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Matos IS, Boakye M, Niewiadomski I, Antonio M, Carlos S, Johnson BC, Chu A, Echevarria A, Fontao A, Garcia L, Kalantar D, Madhavan S, Mann J, McDonough S, Rohde J, Scudder M, Sharma S, To J, Tomaka C, Vu B, Yokota N, Forbes H, Fricker M, Blonder BW. Leaf venation network architecture coordinates functional trade-offs across vein spatial scales: evidence for multiple alternative designs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39180209 DOI: 10.1111/nph.20037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Variation in leaf venation network architecture may reflect trade-offs among multiple functions including efficiency, resilience, support, cost, and resistance to drought and herbivory. However, our knowledge about architecture-function trade-offs is mostly based on studies examining a small number of functional axes, so we still lack a more integrative picture of multidimensional trade-offs. Here, we measured architecture and functional traits on 122 ferns and angiosperms species to describe how trade-offs vary across phylogenetic groups and vein spatial scales (small, medium, and large vein width) and determine whether architecture traits at each scale have independent or integrated effects on each function. We found that generalized architecture-function trade-offs are weak. Architecture strongly predicts leaf support and damage resistance axes but weakly predicts efficiency and resilience axes. Architecture traits at different spatial scales contribute to different functional axes, allowing plants to independently modulate different functions by varying network properties at each scale. This independence of vein architecture traits within and across spatial scales may enable evolution of multiple alternative leaf network designs with similar functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaine Silveira Matos
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Mickey Boakye
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Izzi Niewiadomski
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Monica Antonio
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sonoma Carlos
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Breanna Carrillo Johnson
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ashley Chu
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Andrea Echevarria
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Fontao
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lisa Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Diana Kalantar
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Srinivasan Madhavan
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Joseph Mann
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Samantha McDonough
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - James Rohde
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Meg Scudder
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Satvik Sharma
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jason To
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Connor Tomaka
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bradley Vu
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Nicole Yokota
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Holly Forbes
- University of California Botanical Garden, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Benjamin Wong Blonder
- Department of Environmental Science Policy and Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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2
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Leonard HE, Ciambrone M, Pittermann J. Species-specific responses drive browsing impacts on physiological and functional traits in Quercus agrifolia and Umbellularia californica. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0287160. [PMID: 39047008 PMCID: PMC11268663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbivory is a fundamental ecological force in the evolution of plant physiological, morphological, and chemical attributes. In this study, we explored how browsing pressure by local deer populations affected leaf form and function in two California native tree species, Quercus agrifolia (coast live oak) and Umbellularia californica (California bay laurel). Specifically, we investigated how leaf and stem vascular attributes differed between browsed and non-browsed zones of each species. Browsing significantly altered traits such as leaf to phloem ratios and leaf area, but we observed few meaningful differences in leaf and stem anatomy between browsed and non-browsed material. We discuss these results in the context of leaf and stem adaptations to herbivory and water use efficiency and explore future research considerations for investigating leaf and stem vascular trait development with herbivore presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh E. Leonard
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Ciambrone
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
| | - Jarmila Pittermann
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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3
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Tan F, Cao W, Li X, Li Q. Characteristics, Relationships, and Anatomical Basis of Leaf Hydraulic Traits and Economic Traits in Temperate Desert Shrub Species. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:834. [PMID: 39063588 PMCID: PMC11278145 DOI: 10.3390/life14070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Shrubs are a key component of desert ecosystems, playing a crucial role in controlling desertification and promoting revegetation, yet their growth is often impeded by drought. Leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits are both involved in the process of water exchange for carbon dioxide. Exploring the characteristics, relationships, and anatomical basis of these two suites of traits is crucial to understanding the mechanism of desert shrubs adapting to the desert arid environment. However, the relationship between these two sets of traits currently remains ambiguous. This study explored the leaf hydraulic, economic, and anatomical traits of 19 desert shrub species. The key findings include the following: Relatively larger LT values and smaller SLA values were observed in desert shrubs, aligning with the "slow strategy" in the leaf economics spectrum. The relatively high P50leaf, low HSMleaf, negative TLPleaf, and positive HSMtlp values indicated that severe embolism occurs in the leaves during the dry season, while most species were able to maintain normal leaf expansion. This implies a "tolerance" leaf hydraulic strategy in response to arid stress. No significant relationship was observed between P50leaf and Kmax, indicating the absence of a trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and embolism resistance. Certain coupling relationships were observed between leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits, both of which were closely tied to anatomical structures. Out of all of the leaf traits, LT was the central trait of the leaf traits network. The positive correlation between C content and WPleaf and HSMleaf, as well as the positive correlation between N content and HSMtlp, suggested that the cost of leaf construction was synergistic with hydraulic safety. The negative correlation between SLA, P content, GCL, and SAI suggested a functional synergistic relationship between water use efficiency and gas exchange rate. In summary, this research revealed that the coupling relationship between leaf hydraulic traits and economic traits was one of the important physiological and ecological mechanisms of desert shrubs for adapting to desert habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qinghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Key Laboratory of Tree Breeding and Cultivation of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (F.T.); (W.C.); (X.L.)
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Drobnitch ST, Kray JA, Gleason SM, Ocheltree TW. Comparative venation costs of monocotyledon and dicotyledon species in the eastern Colorado steppe. PLANTA 2024; 260:2. [PMID: 38761315 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04434-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Leaf vein network cost (total vein surface area per leaf volume) for major veins and vascular bundles did not differ between monocot and dicot species in 21 species from the eastern Colorado steppe. Dicots possessed significantly larger minor vein networks than monocots. Across the tree of life, there is evidence that dendritic vascular transport networks are optimized, balancing maximum speed and integrity of resource delivery with minimal resource investment in transport and infrastructure. Monocot venation, however, is not dendritic, and remains parallel down to the smallest vein orders with no space-filling capillary networks. Given this departure from the "optimized" dendritic network, one would assume that monocots are operating at a significant energetic disadvantage. In this study, we investigate whether monocot venation networks bear significantly greater carbon/construction costs per leaf volume than co-occurring dicots in the same ecosystem, and if so, what physiological or ecological advantage the monocot life form possesses to compensate for this deficit. Given that venation networks could also be optimized for leaf mechanical support or provide herbivory defense, we measured the vascular system of both monocot and dicots at three scales to distinguish between leaf investment in mechanical support (macroscopic vein), total transport and capacitance (vascular bundle), or exclusively water transport (xylem) for both parallel and dendritic venation networks. We observed that vein network cost (total vein surface area per leaf volume) for major veins and vascular bundles was not significantly different between monocot species and dicot species. Dicots, however, possess significantly larger minor vein networks than monocots. The 19 species subjected to gas-exchange measurement in the field displayed a broad range of Amax and but demonstrated no significant relationships with any metric of vascular network size in major or minor vein classes. Given that monocots do not seem to display any leaf hydraulic disadvantage relative to dicots, it remains an important research question why parallel venation (truly parallel, down to the smallest vessels) has not arisen more than once in the history of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Tepler Drobnitch
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA.
| | - J A Kray
- Rangeland Resources and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Troy W Ocheltree
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, 1472 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1472, USA
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Boulc'h PN, Collewet G, Guillon B, Quellec S, Leport L, Musse M. Quantitative MRI imaging of parenchyma and venation networks in Brassica napus leaves: effects of development and dehydration. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:69. [PMID: 38741140 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Characterisation of the structure and water status of leaf tissues is essential to the understanding of leaf hydraulic functioning under optimal and stressed conditions. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is unique in its capacity to access this information in a spatially resolved, non-invasive and non-destructive way. The purpose of this study was to develop an original approach based on transverse relaxation mapping by Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the detection of changes in water status and distribution at cell and tissue levels in Brassica napus leaves during blade development and dehydration. RESULTS By combining transverse relaxation maps with a classification scheme, we were able to distinguish specific zones of areoles and veins. The tissue heterogeneity observed in young leaves still occurred in mature and senescent leaves, but with different distributions of T2 values in accordance with the basipetal progression of leaf blade development, revealing changes in tissue structure. When subjected to severe water stress, all blade zones showed similar behaviours. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the great potential of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in assessing information on the structure and water status of leaves. The feasibility of in planta leaf measurements was demonstrated, opening up many opportunities for the investigation of leaf structure and hydraulic functioning during development and/or in response to abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Nicolas Boulc'h
- UR Optimisation des Procédés en Agro-alimentaire, Agriculture et Environnement (OPAALE), INRAE, 35000, Rennes, France
- UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Guylaine Collewet
- UR Optimisation des Procédés en Agro-alimentaire, Agriculture et Environnement (OPAALE), INRAE, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Baptiste Guillon
- UR Optimisation des Procédés en Agro-alimentaire, Agriculture et Environnement (OPAALE), INRAE, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphane Quellec
- UR Optimisation des Procédés en Agro-alimentaire, Agriculture et Environnement (OPAALE), INRAE, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Leport
- UMR Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (IGEPP), INRAE, Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, Univ Rennes, 35653, Le Rheu, France
| | - Maja Musse
- UR Optimisation des Procédés en Agro-alimentaire, Agriculture et Environnement (OPAALE), INRAE, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Zhuang J, Wang Q. Integrating leaf spectral and water status information to effectively track chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters during dehydration. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14391. [PMID: 38894595 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring changes in chlorophyll a (ChlFa) fluorescence during dehydration can provide insights into plant photosynthetic responses to climate change challenges, which are predicted to increase drought frequency. However, the limited knowledge of how ChlFa parameters respond to water deficit hinders the exploration of the photochemical mechanism of the photosynthetic process and the simulation of photosynthetic fluorescence models. Furthermore, how to track such responses of ChlFa parameters, especially at large scales, remains a challenge. In this study, we attempted to use spectral information reflected from leaves to follow the dynamic response patterns of ChlFa parameters of seven species under prolonged dehydration. The results showed that the investigated ChlFa parameters exhibited significant changes as dehydration progressed, with considerable variability among the different species as well as under different water conditions. This study also demonstrated that the integration of both spectral and water content information can provide an effective method for tracking ChlFa parameters during dehydration, explaining over 90% of the total variance in the measured ChlFa parameters. Collectively, these results should serve as a valuable reference for predicting the response of ChlFa parameters to dehydration and offer a potential method for estimating ChlFa parameters under drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhuang
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Quan Wang
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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7
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Duan H, Shao C, Zhao N, Wang D, Resco de Dios V, Tissue DT. The role of leaf superoxide dismutase and proline on intra-specific photosynthesis recovery of Schima superba following drought. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8824. [PMID: 38627563 PMCID: PMC11021533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59467-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the physiological and biochemical responses of tree seedlings under extreme drought stress, along with recovery during rewatering, and potential intra-species differences, will allow us to more accurately predict forest responses under future climate change. Here, we selected seedlings from four provenances (AH (Anhui), JX (Jiangxi), HN (Hunan) and GX (Guangxi)) of Schima superba and carried out a simulated drought-rewatering experiment in a field-based rain-out shelter. Seedlings were progressively dried until they reached 50% and 88% loss of xylem hydraulic conductivity (PLC) (i.e. P50 and P88), respectively, before they were rehydrated and maintained at field capacity for 30 days. Leaf photosynthesis (Asat), water status, activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and proline (Pro) concentration were monitored and their associations were determined. Increasing drought significantly reduced Asat, relative water content (RWC) and SOD activity in all provenances, and Pro concentration was increased to improve water retention; all four provenances exhibited similar response patterns, associated with similar leaf ultrastructure at pre-drought. Upon rewatering, physiological and biochemical traits were restored to well-watered control values in P50-stressed seedlings. In P88-stressed seedlings, Pro was restored to control values, while SOD was not fully recovered. The recovery pattern differed partially among provenances. There was a progression of recovery following watering, with RWC firstly recovered, followed by SOD and Pro, and then Asat, but with significant associations among these traits. Collectively, the intra-specific differences of S. superba seedlings in recovery of physiology and biochemistry following rewatering highlight the need to consider variations within a given tree species coping with future more frequent drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglang Duan
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems & Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099, China.
