1
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Croce R, Carmo-Silva E, Cho YB, Ermakova M, Harbinson J, Lawson T, McCormick AJ, Niyogi KK, Ort DR, Patel-Tupper D, Pesaresi P, Raines C, Weber APM, Zhu XG. Perspectives on improving photosynthesis to increase crop yield. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3944-3973. [PMID: 38701340 PMCID: PMC11449117 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Improving photosynthesis, the fundamental process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a key area of research with great potential for enhancing sustainable agricultural productivity and addressing global food security challenges. This perspective delves into the latest advancements and approaches aimed at optimizing photosynthetic efficiency. Our discussion encompasses the entire process, beginning with light harvesting and its regulation and progressing through the bottleneck of electron transfer. We then delve into the carbon reactions of photosynthesis, focusing on strategies targeting the enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle. Additionally, we explore methods to increase carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration near the Rubisco, the enzyme responsible for the first step of CBB cycle, drawing inspiration from various photosynthetic organisms, and conclude this section by examining ways to enhance CO2 delivery into leaves. Moving beyond individual processes, we discuss two approaches to identifying key targets for photosynthesis improvement: systems modeling and the study of natural variation. Finally, we revisit some of the strategies mentioned above to provide a holistic view of the improvements, analyzing their impact on nitrogen use efficiency and on canopy photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, theNetherlands
| | | | - Young B Cho
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Maria Ermakova
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
- Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Krishna K Niyogi
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Donald R Ort
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel-Tupper
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paolo Pesaresi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Christine Raines
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Xin-Guang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Capture, Center of Excellence for Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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2
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Li YY, Wang XQ, Yang YJ, Huang W. Chloroplast ATP synthase restricts photosynthesis under fluctuating light in tomato but not in maize. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 216:109115. [PMID: 39260262 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Photosynthesis in fluctuating light requires coordinated adjustments of diffusion conductance and biochemical capacity, but the role of chloroplast ATP synthase activity (gH+) in dynamic photosynthesis is not well understood. In this study, we measured gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and electrochromic shift signals in fluctuating light for leaves of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and maize (Zea mays). During the transition from sun to shade, simultaneous increases in gH+, effective quantum yield of PSII, and net CO2 assimilation rate (AN) occurred in tomato but uncoupled in maize, indicating that gH + limited AN during the sun-to-shade transition in tomato but not in maize. During the shade-to-sun transition, gH + increased simultaneously with stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance and Rubisco carboxylation capacity in tomato, suggesting that gH+ is an overlooked factor affecting light induction of AN in tomato. By comparison, gH + maintained at high levels in maize and its AN was mainly restricted by stomatal conductance. Our results reveal that the kinetics of gH+ in fluctuating light differs between species, and chloroplast ATP synthase may be a potential target for improving dynamic photosynthesis in crops such as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yun Li
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Ying-Jie Yang
- Flower Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650205, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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3
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Liu S, Han J, Ma X, Zhu X, Qu H, Xin G, Huang X. Repeated release of cerium oxide nanoparticles altered algal responses: Growth, photosynthesis, and photosynthetic gene expression. ECO-ENVIRONMENT & HEALTH 2024; 3:290-299. [PMID: 39263270 PMCID: PMC11387588 DOI: 10.1016/j.eehl.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
The expanding production of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) can eventually cause their increased release into and presence in aquatic ecosystems, potentially threatening the health of aquatic organisms and the stability of the ecological environment. Generally, ENMs are repeatedly released into real-world aquatic environments in relatively low concentrations, potentially affecting photosynthesis in primary producers such as algae. However, knowledge regarding the effects of repeated exposure to ENMs on algal photosynthesis is still lacking. Herein, the physiological responses of the freshwater algae Chlorella vulgaris following single and repeated exposures to cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) were investigated at 10 mg/L, with a focus on photosynthesis. The results showed that repeated exposures triggered increased photosynthetic pigment contents, oxidative stress levels, decreased photosynthetic performance, and lower biomass in C. vulgaris compared to a single exposure. Photosynthesis-related genes (i.e., petA, petB, psaA, atpB, and rbcL) were found to be upregulated following repeated exposures. Particularly for petB, repeated rather than single exposure treatment significantly upregulated its expression levels by 2.92-10.24-fold compared to unexposed controls. Furthermore, increased exposure times could aggravate the interaction between CeO2 NPs and algae, elevating 8.13%, 12.13%, and 20.51% Ce distribution on the algal cell surface or intracellularly, compared to a single exposure. This study is the first to investigate the effects of ENM exposure times on algal photosynthesis, providing new insights into the assessment of the risks these materials pose to real-world aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibo Liu
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Jingheng Han
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaowu Ma
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Han Qu
- College of Environment and Ecology, Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Guorong Xin
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xiaochen Huang
- State Key Lab of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
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4
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Qiu T, Wei S, Fang K, Zhang M, Li Y, Feng Y, Cheng Y, Zhang S, Tian J, Gao A, Yang Q, Yang M, Bhadauria V, Li J, Peng YL, Zhao W. The atypical Dof transcriptional factor OsDes1 contributes to stay-green, grain yield, and disease resistance in rice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp0345. [PMID: 39178266 PMCID: PMC11343033 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of leaf senescence and disease resistance plays a crucial role in determining rice grain yield and quality, which are important to meet the ever-increasing food demands of the world. Here, we identified an atypical Dof transcriptional factor OsDes1 that contributes to the stay-green phenotype, grain yield, and disease resistance in rice. The expression level of OsDes1 is positively associated with stay-green in natural variations of japonica rice, suggesting that OsDes1 would be alternatively used in breeding programs. Mechanistically, OsDes1 targets the promoter of the Rieske FeS protein gene OsPetC to activate its expression and interacts with OsPetC to protect against its degradation, thus promoting stay-green and ultimately improving the grain yield. OsDes1 also binds to the promoter region of defense-related genes, such as OsPR1b, and activates their expression, leading to enhanced disease resistance. These findings offer a potential strategy for breeding rice to enhance grain yield and disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancheng Qiu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuang Wei
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kexing Fang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Man Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yixin Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yayan Feng
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yapu Cheng
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanwei Zhang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiagen Tian
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiai Gao
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingya Yang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengni Yang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Vijai Bhadauria
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization of the Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MARA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Zhao
- MARA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, Department of Plant Biosecurity, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Khan N, Choi SH, Lee CH, Qu M, Jeon JS. Photosynthesis: Genetic Strategies Adopted to Gain Higher Efficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8933. [PMID: 39201620 PMCID: PMC11355022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The global challenge of feeding an ever-increasing population to maintain food security requires novel approaches to increase crop yields. Photosynthesis, the fundamental energy and material basis for plant life on Earth, is highly responsive to environmental conditions. Evaluating the operational status of the photosynthetic mechanism provides insights into plants' capacity to adapt to their surroundings. Despite immense effort, photosynthesis still falls short of its theoretical maximum efficiency, indicating significant potential for improvement. In this review, we provide background information on the various genetic aspects of photosynthesis, explain its complexity, and survey relevant genetic engineering approaches employed to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis. We discuss the latest success stories of gene-editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 and synthetic biology in achieving precise refinements in targeted photosynthesis pathways, such as the Calvin-Benson cycle, electron transport chain, and photorespiration. We also discuss the genetic markers crucial for mitigating the impact of rapidly changing environmental conditions, such as extreme temperatures or drought, on photosynthesis and growth. This review aims to pinpoint optimization opportunities for photosynthesis, discuss recent advancements, and address the challenges in improving this critical process, fostering a globally food-secure future through sustainable food crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Khan
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seok-Hyun Choi
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Choon-Hwan Lee
- Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingnan Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Green-Bio Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea; (N.K.); (S.-H.C.)
