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Nguyen TNH, Goux D, Follet-Gueye ML, Bernard S, Padel L, Vicré M, Prud'homme MP, Morvan-Bertrand A. Generation and characterization of two new monoclonal antibodies produced by immunizing mice with plant fructans: New tools for immunolocalization of β-(2 → 1) and β-(2 → 6) fructans. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121682. [PMID: 38171691 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Fructans are water-soluble polymers of fructose in which fructose units are linked by β-(2 → 1) and/or β-(2 → 6) linkages. In plants, they are synthesized in the vacuole but have also been reported in the apoplastic sap under abiotic stress suggesting that they are involved in plasmalemma protection and in plant-microbial interactions. However, the lack of fructan-specific antibodies currently prevents further study of their role and the associated mechanisms of action, which could be elucidated thanks to their immunolocalization. We report the production of two monoclonal antibodies (named BTM9H2 and BTM15A6) using mice immunization with antigenic compounds prepared from a mixture of plant inulins and levans conjugated to serum albumin. Their specificity towards fructans with β-(2 → 1) and/or β-(2 → 6) linkage has been demonstrated by immuno-dot blot tests on a wide range of carbohydrates. The two mAbs were used for immunocytolocalization of fructans by epifluorescence microscopy in various plant species. Fructan epitopes were specifically detected in fructan-accumulating plants, inside cells as well as on the surface of root tips, confirming both extracellular and intracellular localizations. The two mAbs provide new tools to identify the mechanism of extracellular fructan secretion and explore the roles of fructans in stress resistance and plant-microorganism interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Hanh Nguyen
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & nutritions NCS, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" - FED 4277, 14032 Caen, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, US EMerode, CMAbio(3), 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Follet-Gueye
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, HeRacLeS-PRIMACEN, INSERM US51, CNRS UAR2026, ComUE Normandie Université, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | - Sophie Bernard
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France; Normandie Univ, HeRacLeS-PRIMACEN, INSERM US51, CNRS UAR2026, ComUE Normandie Université, UFR des Sciences et Techniques, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.
| | | | - Maïté Vicré
- Université de Rouen Normandie, Laboratoire Glyco-MEV UR 4358, SFR Normandie Végétal FED 4277, Innovation Chimie Carnot, F-76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Marie-Pascale Prud'homme
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & nutritions NCS, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" - FED 4277, 14032 Caen, France.
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, INRAE, EVA Ecophysiologie Végétale, Agronomie & nutritions NCS, Fédération de Recherche "Normandie Végétal" - FED 4277, 14032 Caen, France.
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2
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Barkaoui K, Volaire F. Drought survival and recovery in grasses: Stress intensity and plant-plant interactions impact plant dehydration tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1489-1503. [PMID: 36655754 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant dehydration tolerance confers drought survival in grasses, but the mortality thresholds according to soil water content (SWC), vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and plant-plant interactions are little explored. We compared the dehydration dynamics of leaf meristems, which are the key surviving organs, plant mortality, and recovery of Mediterranean and temperate populations of two perennial grass species, Dactylis glomerata and Festuca arundinacea, grown in monocultures and mixtures under a low-VPD (1.5 kPa) versus a high-VPD drought (2.2 kPa). The lethal drought index (LD50 ), that is, SWC associated with 50% plant mortality, ranged from 2.87% (ψs = -1.68 MPa) to 2.19% (ψs = -4.47 MPa) and reached the lowest values under the low-VPD drought. Populations of D. glomerata were more dehydration-tolerant (lower LD50 ), survived and recovered better than F. arundinacea populations. Plant-plant interactions modified dehydration tolerance and improved post-drought recovery in mixtures compared with monocultures. Water content as low as 20.7%-36.1% in leaf meristems allowed 50% of plants to survive. We conclude that meristem dehydration causes plant mortality and that drought acclimation can increase dehydration tolerance. Genetic diversity, acclimation and plant-plant interactions are essential sources of dehydration tolerance variability to consider when predicting drought-induced mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Barkaoui
- CIRAD, UMR ABSys, F-34398 Montpellier, France
- ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence Volaire
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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3
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Nagabhyru P, Dinkins RD, Schardl CL. Transcriptome analysis of Epichloë strains in tall fescue in response to drought stress. Mycologia 2022; 114:697-712. [PMID: 35671366 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2060008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Epichloë coenophiala, a systemic fungal symbiont (endophyte) of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum), has been documented to confer to this grass better persistence than plants lacking the endophyte, especially under stress conditions such as drought. The response, if any, of the endophyte to imposition of stress on the host plant has not been characterized previously. Therefore, we investigated effects on gene expression by E. coenophiala and a related endophyte when plant-endophyte symbiota were subjected to acute water-deficit stress. Plants harboring different endophyte strains were grown in sand in the greenhouse, then half were deprived of water for 48 h and the other half were watered controls. RNA was isolated from different plant tissues, and mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was conducted to identify genes that were differentially expressed comparing stress treatment with control. We compared two different plants harboring the common toxic E. coenophiala strain (CTE) and two non-ergot-alkaloid-producing Epichloë strains in tall fescue pseudostems, and in a second experiment we compared responses of E. coenophiala CTE in plant pseudostem and crown tissues. The endophytes responded to the stress with increased expression of genes involved in oxidative stress response, oxygen radical detoxification, C-compound carbohydrate metabolism, heat shock, and cellular transport pathways. The magnitude of fungal gene responses during stress varied among plant-endophyte symbiota. Responses in pseudostems and crowns involved some common pathways as well as some tissue-specific pathways. The fungal response to water-deficit stress involved gene expression changes in similar pathways that have been documented for plant stress responses, indicating that Epichloë spp. and their host plants either coordinate stress responses or separately activate similar stress response mechanisms that work together for mutual protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Nagabhyru
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
| | - Randy D Dinkins
- Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky 40546
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Benkeblia N. Insights on Fructans and Resistance of Plants to Drought Stress. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.827758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought, one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plants, is characterized by a decrease of water availability, resulting in a decrease of the water potential (Ψ) of the cells. One of the strategies of plants in resisting to this low Ψ and related stresses is regulating their water-plant relation and the interplay between Ψsolutes and the turgor pressure (Ψp). This regulation avoids the dehydration induced by low Ψ and is resulting from the accumulation of specific molecules which induce higher tolerance to water deficit and also other mechanisms that prevent or repair cell damages. In plants, fructans, the non-structural carbohydrates (NSC), have other physiological functions than carbon reserve. Among these roles, fructans have been implicated in protecting plants against water deficit caused by drought. As an efficient strategy to survive to this abiotic stress, plants synthesize fructans in response to osmotic pressure in order to osmoregulate the cellular flux, therefore, protecting the membrane damage and maintaining Ψp. Although different studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms behind this strategy, still the concept itself is not well-understood and many points remain unclear and need to be elucidated in order to understand the causal relation between water deficit and fructans accumulation during water scarcity. This understanding will be a key tool in developing strategies to enhance crop tolerance to stressful dry conditions, particularly under the changing climate prediction. This review aims to give new insights on the roles of fructans in the response and resistance of plants to water deficit and their fate under this severe environmental condition.