| | - Changchang Shao
- Institute for Forest Resources & Environment of Guizhou, College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Restoration of Degraded Ecosystems & Watershed Ecohydrology, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330099, China
| | - Defu Wang
- Research Center of Sichuan Old Revolutionary Areas Development, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou, 635000, China
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, 25198, Lleida, Spain
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Global Centre for Land-Based Innovation, Hawkesbury Campus, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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8
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de la Paz Pollicelli M, Márquez F, Idaszkin YL. Towards a comprehensive understanding of zinc tolerance in Limonium brasiliense as a useful tool for environmental remediation and monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:25299-25311. [PMID: 38468000 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem worldwide, creating the necessity to find eco-friendly strategies for monitoring and remediating environments. This study aimed to evaluate morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses as indicative of Zn tolerance in Limonium brasiliense and to determine the ability of this halophyte to accumulate different concentrations of Zn (0, 100, and 200 μM) in hydroponic conditions. The leaf shape at high Zn concentration showed enlarged petioles and lanceolate blades, whereas the leaf size was reduced. Water content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and pigment content decreased with Zn addition. Of the antioxidant activities, only APx increased 75% compared to the control by Zn stress. Zn concentration was higher in aerial structures than in roots (BAC> 1 and TF> 1), suggesting that L. brasiliense could function as an accumulator of Zn. Its great ability to resist metal stress and its strong capacity to protect itself against high Zn concentration postulate it as a good phytoremediation of environments enriched with Zn. The study emphasizes using leaf morphology as an early biomonitoring tool for detecting Zn pollution, providing more evidence of their potential use as a biomarker for evaluating and assessing ecosystem health in biomonitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de la Paz Pollicelli
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Federico Márquez
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
- Instituto de Biología de Organismos Marinos (IBIOMAR-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Yanina L Idaszkin
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales (IPEEC-CONICET), Boulevard Brown 2915, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Boulevard Brown 3051, U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
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9
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He K, Niklas KJ, Niinemets Ü, Wang J, Jiao Y, Shi P. Significant correlation between leaf vein length per unit area and stomatal density: evidence from Red Tip and Chinese photinias. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1365449. [PMID: 38571707 PMCID: PMC10987709 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1365449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The vascular veins in photosynthetic leaves play an important role in transporting water and sugars throughout the plant body, and their venation pattern and vein density determine the hydraulic efficiency of the leaf. Likewise, stomatal density (SD) can influence photosynthetic gas exchange. However, the correlation between leaf vein density and SD is seldom reported. Herein, we examined 16 leaves from the hybrid Photinia × fraseri and 16 leaves from one of its parents, P. serratifolia, to explore the correlation between leaf vein density and SD. For each leaf, equidistant lamina quadrats were excised along two longitudinal transects (one along the midrib and another along the leaf margin). For each quadrat, micrographs of 1.2 mm × 0.9 mm stomatal imprints, and 2.51 mm × 1.88 mm micrographs of leaf veins were used to measure total vein area per leaf unit area (VAA) and total vein length per unit area (VLA), as indicators of leaf vein density, to determine the correlation between SD and leaf vein density. For each taxon, there was no significant correlation between SD and VAA, but there was a significant correlation between SD and VLA. The data indicate that SD is not positively correlated with VAA but positively correlated with VLA for both the hybrid and the parent species. This study indicates that future work should focus on the relationships between SD and total vein length per unit area rather than on total leaf vein area per unit area within and across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke He
- Architectural Design and Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jinfeng Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Jiao
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peijian Shi
- College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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10
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Wang X, Chen S, Yang X, Zhu R, Liu M, Wang R, He N. Adaptation mechanisms of leaf vein traits to drought in grassland plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170224. [PMID: 38246381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Leaf veins play an important role in water transport, and are closely associated with photosynthesis and transpiration. Resource heterogeneity in the environment, particularly in water resources, causes changes in leaf vein structure and function, thereby affecting plant growth and community assemblages. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the spatial variation and evolutionary mechanisms of leaf veins in natural communities. Natural communities are composed of dominant and non-dominant species. However, few studies to date have explored the trait variation of dominant and non-dominant species on a large scale. In this study, we set up 10 sampling sites along the water gradient (from east to west) in the Loess Plateau of China, and measured and calculated the vein density (vein length per unit area, VLA), vein diameter (VD), and vein volume ratio (VVR) of 173 species, including dominant and non-dominant species. The mean values of VLA, VD, and VVR were 10.95 mm mm-2, 22.24 μm, and 3%, respectively. VD and VVR of the dominant species were significantly higher than those of the non-dominant species. Unexpectedly, there was no significant change in the VLA with the water gradient, although the VD increased with drought. Leaf vein traits did not change significantly with evolution. There was a significant trade-off between VLA and VD. Our findings demonstrate that the response of veins to environmental changes is dependent on the degree of drought and provide new insights for further large-scale studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xue Yang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ruili Wang
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Qinling National Forest Ecosystem Research Station, Yangling, Shaanxi 711600, China.
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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11
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Zhang X, Ma S, Hu H, Li F, Bao W, Huang L. A trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety across three xerophytic species in response to increased rock fragment content. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpae010. [PMID: 38245807 PMCID: PMC10918055 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpae010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Limited information is available on the variation of plant leaf hydraulic traits in relation to soil rock fragment content (RFC), particularly for xerophytes native to rocky mountain areas. In this study, we conducted a field experiment with four gradients of RFC (0, 25, 50 and 75% ν ν-1) on three different xerophytic species (Sophora davidii, Cotinus szechuanensis and Bauhinia brachycarpa). We measured predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψleaf), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), Ψleaf induced 50% loss of Kleaf (P50), pressure-volume curve traits and leaf structure. A consistent response of hydraulic traits to increased RFC was observed in three species. Kleaf showed a decrease, whereas P50 and turgor loss point (Ψtlp) became increasingly negative with increasing RFC. Thus, a clear trade-off between hydraulic efficiency and safety was observed in the xerophytic species. In all three species, the reduction in Kleaf was associated with an increase in leaf mass per area. In S. davidii, alterations in Kleaf and P50 were driven by leaf vein density (VLA) and Ψtlp. In C. szechuanensis, Ψtlp and VLA drove the changes in Kleaf and P50, respectively. In B. brachycarpa, changes in P50 were driven by VLA, whereas changes in both Kleaf and P50 were simultaneously influenced by Ψtlp. Our findings suggest that adaptation to increased rockiness necessarily implies a trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety in xerophytic species. Additionally, the trade-off between leaf hydraulic efficiency and safety among xerophytic species is likely to result from processes occurring in the xylem and the outside-xylem hydraulic pathways. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the survival strategies and mechanisms of xerophytes in rocky soils, and provide a theoretical basis for the persistence of xerophytic species in areas with stony substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiulong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shaowei Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fanglan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Weikai Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Long Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 9 Section 4 South Renmin Road, Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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12
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He P, Ye Q, Hua L, Zhu S, Liu H, Ning Q, Hu Q, Li Q, Qin X. Vein hierarchy mediates the 2D relationship between leaf size and drought tolerance across subtropical forest tree species. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 44:tpad141. [PMID: 38056447 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have observed a 2D relationship (i.e. decoupled correlation) between leaf size (LS) and leaf economics as well as a tight correlation between leaf economics and drought tolerance. However, the underlying mechanism maintaining the relationship between LS and drought tolerance remains largely unknown. Here, we measured LS, water potential at 50% loss of hydraulic conductance, hydraulic safety margin and different orders of vein traits across 28 tree species in a subtropical forest in Southern China. We found that LS and drought tolerance were in two independent dimensions (R2 = 0.00, P > 0.05). Primary and secondary vein traits (i.e. vein diameter and density) explained the variation of LS, with R2 ranging from 0.37 to 0.70 (all Ps < 0.01), while minor vein traits accounted for the variation of leaf drought tolerance, with R2 ranging from 0.30 to 0.43 (all Ps < 0.01). Our results provide insight into the 2D relationship between LS and drought tolerance and highlight the importance of vein hierarchy in plant leaf functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng He
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Shidanan Road 1, Rongjiangxin District, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Hua
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ecological Environment Simulation and Protection, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Ruihe Road 18, Huangpu District, Guangzhou 510655, Guangdong, China
| | - Shidan Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Daxuedong Road 100, Xixiangtang District, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiurui Ning
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xingke Road 723, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinsheng Qin
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Wushan Road 483, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China
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13
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Grunwald Y, Yaaran A, Moshelion M. Illuminating plant water dynamics: the role of light in leaf hydraulic regulation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1404-1414. [PMID: 38155452 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Light intensity and quality influence photosynthesis directly but also have an indirect effect by increasing stomatal apertures and enhancing gas exchange. Consequently, in areas such as the upper canopy, a high water demand for transpiration and temperature regulation is created. This paper explores how light intensity and the natural high Blue-Light (BL) : Red-Light (RL) ratio in these areas, is important for controlling leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf ) by BL signal transduction, increasing water permeability in cells surrounding the vascular tissue, in supporting the enormous water demands. Conversely, shaded inner-canopy areas receive less radiation, have lower water and cooling demands, and exhibit reduced Kleaf due to diminished intensity and BL induction. Intriguingly, shaded leaves display higher water-use efficiency (compared with upper-canopy) due to decreased transpiration and cooling requirements while the presence of RL supports photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Grunwald
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- The Plant & Environmental Sciences Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7632706, Israel
| | - Adi Yaaran
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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14
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Muraleedharan V, Rajan SC, R J. Geometric entropy of plant leaves: A measure of morphological complexity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0293596. [PMID: 38166118 PMCID: PMC10760904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shape is an objective characteristic of an object. A boundary separates a physical object from its surroundings. It defines the shape and regulates energy flux into and from an object. Visual perception of a definite shape (geometry) of physical objects is an abstraction. While the perceived geometry at an object's sharp interface (macro) creates a Euclidian illusion of actual shape, the notion of diffuse interfaces (micro) allows an understanding of the realistic form of objects. Here, we formulate a dimensionless geometric entropy of plant leaves (SL) by a 2-D description of a phase-field function. We applied this method to 112 tropical plant leaf images. SL was estimated from the leaf perimeter (P) and leaf area (A). It correlates positively with a fractal dimensional measure of leaf complexity, viz., segmental fractal complexity. Leaves with a higher P: A ratio have higher SL and possess complex morphology. The univariate cluster analysis of SL reveals the taxonomic relationship among the leaf shapes at the genus level. An increase in SL of plant leaves could be an evolutionary strategy. The results of morphological complexity presented in this paper will trigger discussion on the causal links between leaf adaptive stability/efficiency and complexity. We present SL as a derived plant trait to describe plant leaf complexity and adaptive stability. Integrating SL into other leaf physiological measures will help to understand the dynamics of energy flow between plants and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu Muraleedharan