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6
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Zhang R, Wu Y, Qu X, Yang W, Wu Q, Huang L, Jiang Q, Ma J, Zhang Y, Qi P, Chen G, Jiang Y, Zheng Y, Wang X, Wei Y, Xu Q. The RING-finger ubiquitin E3 ligase TaPIR1 targets TaHRP1 for degradation to suppress chloroplast function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6905. [PMID: 39134523 PMCID: PMC11319775 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are key players in photosynthesis and immunity against microbial pathogens. However, the precise and timely regulatory mechanisms governing the control of photosynthesis-associated nuclear genes (PhANGs) expression in plant immunity remain largely unknown. Here we report that TaPIR1, a Pst-induced RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase, negatively regulates Pst resistance by specifically interacting with TaHRP1, an atypical transcription factor histidine-rich protein. TaPIR1 ubiquitinates the lysine residues K131 and K136 in TaHRP1 to regulate its stability. TaHRP1 directly binds to the TaHRP1-binding site elements within the PhANGs promoter to activate their transcription via the histidine-rich domain of TaHRP1. PhANGs expression induces the production of chloroplast-derived ROS. Although knocking out TaHRP1 reduces Pst resistance, TaHRP1 overexpression contributes to photosynthesis, and chloroplast-derived ROS production, and improves disease resistance. TaPIR1 expression inhibits the downstream activation of TaHRP1 and TaHRP1-induced ROS accumulation in chloroplasts. Overall, we show that the TaPIR1-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of TaHRP1 alters PhANGs expression to disrupt chloroplast function, thereby increasing plant susceptibility to Pst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangru Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiantao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pengfei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Yuming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Nazari M, Kordrostami M, Ghasemi-Soloklui AA, Eaton-Rye JJ, Pashkovskiy P, Kuznetsov V, Allakhverdiev SI. Enhancing Photosynthesis and Plant Productivity through Genetic Modification. Cells 2024; 13:1319. [PMID: 39195209 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enhancing crop photosynthesis through genetic engineering technologies offers numerous opportunities to increase plant productivity. Key approaches include optimizing light utilization, increasing cytochrome b6f complex levels, and improving carbon fixation. Modifications to Rubisco and the photosynthetic electron transport chain are central to these strategies. Introducing alternative photorespiratory pathways and enhancing carbonic anhydrase activity can further increase the internal CO2 concentration, thereby improving photosynthetic efficiency. The efficient translocation of photosynthetically produced sugars, which are managed by sucrose transporters, is also critical for plant growth. Additionally, incorporating genes from C4 plants, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NADP-malic enzymes, enhances the CO2 concentration around Rubisco, reducing photorespiration. Targeting microRNAs and transcription factors is vital for increasing photosynthesis and plant productivity, especially under stress conditions. This review highlights potential biological targets, the genetic modifications of which are aimed at improving photosynthesis and increasing plant productivity, thereby determining key areas for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Nazari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kordrostami
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj 31485-498, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj 31485-498, Iran
| | - Julian J Eaton-Rye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Pavel Pashkovskiy
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kuznetsov
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Suleyman I Allakhverdiev
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, Botanicheskaya St. 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahcesehir University, 34349 Istanbul, Turkey
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8
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Yi S, Guo X, Lou W, Mao S, Luan G, Lu X. Structure, Regulation, and Significance of Cyanobacterial and Chloroplast Adenosine Triphosphate Synthase in the Adaptability of Oxygenic Photosynthetic Organisms. Microorganisms 2024; 12:940. [PMID: 38792770 PMCID: PMC11124002 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12050940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In cyanobacteria and chloroplasts (in algae and plants), ATP synthase plays a pivotal role as a photosynthetic membrane complex responsible for producing ATP from adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate, utilizing a proton motive force gradient induced by photosynthesis. These two ATP synthases exhibit similarities in gene organization, amino acid sequences of subunits, structure, and functional mechanisms, suggesting that cyanobacterial ATP synthase is probably the evolutionary precursor to chloroplast ATP synthase. In this review, we explore the precise synthesis and assembly of ATP synthase subunits to address the uneven stoichiometry within the complex during transcription, translation, and assembly processes. We also compare the regulatory strategies governing ATP synthase activity to meet varying energy demands in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts amid fluctuating natural environments. Furthermore, we delve into the role of ATP synthase in stress tolerance and photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (OPsOs), along with the current researches on modifying ATP synthase to enhance carbon fixation efficiency under stress conditions. This review aims to offer theoretical insights and serve as a reference for understanding the functional mechanisms of ATP synthase, sparking innovative ideas for enhancing photosynthetic carbon fixation efficiency by utilizing ATP synthase as an effective module in OPsOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Yi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- College of Live Science, Henan University, Kaifeng 450001, China
| | - Wenjing Lou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shaoming Mao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China;
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forestry Biotechnology, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Guodong Luan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Xuefeng Lu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (X.G.); (G.L.); (X.L.)
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
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9
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Scafaro AP, Posch BC, Evans JR, Farquhar GD, Atkin OK. Rubisco deactivation and chloroplast electron transport rates co-limit photosynthesis above optimal leaf temperature in terrestrial plants. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2820. [PMID: 37198175 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (An) decreases at leaf temperatures above a relatively mild optimum (Topt) in most higher plants. This decline is often attributed to reduced CO2 conductance, increased CO2 loss from photorespiration and respiration, reduced chloroplast electron transport rate (J), or deactivation of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase (Rubisco). However, it is unclear which of these factors can best predict species independent declines in An at high temperature. We show that independent of species, and on a global scale, the observed decline in An with rising temperatures can be effectively accounted for by Rubisco deactivation and declines in J. Our finding that An declines with Rubisco deactivation and J supports a coordinated down-regulation of Rubisco and chloroplast electron transport rates to heat stress. We provide a model that, in the absence of CO2 supply limitations, can predict the response of photosynthesis to short-term increases in leaf temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Scafaro
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
- Centre for Entrepreneurial Agri-Technology, Gould Building, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia.
| | - Bradley C Posch
- Department of Research, Collections and Conservation, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - John R Evans
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Centre for Entrepreneurial Agri-Technology, Gould Building, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
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10
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Redox Signaling in Plant Heat Stress Response. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030605. [PMID: 36978852 PMCID: PMC10045013 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in environmental temperature due to global warming is a critical threat to plant growth and productivity. Heat stress can cause impairment in several biochemical and physiological processes. Plants sense and respond to this adverse environmental condition by activating a plethora of defense systems. Among them, the heat stress response (HSR) involves an intricate network of heat shock factors (HSFs) and heat shock proteins (HSPs). However, a growing amount of evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS), besides potentially being responsible for cellular oxidative damage, can act as signal molecules in HSR, leading to adaptative responses. The role of ROS as toxic or signal molecules depends on the fine balance between their production and scavenging. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants represent the first line of defense against oxidative damage and their activity is critical to maintaining an optimal redox environment. However, the HS-dependent ROS burst temporarily oxidizes the cellular environment, triggering redox-dependent signaling cascades. This review provides an overview of the redox-activated mechanisms that participate in the HSR.
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11
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Yue X, Ke X, Shi Y, Li Y, Zhang C, Wang Y, Hou X. Chloroplast inner envelope protein FtsH11 is involved in the adjustment of assembly of chloroplast ATP synthase under heat stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:850-864. [PMID: 36573466 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane is an integral aspect of photosynthesis that is mainly established by the splitting of water molecules in photosystem II and plastoquinol oxidation at the cytochrome complex, and it is necessary for the generation of ATP in the last step of photophosphorylation. Although environmental stresses, such as high temperatures, are known to disrupt this fundamental process, only a few studies have explored the molecular mechanisms underlying proton gradient regulation during stress. The present study identified a heat-sensitive mutant that displays aberrant photosynthesis at high temperatures. This mutation was mapped to AtFtsH11, which encodes an ATP-dependent AAA-family metalloprotease. We showed that AtFtsH11 localizes to the chloroplast inner envelope membrane and is capable of degrading the ATP synthase assembly factor BFA3 under heat stress. We posit that this function limits the amount of ATP synthase integrated into the thylakoid membrane to regulate proton efflux from the lumen to the stroma. Our data also suggest that AtFtsH11 is critical in stabilizing photosystem II and cytochrome complexes at high temperatures, and additional studies can further elucidate the specific molecular functions of this critical regulator of photosynthetic thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangsheng Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yetao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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12
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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13
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Li N, Wong WS, Feng L, Wang C, Wong KS, Zhang N, Yang W, Jiang Y, Jiang L, He JX. The thylakoid membrane protein NTA1 is an assembly factor of the cytochrome b 6f complex essential for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100509. [PMID: 36560880 PMCID: PMC9860185 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f) complex is a multisubunit protein complex in chloroplast thylakoid membranes required for photosynthetic electron transport. Here we report the isolation and characterization of the new tiny albino 1 (nta1) mutant in Arabidopsis, which has severe defects in Cyt b6f accumulation and chloroplast development. Gene cloning revealed that the nta1 phenotype was caused by disruption of a single nuclear gene, NTA1, which encodes an integral thylakoid membrane protein conserved across green algae and plants. Overexpression of NTA1 completely rescued the nta1 phenotype, and knockout of NTA1 in wild-type plants recapitulated the mutant phenotype. Loss of NTA1 function severely impaired the accumulation of multiprotein complexes related to photosynthesis in thylakoid membranes, particularly the components of Cyt b6f. NTA1 was shown to directly interact with four subunits (Cyt b6/PetB, PetD, PetG, and PetN) of Cyt b6f through the DUF1279 domain and C-terminal sequence to mediate their assembly. Taken together, our results identify NTA1 as a new and key regulator of chloroplast development that plays essential roles in assembly of the Cyt b6f complex by interacting with multiple Cyt b6f subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing Shing Wong