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Nilsen KT, Walkowiak S, Xiang D, Gao P, Quilichini TD, Willick IR, Byrns B, N'Diaye A, Ens J, Wiebe K, Ruan Y, Cuthbert RD, Craze M, Wallington EJ, Simmonds J, Uauy C, Datla R, Pozniak CJ. Copy number variation of TdDof controls solid-stemmed architecture in wheat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28708-28718. [PMID: 33127757 PMCID: PMC7682410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009418117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem solidness is an important agronomic trait of durum (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) and bread (Triticum aestivum L.) wheat that provides resistance to the wheat stem sawfly. This dominant trait is conferred by the SSt1 locus on chromosome 3B. However, the molecular identity and mechanisms underpinning stem solidness have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that copy number variation of TdDof, a gene encoding a putative DNA binding with one finger protein, controls the stem solidness trait in wheat. Using map-based cloning, we localized TdDof to within a physical interval of 2.1 Mb inside the SSt1 locus. Molecular analysis revealed that hollow-stemmed wheat cultivars such as Kronos carry a single copy of TdDof, whereas solid-stemmed cultivars such as CDC Fortitude carry multiple identical copies of the gene. Deletion of all TdDof copies from CDC Fortitude resulted in the loss of stem solidness, whereas the transgenic overexpression of TdDof restored stem solidness in the TdDof deletion mutant pithless1 and conferred stem solidness in Kronos. In solid-stemmed cultivars, increased TdDof expression was correlated with the down-regulation of genes whose orthologs have been implicated in programmed cell death (PCD) in other species. Anatomical and histochemical analyses revealed that hollow-stemmed lines had stronger PCD-associated signals in the pith cells compared to solid-stemmed lines, which suggests copy number-dependent expression of TdDof could be directly or indirectly involved in the negative regulation of PCD. These findings provide opportunities to manipulate stem development in wheat and other monocots for agricultural or industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirby T Nilsen
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Brandon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Brandon, MB R7A 5Y3, Canada
| | - Sean Walkowiak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
| | - Daoquan Xiang
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Peng Gao
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Teagen D Quilichini
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Ian R Willick
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Brook Byrns
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Amidou N'Diaye
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ens
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Krystalee Wiebe
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Yuefeng Ruan
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Richard D Cuthbert
- Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK S9H 3X2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Raju Datla
- Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4J8, Canada
| | - Curtis J Pozniak
- Crop Development Centre and Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada;
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Rezaei Ghaleh Z, Sarmast MK, Atashi S. 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) ameliorates drought stress response in tall fescue via the influencing of biochemicals and strigolactone-signaling genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 155:877-887. [PMID: 32905982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major agricultural and societal concern that causes farmers worldwide billions of dollars in annual losses. By revealing the as-of-yet unknown details of the biochemical and phytohormonal crosstalk occurring in drought-stressed plants, novel strategies can be pioneered to enhance drought tolerance in crop plants. Toward this goal, exogenous treatments containing the synthetic cytokinin 6-Benzylaminopurine (6-BA) were applied to the perennial monocot grass Festuca arundinacea (Tall Fescue). These plants were subjected to three irrigation levels: 100% ± 5%, 50% ± 5%, and 25% ± 5% of field capacity, at which a number of morpho-physiological and biochemical responses were evaluated. Furthermore, to elucidate the crosstalk between cytokinin (CK) and strigolactone (SL), we evaluated the activities of several SL-responsive genes. Drought conditions were shown to have widespread effects on morpho-physiological and biochemical indices. However, foliar application of 6-BA on tall fescue largely ameliorated drought stress symptoms. Water-soluble carbohydrates also declined significantly in response to CK over the course of drought progression, with virtually no change to starch content. Severe drought stress also upregulated a number of SL-response genes in the leaves of plants, indicating a correlation between the degree of drought severity and the quantity of SLs in tall fescue. Furthermore, the drought‒mediated induction of SL-signaling genes (including FaD14 and FaMax2) was inhibited in response to exogenous application of 6-BA, implying that 6-BA is a drought-dependent suppressor of SL-signaling genes. However, our results also hint at the existence of an as-of-yet poorly-characterized system of complex phytohormonal responses coordinated from multiple signaling pathways in response to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezaei Ghaleh
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, 49138-43464, Golestan, Iran
| | - Mostafa K Sarmast
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, 49138-43464, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Sadegh Atashi
- Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources (GUASNR), Gorgan, 49138-43464, Golestan, Iran
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Bernard L, Decau ML, Morvan-Bertrand A, Lavorel S, Clément JC. Water-soluble carbohydrates in Patzkea paniculata (L.): a plant strategy to tolerate snowpack reduction and spring drought in subalpine grasslands. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:441-449. [PMID: 31834979 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In subalpine grasslands of the central French Alps, cessation of traditional mowing promotes dominance of Patzkea paniculata (L.) G.H.Loos (Poaceae) tussocks, with high biomass but low fodder quality. Mowing limits P. paniculata abundance through the depletion of its water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves, which sustain early spring growth initiation. However, the effectiveness of mowing effects is modulated by grassland functional composition, fertilization and climate change, as WSC compounds, and notably fructans, support plant physiological responses to climate stresses such as drought or frost. To characterize the mechanisms underpinning the control of P. paniculata under global change, we tested the effects of climate manipulation (combined snow removal and drought) and management (cutting and fertilization) alone or in combination on P. paniculata WSC storage in assembled grassland communities of varying functional composition. Management and climate treatments individually decreased seasonal fructan storage, with neither additive nor synergic effects between them, primarily due to the dominance of management over climate effects. Fructan amounts were higher in individuals growing in unmanaged exploitative communities compared to unmanaged conservative communities, regardless of climate treatments, but management overrode these differences. Our findings suggest that reduction by combined snow removal and drought of P. paniculata carbon allocation to WSC storage may similarly limit its dominance to that in current mowing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bernard
- CNRS, LECA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
| | - M-L Decau
- INRA, EVA, Normandie Université, Caen, France
| | | | - S Lavorel
- CNRS, LECA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
| | - J-C Clément
- CNRS, LECA, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Grenoble, France
- INRA, CARRTEL, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, Thonon-les-Bains, France
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8
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Sun X, Zong Y, Yang S, Wang L, Gao J, Wang Y, Liu B, Zhang H. A fructan: the fructan 1-fructosyl-transferase gene from Helianthus tuberosus increased the PEG-simulated drought stress tolerance of tobacco. Hereditas 2020; 157:14. [PMID: 32312318 PMCID: PMC7171796 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-020-00131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is a fructan-accumulating plant, and an industrial source of raw material for fructan production, but the crucial enzymes involved in fructan biosynthesis remain poorly understood in this plant. RESULTS In this study, a fructan: fructan 1-fructosyl-transferase (1-FFT) gene, Ht1-FFT, was isolated from Jerusalem artichoke. The coding sequence of Ht1-FFT was 2025 bp in length, encoding 641 amino acids. Ht1-FFT had the type domain of the 1-FFT protein family, to which it belonged, according to phylogenetic tree analysis, which implied that Ht1-FFT had the function of catalyzing the formation and extension of beta-(2,1)-linked fructans. Overexpression of Ht1-FFT in the leaves of transgenic tobacco increased fructan concentration. Moreover, the soluble sugar and proline concentrations increased, and the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced in the transgenic lines. The changes in these parameters were associated with increased stress tolerance exhibited by the transgenic tobacco plants. A PEG-simulated drought stress experiment confirmed that the transgenic lines exhibited increased PEG-simulated drought stress tolerance. CONCLUSIONS The 1-FFT gene from Helianthus tuberosus was a functional fructan: fructan 1-fructosyl-transferase and played a positive role in PEG-simulated drought stress tolerance. This transgene could be used to increase fructan concentration and PEG-simulated drought stress tolerance in plants by genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining, 810001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yuan Zong
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining, 810001, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shipeng Yang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Jieming Gao
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Vegetable Genetics and Physiology, Xining, 810016, China
- Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Baolong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining, 810001, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Huaigang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810001, China.