- C V Raman Laboratory of Ecological Informatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management—Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India
- Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Technopark Phase—IV, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sajeev C. Rajan
- C V Raman Laboratory of Ecological Informatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management—Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Technopark Phase—IV, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jaishanker R
- C V Raman Laboratory of Ecological Informatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management—Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India
- Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology, Technopark Phase—IV, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, Bihar, India
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15
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Zhang C, Huang N, Zhang F, Wu T, He X, Wang J, Li Y. Intraspecific variations of leaf hydraulic, economic, and anatomical traits in Cinnamomum camphora along an urban-rural gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166741. [PMID: 37659523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization brings numerous benefits to residents, but it also introduces complex, variable, and heterogeneous habitat conditions to urban plants, resulting in an arid and hot urban environment that decreases tree growth and the ecological service capacity of trees. In this study, we evaluated leaf hydraulic, economic, and anatomical traits and their covariations of Cinnamomum camphora along an urban-rural gradient in Hefei, Eastern China. We found that Cinnamomum camphora in urban adopted a conservative hydraulic strategy with low leaf turgor loss point (Tlp), leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), and leaf water potential resulting in 50 % loss of hydraulic conductance (P50), as well as a quick investment-return economic strategy with low unit leaf dry matter content (LMA) and high leaf nitrogen content (Leaf N). P50, Kleaf and LMA were significantly positively correlated with the urban-rural gradient (PC1urban-rural gradient), while Leaf N exhibited a negative correlation with it. The results showed a trade-off between intraspecific safety and efficiency in leaf hydraulic traits along the urban-rural gradient and an intraspecific coordinated variation in leaf hydraulic and economic traits. In addition, based on the analysis of a trait coordination network, it was revealed that leaf mesophyll and stomata were key structures for trait adjustment and coordination. Furthermore, our findings offer a significant theoretical underpinning for the effective management of landscape trees and the strategic planning of urban tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Nuo Huang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia; Global Centre for Land-based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Xianjin He
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Jianan Wang
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui Hefei Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Yiyong Li
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China; Anhui Hefei Urban Ecosystem Research Station, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Changjiang West Road 130, Shushan District, Hefei 230036, China.
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16
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Mediavilla S, Escudero A. Photosynthetic performance under adaxial and abaxial illumination in three Mediterranean Quercus species differing in branch architecture and individual leaf area. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 158:181-194. [PMID: 37651028 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Light availability effects on canopy-level carbon balance constitute an especially difficult issue to address, owing to the strong spatial and temporal changes of the light environment within the canopy. One of the least explored aspects in relation to light environment is the interaction between leaf angle and leaf anatomy. The inclination of the leaf may affect the distribution of light between the adaxial and abaxial surface. The purpose of this study is determining the proportions of the leaf area receiving light from the abaxial side in branches of isolated trees in three Mediterranean oaks, as well as the photosynthetic responses to light under adaxial and abaxial illumination. The proportions of the leaf area illuminated from below were low for sun incidence angles near 0° with respect to the main axis of the branch. However, for sun incidence angles about 45°, the proportion of leaves receiving abaxial illumination was considerable. PPFD levels on the sunlit part of the abaxial surface were always lower than those in the upper leaf side, as a consequence of the lower projection efficiency for the leaves facing the sun by the lower side. Light absorptance was also lower on the abaxial side. The differences between both sides of the leaf tended to be stronger for thicker, longer-living leaves. We conclude that mean C assimilation of the canopy is significantly decreased by the presence of leaves facing the sun by the lower side and that this decrease is stronger in evergreen species with thicker leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mediavilla
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37071, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alfonso Escudero
- Área de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, Campus Unamuno s/n, 37071, Salamanca, Spain.
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17
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Mollman R, Çiftçi A, Kaleli BS, Erol O. Teasing out elevational trends in infraspecific Prunus taxa: A vein analysis approach. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1699-1711. [PMID: 37642303 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Using 33 specimens collected from across their range in Turkey, we demonstrate that the subspecies of Prunus microcarpa C.A.Mey react very differently to altitude. We first outline a simplified, flexible protocol for sectioning and removing the epidermis of small, difficult-to-image leaves for leaf vein studies. We then used venation analysis software to evaluate the two subspecies of this wild cherry in relation to altitude. We also found key differences in venation features between short-shoot and long-shoot leaves for each taxon. Differences include statistically significant negative correlation between vein density, and positive correlation between areole area and altitude in long-shoot leaves of Prunus microcarpa subsp. microcarpa, while its short-shoot leaves had a positive relationship between maximum areole area, and negative relationship between vein density, numbers of veins and endpoints. Meanwhile, P. microcarpa subsp. tortuosa (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Browicz recorded trends that were largely opposite of this, but beside vein thickness and areole area, were not statistically significant. This difference may be part of each taxon's overarching syndrome of anatomical and morphological adaptations to its external environment. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Features of vein density and thickness fell, while areole area and vein length rose with altitude in P. microcarpa. P. microcarpa subsp. tortuosa showed opposite trends, but reacted less strongly to altitude. Short-shoot and long-shoot have significantly different venation parameters. Using sections proportionate to leaf size is useful to compare venation of leaves that vary due to dimorphism. We discuss protocol strategies for imaging of difficult leaves for venation analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Mollman
- Institute of Science, Biology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Almıla Çiftçi
- Biology Department, Botany Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bilge S Kaleli
- Institute of Science, Biology Department, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Osman Erol
- Biology Department, Botany Division, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Leverett A, Ferguson K, Winter K, Borland AM. Leaf vein density correlates with crassulacean acid metabolism, but not hydraulic capacitance, in the genus Clusia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:801-810. [PMID: 36821473 PMCID: PMC10799986 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Many succulent species are characterized by the presence of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) and/or elevated bulk hydraulic capacitance (CFT). Both CAM and elevated CFT substantially reduce the rate at which water moves through transpiring leaves. However, little is known about how these physiological adaptations are coordinated with leaf vascular architecture. METHODS The genus Clusia contains species spanning the entire C3-CAM continuum, and also is known to have >5-fold interspecific variation in CFT. We used this highly diverse genus to explore how interspecific variation in leaf vein density is coordinated with CAM and CFT. KEY RESULTS We found that constitutive CAM phenotypes were associated with lower vein length per leaf area (VLA) and vein termini density (VTD), compared to C3 or facultative CAM species. However, when vein densities were standardized by leaf thickness, this value was higher in CAM than C3 species, which is probably an adaptation to overcome apoplastic hydraulic resistance in deep chlorenchyma tissue. In contrast, CFT did not correlate with any xylem anatomical trait measured, suggesting CAM has a greater impact on leaf transpiration rates than CFT. CONCLUSIONS Our findings strongly suggest that CAM photosynthesis is coordinated with leaf vein densities. The link between CAM and vascular anatomy will be important to consider when attempting to bioengineer CAM into C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Leverett
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester Campus, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Kate Ferguson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Klaus Winter
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Anne M Borland
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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19
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Wang X, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Leaf rolling precedes stomatal closure in rice (Oryza sativa) under drought conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6650-6661. [PMID: 37551729 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Leaf rolling is a physiological response to drought that may help to reduce water loss, but its significance as a contribution to drought tolerance is uncertain. We scored the leaf rolling of four rice genotypes along an experimental drought gradient using an improved cryo-microscopy method. Leaf water potential (Ψleaf), gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf hydraulic conductance, rehydration capacity, and the bulk turgor loss point were also analysed. During the drought process, stomatal conductance declined sharply to reduce water loss, and leaves rolled up before the stomata completely closed. The leaf water loss rate of rolled leaves was significantly reduced compared with artificially flattened leaves. The Ψleaf threshold of initial leaf rolling ranged from -1.95 to -1.04 MPa across genotypes. When a leaf rolled so that the leaf edges were touching, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance declined more than 80%. Across genotypes, leaf hydraulic conductance declined first, followed by gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. However, the Ψleaf threshold for a given functional trait decline differed significantly among genotypes, with the exception of leaf hydraulic conductance. Our results suggested that leaf rolling was mechanistically linked to drought avoidance and tolerance traits and might serve as a useful phenotypic trait for rice breeding in future drought scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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20
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Sun M, Niinemets Ü, Li Q, Jiao Y, Yao W, Shi P. An Inverse Scaling Relationship between Stomatal Density and Mean Nearest Neighbor Distance: Evidence from a Photinia Hybrid and One of Its Parents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3701. [PMID: 37960057 PMCID: PMC10650524 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are involved in transpiration and CO2 uptake by mediating gas exchange between internal plant tissues and the atmosphere. The capacity for gas exchange depends on stomatal density (SD), stomatal size, and pore dimensions. Most published work on stomatal quantification has assumed that stomatal distribution and stomatal density are spatially homogeneous across the leaf, but this assumption has been seldom tested. We selected 32 leaves from a Photinia hybrid, Photinia × fraseri 'Red Robin', and one of its parents, P. serratifolia. For each leaf, the leaf surface was divided into three or four equidistant layers along the apical-basal axis, and, in each layer, two positions, one closer to the midrib and the other closer to the leaf margin, were further selected. We calculated SD and mean nearest neighbor distance (MNND) for each lamina section and tested the scaling relationship between SD and MNND of the sampled stomatal centers using reduced major axis protocols. In addition, we calculated the stomatal aggregation index (SAI) for each lamina section to examine the spatial arrangement of stomata at the given size of field of view of 1.2 mm × 0.9 mm. We observed that SD decreased from the lamina apex towards the base for central lamina areas but varied little at leaf margins. An inverse scaling relationship between SD and MNND was observed for both species. This relationship could be used for SD estimation using the rapidly estimated trait, MNND. SAI did not vary significantly throughout leaf lamina, and the numerical values of SAI for all fields of view were greater than one, which indicates significant spatial repulsion between stomata. The study suggests that SD varies across leaf lamina to fine-tune plant water use and maximize carbon gain. However, spatial structures of stomata from different lamina sections exhibit similar patterns (i.e., spatial inhibition between stomata at small scales), probably due to hierarchical leaf vein patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manli Sun
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Qiying Li
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Yabing Jiao
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Weihao Yao
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
| | - Peijian Shi
- Archives, Bamboo Research Institute, College of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (M.S.); (Q.L.); (Y.J.); (W.Y.)