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chunming Wang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Shing Wong
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nianhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yueming Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Core Botanical Gardens, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jun-Xian He
- School of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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14
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Ermakova M, Heyno E, Woodford R, Massey B, Birke H, von Caemmerer S. Enhanced abundance and activity of the chloroplast ATP synthase in rice through the overexpression of the AtpD subunit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6891-6901. [PMID: 35904136 PMCID: PMC9629782 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ATP, produced by the light reactions of photosynthesis, acts as the universal cellular energy cofactor fuelling all life processes. Chloroplast ATP synthase produces ATP using the proton motive force created by solar energy-driven thylakoid electron transport reactions. Here we investigate how increasing abundance of ATP synthase affects leaf photosynthesis and growth of rice, Oryza sativa variety Kitaake. We show that overexpression of AtpD, the nuclear-encoded subunit of the chloroplast ATP synthase, stimulates both abundance of the complex, confirmed by immunodetection of thylakoid complexes separated by Blue Native-PAGE, and ATP synthase activity, detected as higher proton conductivity of the thylakoid membrane. Plants with increased AtpD content had higher CO2 assimilation rates when a stepwise increase in CO2 partial pressure was imposed on leaves at high irradiance. Fitting of the CO2 response curves of assimilation revealed that plants overexpressing AtpD had a higher electron transport rate (J) at high CO2, despite having wild-type-like abundance of the cytochrome b6f complex. A higher maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax) and lower cyclic electron flow detected in transgenic plants both pointed to an increased ATP production compared with wild-type plants. Our results present evidence that the activity of ATP synthase modulates the rate of electron transport at high CO2 and high irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Russell Woodford
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Baxter Massey
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Hannah Birke
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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15
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Heyno E, Ermakova M, Lopez‐Calcagno PE, Woodford R, Brown KL, Matthews JSA, Osmond B, Raines CA, von Caemmerer S. Rieske FeS overexpression in tobacco provides increased abundance and activity of cytochrome b 6 f. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13803. [PMID: 36259085 PMCID: PMC9828649 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is fundamental for plant growth and yield. The cytochrome b6 f complex catalyses a rate-limiting step in thylakoid electron transport and therefore represents an important point of regulation of photosynthesis. Here we show that overexpression of a single core subunit of cytochrome b6 f, the Rieske FeS protein, led to up to a 40% increase in the abundance of the complex in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and was accompanied by an enhanced in vitro cytochrome f activity, indicating a full functionality of the complex. Analysis of transgenic plants overexpressing Rieske FeS by the light-induced fluorescence transients technique revealed a more oxidised primary quinone acceptor of photosystem II (QA ) and plastoquinone pool and faster electron transport from the plastoquinone pool to photosystem I upon changes in irradiance, compared to control plants. A faster establishment of qE , the energy-dependent component of nonphotochemical quenching, in transgenic plants suggests a more rapid buildup of the transmembrane proton gradient, also supporting the increased in vivo cytochrome b6 f activity. However, there was no consistent increase in steady-state rates of electron transport or CO2 assimilation in plants overexpressing Rieske FeS grown in either laboratory conditions or field trials, suggesting that the in vivo activity of the complex was only transiently increased upon changes in irradiance. Our results show that overexpression of Rieske FeS in tobacco enhances the abundance of functional cytochrome b6 f and may have the potential to increase plant productivity if combined with other traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiri Heyno
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Maria Ermakova
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
- School of Biological SciencesMonash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Patricia E. Lopez‐Calcagno
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
- School of Natural and Environmental SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastleUK
| | - Russell Woodford
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | - Kenny L. Brown
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
| | | | - Barry Osmond
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
| | | | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Division of Plant ScienceResearch School of Biology, The Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia
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16
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Khan MS, Riaz R, Majid M, Mehmood K, Mustafa G, Joyia FA. The tobacco chloroplast YCF4 gene is essential for transcriptional gene regulation and plants photoautotrophic growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1014236. [PMID: 36352880 PMCID: PMC9638951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1014236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A tobacco chloroplast hypothetical open reading frame 4 (YCF4) has been reported as a non-essential assembly factor for photosynthesis based on an incomplete knockout of YCF4, just 93 of 184 amino acids from the N-terminus were knocked out. On the other hand, we removed the complete sequence of YCF4 from tobacco chloroplasts and observed that ΔYCF4 plants were unable to survive photoautotrophically as their growth was hampered in the absence of an external carbon supply, clearly showing that the YCF4 is essential for photosynthesis. Initially, the aadA gene was introduced into the tobacco plastome replacing the complete YCF4 gene through homologous recombination events. The replacement of YCF4 with aadA was confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis in ΔYCF4 plants. Homoplasmic ΔYCF4 plants had a light green phenotype, and the leaves became pale yellow as the plants grew older. The structure of chloroplasts of ΔYCF4 mutants of light green phenotype was studied using a transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the micrographs demonstrated structural anomalies in the chloroplasts; including shape, size, and grana stacking compared to the wild-type plants. Further, transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of PSI, PSII, and ribosomal genes remained unchanged in ∆YCF4 plants. On the other hand, transcriptome levels of rbcL (Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit), LHC (Light-Harvesting Complex), and ATP Synthase (atpB and atpL) decreased, indicating that the YCF4 has the function(s) in addition to assembling the photosynthetic complex. This was confirmed by in-silico protein-protein interactions of full-length YCF4 as well as 93 and 91 of 184 amino acids from N- and C-termini of the full-length protein, which revealed that the C-terminus (91 aa) of YCF4 is important in interacting with other chloroplast proteins. These findings provide genetic support for the plastid YCF4 gene's critical role in regulating the plastid gene expression and assembling the photosynthetic complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sarwar Khan
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rimsha Riaz
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Majid
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Mehmood
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ghulam Mustafa
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ahmad Joyia
- Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Using synthetic biology to improve photosynthesis for sustainable food production. J Biotechnol 2022; 359:1-14. [PMID: 36126804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is responsible for the primary productivity and maintenance of life on Earth, boosting biological activity and contributing to the maintenance of the environment. In the past, traditional crop improvement was considered sufficient to meet food demands, but the growing demand for food coupled with climate change has modified this scenario over the past decades. However, advances in this area have not focused on photosynthesis per se but rather on fixed carbon partitioning. In short, other approaches must be used to meet an increasing agricultural demand. Thus, several paths may be followed, from modifications in leaf shape and canopy architecture, improving metabolic pathways related to CO2 fixation, the inclusion of metabolic mechanisms from other species, and improvements in energy uptake by plants. Given the recognized importance of photosynthesis, as the basis of the primary productivity on Earth, we here present an overview of the latest advances in attempts to improve plant photosynthetic performance. We focused on points considered key to the enhancement of photosynthesis, including leaf shape development, RuBisCO reengineering, Calvin-Benson cycle optimization, light use efficiency, the introduction of the C4 cycle in C3 plants and the inclusion of other CO2 concentrating mechanisms (CCMs). We further provide compelling evidence that there is still room for further improvements. Finally, we conclude this review by presenting future perspectives and possible new directions on this subject.
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18
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Bheemanahalli R, Ramamoorthy P, Poudel S, Samiappan S, Wijewardane N, Reddy KR. Effects of drought and heat stresses during reproductive stage on pollen germination, yield, and leaf reflectance properties in maize ( Zea mays L.). PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e434. [PMID: 35959217 PMCID: PMC9360560 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat stresses are the major abiotic stress factors detrimental to maize (Zea mays L.) production. Much attention has been directed toward plant responses to heat or drought stress. However, maize reproductive stage responses to combined heat and drought remain less explored. Therefore, this study aimed to quantify the impact of optimum daytime (30°C, control) and warmer daytime temperatures (35°C, heat stress) on pollen germination, morpho-physiology, and yield potential using two maize genotypes ("Mo17" and "B73") under contrasting soil moisture content, that is, 100% and 40% irrigation during flowering. Pollen germination of both genotypes decreased under combined stresses (42%), followed by heat stress (30%) and drought stress (19%). Stomatal conductance and transpiration were comparable between control and heat stress but significantly decreased under combined stresses (83% and 72%) and drought stress (52% and 47%) compared with the control. Genotype "Mo17" reduced its green leaf area to minimize the water loss, which appears to be one of the adaptive strategies of "Mo17" under stress conditions. The leaf reflectance of both genotypes varied across treatments. Vegetation indices associated with pigments (chlorophyll index of green, chlorophyll index of red edge, and carotenoid index) and plant health (normalized difference red-edge index) were found to be highly sensitive to drought and combined stressors than heat stress. Combined drought and heat stresses caused a significant reduction in yield and yield components in both Mo17 (49%) and B73 (86%) genotypes. The harvest index of genotype "B73" was extremely low, indicating poor partitioning efficiency. At least when it comes to "B73," the cause of yield reduction appears to be the result of reduced sink number rather than the pollen and source size. To the best of our awareness, this is the first study that showed how the leaf-level spectra, yield, and quality parameters respond to the short duration of independent and combined stresses during flowering in inbred maize. Further studies are required to validate the responses of potential traits involving diverse maize genotypes under field conditions. This study suggests the need to develop maize with improved tolerance to combined stresses to sustain production under increasing temperatures and low rainfall conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Bheemanahalli
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
| | | | - Sadikshya Poudel
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
| | | | - Nuwan Wijewardane
- Department of Agricultural & Biological EngineeringMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
| | - K. Raja Reddy
- Department of Plant and Soil SciencesMississippi State UniversityMississippi StateMSUSA
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19