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Xining, 810001, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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9
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Singh AK, Pérez-López AV, Simpson J, Castro-Camus E. Three-dimensional water mapping of succulent Agave victoriae-reginae leaves by terahertz imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1404. [PMID: 31996722 PMCID: PMC6989691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
While terahertz imaging has been used before for the determination of water content in vegetative tissue, most studies have either presented measurements of the temporal evolution of water content at a single-point of the plant or have presented two-dimensional images of leaves, demonstrating the potential of the technique, but relatively little of such information has been used to support biologically relevant conclusions. In this article we introduce terahertz time-domain spectroscopic imaging as a technique for the determination of the three-dimensional distribution of water in succulent plant tissues. We present the first three-dimensional water mapping of an agave leaf, which demonstrates an unprecedented capability to study the water retention mechanisms within succulent plants. We found that agave leaves are composed of a low-hydration outer tissue layer, defined by the outermost layer of vascular tissue that surrounds a high-hydration tissue, the carbohydrate rich hydrenchyma. The findings are supported by histological images and the correlation between the water content and carbohydrate presence is consistent with recently published findings of a remarkably large hydration shell associated with agave fructans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek K Singh
- Centro de Investigaciones en Optica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, Leon, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico
| | - Arely V Pérez-López
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-Leon, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - June Simpson
- Department of Plant Genetic Engineering, CINVESTAV Unidad Irapuato, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-Leon, Apdo. Postal 629, 36821, Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Enrique Castro-Camus
- Centro de Investigaciones en Optica A.C., Loma del Bosque 115, Lomas del Campestre, Leon, Guanajuato, 37150, Mexico.
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10
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Galsurker O, Doron-Faigenboim A, Teper-Bamnolker P, Daus A, Lers A, Eshel D. Differential response to heat stress in outer and inner onion bulb scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4047-4064. [PMID: 29788446 PMCID: PMC6054243 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The formation of brown protective skin in onion bulbs can be induced by rapid post-harvest heat treatment. Onions that are peeled to different depths and are exposed to heat stress show that only the outer scales form the dry brown skin, whereas the inner scales maintain high water content and do not change color. Our study demonstrates that browning of the outer scale during heat treatment is due to an enzymatic process that is associated with high levels of oxidation components, such as peroxidase and quercetin glucoside. De novo transcriptome analysis revealed differential molecular responses of the outer and inner scales to heat stress. Genes involved in lipid metabolism, oxidation pathways, and cell-wall modification were highly expressed in the outer scale during heating. Defense response-related genes such as those encoding heat-shock proteins, antioxidative stress defense, or production of osmoprotectant metabolites were mostly induced in the inner scale in response to heat exposure. These transcriptomic data led to a conceptual model that suggests sequential processes for the development of browning and desiccation of the outer scale versus processes associated with defense response and heat tolerance in the inner scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Galsurker
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Field Crops and Vegetables, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Doron-Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Paula Teper-Bamnolker
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avinoam Daus
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Amnon Lers
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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11
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Jespersen D, Yu J, Huang B. Metabolic Effects of Acibenzolar- S-Methyl for Improving Heat or Drought Stress in Creeping Bentgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1224. [PMID: 28744300 PMCID: PMC5504235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a synthetic functional analog of salicylic acid which can induce systemic acquired resistance in plants, but its effects on abiotic stress tolerance is not well known. The objectives of this study were to examine effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl on heat or drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) and to determine major ASM-responsive metabolites and proteins associated with enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Creeping bentgrass plants (cv. 'Penncross') were foliarly sprayed with ASM and were exposed to non-stress (20/15°C day/night), heat stress (35/30°C), or drought conditions (by withholding irrigation) in controlled-environment growth chambers. Exogenous ASM treatment resulted in improved heat or drought tolerance, as demonstrated by higher overall turf quality, relative water content, and chlorophyll content compared to the untreated control. Western blotting revealed that ASM application resulted in up-regulation of ATP synthase, HSP-20, PR-3, and Rubisco in plants exposed to heat stress, and greater accumulation of dehydrin in plants exposed to drought stress. Metabolite profiling identified a number of amino acids, organic acids, and sugars which were differentially accumulated between ASM treated and untreated plants under heat or drought stress, including aspartic acid, glycine, citric acid, malic acid, and the sugars glucose, and fructose. Our results suggested that ASM was effective in improving heat or drought tolerance in creeping bentgrass, mainly through enhancing protein synthesis and metabolite accumulation involved in osmotic adjustment, energy metabolism, and stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jespersen
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New BrunswickNJ, United States
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, GriffinGA, United States
| | - Jingjin Yu
- College of Agro-Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New BrunswickNJ, United States
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12
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Shahidi R, Yoshida J, Cougnon M, Reheul D, Van Labeke MC. Morpho-physiological responses to dehydration stress of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue genotypes. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2017; 44:612-623. [PMID: 32480592 DOI: 10.1071/fp16365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide drought stress is the most important restriction factor on food and fodder productivity. In this study, morpho-physiological adaptations to dehydration stress were investigated in two tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) genotypes (Fa13 and Fa19 with a high and low sheep grazing preference respectively) and Lolium perenne L. Drought stress as evaluated by decreasing stomatal conductance and chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and fructan concentration were first observed in L. perenne (16 days after the start of the drought stress). Furthermore, after 20 days of drought stress the activities of ascorbate peroxide (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were reduced in stressed plants indicating that the capacity to scavenge ROS diminished under severe stress though no differences between genotypes were observed. Osmotic adjustment by carbohydrates did also not differ between the genotypes. Proline, however, reached its highest level in drought-stressed L. perenne followed by Fa13 and Fa19 respectively. The studied species showed a similar degree in response in the traits assessed when plants were exposed to dehydration stress; however changes were first observed in L. perenne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Shahidi
- Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Junko Yoshida
- Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Mathias Cougnon
- Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Reheul
- Department of Plant Production, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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13
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Sprangers K, Avramova V, Beemster GTS. Kinematic Analysis of Cell Division and Expansion: Quantifying the Cellular Basis of Growth and Sampling Developmental Zones in Zea mays Leaves. J Vis Exp 2016:54887. [PMID: 28060300 PMCID: PMC5226352 DOI: 10.3791/54887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth analyses are often used in plant science to investigate contrasting genotypes and the effect of environmental conditions. The cellular aspect of these analyses is of crucial importance, because growth is driven by cell division and cell elongation. Kinematic analysis represents a methodology to quantify these two processes. Moreover, this technique is easy to use in non-specialized laboratories. Here, we present a protocol for performing a kinematic analysis in monocotyledonous maize (Zea mays) leaves. Two aspects are presented: (1) the quantification of cell division and expansion parameters, and (2) the determination of the location of the developmental zones. This could serve as a basis for sampling design and/or could be useful for data interpretation of biochemical and molecular measurements with high spatial resolution in the leaf growth zone. The growth zone of maize leaves is harvested during steady-state growth. Individual leaves are used for meristem length determination using a DAPI stain and cell-length profiles using DIC microscopy. The protocol is suited for emerged monocotyledonous leaves harvested during steady-state growth, with growth zones spanning at least several centimeters. To improve the understanding of plant growth regulation, data on growth and molecular studies must be combined. Therefore, an important advantage of kinematic analysis is the possibility to correlate changes at the molecular level to well-defined stages of cellular development. Furthermore, it allows for a more focused sampling of specified developmental stages, which is useful in case of limited budget or time.