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21
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Yaaran A, Erez E, Procko C, Moshelion M. Leaf hydraulic maze: Abscisic acid effects on bundle sheath, palisade, and spongy mesophyll conductance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1349-1364. [PMID: 37390615 PMCID: PMC10517257 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) facilitates the supply of water, enabling continual CO2 uptake while maintaining plant water status. We hypothesized that bundle sheath and mesophyll cells play key roles in regulating the radial flow of water out of the xylem by responding to abscisic acid (ABA). Thus, we generated transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that are insensitive to ABA in their bundle sheath (BSabi) and mesophyll (MCabi) cells. We also introduced tissue-specific fluorescent markers to distinguish between cells of the palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, and bundle sheath. Both BSabi and MCabi plants showed greater Kleaf and transpiration under optimal conditions. MCabi plants had larger stomatal apertures, higher stomatal index, and greater vascular diameter and biomass relative to the wild-type (WT) and BSabi plants. In response to xylem-fed ABA, both transgenic and WT plants reduced their Kleaf and transpiration. The membrane osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the WT's spongy mesophyll was higher than that of the WT's palisade mesophyll. While the palisade mesophyll maintained a low Pf in response to high ABA, the spongy mesophyll Pf was reduced. Compared to the WT, BSabi bundle sheath cells had a higher Pf, but MCabi spongy mesophyll had an unexpected lower Pf. These results suggest that tissue-specific regulation of Pf by ABA may be confounded by whole-leaf hydraulics and transpiration. ABA increased the symplastic permeability, but its contribution to Kleaf was negligible. We suggest that the bundle sheath spongy mesophyll pathway dynamically responds to the fluctuations in water availability, while the palisade mesophyll serves as a hydraulic buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Yaaran
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eyal Erez
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Carl Procko
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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22
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Zhang Y, Zhang N, Chai X, Sun T. Machine learning for image-based multi-omics analysis of leaf veins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4928-4941. [PMID: 37410807 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Veins are a critical component of the plant growth and development system, playing an integral role in supporting and protecting leaves, as well as transporting water, nutrients, and photosynthetic products. A comprehensive understanding of the form and function of veins requires a dual approach that combines plant physiology with cutting-edge image recognition technology. The latest advancements in computer vision and machine learning have facilitated the creation of algorithms that can identify vein networks and explore their developmental progression. Here, we review the functional, environmental, and genetic factors associated with vein networks, along with the current status of research on image analysis. In addition, we discuss the methods of venous phenotype extraction and multi-omics association analysis using machine learning technology, which could provide a theoretical basis for improving crop productivity by optimizing the vein network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiujuan Chai
- Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Big Data, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No.12 Zhongguancun South St, Beijing 100081, China
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23
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Wu Y, Li J, Yu L, Wang S, Lv Z, Long H, Zhai J, Lin S, Meng Y, Cao Z, Sun H. Overwintering performance of bamboo leaves, and establishment of mathematical model for the distribution and introduction prediction of bamboos. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1255033. [PMID: 37746014 PMCID: PMC10515091 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1255033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo has great economic values and is used extensively in many industries, and their natural distribution range was divided into 12 zones in China according to the temperature of their geographical distribution in previous works. Different bamboo species had significantly different abilities in low-temperature tolerance, which need to be considered carefully during ex-situ introduction. In this paper, we observed and evaluated the low-temperature damage of 19 bamboo species in winter, and measured the physiological changes of bamboo leaves. A total of 3060 leaf samples were obtained from 102 core collections in 34 bamboo species from the 5 regions of Chinese mainland for anatomical comparison, in order to screen out the key anatomical indicators related to their low-temperature tolerance and to establish a mathematical prediction model for bamboo introduction. The results showed that the low-temperature resistance of clustered bamboos was generally lower than that of the scattered bamboos. The decreased temperature led to the constant decrease of net photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate, but the increase of soluble sugar content in all bamboo species. There was no dormancy for all bamboo species in winter. The temperate bamboos showed lower photosynthesis as compared to tropical bamboos in winter. The leaf shape of bamboos was closely related to their distribution. A total of 13 leaf indicators were screened and more suitable to estimate the low-temperature tolerant abilities of bamboos and to predict their distribution. The MNLR (multiple nonlinear regression) mathematical model showed the highest fitting degree and the optimal prediction ability in the potential northernmost introduction range of bamboos. This study lay a foundation for bamboo introduction, and could also reduce the economic losses caused by the wrong introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Wu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Li
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Lixia Yu
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Use in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhuo Lv
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Hao Long
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Faculty of Bamboo and Rattan, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jingyu Zhai
- Horticulture Team, Beijing Zizhu Park, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Meng
- Bamboo Research Institute, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihua Cao
- Bamboo Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Bamboo Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, China
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24
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Hernandez-Santana V, Rodriguez-Dominguez CM, Sebastian-Azcona J, Perez-Romero LF, Diaz-Espejo A. Role of hydraulic traits in stomatal regulation of transpiration under different vapour pressure deficits across five Mediterranean tree crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:4597-4612. [PMID: 37115664 PMCID: PMC10433928 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The differential stomatal regulation of transpiration among plant species in response to water deficit is not fully understood, although several hydraulic traits have been reported to influence it. This knowledge gap is partly due to a lack of direct and concomitant experimental data on transpiration, stomatal conductance, and hydraulic traits. We measured sap flux density (Js), stomatal conductance (gs), and different hydraulic traits in five crop species. Our aim was to contribute to establishing the causal relationship between water consumption and its regulation using a hydraulic trait-based approach. The results showed that the species-specific regulation of Js by gs was overall coordinated with the functional hydraulic traits analysed. Particularly relevant was the negative and significant relationship found between the Huber value (Hv) and its functional analogue ratio between maximum Js and gs (Jsmax/gsmax) which can be understood as a compensation to maintain the hydraulic supply to the leaves. The Hv was also significantly related to the slope of the relationship between gs and Js response to vapour pressure deficit and explained most of its variability, adding up to evidence recognizing Hv as a major trait in plant water relations. Thus, a hydraulic basis for regulation of tree water use should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Hernandez-Santana
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Celia M Rodriguez-Dominguez
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Jaime Sebastian-Azcona
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Felipe Perez-Romero
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad de Huelva, Avenida del Ejercito s/n. 21007 Huelva, Spain
| | - Antonio Diaz-Espejo
- Irrigation and Ecophysiology Group. Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Ecophysiology, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología (IRNAS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avda Reina Mercedes, 41012 Seville, Spain
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25
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Wong ACS, van Oosterom EJ, Godwin ID, Borrell AK. Integrating stay-green and PIN-FORMED genes: PIN-FORMED genes as potential targets for designing climate-resilient cereal ideotypes. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad040. [PMID: 37448862 PMCID: PMC10337860 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture modification (e.g. short-stature crops) is one of the key outcomes of modern crop breeding for high-yielding crop varieties. In cereals, delayed senescence, or stay-green, is an important trait that enables post-anthesis drought stress adaptation. Stay-green crops can prolong photosynthetic capacity during grain-filling period under post-anthesis drought stress, which is essential to ensure grain yield is not impacted under drought stress conditions. Although various stay-green quantitative trait loci have been identified in cereals, the underlying molecular mechanisms regulating stay-green remain elusive. Recent advances in various gene-editing technologies have provided avenues to fast-track crop improvement, such as the breeding of climate-resilient crops in the face of climate change. We present in this viewpoint the focus on using sorghum as the model cereal crop, to study PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux carriers as means to modulate plant architecture, and the potential to employ it as an adaptive strategy to address the environmental challenges posed by climate uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik J van Oosterom
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ian D Godwin
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew K Borrell
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Hermitage Research Facility, 604 Yangan Road, Warwick, Queensland 4370, Australia
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26
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Browne M, Bartlett MK, Henry C, Jarrahi M, John G, Scoffoni C, Yardimci NT, Sack L. Low baseline intraspecific variation in leaf pressure-volume traits: Biophysical basis and implications for spectroscopic sensing. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13974. [PMID: 37403811 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Intra-specific trait variation (ITV) plays a role in processes at a wide range of scales from organs to ecosystems across climate gradients. Yet, ITV remains rarely quantified for many ecophysiological traits typically assessed for species means, such as pressure volume (PV) curve parameters including osmotic potential at full turgor and modulus of elasticity, which are important in plant water relations. We defined a baseline "reference ITV" (ITVref ) as the variation among fully exposed, mature sun leaves of replicate individuals of a given species grown in similar, well-watered conditions, representing the conservative sampling design commonly used for species-level ecophysiological traits. We hypothesized that PV parameters would show low ITVref relative to other leaf morphological traits, and that their intraspecific relationships would be similar to those previously established across species and proposed to arise from biophysical constraints. In a database of novel and published PV curves and additional leaf structural traits for 50 diverse species, we found low ITVref for PV parameters relative to other morphological traits, and strong intraspecific relationships among PV traits. Simulation modeling showed that conservative ITVref enables the use of species-mean PV parameters for scaling up from spectroscopic measurements of leaf water content to enable sensing of leaf water potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Browne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Megan K Bartlett