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Yu H, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wu T, Yang X, Zhu X, Ye Y, Leng J, Yang S, Feng X. Genetic Mapping of the Gmpgl3 Mutant Reveals the Function of GmTic110a in Soybean Chloroplast Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:892077. [PMID: 35693168 PMCID: PMC9178232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.892077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The generation of oxygen and organic matter in plants mainly depends on photosynthesis, which directly affects plant growth and development. The chloroplast is the main organelle in which photosynthesis occurs. In this study, a Glycine max pale green leaf 3-1 (Gmpgl3-1) mutant was isolated from the soybean mutagenized population. The Gmpgl3-1 mutant presented with decreased chlorophyll contents, reduced chloroplast stroma thylakoids, reduced yields, and decreased numbers of pods per plant. Bulked segregant analysis (BSA) together with map-based cloning revealed a single-nucleotide non-synonymous mutation at the 341st nucleotide of the first exon of the chloroplast development-related GmTic110a gene. The phenotype of the knockout plants was the same as that of the mutant. The GmTic110a gene was highly expressed in the leaves at various developmental stages, and its protein was localized to the inner chloroplast membrane. Split luciferase complementation assays and coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments revealed that GmTic110a interacted with GmTic20, GmTic40a, and GmTic40b in tobacco leaves. These results indicated that the GmTic110a gene plays an important role in chloroplast development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Qiushi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongheng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiantian Leng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Walter J, Kromdijk J. Here comes the sun: How optimization of photosynthetic light reactions can boost crop yields. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:564-591. [PMID: 34962073 PMCID: PMC9302994 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis started to evolve some 3.5 billion years ago CO2 is the substrate for photosynthesis and in the past 200-250 years, atmospheric levels have approximately doubled due to human industrial activities. However, this time span is not sufficient for adaptation mechanisms of photosynthesis to be evolutionarily manifested. Steep increases in human population, shortage of arable land and food, and climate change call for actions, now. Thanks to substantial research efforts and advances in the last century, basic knowledge of photosynthetic and primary metabolic processes can now be translated into strategies to optimize photosynthesis to its full potential in order to improve crop yields and food supply for the future. Many different approaches have been proposed in recent years, some of which have already proven successful in different crop species. Here, we summarize recent advances on modifications of the complex network of photosynthetic light reactions. These are the starting point of all biomass production and supply the energy equivalents necessary for downstream processes as well as the oxygen we breathe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Walter
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Johannes Kromdijk
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIllinois61801USA
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21
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Sekhar KM, Kota VR, Reddy TP, Rao KV, Reddy AR. Amelioration of plant responses to drought under elevated CO 2 by rejuvenating photosynthesis and nitrogen use efficiency: implications for future climate-resilient crops. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 150:21-40. [PMID: 32632534 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The contemporary global agriculture is beset with serious threats from diverse eco-environmental conditions causing decreases in crop yields by ~ 15%. These yield losses might increase further due to climate change scenarios leading to increased food prices triggering social unrest and famines. Urbanization and industrialization are often associated with rapid increases in greenhouse gases (GHGs) especially atmospheric CO2 concentration [(CO2)]. Increase in atmospheric [CO2] significantly improved crop photosynthesis and productivity initially which vary with plant species, genotype, [CO2] exposure time and biotic as well as abiotic stress factors. Numerous attempts have been made using different plant species to unravel the physiological, cellular and molecular effects of elevated [CO2] as well as drought. This review focuses on plant responses to elevated [CO2] and drought individually as well as in combination with special reference to physiology of photosynthesis including its acclimation. Furthermore, the functional role of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and its relation to photosynthetic acclimation and crop productivity under elevated [CO2] and drought are reviewed. In addition, we also discussed different strategies to ameliorate the limitations of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylation and RuBP regeneration. Further, improved stomatal and mesophyll conductance and NUE for enhanced crop productivity under fast changing global climate conditions through biotechnological approaches are also discussed here. We conclude that multiple gene editing approaches for key events in photosynthetic processes would serve as the best strategy to generate resilient crop plants with improved productivity under fast changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalva Madhana Sekhar
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Vamsee Raja Kota
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - T Papi Reddy
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - K V Rao
- Center for Plant Molecular Biology (CPMB), Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
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22
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Zou W, Wan Z, Yu X, Liu Z, Yuan P, Zhang X. Sulfur vacancies affect the environmental fate, corona formation, and microalgae toxicity of molybdenum disulfide nanoflakes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126499. [PMID: 34214853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur vacancy (SV) defects have been engineered in two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for high performance applications in various fields involving environmental protection. Understanding the influence of SVs on the environmental fate and toxicity of TMDs is critical for evaluating their risk. Our work discovered that SVs (with S/Mo ratios of 1.65 and 1.32) reduced the dispersibility and promoted aggregation of 2H phase molybdenum disulfide (2H-MoS2, a hot TMD) in aqueous solution. The generation capability of •O2- and •OH was increased and the dissolution of 2H-MoS2 was significantly accelerated after SVs formation. Different with pristine form, S-vacant 2H-MoS2 preferentially harvested proteins (i.e., forming protein corona) involved in antioxidation, photosynthetic electron transport, and the cytoskeleton structure of microalgae. These proteins contain a higher relative number of thiol groups, which exhibited stronger affinity to S-vacant than pristine 2H-MoS2, as elucidated by density functional theory calculations. Notably, SVs aggravated algal growth inhibition, oxidative damage, photosynthetic efficiency and cell membrane permeability reduction induced by 2H-MoS2 due to increased free radical yield and the specific binding of functional proteins. Our findings provide insights into the roles of SVs on the risk of MoS2 while highlighting the importance of rational design for TMDs application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
| | - Zepeng Wan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Peng Yuan
- Henan International Collaborative Laboratory for Health Effects and Intervention of Air Pollution, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xingli Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory on Key Techniques in Water Treatment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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23
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Urban A, Rogowski P, Wasilewska-Dębowska W, Romanowska E. Understanding Maize Response to Nitrogen Limitation in Different Light Conditions for the Improvement of Photosynthesis. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091932. [PMID: 34579465 PMCID: PMC8471034 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The photosynthetic capacity of leaves is determined by their content of nitrogen (N). Nitrogen involved in photosynthesis is divided between soluble proteins and thylakoid membrane proteins. In C4 plants, the photosynthetic apparatus is partitioned between two cell types: mesophyll cells and bundle sheath. The enzymes involved in the C4 carbon cycle and assimilation of nitrogen are localized in a cell-specific manner. Although intracellular distribution of enzymes of N and carbon assimilation is variable, little is known about the physiological consequences of this distribution caused by light changes. Light intensity and nitrogen concentration influence content of nitrates in leaves and can induce activity of the main enzymes involved in N metabolism, and changes that reduce the photosynthesis rate also reduce photosynthetic N use efficiency. In this review, we wish to highlight and discuss how/whether light intensity can improve photosynthesis in maize during nitrogen limitation. We described the general regulation of changes in the main photosynthetic and nitrogen metabolism enzymes, their quantity and localization, thylakoid protein abundance, intracellular transport of organic acids as well as specific features connected with C4 photosynthesis, and addressed the major open questions related to N metabolism and effects of light on photosynthesis in C4 plants.
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24
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He J, Jawahir NKB, Qin L. Quantity of supplementary LED lightings regulates photosynthetic apparatus, improves photosynthetic capacity and enhances productivity of Cos lettuce grown in a tropical greenhouse. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 149:187-199. [PMID: 33475915 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-020-00816-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although cooling their rootzone allows year-round (temperate) vegetable production in Singapore's warm climate, these crops have frequently experienced increasingly unpredictable cloudy and hazy weather. Supplementary lighting with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) could be used to reduce the impacts of low light intensity. This study investigated the responses of temperate Cos lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to different quantities (photosynthetic photon flux density, PPFD of 0, 150, 300 µmol m-2 s-1) of supplementary LED lightings in the tropical greenhouse. Increasing light intensity significantly increased total leaf area, shoot and root fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), total chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoids (Car) contents, light-saturated photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rate (Asat) and transpiration rate (Tr). There were no significant differences in Fv/Fm ratio, total reduced nitrogen, specific leaf area (SLA) and PSII concentration among the three light treatments. However, there was an increasing trend with increasing light intensity for Chl a/b ratio, net photosynthetic O2 evolution rate (PN), cytochrome b6f (Cyt b6f), leaf total soluble protein and Rubisco concentrations. This study provides the basic understanding of photosynthetic apparatus and capacity of temperate crops grown under different supplementary LED lightings in the tropical greenhouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Natural Sciences & Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
| | - Nur Khairunnisa Bte Jawahir
- Natural Sciences & Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
| | - Lin Qin
- Natural Sciences & Science Education, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore
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25
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Combined Proteomic and Physiological Analysis of Chloroplasts Reveals Drought and Recovery Response Mechanisms in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10061127. [PMID: 34199332 PMCID: PMC8228571 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play essential roles in plant metabolic processes and stress responses by functioning as environmental sensors. Understanding chloroplast responses to drought stress and subsequent recovery will help the ability to improve stress tolerance in plants. Here, a combined proteomic and physiological approach was used to investigate the response mechanisms of Nicotiana benthamiana chloroplasts to drought stress and subsequent recovery. Early in the stress response, changes in stomatal movement were accompanied by immediate changes in protein synthesis to sustain the photosynthetic process. Thereafter, increasing drought stress seriously affected photosynthetic efficiency and led to altered expression of photosynthesis- and carbon-fixation-related proteins to protect the plants against photo-oxidative damage. Additional repair mechanisms were activated at the early stage of recovery to restore physiological functions and repair drought-induced damages, even while the negative effects of drought stress were still ongoing. Prolonging the re-watering period led to the gradual recovery of photosynthesis at both physiological and protein levels, indicating that a long repair process is required to restore plant function. Our findings provide a precise view of drought and recovery response mechanisms in N. benthamiana and serve as a reference for further investigation into the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying plant drought tolerance.