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14
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Zwicke M, Picon-Cochard C, Morvan-Bertrand A, Prud'homme MP, Volaire F. What functional strategies drive drought survival and recovery of perennial species from upland grassland? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2015; 116:1001-15. [PMID: 25851134 PMCID: PMC4640119 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Extreme climatic events such as severe droughts are expected to increase with climate change and to limit grassland perennity. The present study aimed to characterize the adaptive responses by which temperate herbaceous grassland species resist, survive and recover from a severe drought and to explore the relationships between plant resource use and drought resistance strategies. METHODS Monocultures of six native perennial species from upland grasslands and one Mediterranean drought-resistant cultivar were compared under semi-controlled and non-limiting rooting depth conditions. Above- and below-ground traits were measured under irrigation in spring and during drought in summer (50 d of withholding water) in order to characterize resource use and drought resistance strategies. Plants were then rehydrated and assessed for survival (after 15 d) and recovery (after 1 year). KEY RESULTS Dehydration avoidance through water uptake was associated with species that had deep roots (>1·2 m) and high root mass (>4 kg m(-3)). Cell membrane stability ensuring dehydration tolerance of roots and meristems was positively correlated with fructan content and negatively correlated with sucrose content. Species that survived and recovered best combined high resource acquisition in spring (leaf elongation rate >9 mm d(-1) and rooting depth >1·2 m) with both high dehydration avoidance and tolerance strategies. CONCLUSIONS Most of the native forage species, dominant in upland grassland, were able to survive and recover from extreme drought, but with various time lags. Overall the results suggest that the wide range of interspecific functional strategies for coping with drought may enhance the resilience of upland grassland plant communities under extreme drought events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Zwicke
- INRA, UR874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Catherine Picon-Cochard
- INRA, UR874, Grassland Ecosystem Research Team, 5 chemin de Beaulieu, F-63039 Clermont-Ferrand, France,
| | - Annette Morvan-Bertrand
- Normandie Université, France, UCBN, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale and Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France, INRA, UMR 950 EVA, F-14032 Caen, France and
| | - Marie-Pascale Prud'homme
- Normandie Université, France, UCBN, UMR 950 Ecophysiologie Végétale and Agronomie, Nutritions NCS, F-14032 Caen, France, INRA, UMR 950 EVA, F-14032 Caen, France and
| | - Florence Volaire
- INRA, USC 1338, CEFE UMR 5175, Université de Montpellier-Université Paul Valéry-EPHE, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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15
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Garcia PMA, Hayashi AH, Silva EA, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDCL, Carvalho MAM. Structural and metabolic changes in rhizophores of the Cerrado species Chrysolaena obovata (Less.) Dematt. as influenced by drought and re-watering. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:721. [PMID: 26442035 PMCID: PMC4585265 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The high fructan contents in underground organs of Cerrado species, high water solubility, and fast metabolism of these compounds highlight their role as carbon storage and as an adaptive feature in plants under drought. In this study, we showed that anatomical structure, in association with soluble compounds and metabolism of inulin-type fructans were modified in rhizophores of Crysolaena obovata submitted to water suppression and recovery after re-watering. Plants were subjected to daily watering (control), suppression of watering for 22 days (water suppression) and suppression of watering followed by re-watering after 10 days (re-watered). Plants were collected at time 0 and after 3, 7, 10, 12, 17, and 22 days of treatment. In addition to changes in fructan metabolism, high proline content was detected in drought stressed plants, contributing to osmoregulation and recovery after water status reestablishment. Under water suppression, total inulin was reduced from approx. 60 to 40%, mainly due to exohydrolase activity. Concurrently, the activity of fructosyltransferases promoted the production of short chain inulin, which could contribute to the increase in osmotic potential. After re-watering, most parameters analyzed were similar to those of control plants, indicating the resumption of regular metabolism, after water absorption. Inulin sphero-crystals accumulated in parenchymatic cells of the cortex, vascular tissues and pith were reduced under drought and accompanied anatomical changes, starting from day 10. At 22 days of drought, the cortical and vascular tissues were collapsed, and inulin sphero-crystals and inulin content were reduced. The localization of inulin sphero-crystals in vascular tissues of C. obovata, as well as the decrease of total inulin and the increase in oligo:polysaccharide ratio in water stressed plants is consistent with the role of fructans in protecting plants against drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M. A. Garcia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de BotânicaSão Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Vegetal e Meio Ambiente, Instituto de BotânicaSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Emerson A. Silva
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de BotânicaSão Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria A. M. Carvalho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de BotânicaSão Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Xu H, Liang M, Xu L, Li H, Zhang X, Kang J, Zhao Q, Zhao H. Cloning and functional characterization of two abiotic stress-responsive Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) fructan 1-exohydrolases (1-FEHs). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:81-98. [PMID: 25522837 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two fructan hydrolases were previously reported to exist in Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and one native fructan-β-fructosidase (1-FEH) was purified to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE, but no corresponding cDNA was cloned. Here, we cloned two full-length 1-FEH cDNA sequences from Jerusalem artichoke, named Ht1-FEH I and Ht1-FEH II, which showed high levels of identity with chicory 1-FEH I and 1-FEH II. Functional characterization of the corresponding recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris X-33 demonstrated that both Ht1-FEHs had high levels of hydrolase activity towards β(2,1)-linked fructans, but low or no activity towards β(2,6)-linked levan and sucrose. Like other plant FEHs, the activities of the recombinant Ht1-FEHs were greatly inhibited by sucrose. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis showed that Ht1-FEH I transcripts accumulated to high levels in the developing leaves and stems of artichoke, whereas the expression levels of Ht1-FEH II increased in tubers during tuber sprouting, which implies that the two Ht1-FEHs play different roles. The levels of both Ht1-FEH I and II transcript were significantly increased in the stems of NaCl-treated plants. NaCl treatment also induced transcription of both Ht1-FEHs in the tubers, while PEG treatments slightly inhibited the expression of Ht1-FEH II in tubers. Analysis of sugar-metabolizing enzyme activities and carbohydrate concentration via HPLC showed that the enzyme activities of 1-FEHs were increased but the fructose content was decreased under NaCl and PEG treatments. Given that FEH hydrolyzes fructan to yield Fru, we discuss possible explanations for the inconsistency between 1-FEH activity and fructan dynamics in artichokes subjected to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Tongwei Road 6, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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17
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Zhang B, Li W, Chang X, Li R, Jing R. Effects of favorable alleles for water-soluble carbohydrates at grain filling on grain weight under drought and heat stresses in wheat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102917. [PMID: 25036550 PMCID: PMC4103880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought, heat and other abiotic stresses during grain filling can result in reductions in grain weight. Conserved water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) at early grain filling play an important role in partial compensation of reduced carbon supply. A diverse population of 262 historical winter wheat accessions was used in the present study. There were significant correlations between 1000-grain weight (TGW) and four types of WSC, viz. (1) total WSC at the mid-grain filling stage (14 days after flowering) produced by leaves and non-leaf organs; (2) WSC contributed by current leaf assimilation during the mid-grain filling; (3) WSC in non-leaf organs at the mid-grain filling, excluding the current leaf assimilation; and (4) WSC used for respiration and remobilization during the mid-grain filling. Association and favorable allele analyses of 209 genome-wide SSR markers and the four types of WSC were conducted using a mixed linear model. Seven novel favorable WSC alleles exhibited positive individual contributions to TGW, which were verified under 16 environments. Dosage effects of pyramided favorable WSC alleles and significantly linear correlations between the number of favorable WSC alleles and TGW were observed. Our results suggested that pyramiding more favorable WSC alleles was effective for improving both WSC and grain weight in future wheat breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiyu Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Xiaoping Chang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Runzhi Li