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Henry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Grace John
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christine Scoffoni
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Nezih Tolga Yardimci
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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27
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Alonso-Forn D, Sancho-Knapik D, Fariñas MD, Nadal M, Martín-Sánchez R, Ferrio JP, de Dios VR, Peguero-Pina JJ, Onoda Y, Cavender-Bares J, Arenas TGÁ, Gil-Pelegrín E. Disentangling leaf structural and material properties in relationship to their anatomical and chemical compositional traits in oaks (Quercus L.). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:789-800. [PMID: 36794926 PMCID: PMC10184456 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The existence of sclerophyllous plants has been considered an adaptive strategy against different environmental stresses. Given that it literally means 'hard-leaved', it is essential to quantify the leaf mechanical properties to understand sclerophylly. However, the relative importance of each leaf trait for mechanical properties is not yet well established. METHODS Genus Quercus is an excellent system to shed light on this because it minimizes phylogenetic variation while having a wide variation in sclerophylly. We measured leaf anatomical traits and cell wall composition, analysing their relationship with leaf mass per area and leaf mechanical properties in a set of 25 oak species. KEY RESULTS The upper epidermis outer wall makes a strong and direct contribution to the leaf mechanical strength. Moreover, cellulose plays a crucial role in increasing leaf strength and toughness. The principal component analysis plot based on leaf trait values clearly separates Quercus species into two groups corresponding to evergreen and deciduous species. CONCLUSIONS Sclerophyllous Quercus species are tougher and stronger owing to their thicker epidermis outer wall and/or higher cellulose concentration. Furthermore, section Ilex species share common traits, although they occupy different climates. In addition, evergreen species living in mediterranean-type climates share common leaf traits irrespective of their different phylogenetic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alonso-Forn
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Dolores Fariñas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Nadal
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rubén Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Ferrio
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Aragon Agency for Research and Development (ARAID), E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
- JRU CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA Center, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón – IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yusuke Onoda
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake, Kitashirakawa, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Tomás Gómez Álvarez Arenas
- Sensors and Ultrasonic Technologies Department, Information and Physics Technologies Institute, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Department of Agricultural and Forest Systems and the Environment, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
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28
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Wang N, Song M, Zhang Y, Liu X, Wu P, Qi L, Song H, Du N, Wang H, Zheng P, Wang R. Physiological responses of Quercus acutissima and Quercus rubra seedlings to drought and defoliation treatments. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:737-750. [PMID: 36708029 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing global climate change is increasing the risk of drought stress in some areas, which may compromise forest health. Such drought events also increase outbreaks of insect herbivores, resulting in plant defoliation. Interactions between drought and defoliation are poorly understood. In a greenhouse experiment, we selected a native species, Quercus acutissima Carr. and an alien species, Quercus rubra L. to explore their physiological responses to drought and defoliation treatments. After the treatments, we determined the seedlings' physiological responses on Days 10 and 60. Our results showed that the defoliation treatment accelerated the carbon reserve consumption of plants under drought stress and inhibited the growth of both seedling types. Under the drought condition, Q. rubra maintained normal stem-specific hydraulic conductivity and normal growth parameters during the early stage of stress, whereas Q. acutissima used less water and grew more slowly during the experiment. Sixty days after defoliation treatment, the stem starch concentration of Q. acutissima was higher than that of the control group, but the stem biomass was lower. This indicates that Q. acutissima adopted a 'slow strategy' after stress, and more resources were used for storage rather than growth, which was conducive to the ability of these seedlings to resist recurrent biotic attack. Thus, Q. acutissima may be more tolerant to drought and defoliation than Q. rubra. The resource acquisition strategies of Quercus in this study suggest that the native Quercus species may be more successful at a long-term resource-poor site than the alien Quercus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Meixia Song
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Luyu Qi
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Huijia Song
- Beijing Museum of Natural History, 126 Tianqiao South Street, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ning Du
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Peiming Zheng
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Renqing Wang
- Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Shandong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center for Vegetation Ecology, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Qingdao Forest Ecology Research Station of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shandong University, 72 Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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29
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Cao JJ, Chen J, Yang QP, Xiong YM, Ren WZ, Kong DL. Leaf hydraulics coordinated with leaf economics and leaf size in mangrove species along a salinity gradient. PLANT DIVERSITY 2023; 45:309-314. [PMID: 37397598 PMCID: PMC10311193 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Independence among leaf economics, leaf hydraulics and leaf size confers plants great capability in adapting to heterogeneous environments. However, it remains unclear whether the independence of the leaf traits revealed across species still holds within species, especially under stressed conditions. Here, a suite of traits in these dimensions were measured in leaves and roots of a typical mangrove species, Ceriops tagal, which grows in habitats with a similar sunny and hot environment but different soil salinity in southern China. Compared with C. tagal under low soil salinity, C. tagal under high soil salinity had lower photosynthetic capacity, as indicated directly by a lower leaf nitrogen concentration and higher water use efficiency, and indirectly by a higher investment in defense function and thinner palisade tissue; had lower water transport capacity, as evidenced by thinner leaf minor veins and thinner root vessels; and also had much smaller single leaf area. Leaf economics, hydraulics and leaf size of the mangrove species appear to be coordinated as one trait dimension, which likely stemmed from co-variation of soil water and nutrient availability along the salinity gradient. The intraspecific leaf trait relationship under a stressful environment is insightful for our understanding of plant adaption to the multifarious environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Cao
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Jing Chen
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Qing-Pei Yang
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yan-Mei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Wei-Zheng Ren
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - De-Liang Kong
- College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
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Max AC, Loram-Lourenço L, Silva FG, de Souza LHM, Dias JRM, Espíndula MC, Farnese FS, Hammond W, Torres-Ruiz JM, Cochard H, Menezes-Silva PE. A bitter future for coffee production? Physiological traits associated with yield reveal high vulnerability to hydraulic failure in Coffea canephora. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:764-779. [PMID: 36517464 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increase in frequency and intensity of drought events have hampered coffee production in the already threatened Amazon region, yet little is known about key aspects underlying the variability in yield potential across genotypes, nor to what extent higher productivity is linked to reduced drought tolerance. Here we explored how variations in morphoanatomical and physiological leaf traits can explain differences in yield and vulnerability to embolism in 11 Coffea canephora genotypes cultivated in the Western Amazon. The remarkable variation in coffee yield across genotypes was tightly related to differences in their carbon assimilation and water transport capacities, revealing a diffusive limitation to photosynthesis linked by hydraulic constraints. Although a clear trade-off between water transport efficiency and safety was not detected, all the studied genotypes operated in a narrow and/or negative hydraulic safety margin, suggesting a high vulnerability to leaf hydraulic failure (HF), especially on the most productive genotypes. Modelling exercises revealed that variations in HF across genotypes were mainly associated with differences in leaf water vapour leakage when stomata are closed, reflecting contrasting growth strategies. Overall, our results provide a new perspective on the challenges of sustaining coffee production in the Amazon region under a drier and warmer climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Custódio Max
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Rondônia, Vilhena, Brazil
| | - Lucas Loram-Lourenço
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Guimarães Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fernanda S Farnese
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
| | - William Hammond
- Department of Agronomy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Hervé Cochard
- INRAE, PIAF, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Paulo Eduardo Menezes-Silva
- Laboratory of Applied Studies in Plant Physiology, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology Goiano, Rio Verde Campus, Rio Verde, Brazil
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Gesneriads, a Source of Resurrection and Double-Tolerant Species: Proposal of New Desiccation- and Freezing-Tolerant Plants and Their Physiological Adaptations. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010107. [PMID: 36671798 PMCID: PMC9855904 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gesneriaceae is a pantropical family of plants that, thanks to their lithophytic and epiphytic growth forms, have developed different strategies for overcoming water scarcity. Desiccation tolerance or "resurrection" ability is one of them: a rare phenomenon among angiosperms that involves surviving with very little relative water content in their tissues until water is again available. Physiological responses of desiccation tolerance are also activated during freezing temperatures, a stress that many of the resurrection gesneriads suffer due to their mountainous habitat. Therefore, research on desiccation- and freezing-tolerant gesneriads is a great opportunity for crop improvement, and some of them have become reference resurrection angiosperms (Dorcoceras hygrometrica, Haberlea rhodopensis and Ramonda myconi). However, their difficult indoor cultivation and outdoor accessibility are major obstacles for their study. Therefore, this review aims to identify phylogenetic, geoclimatic, habitat, and morphological features in order to propose new tentative resurrection gesneriads as a way of making them more reachable to the scientific community. Additionally, shared and species-specific physiological responses to desiccation and freezing stress have been gathered as a stress response metabolic basis of the family.