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26
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Johnson JE, Berry JA. The role of Cytochrome b 6f in the control of steady-state photosynthesis: a conceptual and quantitative model. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2021; 148:101-136. [PMID: 33999328 PMCID: PMC8292351 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00840-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a conceptual and quantitative model to describe the role of the Cytochrome [Formula: see text] complex in controlling steady-state electron transport in [Formula: see text] leaves. The model is based on new experimental methods to diagnose the maximum activity of Cyt [Formula: see text] in vivo, and to identify conditions under which photosynthetic control of Cyt [Formula: see text] is active or relaxed. With these approaches, we demonstrate that Cyt [Formula: see text] controls the trade-off between the speed and efficiency of electron transport under limiting light, and functions as a metabolic switch that transfers control to carbon metabolism under saturating light. We also present evidence that the onset of photosynthetic control of Cyt [Formula: see text] occurs within milliseconds of exposure to saturating light, much more quickly than the induction of non-photochemical quenching. We propose that photosynthetic control is the primary means of photoprotection and functions to manage excitation pressure, whereas non-photochemical quenching functions to manage excitation balance. We use these findings to extend the Farquhar et al. (Planta 149:78-90, 1980) model of [Formula: see text] photosynthesis to include a mechanistic description of the electron transport system. This framework relates the light captured by PS I and PS II to the energy and mass fluxes linking the photoacts with Cyt [Formula: see text], the ATP synthase, and Rubisco. It enables quantitative interpretation of pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometry and gas-exchange measurements, providing a new basis for analyzing how the electron transport system coordinates the supply of Fd, NADPH, and ATP with the dynamic demands of carbon metabolism, how efficient use of light is achieved under limiting light, and how photoprotection is achieved under saturating light. The model is designed to support forward as well as inverse applications. It can either be used in a stand-alone mode at the leaf-level or coupled to other models that resolve finer-scale or coarser-scale phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Johnson
- Dept. Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - J A Berry
- Dept. Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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27
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Chen Y, Yamori W, Tanaka A, Tanaka R, Ito H. Degradation of the photosystem II core complex is independent of chlorophyll degradation mediated by Stay-Green Mg 2+ dechelatase in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110902. [PMID: 33902860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence, the degradation of photosystems and photosynthetic pigments proceeds in a coordinated manner, which would minimize the potential photodamage to cells. Both photosystem I and II are composed of core complexes and peripheral antenna complexes, with the former binding chlorophyll a and the latter binding chlorophyll a and b. Although the degradation of peripheral antenna complexes is initiated by chlorophyll degradation, it remains unclear whether the degradation of core complexes and chlorophyll is coordinated. In this study, we examined the degradation of peripheral antenna and core complexes in the Arabidopsis sgr1/sgr2/sgrl triple mutant, lacking all the isoforms of chlorophyll a:Mg2+ dechelatase. In this mutant, the degradation of peripheral antenna complexes and photosystem I core complexes was substantially retarded, but the core complexes of photosystem II were rapidly degraded during leaf senescence. On the contrary, the photosynthetic activity declined at a similar rate as in the wild type plants. These results suggest that the degradation of photosystem II core complexes is regulated independently of the major chlorophyll degradation pathway mediated by the dechelatase. The study should contribute to the understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the degradation of photosystems, which is an essential step during leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Institute for Sustainable Agro-Ecosystem Services, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryouichi Tanaka
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ito
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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28
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Modulation of photosynthesis and other proteins during water-stress. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3681-3693. [PMID: 33856605 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Protein changes under drought or water stress conditions have been widely investigated. These investigations have given us enormous understanding of how drought is manifested in plants and how plants respond and adopt to such conditions. Chlorophyll fluoroescence, gas exchange, OMICS, biochemical and molecular analyses have shed light on regulation of physiology and photosynthesis of plants under drought. Use of proteomics has greatly increased the repertoire of drought-associated proteins which nevertheless, need to be investigated for their mechanistic and functional roles. Roles of such proteins have been succinctly discussed in various review articles, however more information on their functional role in countering drought is needed. In this review, recent developments in the field, alterations in the abundance of plant proteins in response to drought, monitored through numerous proteomic and immuno-blot analyses, and how these could affect plants growth and development, are discussed.
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29
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Gjindali A, Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN, Calzadilla PI. A Holistic Approach to Study Photosynthetic Acclimation Responses of Plants to Fluctuating Light. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:668512. [PMID: 33936157 PMCID: PMC8079764 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.668512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments receive light through sunflecks, the duration and distribution of these being highly variable across the day. Consequently, plants need to adjust their photosynthetic processes to avoid photoinhibition and maximize yield. Changes in the composition of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to sustained changes in the environment are referred to as photosynthetic acclimation, a process that involves changes in protein content and composition. Considering this definition, acclimation differs from regulation, which involves processes that alter the activity of individual proteins over short-time periods, without changing the abundance of those proteins. The interconnection and overlapping of the short- and long-term photosynthetic responses, which can occur simultaneously or/and sequentially over time, make the study of long-term acclimation to fluctuating light in plants challenging. In this review we identify short-term responses of plants to fluctuating light that could act as sensors and signals for acclimation responses, with the aim of understanding how plants integrate environmental fluctuations over time and tailor their responses accordingly. Mathematical modeling has the potential to integrate physiological processes over different timescales and to help disentangle short-term regulatory responses from long-term acclimation responses. We review existing mathematical modeling techniques for studying photosynthetic responses to fluctuating light and propose new methods for addressing the topic from a holistic point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armida Gjindali
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo I. Calzadilla
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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30
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Yang F, Xiao K, Pan H, Liu J. Chloroplast: The Emerging Battlefield in Plant-Microbe Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:637853. [PMID: 33747017 PMCID: PMC7966814 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.637853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Higher plants and some algae convert the absorbed light into chemical energy through one of the most important organelles, chloroplast, for photosynthesis and store it in the form of organic compounds to supply their life activities. However, more and more studies have shown that the role of chloroplasts is more than a factory for photosynthesis. In the process of light conversion to chemical energy, any damage to the components of chloroplast may affect the photosynthesis efficiency and promote the production of by-products, reactive oxygen species, that are mainly produced in the chloroplasts. Substantial evidence show that chloroplasts are also involved in the battle of plants and microbes. Chloroplasts are important in integrating a variety of external environmental stimuli and regulate plant immune responses by transmitting signals to the nucleus and other cell compartments through retrograde signaling pathways. Besides, chloroplasts can also regulate the biosynthesis and signal transduction of phytohormones, including salicylic acid and jasmonic acid, to affect the interaction between the plants and microbes. Since chloroplasts play such an important role in plant immunity, correspondingly, chloroplasts have become the target of pathogens. Different microbial pathogens target the chloroplast and affect its functions to promote their colonization in the host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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31
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Malone LA, Proctor MS, Hitchcock A, Hunter CN, Johnson MP. Cytochrome b 6f - Orchestrator of photosynthetic electron transfer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2021; 1862:148380. [PMID: 33460588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2021.148380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b6f (cytb6f) lies at the heart of the light-dependent reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis, where it serves as a link between photosystem II (PSII) and photosystem I (PSI) through the oxidation and reduction of the electron carriers plastoquinol (PQH2) and plastocyanin (Pc). A mechanism of electron bifurcation, known as the Q-cycle, couples electron transfer to the generation of a transmembrane proton gradient for ATP synthesis. Cytb6f catalyses the rate-limiting step in linear electron transfer (LET), is pivotal for cyclic electron transfer (CET) and plays a key role as a redox-sensing hub involved in the regulation of light-harvesting, electron transfer and photosynthetic gene expression. Together, these characteristics make cytb6f a judicious target for genetic manipulation to enhance photosynthetic yield, a strategy which already shows promise. In this review we will outline the structure and function of cytb6f with a particular focus on new insights provided by the recent high-resolution map of the complex from Spinach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna A Malone
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew S Proctor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Andrew Hitchcock
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - C Neil Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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32
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Flannery SE, Hepworth C, Wood WHJ, Pastorelli F, Hunter CN, Dickman MJ, Jackson PJ, Johnson MP. Developmental acclimation of the thylakoid proteome to light intensity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:223-244. [PMID: 33118270 PMCID: PMC7898487 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic acclimation, the ability to adjust the composition of the thylakoid membrane to optimise the efficiency of electron transfer to the prevailing light conditions, is crucial to plant fitness in the field. While much is known about photosynthetic acclimation in Arabidopsis, to date there has been no study that combines both quantitative label-free proteomics and photosynthetic analysis by gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and P700 absorption spectroscopy. Using these methods we investigated how the levels of 402 thylakoid proteins, including many regulatory proteins not previously quantified, varied upon long-term (weeks) acclimation of Arabidopsis to low (LL), moderate (ML) and high (HL) growth light intensity and correlated these with key photosynthetic parameters. We show that changes in the relative abundance of cytb6 f, ATP synthase, FNR2, TIC62 and PGR6 positively correlate with changes in estimated PSII electron transfer rate and CO2 assimilation. Improved photosynthetic capacity in HL grown plants is paralleled by increased cyclic electron transport, which positively correlated with NDH, PGRL1, FNR1, FNR2 and TIC62, although not PGR5 abundance. The photoprotective acclimation strategy was also contrasting, with LL plants favouring slowly reversible non-photochemical quenching (qI), which positively correlated with LCNP, while HL plants favoured rapidly reversible quenching (qE), which positively correlated with PSBS. The long-term adjustment of thylakoid membrane grana diameter positively correlated with LHCII levels, while grana stacking negatively correlated with CURT1 and RIQ protein abundance. The data provide insights into how Arabidopsis tunes photosynthetic electron transfer and its regulation during developmental acclimation to light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Flannery
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
| | - Christopher Hepworth
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
| | - William H. J. Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
| | - Federica Pastorelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
| | - Christopher N. Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
| | - Mark J. Dickman
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringChELSI InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Philip J. Jackson
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringChELSI InstituteUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiotechnologyUniversity of SheffieldFirth CourtWestern BankSheffieldUK
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33
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Mu X, Chen Y. The physiological response of photosynthesis to nitrogen deficiency. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:76-82. [PMID: 33296848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N), as a macro-element, plays a vital role in plant growth and development. N deficiency affects plant productivity by decreasing photosynthesis, leaf area and longevity of green leaf. To date, many studies have reported that the relationship between photosynthesis and N supply. Here, we summarized the physiological response of photosynthesis to N deficiency in leaf structure and N allocation within the leaf. In serious N stress, photosynthetic rate decreases for almost all plants. The reasons as follows:(1) reducing stomatal conductance of mesophyll cell (gs) and bundle sheath cells (gbs) which influences intercellular CO2 concentration; (2) reducing the content of bioenergetics and light-harvesting protein which inhibits electron transport rate and increase the light energy dissipated as heat; (3) reducing the content and/or activity of photosynthetic enzymes which reduces carboxylation rate. During reproductive stage, N stress induces plant senescence and N components degradation, especially photosynthetic enzymes and thylakoid N, and thus reduces photosynthesis. To keep high grain yield in low N deficiency, we should choose the genotype with higher N allocation within bioenergetics and lower degradation of photosynthetic enzymes. This review provides a generalized N allocation in response to N stress and gives a new prospect for breeding N-efficient genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohuan Mu
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, PR China.