- College of Agronomy, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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18
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López M, Huazano-García A, García-Pérez M, García-Vieyra M. Agave Fiber Structure Complexity and Its Impact on Health. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1201/b17121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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19
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Nagabhyru P, Dinkins RD, Wood CL, Bacon CW, Schardl CL. Tall fescue endophyte effects on tolerance to water-deficit stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 13:127. [PMID: 24015904 PMCID: PMC3848598 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-13-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum, can enhance drought tolerance of its host grass, tall fescue. To investigate endophyte effects on plant responses to acute water deficit stress, we did comprehensive profiling of plant metabolite levels in both shoot and root tissues of genetically identical clone pairs of tall fescue with endophyte (E+) and without endophyte (E-) in response to direct water deficit stress. The E- clones were generated by treating E+ plants with fungicide and selectively propagating single tillers. In time course studies on the E+ and E- clones, water was withheld from 0 to 5 days, during which levels of free sugars, sugar alcohols, and amino acids were determined, as were levels of some major fungal metabolites. RESULTS After 2-3 days of withholding water, survival and tillering of re-watered plants was significantly greater for E+ than E- clones. Within two to three days of withholding water, significant endophyte effects on metabolites manifested as higher levels of free glucose, fructose, trehalose, sugar alcohols, proline and glutamic acid in shoots and roots. The fungal metabolites, mannitol and loline alkaloids, also significantly increased with water deficit. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that symbiotic N. coenophialum aids in survival and recovery of tall fescue plants from water deficit, and acts in part by inducing rapid accumulation of these compatible solutes soon after imposition of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmaja Nagabhyru
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
| | - Randy D Dinkins
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546-0091, USA
| | - Constance L Wood
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0027, USA
| | - Charles W Bacon
- USDA-ARS, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Athens, GA 30605-2720, USA
| | - Christopher L Schardl
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0312, USA
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20
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Oliveira VF, Silva EA, Zaidan LBP, Carvalho MAM. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and water deficit on fructan metabolism in Viguiera discolor Baker. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:471-82. [PMID: 22882384 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Elevated [CO2 ] is suggested to mitigate the negative effects of water stress in plants; however responses vary among species. Fructans are recognised as protective compounds against drought and other stresses, as well as having a role as reserve carbohydrates. We analysed the combined effects of elevated [CO2 ] and water deficit on fructan metabolism in the Cerrado species Viguiera discolor Baker. Plants were cultivated for 18 days in open-top chambers (OTC) under ambient (∼380 ppm), and high (∼760 ppm) [CO2 ]. In each OTC, plants were submitted to three treatments: (i) daily watering (control), (ii) withholding water (WS) for 18 days and (iii) re-watering (RW) on day 11. Analyses were performed at time 0 and days 5, 8, 11, 15 and 18. High [CO2 ] increased photosynthesis in control plants and increased water use efficiency in WS plants. The decline in soil water content was more distinct in WS 760 (WS under 760 ppm), although the leaf and tuberous root water status was similar to WS 380 plants (WS under 380 ppm). Regarding fructan active enzymes, 1-SST activity decreased in WS plants in both CO2 concentrations, a result consistent with the decline in photosynthesis and, consequently, in substrate availability. Under WS and both [CO2 ] treatments, 1-FFT and 1-FEH seemed to act in combination to generate osmotically active compounds and thus overcome water deficit. The proportion of hexoses to sucrose, 1-kestose and nystose (SKN) was higher in WS plants. In WS 760, this increase was higher than in WS 380, and was not accompanied by decreases in SKN at the beginning of the treatment, as observed in WS 380 plants. These results suggest that the higher [CO2 ] in the atmosphere contributed to maintain, for a longer period, the pool of hexoses and of low DP fructans, favouring the maintenance of the water status and plant survival under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, São Paulo, Brazil.
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21
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Baptist F, Secher-Fromell H, Viard-Cretat F, Aranjuelo I, Clement JC, Creme A, Desclos M, Laine P, Nogues S, Lavorel S. Carbohydrate and nitrogen stores in Festuca paniculata under mowing explain dominance in subalpine grasslands. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:395-404. [PMID: 23061932 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Cessation of traditional management threatens semi-natural grassland diversity through the colonisation or increase of competitive species adapted to nutrient-poor conditions. Regular mowing is one practice that controls their abundance. This study evaluated the ecophysiological mechanisms limiting short- and long-term recovery after mowing for Festuca paniculata, a competitive grass that takes over subalpine grasslands in the Alps following cessation of mowing. We quantified temporal variations in carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, starch, fructan and total soluble sugars in leaves, stem bases and roots of F. paniculata during one growth cycle in mown and unmown fields and related them to the dynamics of soil mineral N concentration and soil moisture. Short-term results suggest that the regrowth of F. paniculata following mowing might be N-limited, first because of N dilution by C increments in the plant tissue, and second, due to low soil mineral N and soil moisture at this time of year. However, despite short-term effects of mowing on plant growth, C and N content and concentration at the beginning of the following growing season were not affected. Nevertheless, total biomass accumulation at peak standing biomass was largely reduced compared to unmown fields. Moreover, lower C storage capacity at the end of the growing season impacted C allocation to vegetative reproduction during winter, thereby dramatically limiting the horizontal growth of F. paniculata tussocks in the long term. We conclude that mowing reduces the growth of F. paniculata tussocks through both C and N limitation. Such results will help understanding how plant responses to defoliation regulate competitive interactions within plant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Baptist
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine, UMR 5553 CNRS-UJF, Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
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22
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Vandoorne B, Mathieu AS, Van den Ende W, Vergauwen R, Périlleux C, Javaux M, Lutts S. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in Cichorium intybus (var. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4359-73. [PMID: 22577185 PMCID: PMC3421980 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Root chicory (Cichorium intybus var. sativum) is a cash crop cultivated for inulin production in Western Europe. This plant can be exposed to severe water stress during the last 3 months of its 6-month growing period. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of a progressive decline in water availability on plant growth, photosynthesis, and sugar metabolism and to determine its impact on inulin production. Water stress drastically decreased fresh and dry root weight, leaf number, total leaf area, and stomatal conductance. Stressed plants, however, increased their water-use efficiency and leaf soluble sugar concentration, decreased the shoot-to-root ratio and lowered their osmotic potential. Despite a decrease in photosynthetic pigments, the photosynthesis light phase remained unaffected under water stress. Water stress increased sucrose phosphate synthase activity in the leaves but not in the roots. Water stress inhibited sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase and fructan:fructan 1 fructosyltransferase after 19 weeks of culture and slightly increased fructan 1-exohydrolase activity. The root inulin concentration, expressed on a dry-weight basis, and the mean degree of polymerization of the inulin chain remained unaffected by water stress. Root chicory displayed resistance to water stress, but that resistance was obtained at the expense of growth, which in turn led to a significant decrease in inulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Vandoorne
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (ELI-E), Université catholique de Louvain, 2 (Bte 2) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A.-S. Mathieu
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - W. Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - R. Vergauwen
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - C. Périlleux