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Feng X, Zhong L, Tian Q, Zhao W. Leaf water potential-dependent leaflet closure contributes to legume leaves cool down and drought avoidance under diurnal drought stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2239-2251. [PMID: 35939343 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient thermoregulation under diurnal drought stress protects leaves from photosystem damage and water supply-demand imbalance, yet the cool effect and drought avoidance by leaflet closure have not been well understood. We investigated the cool effect and the drought avoidance of leaflet closure in legume species that survived in the semi-arid region facing seasonal and diurnal drought stress. The results showed that leaflet closure effectively cooled down legume leaves through a reduction of projected leaflet area and the cosine of the angle of incidence (cos i). The leaflet closure was strongly dependent on leaf water potential (Ψleaf). In addition, by characterizing the sequence of key leaf drought response traits, we found leaflet closure occurred after stomatal closure and reduced transpiration rate but before hydraulic failure and turgor loss point (Ψtlp). The meta-analysis also showed that the leaflet closure and cos i decreased after the stomatal conductance declined but before midday. These results imply that Ψleaf-dependent leaflet closure as an alternative to transpiration for leaflet cooling down and as a protective drought avoidance strategy assisting sessile legume plants survival under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyan Feng
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lingfei Zhong
- College of Geography and Environment Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Quanyan Tian
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhao
- Linze Inland River Basin Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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33
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Brown A, Butler DW, Radford‐Smith J, Dwyer JM. Changes in trait covariance along an orographic moisture gradient reveal the relative importance of light- and moisture-driven trade-offs in subtropical rainforest communities. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:839-851. [PMID: 35922934 PMCID: PMC9804723 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A range of functional trait-based approaches have been developed to investigate community assembly processes, but most ignore how traits covary within communities. We combined existing approaches - community-weighted means (CWMs) and functional dispersion (FDis) - with a metric of trait covariance to examine assembly processes in five angiosperm assemblages along a moisture gradient in Australia's subtropics. In addition to testing hypotheses about habitat filtering along the gradient, we hypothesized that trait covariance would be strongest at both ends of the moisture gradient and weakest in the middle, reflecting trade-offs associated with light capture in productive sites and moisture stress in dry sites. CWMs revealed evidence of climatic filtering, but FDis patterns were less clear. As hypothesized, trait covariance was weakest in the middle of the gradient but unexpectedly peaked at the second driest site due to the emergence of a clear drought tolerance-drought avoidance spectrum. At the driest site, the same spectrum was truncated at the 'avoider' end, revealing important information about habitat filtering in this system. Our focus on trait covariance revealed the nature and strength of trade-offs imposed by light and moisture availability, complementing insights gained about community assembly from existing trait-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Brown
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
| | - Donald W. Butler
- College of LawAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2600Australia
| | - Julian Radford‐Smith
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
| | - John M. Dwyer
- School of Biological SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQld4072Australia
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Liu C, Sack L, Li Y, He N. Contrasting adaptation and optimization of stomatal traits across communities at continental scale. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6405-6416. [PMID: 35716087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Shifts in stomatal trait distributions across contrasting environments and their linkage with ecosystem productivity at large spatial scales have been unclear. Here, we measured the maximum stomatal conductance (g), stomatal area fraction (f), and stomatal space-use efficiency (e, the ratio of g to f) of 800 plant species ranging from tropical to cold-temperate forests, and determined their values for community-weighted mean, variance, skewness, and kurtosis. We found that the community-weighted means of g and f were higher in drier sites, and thus, that drought 'avoidance' by water availability-driven growth pulses was the dominant mode of adaptation for communities at sites with low water availability. Additionally, the variance of g and f was also higher at arid sites, indicating greater functional niche differentiation, whereas that for e was lower, indicating the convergence in efficiency. When all other stomatal trait distributions were held constant, increasing kurtosis or decreasing skewness of g would improve ecosystem productivity, whereas f showed the opposite patterns, suggesting that the distributions of inter-related traits can play contrasting roles in regulating ecosystem productivity. These findings demonstrate the climatic trends of stomatal trait distributions and their significance in the prediction of ecosystem productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lawren Sack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Amitrano C, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, De Micco V. Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) Drives the Balance of Hydraulic-Related Anatomical Traits in Lettuce Leaves. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2369. [PMID: 36145772 PMCID: PMC9502365 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of leaf hydraulic-related traits with leaf size is influenced by environmental conditions and especially by VPD. Water and gas flows are guided by leaf anatomical and physiological traits, whose plasticity is crucial for plants to face environmental changes. Only a few studies have analysed how variations in VPD levels influence stomatal and vein development and their correlation with leaf size, reporting contrasting results. Thus, we applied microscopy techniques to evaluate the effect of low and high VPDs on the development of stomata and veins, also analysing leaf functional traits. We hypothesized that leaves under high VPD with a modified balance between veins and stomata face higher transpiration. We also explored the variability of stomata and vein density across the leaf lamina. From the results, it was evident that under both VPDs, plants maintained a coordinated development of stomata and veins, with a higher density at low VPD. Moreover, more stomata but fewer veins developed in the parts of the lettuce head exposed to light, suggesting that their differentiation during leaf expansion is strictly dependent on the microclimatic conditions. Knowing the plasticity of hydraulic-related morpho-functional traits and its intra-leaf variability is timely for their impact on water and gas fluxes, thus helping to evaluate the impact of environmental-driven anatomical variations on productivity of natural ecosystems and crops, in a climate change scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Amitrano
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
| | | | | | - Veronica De Micco
- Correspondence: (C.A.); (V.D.M.); Tel.: +39-081-2532026 (C.A. & V.D.M.)
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36
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Earley AM, Temme AA, Cotter CR, Burke JM. Genomic regions associate with major axes of variation driven by gas exchange and leaf construction traits in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:1425-1438. [PMID: 35815412 PMCID: PMC9545426 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stomata and leaf veins play an essential role in transpiration and the movement of water throughout leaves. These traits are thus thought to play a key role in the adaptation of plants to drought and a better understanding of the genetic basis of their variation and coordination could inform efforts to improve drought tolerance. Here, we explore patterns of variation and covariation in leaf anatomical traits and analyze their genetic architecture via genome-wide association (GWA) analyses in cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Traits related to stomatal density and morphology as well as lower-order veins were manually measured from digital images while the density of minor veins was estimated using a novel deep learning approach. Leaf, stomatal, and vein traits exhibited numerous significant correlations that generally followed expectations based on functional relationships. Correlated suites of traits could further be separated along three major principal component (PC) axes that were heavily influenced by variation in traits related to gas exchange, leaf hydraulics, and leaf construction. While there was limited evidence of colocalization when individual traits were subjected to GWA analyses, major multivariate PC axes that were most strongly influenced by several traits related to gas exchange or leaf construction did exhibit significant genomic associations. These results provide insight into the genetic basis of leaf trait covariation and showcase potential targets for future efforts aimed at modifying leaf anatomical traits in sunflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Earley
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andries A. Temme
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Division of Intensive Plant Food SystemsHumboldt‐Universität zu Berlin10117BerlinGermany
| | | | - John M. Burke
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
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37
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Xiong D, Flexas J. Safety-efficiency tradeoffs? Correlations of photosynthesis, leaf hydraulics, and dehydration tolerance across species. Oecologia 2022; 200:51-64. [PMID: 36040668 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The tradeoffs between carbon assimilation and hydraulic efficiencies and drought-tolerance traits on different scales are considered a central tenet in plant ecophysiology; however, no clear tradeoff between these traits has emerged in previous studies using woody angiosperms or grasses by investigating several hydraulic tolerance and gas exchange efficiency and/or water transport efficiency traits. In this study, we measured numerous efficiency, resistance, and leaf anatomical traits, including light-saturated gas exchange, leaf hydraulic vulnerability curves, pressure-volume curves, and leaf anatomical traits, in seven species with diverse drought tolerance. A substantial variation in photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, mesophyll conductance, maximum leaf hydraulic conductance (Kmax), mesophyll anatomical traits, and leaf vein density across species was observed. Both mesophyll conductance and Kmax were related to leaf anatomical traits, but other gas exchange traits were decoupled from Kmax. Although the efficiency and tolerance traits varied widely across estimated species, no clear trade-off between safety traits and efficiency traits was observed. These findings suggested that postulated leaf-level drought tolerance-carbon assimilation and hydraulic efficiency tradeoff does not exist among distant species and that the fact that different leaf anatomical traits determine efficiency and tolerance capacity might contribute to the lack of such tradeoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
| | - Jaume Flexas
- Research Group on Plant Biology Under Mediterranean Conditions, Instituto de Investigaciones Agroambientales y de Economía del Agua (INAGEA), Universitat de Les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5Illes Balears, 07121, Palma, Spain
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38
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Mekonnen TW, Gerrano AS, Mbuma NW, Labuschagne MT. Breeding of Vegetable Cowpea for Nutrition and Climate Resilience in Sub-Saharan Africa: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11121583. [PMID: 35736733 PMCID: PMC9230997 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the world population is increasing, and humanity is facing food and nutritional scarcity. Climate change and variability are a major threat to global food and nutritional security, reducing crop productivity in the tropical and subtropical regions of the globe. Cowpea has the potential to make a significant contribution to global food and nutritional security. In addition, it can be part of a sustainable food system, being a genetic resource for future crop improvement, contributing to resilience and improving agricultural sustainability under climate change conditions. In malnutrition prone regions of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) countries, cowpea has become a strategic dryland legume crop for addressing food insecurity and malnutrition. Therefore, this review aims to assess the contribution of cowpea to SSA countries as a climate-resilient crop and the existing production challenges and perspectives. Cowpea leaves and immature pods are rich in diverse nutrients, with high levels of protein, vitamins, macro and micronutrients, minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates compared to its grain. In addition, cowpea is truly a multifunctional crop for maintaining good health and for reducing non-communicable human diseases. However, as a leafy vegetable, cowpea has not been researched and promoted sufficiently because it has not been promoted as a food security crop due to its low yield potential, susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stresses, quality assurance issues, policy regulation, and cultural beliefs (it is considered a livestock feed). The development of superior cowpea as a leafy vegetable can be approached in different ways, such as conventional breeding and gene stacking, speed breeding, mutation breeding, space breeding, demand-led breeding, a pan-omics approach, and local government policies. The successful breeding of cowpea genotypes that are high-yielding with a good nutritional value as well as having resistance to biotics and tolerant to abiotic stress could also be used to address food security and malnutrition-related challenges in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Walle Mekonnen
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-796540514
| | - Abe Shegro Gerrano
- Agricultural Research Council-Vegetable, Industrial and Medicinal Plants, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Ntombokulunga Wedy Mbuma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
| | - Maryke Tine Labuschagne
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa; (N.W.M.); (M.T.L.)