| | - Yanling Chen
- College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266109, PR China.
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34
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Tang X, Liu G, Jiang J, Lei C, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu X. Effects of growth irradiance on photosynthesis and photorespiration of Phoebe bournei leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:1053-1061. [PMID: 32600525 DOI: 10.1071/fp20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity is a major environmental factor affecting the growth and survival of trees in a forest. The effect of light reduction on photosynthesis and photorespiration of an evergreen broad-leaved tree, Phoebe bournei (Hemsley) Yang was examined with three levels of full light, 50.5% light, and 21.8% light. The results showed that shading led to significant increase in plant height and crown diameter. Light-saturated leaf photosynthetic rate (Amax), maximal carboxylation activity (Vcmax), maximum electron transfer rate (Jmax), stomatal conductance (gs), mesophyll conductance (gm) and chloroplast CO2 concentration (Cc) significantly increased in response to shade. Photorespiratory CO2 release rate (PR) was higher in plants grown under shade conditions than under full light. The relative limitations of gm (lm) was higher than the relative limitations of gs (ls) and the relative limitations of biochemical factors (lb) in leaves of P. bournei grown under full light, whereas lm was lower than ls and lb under shade. Our results suggest that increase of photosynthesis in P. bournei leaves grown under shade is associated with enhanced CO2 diffusion and biochemistry. And we propose that enhancement of the photorespiratory is essential for shade leaves to improve photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglin Tang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, 1629-Fenglin West Street, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, 330032, China; and College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159-Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210037, China; and Corresponding author.
| | - Guangzheng Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, 1629-Fenglin West Street, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, 159-Longpan Road, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Changju Lei
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, 1629-Fenglin West Street, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Yunxing Zhang
- School of Architectural and Artistic Design, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001-Century Road, Jiaozuo, 454003, China
| | - Liyan Wang
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, 1629-Fenglin West Street, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, 330032, China
| | - Xinliang Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology and Environment, Jiangxi Academy of Forestry, 1629-Fenglin West Street, Qingshan Lake District, Nanchang, 330032, China
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Li L, Yi H. Photosynthetic responses of Arabidopsis to SO 2 were related to photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis gene expression and redox regulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 203:111019. [PMID: 32888606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most common and harmful air pollutants. High concentrations of SO2 can induce a series of defensive responses in Arabidopsis plants. However, the role of photosynthesis in the plant response to SO2 stress is not clear. Here, we report the photosynthetic responses of Arabidopsis plants to SO2 stress. Exposure to 30 mg/m3 SO2 decreased stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) but increased photosynthetic pigments and net photosynthetic rate (Pn). The contents of carbohydrates and sucrose were not altered. The transcript levels of most genes related to photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6/f (Cytb6f), photosystem I (PSI) and carbon fixation were upregulated, revealing one important regulatory circuit for the maintenance of chloroplast homeostasis under SO2 stress. Exposure to SO2 triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, accompanied by increases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and the contents of cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH) and non-protein thiol (NPT), which maintained cellular redox homeostasis. Together, our results indicated that chloroplast photosynthesis was involved in the plant response to SO2 stress. The photosynthetic responses were related to photosynthetic pigments, photosynthesis gene expression and redox regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Huilan Yi
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, Shanxi Province, China.
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Khan A, Wang Z, Xu K, Li L, He L, Hu H, Wang G. Validation of an Enzyme-Driven Model Explaining Photosynthetic Rate Responses to Limited Nitrogen in Crop Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:533341. [PMID: 33101324 PMCID: PMC7546270 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.533341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The limited availability of nitrogen (N) is a fundamental challenge for many crop plants. We have hypothesized that the relative crop photosynthetic rate (P) is exponentially constrained by certain plant-specific enzyme activities, such as ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP-G3PDH), 3-phosphoglyceric acid (PGA) kinase, and chloroplast fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (cpFBPase), in Triticum aestivum and Oryza sativa. We conducted a literature search to compile information from previous studies on C3 and C4 crop plants, to examine the photosynthetic rate responses to limited leaf [N] levels. We found that in Zea mays, NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), PEP carboxykinase (PCK), and Rubisco activities were positively correlated with P. A positive correlation was also observed between both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and Rubisco activity with leaf [N] in Sorghum bicolor. Key enzyme activities responded differently to P in C3 and C4 plants, suggesting that other factors, such as leaf [N] and the stage of leaf growth, also limited specific enzyme activities. The relationships followed the best fitting exponential relationships between key enzymes and the P rate in both C3 and C4 plants. It was found that C4 species absorbed less leaf [N] but had higher [N] assimilation rates (A rate) and higher maximum photosynthesis rates (Pmax ), i.e., they were able to utilize and invest more [N] to sustain higher carbon gains. All C3 species studied herein had higher [N] storage (Nstore) and higher absorption of [N], when compared with the C4 species. Nstore was the main [N] source used for maintaining photosynthetic capacity and leaf expansion. Of the nine C3 species assessed, rice had the greatest Pmax , thereby absorbing more leaf [N]. Elevated CO2 (eCO2) was also found to reduce the leaf [N] and Pmax in rice but enhanced the leaf [N] and N use efficiency of photosynthesis in maize. We concluded that eCO2 affects [N] allocation, which directly or indirectly affects Pmax . These results highlight the need to further study these physiological and biochemical processes, to better predict how crops will respond to eCO2 concentrations and limited [N].