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Liège, B22 Sart Tilman, 27 Boulevard du Rectorat, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - M. Javaux
- Earth and Life Institute – Environmental Sciences (ELI-E), Université catholique de Louvain, 2 (Bte 2) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Agrosphere (IBG-3), Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften - Forschungszentrum Juelich GmBH, Juelich, Germany
| | - S. Lutts
- Groupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute – Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, 5 (Bte L 7.07.13) Place Croix du Sud, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Merewitz EB, Du H, Yu W, Liu Y, Gianfagna T, Huang B. Elevated cytokinin content in ipt transgenic creeping bentgrass promotes drought tolerance through regulating metabolite accumulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1315-28. [PMID: 22131157 PMCID: PMC3276099 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Increased endogenous plant cytokinin (CK) content through transformation with an adenine isopentyl transferase (ipt) gene has been associated with improved plant drought tolerance. The objective of this study is to determine metabolic changes associated with elevated CK production in ipt transgenic creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) with improved drought tolerance. Null transformants (NTs) and plants transformed with ipt controlled by a stress- or senescence-activated promoter (SAG12-ipt) were exposed to well-watered conditions or drought stress by withholding irrigation in an environmental growth chamber. Physiological analysis confirmed that the SAG12-ipt line (S41) had improved drought tolerance compared with the NT plants. Specific metabolite changes over the course of drought stress and differential accumulation of metabolites in SAG12-ipt plants compared with NT plants at the same level of leaf relative water content (47% RWC) were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The metabolite profiling analysis detected 45 metabolites differentially accumulated in response to ipt expression or drought stress, which included amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids, and organic alcohols. The enhanced drought tolerance of SAG12-ipt plants was associated with the maintenance of accumulation of several metabolites, particularly amino acids (proline, γ-aminobutyric acid, alanine, and glycine) carbohydrates (sucrose, fructose, maltose, and ribose), and organic acids that are mainly involved in the citric acid cycle. The accumulation of these metabolites could contribute to improved drought tolerance due to their roles in the stress response pathways such as stress signalling, osmotic adjustment, and respiration for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily B. Merewitz
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Hongmei Du
- Center of Turfgrass Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenjuan Yu
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimin Liu
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Gianfagna
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Krasensky J, Jonak C. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1593-1608. [PMID: 22291134 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err460.drought] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants regularly face adverse growth conditions, such as drought, salinity, chilling, freezing, and high temperatures. These stresses can delay growth and development, reduce productivity, and, in extreme cases, cause plant death. Plant stress responses are dynamic and involve complex cross-talk between different regulatory levels, including adjustment of metabolism and gene expression for physiological and morphological adaptation. In this review, information about metabolic regulation in response to drought, extreme temperature, and salinity stress is summarized and the signalling events involved in mediating stress-induced metabolic changes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krasensky
- GMI-Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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25
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Krasensky J, Jonak C. Drought, salt, and temperature stress-induced metabolic rearrangements and regulatory networks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:1593-608. [PMID: 22291134 PMCID: PMC4359903 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 969] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants regularly face adverse growth conditions, such as drought, salinity, chilling, freezing, and high temperatures. These stresses can delay growth and development, reduce productivity, and, in extreme cases, cause plant death. Plant stress responses are dynamic and involve complex cross-talk between different regulatory levels, including adjustment of metabolism and gene expression for physiological and morphological adaptation. In this review, information about metabolic regulation in response to drought, extreme temperature, and salinity stress is summarized and the signalling events involved in mediating stress-induced metabolic changes are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krasensky
- GMI–Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Jonak
- GMI–Gregor Mendel Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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26
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Garcia PMA, Asega AF, Silva EA, Carvalho MAM. Effect of drought and re-watering on fructan metabolism in Vernonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2011; 49:664-670. [PMID: 21531568 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Vernonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby, a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado, accumulates about 80% of fructans in the rhizophores, the underground reserve organs. Besides their role as reserve, fructans have been recognized as protective compounds against drought. This physiological function attributed to fructans seems consistent with the wide occurrence of these carbohydrates in the cerrado, a biome that undergoes seasonal drought. The aim of this work was to analyze fructan composition and the activities of the enzymes involved in fructan synthesis, sucrose:sucrose 1-frutosyltransferase (1-SST) and fructan:fructan 1-frutosyltransferase (1-FFT), and depolymerization, fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) in plants submitted to water suppression. The plants were divided into 3 groups receiving 3 treatments: daily watering (control), water suppression for 23 days (WS) and re-watering after 15 days (RW). Samples were taken at the beginning of the experiment (Time 0) and after 3, 7, 11, 15, 17 and 23 days of water suppression. 1-SST and 1-FFT activities increased at the beginning of the water restriction period, coinciding with a decrease in 1-FEH activity, the onset of the reduction in soil water potential and in leaf water potential. Increases in 1-FEH and invertase activities led to a high yield of reducing sugars at the 23rd day after water suppression, and together with 1-FFT, 1-FEH also seemed to act in the redistribution of fructan molecules after re-watering. The increase in reducing sugars and in the fructo-oligo:fructo-polysaccharide ratio were associated to the maintenance of rhizophore turgor. Considering that WS plants showed changes in fructan metabolism that favored water retention and absorption after re-watering, the occurrence of osmotic adjustment mechanisms is suggested, reinforcing the hypothesis of fructans as protective agents against abiotic stresses, such as drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola M A Garcia
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Plantas, Instituto de Botânica, C Postal 3005, 01031-970 São Paulo, Brazil
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Li JH, Yu XZ, Wu SC, Wang XR, Wang SH, Tam NFY, Wong MH. Responses of bioaugmented ryegrass to PAH soil contamination. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2011; 13:441-455. [PMID: 21598775 DOI: 10.1080/15226510903353104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The physiological and biochemical responses of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) to PAH induced stress in soils contaminated with phenanthrene and pyene were investigated, in the presence of PAH-degrading bacteria (Acinetobacteria junii) or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi, Glomus mossae). The parameters monitored included chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a/b ratio, soluble-carbohydrate content, soluble-protein, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities. Ryegrass showed good resistance and acclimation to PAH stress in soil, however, PAH contamination resulted in adverse effects such as damage of photosynthetic function and acceleration of shoot senescence. At PAH level of 100 mg kg(-1), chlorophyll contents were 14% lower than control (no PAH). Activities of SOD and POD were more sensitive indicators of PAH stress as compared to other parameters. However, all parameters showed trends based on either the bioaugmentation of the plants or PAH treatment level. It was concluded that the inoculation of AMF and PAH-degrading bacteria, especially the former, have a positive effect on alleviation of PAH toxicity to ryegrass plants. Furthermore, the inoculation of AMF increased the shoot and biomass of ryegrass by 11-19% and 18-78%, respectively. Bioaugmented ryegrass plants show promise as a host plants in the phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Li
- Department of Municipal Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, PR China