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Damiano N, Arena C, Bonfante A, Caputo R, Erbaggio A, Cirillo C, De Micco V. How Leaf Vein and Stomata Traits Are Related with Photosynthetic Efficiency in Falanghina Grapevine in Different Pedoclimatic Conditions. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111507. [PMID: 35684279 PMCID: PMC9182941 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The increase in severe drought events due to climate change in the areas traditionally suitable for viticulture is enhancing the need to understand how grapevines regulate their photosynthetic metabolism in order to forecast specific cultivar adaptive responses to the changing environment. This study aims at evaluating the association between leaf anatomical traits and eco-physiological adjustments of the ‘Falanghina’ grapevine under different microclimatic conditions at four sites in southern Italy. Sites were characterized by different pedoclimatic conditions but, as much as possible, were similar for plant material and cultivation management. Microscopy analyses on leaves were performed to quantify stomata and vein traits, while eco-physiological analyses were conducted on vines to assess plant physiological adaptation capability. At the two sites with relatively low moisture, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, photosystem electron transfer rate, and quantum yield of PSII, linear electron transport was lower compared to the other two sites. Stomata size was higher at the site characterized by the highest precipitation. However, stomatal density and most vein traits tended to be relatively stable among sites. The number of free vein endings per unit leaf area was lower in the two vineyards with low precipitation. We suggest that site-specific stomata and vein traits modulation in Falanghina grapevine are an acclimation strategy that may influence photosynthetic performance. Overall in-depth knowledge of the structure/function relations in Falanghina vines might be useful to evaluate the plasticity of this cultivar towards site-specific management of vineyards in the direction of precision viticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Damiano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 21-26, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonello Bonfante
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems, ISAFOM, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Rosanna Caputo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
| | - Arturo Erbaggio
- Institute for Mediterranean Agricultural and Forest Systems, ISAFOM, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy; (A.B.); (A.E.)
| | - Chiara Cirillo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (V.D.M.)
| | - Veronica De Micco
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (N.D.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (V.D.M.)
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40
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Shi P, Miao Q, Niinemets Ü, Liu M, Li Y, Yu K, Niklas KJ. Scaling relationships of leaf vein and areole traits versus leaf size for nine Magnoliaceae species differing in venation density. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:899-909. [PMID: 35471633 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.8cz8w9gsv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Across species, main leaf vein density scales inversely with leaf area (A). Yet, minor vein density manifests no clear relationship with respect to A, despite having the potential to provide important insights into the trade-off among the investments in leaf mechanical support, hydraulics, and light interception. METHODS To examine this phenomenon, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae leaves were sampled, and the scaling relationships among A and midrib length (ML), total vein length (TVL), total vein area (TVA), total areole area (TAA), and mean areole area (MAA) were determined. The scaling relationships between MAA and areole density (the number of areoles per unit leaf area) and between MAA and A were also analyzed. RESULTS For five of the nine species, A was proportional to ML2 . For eight of the nine species, TVL and TVA were both proportional to A. The numerical values of the scaling exponents for TAA vs. A were between 1.0 and 1.07 for eight species; i.e., as expected, TAA was isometrically proportional to A. There was no correlation between MAA and A, but MAA scaled inversely with respect to areole density for each species. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between midrib "density" (i.e., ML/A) and A, and the lack of correlation between total leaf vein density and A result from the A ∝$\propto $ ML2 scaling relationship and the proportional relationship between TVL and A, respectively. Leaves with the same size can have widely varying MAA. Thus, leaf size itself does not directly constrain leaf hydraulic efficiency and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Qinyue Miao
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, 10130, Estonia
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karl J Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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41
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Shi P, Miao Q, Niinemets Ü, Liu M, Li Y, Yu K, Niklas KJ. Scaling relationships of leaf vein and areole traits versus leaf size for nine Magnoliaceae species differing in venation density. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:899-909. [PMID: 35471633 PMCID: PMC9327518 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Across species, main leaf vein density scales inversely with leaf area (A). Yet, minor vein density manifests no clear relationship with respect to A, despite having the potential to provide important insights into the trade-off among the investments in leaf mechanical support, hydraulics, and light interception. METHODS To examine this phenomenon, the leaves of nine Magnoliaceae leaves were sampled, and the scaling relationships among A and midrib length (ML), total vein length (TVL), total vein area (TVA), total areole area (TAA), and mean areole area (MAA) were determined. The scaling relationships between MAA and areole density (the number of areoles per unit leaf area) and between MAA and A were also analyzed. RESULTS For five of the nine species, A was proportional to ML2 . For eight of the nine species, TVL and TVA were both proportional to A. The numerical values of the scaling exponents for TAA vs. A were between 1.0 and 1.07 for eight species; i.e., as expected, TAA was isometrically proportional to A. There was no correlation between MAA and A, but MAA scaled inversely with respect to areole density for each species. CONCLUSIONS The correlation between midrib "density" (i.e., ML/A) and A, and the lack of correlation between total leaf vein density and A result from the A ∝$\propto $ ML2 scaling relationship and the proportional relationship between TVL and A, respectively. Leaves with the same size can have widely varying MAA. Thus, leaf size itself does not directly constrain leaf hydraulic efficiency and redundancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian Shi
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Qinyue Miao
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental SciencesEstonian University of Life SciencesTartu51006Estonia
- Estonian Academy of SciencesTallinn10130Estonia
| | - Mengdi Liu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Yirong Li
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Kexin Yu
- Bamboo Research Institute, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing210037China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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Wang X, Zhao J, Huang J, Peng S, Xiong D. Evaporative flux method of leaf hydraulic conductance estimation: sources of uncertainty and reporting format recommendation. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:63. [PMID: 35549958 PMCID: PMC9097237 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00888-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate estimation of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) is important for revealing leaf physiological characteristics and function. However, the Kleaf values are largely incomparable in previous studies for a given species indicating some uncertain influencing factors in Kleaf measurement. RESULT We investigated the potential impacts of plant sampling method, measurement setup, environmental factors, and transpiration steady state identification on Kleaf estimation in Oryza sativa and Cinnamomum camphora using evaporation flux method (EFM). The effects of sampling and rehydration time, the small gravity pressure gradients between water sources and leaves, and water degassing on Kleaf estimation were negligible. As expected, the estimated steady flow rate (E) was significantly affected by multiple environmental factors including airflow around leaf, photosynthetically active radiation (PARa) on leaf surfaces and air temperature. Kleaf decreased by 40% when PARa declined from 1000 to 500 µmol m-2 s-1 and decreased by 15.1% when air temperature increased from 27 to 37 °C. In addition, accurate steady-state flow rate identification and leaf water potential measurement were important for Kleaf estimation. CONCLUSIONS Based on the analysis of influencing factors, we provided a format for reporting the metadata of EFM-based Kleaf to achieve greater comparability among studies and interpretation of differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jianliang Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Dongliang Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, MOA Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China.