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Genxuan Wang
- Plant Physiology and Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Yadav SK, Khatri K, Rathore MS, Jha B. Ectopic Expression of a Transmembrane Protein KaCyt b 6 from a Red Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii in Transgenic Tobacco Augmented the Photosynthesis and Growth. DNA Cell Biol 2020:dna.2020.5479. [PMID: 32865429 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2020.5479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome b6f complex is a thylakoid membrane-localized protein and catalyses the transfer of electrons from plastoquinol to plastocyanin in photosynthetic electron transport chain. In the present study, Cytochrome b6 (KaCyt b6) gene from Kappaphycus alvarezii (a red seaweed) was overexpressed in tobacco. A 935 base pair (bp) long KaCyt b6 cDNA contained an open reading frame of 648 bp encoding a protein of 215 amino acids with an expected isoelectric point of 8.67 and a molecular mass of 24.37 kDa. The KaCyt b6 gene was overexpressed in tobacco under control of CaMV35S promoter. The transgenic tobacco had higher electron transfer rate and photosynthetic yield over wild-type and vector control tobacco. The KaCyt b6 tobacco also exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic gas exchange (PN) and improved water use efficiency. The transgenic plants had higher ratio of PN and intercellular CO2. The KaCyt b6 transgenic tobacco showed higher estimates of photosystem II quantum yield, higher activity of the water-splitting complex, PSII photochemistry, and photochemical quenching. The basal quantum yield of nonphotochemical processes in PSII was recorded lower in KaCyt b6 tobacco. Transgenic tobacco contained higher contents of carotenoids and total chlorophyll and also had better ratios of chlorophyll a and b, and carotenoids and total chlorophyll contents hence improved photosynthetic efficiency and production of sugar and starch. The KaCyt b6 transgenic plants performed superior under control and greenhouse conditions. To the best of our knowledge through literature survey, this is the first report on characterization of KaCyt b6 gene from K. alvarezii for enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and growth in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta K Yadav
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kusum Khatri
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, India
| | - Mangal S Rathore
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Division of Applied Phycology and Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (CSIR-CSMCRI), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Bhavnagar, India
| | - Bhavanath Jha
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Sriprapat W, Roytrakul S, Thiravetyan P. Proteomic studies of plant and bacteria interactions during benzene remediation. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 94:161-170. [PMID: 32563480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is a sustainable remedial approach for removing benzene from environment. Plant associated bacteria could ameliorate the phytotoxic effects of benzene on plant, although the specificity of these interactions is unclear. Here, we used proteomics approach to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in plant-bacteria interactions. Plant associated bacteria was isolated and subsequently inoculated into the sterilized Helianthus annuus, and the uptake rates of benzene by these inoculated plants were evaluated. At the end of the experiment, leaves and roots proteins were analyzed. The results showed inoculated H. annuus with strain EnL3 removed more benzene than other treatments after 96 h. EnL3 was identified as Enterobacter sp. according to 16S rDNA analysis. Based on the comparison of proteins, 62 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated leaves, while 35 proteins were significantly up or down regulated in inoculated roots. Furthermore, there were 4 and 3 identified proteins presented only in inoculated H. annuus leaves and roots, respectively. These proteins involved in several functions including transcription and translation, photosynthesis, and stress response. The network among anti-oxidant defense system, protein synthesis, and photosynthetic electron transfer are involved in collaboratively activate the benzene uptake and stress tolerance in plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wararat Sriprapat
- Department of Agriculture, Biotechnology Research and Development Office, Sirindhorn Plant Genetic Resources Building, Pathum Thani 12110, Thailand; Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), Thailand Science Park, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Paitip Thiravetyan
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand.
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Herrmann HA, Schwartz JM, Johnson GN. From empirical to theoretical models of light response curves - linking photosynthetic and metabolic acclimation. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2020; 145:5-14. [PMID: 31654195 PMCID: PMC7308256 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00681-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Light response curves (LRCs) describe how the rate of photosynthesis varies as a function of light. They provide information on the maximum photosynthetic capacity, quantum yield, light compensation point and leaf radiation use efficiency of leaves. Light response curves are widely used to capture photosynthetic phenotypes in response to changing environmental conditions. However, models describing these are predominantly empirical and do not attempt to explain behaviour at a mechanistic level. Here, we use modelling to understand the metabolic changes required for photosynthetic acclimation to changing environmental conditions. Using a simple kinetic model, we predicted LRCs across the physiological temperature range of Arabidopsis thaliana and confirm these using experimental data. We use our validated metabolic model to make novel predictions about the metabolic changes of temperature acclimation. We demonstrate that NADPH utilization are enhanced in warm-acclimated plants, whereas both NADPH and CO2 utilization is enhanced in cold-acclimated plants. We demonstrate how different metabolic acclimation strategies may lead to the same photosynthetic response across environmental change. We further identify that certain metabolic acclimation strategies, such as NADPH utilization, are only triggered when plants are moved beyond a threshold high or low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena A. Herrmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution & Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT UK
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Zheng Z, Gu W, Gao S, Wang G. Characterization of photosynthetic protein complexes in conchocelis and blades of Pyropia yezoensis (Rhodophyta). ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ma J, Yang S, Wang D, Tang K, Feng XX, Feng XZ. Genetic Mapping of a Light-Dependent Lesion Mimic Mutant Reveals the Function of Coproporphyrinogen III Oxidase Homolog in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 32457787 PMCID: PMC7227399 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants provide ideal genetic materials for elucidating the molecular mechanism of cell death and disease resistance. Here, we isolated a Glycine max lesion mimic mutant 2-1 (Gmlmm2-1), which displayed a light-dependent cell death phenotype. Map-based cloning revealed that GmLMM2 encods a coproporphyrinogen III oxidase and participates in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis. Knockout of GmLMM2 led to necrotic spots on developing leaves of CRISPR/Cas9 induced mutants. The GmLMM2 defect decreased the chlorophyll content by disrupting tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and enhanced resistance to Phytophthora sojae. These results suggested that GmLMM2 gene played an important role in the biosynthesis of tetrapyrrole and light-dependent defense in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Suxin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuanqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Xing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Zhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Zhang C, Wang H, Xu Y, Zhang S, Wang J, Hu B, Hou X, Li Y, Liu T. Enhanced Relative Electron Transport Rate Contributes to Increased Photosynthetic Capacity in Autotetraploid Pak Choi. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:761-774. [PMID: 31904850 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Autopolyploids often show growth advantages over their diploid progenitors because of their increased photosynthetic activity; however, the underlying molecular basis of such mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to characterize autotetraploid pak choi (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) at the physiological, cellular and molecular levels. Autotetraploid pak choi has thicker leaves than its diploid counterparts, with relatively larger intercellular spaces and cell size and greater grana thylakoid height. Photosynthetic data showed that the relative electron transport rate (rETR) was markedly higher in autotetraploid than in diploid pak choi. Transcriptomic data revealed that the expressions of genes involved in 'photosynthesis' biological process and 'thylakoids' cellular component were mainly regulated in autotetraploids. Overall, our findings suggested that the increased rETR in the thylakoids contributed to the increased photosynthetic capacity of autotetraploid leaves. Furthermore, we found that the enhanced rETR is associated with increased BrPetC expression, which is likely altered by histone modification. The ectopic expression of BrPetC in Arabidopsis thaliana led to increased rETR and biomass, which were decreased in BrPetC-silenced pak choi. Autotetraploid pak choi also shows altered hormone levels, which was likely responsible for the increased drought resistance and the impaired powdery mildew resistance of this lineage. Our findings further our understanding on how autotetraploidy provides growth advantages to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shuning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tongkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhang J, Xie J, Gan Y, Coulter JA, Dawuda MM, Yu J, Lv J, Li J, Zhang X, Tang C, Wang C, Niu T, Calderón-Urrea A. Promoting pepper (Capsicum annuum) photosynthesis via chloroplast ultrastructure and enzyme activities by optimising the ammonium to nitrate ratio. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:303-317. [PMID: 32122461 DOI: 10.1071/fp19149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Optimal plant growth in many species is achieved when the two major forms of N are supplied at a particular ratio. In this pot experiment, the effects of five different ammonium:nitrate ratios (ANRs) (0:100, 12.5:87.5, 25:75, 37.5:62.5, and 50:50) on photosynthesis efficiency in chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants were evaluated. The results showed that an ANR of 25:75 increased the contents of chl a, leaf area and dry matter, whereas chl b content was not affected by the ANRs. Regarding chlorophyll fluorescence, an ANR of 25:75 also enhanced the actual photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching and maximum photosynthetic rate. However, the 0:100 and 50:50 ANRs resulted in higher values for nonphotochemical quenching. An inhibition of maximal photochemical efficiency was found when 50% NH4+ was supplied at the later stage of plant growth. The addition of 25% or 37.5% NH4+ was beneficial for gas exchange parameters and the 25% NH4+ optimised the thylakoid of chloroplasts. Compared with nitrate alone, 12.5–50% NH4+ upregulated glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), the large subunit and the small subunit of Rubisco. It can be concluded that the 25:75 ANR accelerated N assimilation through active GDH, which provides a material basis for chloroplast and Rubisco formation, resulting in the increased photosynthetic rate and enhanced growth in chilli pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Xie
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; and Corresponding Author.
| | - Yantai Gan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research and Development Centre, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey A Coulter
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Mohammed Mujitaba Dawuda
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China; and Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Post Office Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jihua Yu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jian Lv
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Chaonan Tang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Tianhang Niu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Yingmen Village, Anning District, Lanzhou, 730070, P.R. China
| | - Alejandro Calderón-Urrea
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, P.R. China; and Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, California State University, Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
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Understanding Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance in Barley by Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis of Near-Isogenic Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041516. [PMID: 32098451 PMCID: PMC7073193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salt stress is one of the major environmental factors impairing crop production. In our previous study, we identified a major QTL for salinity tolerance on chromosome 2H on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). For further investigation of the mechanisms responsible for this QTL, two pairs of near-isogenic lines (NILs) differing in this QTL were developed. Sensitive NILs (N33 and N53) showed more severe damage after exposure to 300 mM NaCl than tolerant ones (T46 and T66). Both tolerant NILs maintained significantly lower Na+ content in leaves and much higher K+ content in the roots than sensitive lines under salt conditions, thus indicating the presence of a more optimal Na+/K+ ratio in plant tissues. Salinity stress caused significant accumulation of H2O2, MDA, and proline in salinity-sensitive NILs, and a greater enhancement in antioxidant enzymatic activities at one specific time or tissues in tolerant lines. One pair of NILs (N33 and T46) were used for proteomic studies using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. A total of 53 and 51 differentially expressed proteins were identified through tandem mass spectrometry analysis in the leaves and roots, respectively. Proteins which are associated with photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging, and ATP synthase were found to be specifically upregulated in the tolerant NIL. Proteins identified in this study can serve as a useful resource with which to explore novel candidate genes for salinity tolerance in barley.