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Livingston DP, Hincha DK, Heyer AG. Fructan and its relationship to abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2007-23. [PMID: 19290476 PMCID: PMC2705711 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been published that attempted to correlate fructan concentrations with freezing and drought tolerance. Studies investigating the effect of fructan on liposomes indicated that a direct interaction between membranes and fructan was possible. This new area of research began to move fructan and its association with stress beyond mere correlation by confirming that fructan has the capacity to stabilize membranes during drying by inserting at least part of the polysaccharide into the lipid headgroup region of the membrane. This helps prevent leakage when water is removed from the system either during freezing or drought. When plants were transformed with the ability to synthesize fructan, a concomitant increase in drought and/or freezing tolerance was confirmed. These experiments indicate that besides an indirect effect of supplying tissues with hexose sugars, fructan has a direct protective effect that can be demonstrated by both model systems and genetic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Livingston
- USDA and North Carolina State University, 840 Method Road, Unit 3, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Ortiz-Basurto RI, Pourcelly G, Doco T, Williams P, Dornier M, Belleville MP. Analysis of the main components of the aguamiel produced by the maguey-pulquero (Agave mapisaga) throughout the harvest period. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:3682-7. [PMID: 18433106 DOI: 10.1021/jf072767h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The main characteristics of the aguamiel (maguey-pulquero sap) during the harvest period of the Agave mapisaga plants were assessed to establish its stability through time and the industrial potential of its components. Only minor differences in aguamiel composition were detected among samples collected at different time points of the harvest period. The aguamiel analyzed contained 11.5 wt % of dry matter, which was composed mainly of sugars (75 wt %). Among these sugars, 10 wt % were fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS), which are known to be important in the food industry for their prebiotic properties. Other components include 0.3 wt % of free amino acids (with most essential amino acids and four neurotransmitters: GABA, GLY, GLX, and ASX), 3 wt % of proteins, and 3 wt % of ashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Isela Ortiz-Basurto
- Institut Européen des Membranes (IEM), ENSCM, UM2, CNRS, Université de Montpellier II, CC 047, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Vargas WA, Pontis HG, Salerno GL. Differential expression of alkaline and neutral invertases in response to environmental stresses: characterization of an alkaline isoform as a stress-response enzyme in wheat leaves. PLANTA 2007; 226:1535-45. [PMID: 17674033 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-007-0590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that sucrose (Suc) metabolism is involved in responses to environmental stresses in many plant species. In the present study we showed that alkaline invertase (A-Inv) expression is up-regulated in wheat leaves after an osmotic stress or a low-temperature treatment. We demonstrated that the increase of total alkaline/neutral Inv activity in wheat leaves after a stress could be due to the induction of an A-Inv isoform. Also, we identified and functionally characterized the first wheat cDNA sequence that codes for an A-Inv. The wheat leaf full-length sequence encoded a protein 70% similar to a neutral Inv of Lolium temulentum; however, after functional characterization, it resulted to encode a protein that hydrolyzed Suc to hexoses with an optimum pH of 8, and, consequently, the encoding sequence was named Ta-A-Inv. By RT-PCR assays we demonstrated that Ta-A-Inv expression is induced in response to osmotic and cold stress in mature primary wheat leaves. We propose that Ta-A-Inv activity could play an important role associated with a more efficient cytosolic Suc hydrolysis during environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter A Vargas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), C.C. 1348, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
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Fructans from oat and rye: composition and effects on membrane stability during drying. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1611-9. [PMID: 17462587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Fructans have been implicated in the abiotic stress tolerance of many plant species, including grasses and cereals. To elucidate the possibility that cereal fructans may stabilize cellular membranes during dehydration, we used liposomes as a model system and isolated fructans from oat (Avena sativa) and rye (Secale cereale). Fructans were fractionated by preparative size exclusion chromatography into five defined size classes (degree of polymerization (DP) 3 to 7) and two size classes containing high DP fructans (DP>7 short and long). They were characterized by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The effects of the fructans on liposome stability during drying and rehydration were assessed as the ability of the sugars to prevent leakage of a soluble marker from liposomes and liposome fusion. Both species contain highly complex mixtures of fructans, with a DP up to 17. The two DP>7 fractions from both species were unable to protect liposomes, while the fractions containing smaller fructans were protective to different degrees. Protection showed an optimum at DP 4 and the DP 3, 4, and 5 fractions from oat were more protective than all other fractions from both species. In addition, we found evidence for synergistic effects in membrane stabilization in mixtures of low DP with DP>7 fructans. The data indicate that cereal fructans have the ability to stabilize membranes under stress conditions and that there are size and species dependent differences between the fructans. In addition, mixtures of fructans, as they occur in living cells may have protective properties that differ significantly from those of the purified fractions.
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Mancilla-Margalli NA, López MG. Water-soluble carbohydrates and fructan structure patterns from Agave and Dasylirion species. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:7832-9. [PMID: 17002459 DOI: 10.1021/jf060354v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fructans, storage carbohydrates with beta-fructofuranosyl linkages, are found in approximately 15% of higher plants. The metabolic flexibility of those molecules allows them easily to polymerize and depolymerize to soluble carbohydrates according to plant development stage and environmental conditions. In this work, water-soluble carbohydrates, including fructan structure patterns, were compared among Agave and Dasylirion species grown in different environmental regions in Mexico. Fructans were the main storage carbohydrate present in Agave stems, in addition to other carbohydrates related to its metabolism, whereas Dasylirion spp. presented a different carbohydrate distribution. A good correlation of water-soluble carbohydrate content with climatic conditions was observed. Fructans in Agave and Dasylirion genera were found in the form of polydisperse molecules, where structural heterogeneity in the same plant was evidenced by methylation linkage analysis and chromatographic methods. Fructans from the studied species were classified into three groups depending on DP and linkage-type abundance. These storage carbohydrates share structural characteristics with fructans in plants that belong to the Asparagales members. Agave and Dasylirion fructans can be categorized as graminans and branched neo-fructans, which we have termed agavins.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Alejandra Mancilla-Margalli
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Campus Guanajuato, Apartado Postal 629, Irapuato, Gto., 36500 Mexico
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Sandrin CZ, Domingos M, Figueiredo-Ribeiro RDCL. Partitioning of water soluble carbohydrates in vegetative tissues of Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. italicum cv. Lema. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202006000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In temperate grasses, fructans are the major storage polysaccharides, being accumulated mainly in mature leaf sheaths, and also in the roots. The partitioning of carbohydrates within different organs regulates plant growth and development. The aim of the present work was to analyze the partitioning of water soluble carbohydrates in five different parts (elongating leaf blades, expanded leaf blades, upper and lower segments of the stubble, and roots) of plants of L. multiflorum cv. Lema, in order to contribute to an understanding of soluble carbohydrates distribution in these plants. Soluble carbohydrates and total fructose were analyzed in plants cultivated during 4 months in a glasshouse, by colorimetric, TLC and HPAEC-PAD techniques. Results showed that the greatest portion of total soluble carbohydrates was constituted of free and combined fructose, in all parts of the plants. The stubble contained the highest level of carbohydrates, followed by the elongating leaf blades, expanded leaf blades and roots. The leaf sheaths were not analyzed separately from the stubble, which explains the high levels of carbohydrates found in this part of the plant. The high metabolism of the elongating leaf blades, when compared to that of the expanded leaf blades, could explain the increased amounts of fructans stored in those tissues. Analysis by HPAEC-PAD showed that the elongating leaf blades and the roots had the highest proportions of low molecular weight fructans that could be readily mobilized, supplying the demand of growing tissues in other organs.