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43
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Peng G, Xiong Y, Yin M, Wang X, Zhou W, Cheng Z, Zhang YJ, Yang D. Leaf Venation Architecture in Relation to Leaf Size Across Leaf Habits and Vein Types in Subtropical Woody Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:873036. [PMID: 35599892 PMCID: PMC9121095 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.873036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are enormously diverse in their size and venation architecture, both of which are core determinants of plant adaptation to environments. Leaf size is an important determinant of leaf function and ecological strategy, while leaf venation, the main structure for support and transport, determines the growth, development, and performance of a leaf. The scaling relationship between venation architecture and leaf size has been explored, but the relationship within a community and its potential variations among species with different vein types and leaf habits have not been investigated. Here, we measured vein traits and leaf size across 39 broad-leaved woody species within a subtropical forest community in China and analyzed the scaling relationship using ordinary least squares and standard major axis method. Then, we compared our results with the global dataset. The major vein density, and the ratio of major (1° and 2°) to minor (3° and higher) vein density both geometrically declined with leaf size across different vein types and leaf habits. Further, palmate-veined species have higher major vein density and a higher ratio of major to minor vein density at the given leaf size than pinnate-veined species, while evergreen and deciduous species showed no difference. These robust trends were confirmed by reanalyzing the global dataset using the same major vein classification as ours. We also found a tradeoff between the cell wall mass per vein length of the major vein and the major vein density. These vein scaling relationships have important implications on the optimization of leaf size, niche differentiation of coexisting species, plant drought tolerance, and species distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Peng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yingjie Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Mengqi Yin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Zhenfeng Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
| | - Dongmei Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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Pereira JP, Garbin ML, Carrijo TT, da Silva JA, Bourguignon TP, Cavatte PC. Lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits provides functional benefits to the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13719. [PMID: 35587454 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will affect the distribution of many tropical plant species. However, the understanding of how dioecious tropical species cope with different environmental conditions is still limited. To address this issue, we investigated how secondary trait attributes in populations of the dioecious tropical tree Myrsine coriacea change along an altitudinal gradient. Eighty individual plants (40 male and 40 female) were selected among seven natural populations. Leaf variation in morphological and stomatal traits, and carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions were analyzed. Female plants had greater isotopic leaf carbon composition (δ13 C) and nitrogen content than male plants, increasing their carboxylation capacity. Plants of both sexes had smaller stomata, greater water-use efficiency (greater δ13 C), and greater nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15 N) at higher altitudes. They also showed lower δ15 N and had greater carbon: nitrogen ratios at lower altitudes. There was a lack of coordination between stomatal and vein traits, which was compensated for by variation in specific leaf areas. This mechanism was essential for increasing plant performance under the limiting conditions found by the species at higher altitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Priscilla Pereira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Mário Luís Garbin
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Tavares Carrijo
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Josimar Aleixo da Silva
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
- Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Tayna Poppe Bourguignon
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar Cavatte
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Laboratório de Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, ES, Brazil
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45
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Song Z, Wang X, Liu Y, Luo Y, Li Z. Allocation Strategies of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus at Species and Community Levels With Recovery After Wildfire. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850353. [PMID: 35481138 PMCID: PMC9037545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant stoichiometry and nutrient allocation can reflect a plant's adaptation to environmental nutrient changes. However, the allocation strategies of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) between leaf and fine root in response to wildfire have been poorly studied. Our primary objective was to elucidate the trade-off of elemental allocation between above- and belowground parts in response to the soil nutrient changes after a wildfire. We explored the allocation sloping exponents of C, N, and P between leaf and fine root at the species and community levels at four recovery periods (year 2, 10, 20, and 30) after moderately severe wildfire and one unburned treatment in boreal forests in Great Xing'an Mountains, northeast China. Compared with the unburned treatment, leaf C concentration decreased and fine root C increased at year 2 after recovery. The leaf N concentration at year 10 after recovery was higher than that of unburned treatment. Plant growth tended to be limited by P concentration at year 10 after recovery. Nutrient allocation between leaf and fine root differed between species and community levels, especially in the early recovery periods (i.e., 2 and 10 years). At the community level, the nutrient concentrations of the leaf changed more as compared to that of the fine root at year 2 after recovery when the fine root nutrients changed more than those of the leaf. The different C, N, and P allocation strategies advanced the understanding of plant adaptation to soil nutrient changes during the postfire ecosystem restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaopeng Song
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Xuemei Wang
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Zhaolei Li
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, and Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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46
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Solé-Medina A, Robledo-Arnuncio JJ, Ramírez-Valiente JA. Multi-trait genetic variation in resource-use strategies and phenotypic plasticity correlates with local climate across the range of a Mediterranean oak (Quercus faginea). THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:462-478. [PMID: 35028942 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Resource-use strategies are hypothesized to evolve along climatic gradients. However, our understanding of the environmental factors driving divergent evolution of resource-use strategies and the relationship between trait genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity is far from complete. Using the Mediterranean tree Quercus faginea as study system, we tested the hypothesis that a conservative resource-use strategy with increased drought tolerance and reduced phenotypic plasticity has evolved in areas with longer and more severe dry seasons. We conducted a glasshouse experiment in which we measured leaf morphological, physiological, growth and allocation traits in seedlings from 10 range-wide climatically contrasting populations, grown under two different watering treatments. Both univariate and multivariate analyses revealed a genetic gradient of resource-use strategies and phenotypic plasticity associated with provenance climate. In particular, populations from harsher (drier and colder) environments had more sclerophyllous leaves, lower growth rates, better physiological performance under dry conditions and reduced multi-trait phenotypic plasticity compared to populations from more mesic and milder environments. Our results suggest that contrasting precipitation and temperature regimes play an important role in the adaptive intraspecific evolution of multivariate phenotypes and their plasticity, resulting in coordinated morphology, physiology, growth and allometry according to alternative resource-use strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Solé-Medina
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Escuela Internacional de Doctorado, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, 28933, Spain
| | - Juan José Robledo-Arnuncio
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José Alberto Ramírez-Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Centre (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, Madrid, 28040, Spain
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre, CREAF, Campus de Bellaterra (UAB) 10 Edifici C, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Spain
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47
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Melkikh AV, Sutormina MI. From leaves to roots: Biophysical models of transport of substances in plants. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 169-170:53-83. [PMID: 35114180 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The transport processes of substances in various plant tissues are extremely diverse. However, models aimed at elucidating the mechanisms of such processes are almost absent in the literature. A unified view of all these transport processes is necessary, considering the laws of statistical physics and thermodynamics. A model of active ion transport was constructed based on the laws of statistical physics. Using this model, we traced the entire pathway of substances and energy in a plant. The pathway included aspects of the production of energy in the process of photosynthesis, consumption of energy to obtain nutrients from the soil, transport of such substances to the main organelles of all types of plant cells, the rise of water with dissolved substances along the trunk to the leaves, and the evaporation of water, accompanied by a change in the percentage of isotopes caused by different rates of evaporation. Models of ion transport in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of plant cells have been constructed. A generalized model comprising plant cells and their vacuoles was analyzed. A model of the transport of substances in the roots of plants was also developed. Based on this model, the problem of transport of substances in tall trees has been considered. The calculated concentrations of ions in the vacuoles of cells and resting potentials agreed well with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Melkikh
- Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
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48
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Stanfield RC, Bartlett MK. Coordination Between Phloem Loading and Structure Maintains Carbon Transport Under Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:787837. [PMID: 35251074 PMCID: PMC8891486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.787837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining phloem transport under water stress is expected to be crucial to whole-plant drought tolerance, but the traits that benefit phloem function under drought are poorly understood. Nearly half of surveyed angiosperm species, including important crops, use sucrose transporter proteins to actively load sugar into the phloem. Plants can alter transporter abundance in response to stress, providing a potential mechanism for active-loading species to closely regulate phloem loading rates to avoid drought-induced reductions or failures in phloem transport. We developed an integrated xylem-phloem-stomatal model to test this hypothesis by quantifying the joint impacts of transporter kinetics, phloem anatomy, and plant water status on sucrose export to sinks. We parameterized the model with phloem hydraulic resistances and sucrose transporter kinetic parameters compiled from the literature, and simulated loading regulation by allowing loading rates to decline exponentially with phloem pressure to prevent excessive sucrose concentrations from inducing viscosity limitations. In the absence of loading regulation, where loading rates were independent of phloem pressure, most resistance values produced unrealistic phloem pressures owing to viscosity effects, even under well-watered conditions. Conversely, pressure-regulated loading helped to control viscosity buildup and improved export to sinks for both lower and higher resistant phloem pathways, while maintaining realistic phloem pressures. Regulation also allowed for rapid loading and export in wet conditions while maintaining export and viable phloem pressures during drought. Therefore, we expect feedbacks between phloem pressure and loading to be critical to carbon transport in active-loading species, especially under drought, and for transporter kinetics to be strongly coordinated with phloem architecture and plant water status. This work provides an important and underexplored physiological framework to understand the ecophysiology of phloem transport under drought and to enhance the genetic engineering of crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Stanfield
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Zhang Q, Tang W, Peng S, Li Y. Limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis at the anthesis and grain filling stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:77-91. [PMID: 34704647 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Panicle photosynthesis is crucial for grain yield in cereal crops; however, the limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis are poorly understood, greatly impeding improvement in this trait. In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis at the anthesis stage in seven rice genotypes and to examine the temporal variations in photosynthesis during the grain filling stage in the Liangyou 287 genotype. At the anthesis stage, leaf and panicle photosynthesis was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and maximum carboxylation rate, which were in turn associated with hydraulic conductance and nitrogen content, respectively. Panicle hydraulic conductance was positively correlated with the area of bundle sheaths in the panicle neck. During grain filling, leaf and panicle photosynthesis remained constant at the early stage but dramatically decreased from 8 to 9 days after anthesis. The trends of variations in panicle photosynthesis were consistent with those in stomatal conductance but not with those in maximum carboxylation rate. At first, the maximum carboxylation rate and respiration rate in the panicle increased, through elevated panicle nitrogen content, but then drastically decreased, as a result of dehydration. The present study systematically investigated the limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis, which are vital for improving photosynthesis and crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wei Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shaobing Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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50
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Wang H, Wu F, Li M, Zhu X, Shi C, Shao C, Ding G. Structure and chlorophyll fluorescence of heteroblastic foliage affect first-year growth in Pinus massoniana Lamb. seedlings. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:206-217. [PMID: 34906903 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pine seedlings exhibit heteroblastic foliage (primary and secondary needles) during seedling development. However, few trials have studied how heteroblastic foliage influences pine seedling growth by seasonal variation. This study first investigated the anatomical differences between the primary and secondary needles of one-year-old Pinus massoniana seedlings. We measured chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) and evaluated the photoprotective mechanisms and light energy partitioning of these heteroblastic leaves from September to November. The results showed that the primary needles, as juvenile foliage, had a greater fraction of mesophyll tissue and stomata. In addition, the primary needles had two vascular bundles, and shorter distance from xylem and phloem to mesophyll cells, exhibiting a luxury growth strategy of rapidly obtaining high returns. The ChlF parameters indicated that the primary needles maintained a relatively high level of photoprotection by thermal dissipation (nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ)) and nonregulated energy dissipation (Y(NO)). The secondary needles, representing mature foliage, had greater area of xylem and phloem tissues. The contents of Chl b and carotenoids (Car) significantly increased in November, promoting φPo and photoprotection, which suggested that the secondary needles were more resistant to low temperatures. During the whole light response process of secondary needles, the increases in the electron transfer rate (ETR) and light energy utilization efficiency (α) helped to increase the actual photosynthetic quantum yield (Y(II)) by reducing energy dissipation by decreasing the proportion of regulated energy dissipation (Y(NPQ)) and Y(NO). Given the sensitivity of this heteroblastic foliage to environmental changes, the practical use and extension of P. massoniana for afforestation purposes should be carried out with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyun Wang
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Min Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaokun Zhu
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changshuang Shi
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Changchang Shao
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Guijie Ding
- Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; Key Laboratory of Forest Cultivation in Plateau Mountain of Guizhou Province, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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