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Simkin AJ. Genetic Engineering for Global Food Security: Photosynthesis and Biofortification. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E586. [PMID: 31835394 PMCID: PMC6963231 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for food and resources are challenging existing markets, driving a need to continually investigate and establish crop varieties with improved yields and health benefits. By the later part of the century, current estimates indicate that a >50% increase in the yield of most of the important food crops including wheat, rice and barley will be needed to maintain food supplies and improve nutritional quality to tackle what has become known as 'hidden hunger'. Improving the nutritional quality of crops has become a target for providing the micronutrients required in remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. A number of methods to achieve this have been investigated over recent years, from improving photosynthesis through genetic engineering, to breeding new higher yielding varieties. Recent research has shown that growing plants under elevated [CO2] can lead to an increase in Vitamin C due to changes in gene expression, demonstrating one potential route for plant biofortification. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to improve photosynthesis and biofortify key crops to secure future food supplies and the potential links between improved photosynthesis and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Simkin
- Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
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46
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Xu Q, Tang C, Wang X, Sun S, Zhao J, Kang Z, Wang X. An effector protein of the wheat stripe rust fungus targets chloroplasts and suppresses chloroplast function. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5571. [PMID: 31804478 PMCID: PMC6895047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chloroplasts are important for photosynthesis and for plant immunity against microbial pathogens. Here we identify a haustorium-specific protein (Pst_12806) from the wheat stripe rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), that is translocated into chloroplasts and affects chloroplast function. Transient expression of Pst_12806 inhibits BAX-induced cell death in tobacco plants and reduces Pseudomonas-induced hypersensitive response in wheat. It suppresses plant basal immunity by reducing callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes. Pst_12806 is upregulated during infection, and its knockdown (by host-induced gene silencing) reduces Pst growth and development, likely due to increased ROS accumulation. Pst_12806 interacts with the C-terminal Rieske domain of the wheat TaISP protein (a putative component of the cytochrome b6-f complex). Expression of Pst_12806 in plants reduces electron transport rate, photosynthesis, and production of chloroplast-derived ROS. Silencing TaISP by virus-induced gene silencing in a susceptible wheat cultivar reduces fungal growth and uredinium development, suggesting an increase in resistance against Pst infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunlei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shutian Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinren Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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47
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Singer SD, Soolanayakanahally RY, Foroud NA, Kroebel R. Biotechnological strategies for improved photosynthesis in a future of elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANTA 2019; 251:24. [PMID: 31784816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of photosynthesis using biotechnological approaches has been the focus of much research. It is now vital that these strategies be assessed under future atmospheric conditions. The demand for crop products is expanding at an alarming rate due to population growth, enhanced affluence, increased per capita calorie consumption, and an escalating need for plant-based bioproducts. While solving this issue will undoubtedly involve a multifaceted approach, improving crop productivity will almost certainly provide one piece of the puzzle. The improvement of photosynthetic efficiency has been a long-standing goal of plant biotechnologists as possibly one of the last remaining means of achieving higher yielding crops. However, the vast majority of these studies have not taken into consideration possible outcomes when these plants are grown long-term under the elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) that will be evident in the not too distant future. Due to the considerable effect that CO2 levels have on the photosynthetic process, these assessments should become commonplace as a means of ensuring that research in this field focuses on the most effective approaches for our future climate scenarios. In this review, we discuss the main biotechnological research strategies that are currently underway with the aim of improving photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production/yields in the context of a future of e[CO2], as well as alternative approaches that may provide further photosynthetic benefits under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Roland Kroebel
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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Adachi S, Tanaka Y, Miyagi A, Kashima M, Tezuka A, Toya Y, Kobayashi S, Ohkubo S, Shimizu H, Kawai-Yamada M, Sage RF, Nagano AJ, Yamori W. High-yielding rice Takanari has superior photosynthetic response to a commercial rice Koshihikari under fluctuating light. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5287-5297. [PMID: 31257443 PMCID: PMC6793460 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Leaves within crop canopies experience variable light over the course of a day, which greatly affects photosynthesis and crop productivity. Little is known about the mechanisms of the photosynthetic response to fluctuating light and their genetic control. Here, we examined gas exchange, metabolite levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence during the photosynthetic induction response in an Oryza sativa indica cultivar with high yield (Takanari) and a japonica cultivar with lower yield (Koshihikari). Takanari had a faster induction response to sudden increases in light intensity than Koshihikari, as demonstrated by faster increases in net CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, and electron transport rate. In a simulated light regime that mimicked a typical summer day, the faster induction response in Takanari increased daily CO2 assimilation by 10%. The faster response of Takanari was explained in part by its maintenance of a larger pool of Calvin-Benson cycle metabolites. Together, the rapid responses of electron transport rate, metabolic flux, and stomatal conductance in Takanari contributed to the greater daily carbon gain under fluctuating light typical of natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Adachi
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Yu Tanaka
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Miyagi
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Kashima
- Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Research Institute for Food and Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Toya
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shunzo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkubo
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maki Kawai-Yamada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rowan F Sage
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Wataru Yamori
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Vanlerberghe GC, Dahal K, Chadee A. Does the stromal concentration of P i control chloroplast ATP synthase protein amount in contrasting growth environments? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1675473. [PMID: 31583956 PMCID: PMC6866698 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1675473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the growth environment can generate imbalances in chloroplast photosynthetic metabolism. Under water deficit, stomatal closure limits CO2 availability such that the production of ATP and NADPH by the thylakoid membrane-localized electron transport chain may not match the consumption of these energy intermediates by the stroma-localized Calvin-Benson cycle, thus challenging energy balance. Alternatively, in an elevated CO2 atmosphere, carbon fixation by the Calvin-Benson cycle may outpace the activity of downstream carbohydrate-utilizing processes, thus challenging carbon balance. Our previous studies have shown that, in both of the above scenarios, a mitochondrial alternative oxidase contributes to maintaining energy or carbon balance, highlighting the importance of photosynthesis-respiration interactions in optimizing photosynthesis in different growth environments. In these previous studies, we observed aberrant amounts of chloroplast ATP synthase protein across the different transgenic plant lines and growth conditions, compared to wild-type. Based on these observations, we develop here the hypothesis that an important determinant of chloroplast ATP synthase protein amount is the stromal concentration of inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase is a master regulator of photosynthesis. Coarse control of ATP synthase protein amount by the stromal inorganic phosphate status could provide a means to coordinate the electron transport and carbon fixation reactions of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg C. Vanlerberghe
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keshav Dahal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Avesh Chadee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
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50
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Xiong Q, Zhong L, Shen T, Cao C, He H, Chen X. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic and physiological analysis of the response to N deficiency and the compensation effect in rice. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:681. [PMID: 31462233 PMCID: PMC6714431 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The crop growth compensation effect is a naturally biological phenomenon, and nitrogen (N) is essential for crop growth and development, especially for yield formation. Little is known about the molecular mechanism of N deficiency and N compensation in rice. Thus, the N-sensitive stage of rice was selected to study N deficiency at the tillering stage and N compensation at the young panicle differentiation stage. In this study, a proteome analysis was performed to analyze leaf differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and to investigate the leaf physiological characteristics and yield under N deficiency and after N compensation. Results The yield per plant presented an equivalent compensatory effect. The net photosynthetic rate, optimal/maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), soil and plant analyzer development (SPAD) value, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activity of T1 (N deficiency at the tillering stage, and N compensation at the young panicle differentiation stage) were lower than those of CK (N at different stages of growth by constant distribution) under N deficiency. However, after N compensation, the net photosynthetic rate, Fv/Fm, SPAD value and GPT activity were increased. Using an iTRAQ-based quantitative approach, a total of 1665 credible proteins were identified in the three 4-plex iTRAQ experiments. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that DEPs were enriched in photosynthesis, photosynthesis-antenna proteins, carbon metabolism and carbon fixation in the photosynthetic organism pathways. Moreover, the photosynthesis-responsive proteins of chlorophyll a-b binding protein, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase small chain and phosphoglycerate kinase were significantly downregulated under N deficiency. After N compensation, chlorophyll a-b binding protein, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 7, and peroxidase proteins were significantly upregulated in rice leaves. Conclusion Through physiological and quantitative proteomic analysis, we concluded that a variety of metabolic pathway changes was induced by N deficiency and N compensation. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly associated with photosynthesis pathway-, energy metabolism pathway- and stress resistance-related proteins. The DEPs play an important role in the regulation of N deficiency and the compensation effect in rice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-6031-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tianhua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chaohao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Haohua He
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. .,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China. .,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China.
| | - Xiaorong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China. .,College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China. .,Southern Regional Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain and Oil Crops in China, Changsha, China.
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