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Amiard V, Morvan-Bertrand A, Billard JP, Huault C, Keller F, Prud'homme MP. Fructans, but not the sucrosyl-galactosides, raffinose and loliose, are affected by drought stress in perennial ryegrass. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 132:2218-29. [PMID: 12913176 PMCID: PMC181305 DOI: 10.1104/pp.103.022335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2003] [Revised: 03/17/2003] [Accepted: 04/22/2003] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the putative role of the sucrosyl-galactosides, loliose [alpha-D-Gal (1,3) alpha-D-Glc (1,2) beta-D-Fru] and raffinose [alpha-D-Gal (1,6) alpha-D-Glc (1,2) beta-D-Fru], in drought tolerance of perennial ryegrass and to compare it with that of fructans. To that end, the loliose biosynthetic pathway was first established and shown to operate by a UDP-Gal: sucrose (Suc) 3-galactosyltransferase, tentatively termed loliose synthase. Drought stress increased neither the concentrations of loliose and raffinose nor the activities of loliose synthase and raffinose synthase (EC 2.4.1.82). Moreover, the concentrations of the raffinose precursors, myoinositol and galactinol, as well as the gene expressions of myoinositol 1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4) and galactinol synthase (EC 2.4.1.123) were either decreased or unaffected by drought stress. Taken together, these data are not in favor of an obvious role of sucrosyl-galactosides in drought tolerance of perennial ryegrass at the vegetative stage. By contrast, drought stress caused fructans to accumulate in leaf tissues, mainly in leaf sheaths and elongating leaf bases. This increase was mainly due to the accumulation of long-chain fructans (degree of polymerization > 8) and was not accompanied by a Suc increase. Interestingly, Suc but not fructan concentrations greatly increased in drought-stressed roots. Putative roles of fructans and sucrosyl-galactosides are discussed in relation to the acquisition of stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Amiard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique-Université de Caen-Basse Normandie, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biochimie végétales, Institut de Recherche en Biologie Appliquée, Université, 14032 Caen cedex, France
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Schuppler U, He PH, John PC, Munns R. Effect of water stress on cell division and cell-division-cycle 2-like cell-cycle kinase activity in wheat leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 117:667-78. [PMID: 9625720 PMCID: PMC34987 DOI: 10.1104/pp.117.2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/1997] [Accepted: 03/11/1998] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In wheat (Triticum aestivum) seedlings subjected to a mild water stress (water potential of -0.3 MPa), the leaf-elongation rate was reduced by one-half and the mitotic activity of mesophyll cells was reduced to 42% of well-watered controls within 1 d. There was also a reduction in the length of the zone of mesophyll cell division to within 4 mm from the base compared with 8 mm in control leaves. However, the period of division continued longer in the stressed than in the control leaves, and the final cell number in the stressed leaves reached 85% of controls. Cyclin-dependent protein kinase enzymes that are required in vivo for DNA replication and mitosis were recovered from the meristematic zone of leaves by affinity for p13(suc1). Water stress caused a reduction in H1 histone kinase activity to one-half of the control level, although amounts of the enzyme were unaffected. Reduced activity was correlated with an increased proportion of the 34-kD Cdc2-like kinase (an enzyme sharing with the Cdc2 protein of other eukaryotes the same size, antigenic sites, affinity for p13(suc1), and H1 histone kinase catalytic activity) deactivated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Deactivation to 50% occurred within 3 h of stress imposition in cells at the base of the meristematic zone and was therefore too fast to be explained by a reduction in the rate at which cells reached mitosis because of slowing of growth; rather, stress must have acted more immediately on the enzyme. The operation of controls slowing the exit from the G1 and G2 phases is discussed. We suggest that a water-stress signal acts on Cdc2 kinase by increasing phosphorylation of tyrosine, causing a shift to the inhibited form and slowing cell production.
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Wang N, Nobel PS. Phloem Transport of Fructans in the Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Species Agave deserti. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:709-14. [PMID: 9490769 PMCID: PMC35130 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.2.709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/1997] [Accepted: 10/30/1997] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Four oligofructans (neokestose, 1-kestose, nystose, and an un-identified pentofructan) occurred in the vascular tissues and phloem sap of mature leaves of Agave deserti. Fructosyltransferases (responsible for fructan biosynthesis) also occurred in the vascular tissues. In contrast, oligofructans and fructosyltransferases were virtually absent from the chlorenchyma, suggesting that fructan biosynthesis was restricted to the vascular tissues. On a molar basis, these oligofructans accounted for 46% of the total soluble sugars in the vascular tissues (sucrose [Suc] for 26%) and for 19% in the phloem sap (fructose for 24% and Suc for 53%). The Suc concentration was 1.8 times higher in the cytosol of the chlorenchyma cells than in the phloem sap; the nystose concentration was 4.9 times higher and that of pentofructan was 3.2 times higher in the vascular tissues than in the phloem sap. To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence that oligofructans are synthesized and transported in the phloem of higher plants. The polymer-trapping mechanism proposed for dicotyledonous C3 species may also be valid for oligofructan transport in monocotyledonous species, such as A. deserti, which may use a symplastic pathway for phloem loading of photosynthates in its mature leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wang
- Department of Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1606
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Interspecific variability of plant water status and leaf morphogenesis in temperate forage grasses under summer water deficit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-519x(97)80015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Luscher M, Nelson CJ. Fructosyltransferase Activities in the Leaf Growth Zone of Tall Fescue. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 107:1419-1425. [PMID: 12228445 PMCID: PMC157277 DOI: 10.1104/pp.107.4.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High concentrations of water-soluble carbohydrates, mainly fructan, accumulate in the growth zone of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) leaf blades. We studied sucrose-hydrolyzing activities in the leaf growth zone because of their importance in carbohydrate partitioning. Sucrose hydrolysis in the basal 1.5 cm was largely due to fructosyltransferases, which had activities up to 10 times higher than in fully developed leaf tissue. Three fructosyltransferases (F1, F2, and F3) were purified from the leaf growth zone. Each synthesized, from either sucrose or 1-kestose, a mixture of trisaccharides and higher-order oligofructans identical with the low-degree of polymerization fructan extracted from similar plant tissue. The highly purified fructosyltransferases retained ability (13%) to transfer fructose from sucrose to water. Time-dependent and substrate-dependent studies, using sucrose as the substrate, showed proportional production of fructose and glucose, indicating that both products are from the same enzyme. Fructosyltransferase was calculated to contribute about half the total transfer of fructose to water in the basal 1.5 cm. Invertase activity increased to near 2.0 cm when fructosyl transfer to sucrose and other oligofructans decreased. Invertase was the major activity for sucrose hydrolysis at positions distal to 3.0 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Luscher
- University of Missouri, Department of Agronomy, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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