, and other biological processes. Lineage-specific expression of defense-related genes was characterized through comparison with MeJA signalling in model plants. In particular, MeJA-triggered transcriptome re-programming substantially overlapped with defense responses against WPBR and insects in related Pinus species, suggesting that MeJA may be used to improve whitebark pine resistance to pathogens/pests. Our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in whitebark pine ISR. DEGs identified in this study can be used as candidates to facilitate identification of genomic variation contributing to host resistance and aid in breeding selection of elite genotypes with better adaptive fitness to environmental stressors in this endangered tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Holly Williams
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Xiao Rui Li
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Anna W Schoettle
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Richard A Sniezko
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, 34963 Shoreview Road, Cottage Grove, OR, 97424, USA
| | - Michael Murray
- Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 333 Victoria St., Nelson, BC, V1L 4K3, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Gary Roke
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Hao Chen
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
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