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Ortega F, Hill T, Van Deynze A, Garcia-Llanos A, Walker S. Identification of QTLs involved in destemming and fruit quality for mechanical harvesting of New Mexico pod-type green chile. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1357986. [PMID: 39011303 PMCID: PMC11246910 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1357986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Domestic production of pepper (Capsicum spp.) is shrinking while demand within the US is growing. Lack of availability and cost of labor often present an obstacle for domestic producers both practically and economically. As a result, switching to harvesting peppers mechanically is anticipated as a key strategy to help domestic producers compete in the international market. Mechanical harvest efficiency can be improved through breeding. One important trait that mechanical harvest compatible material should have is an easy destemming trait: low force separation of the pedicel and calyx from the fruit. Methods To detect the genetic sources underlying a novel easy destemming trait for the purpose of future breeding efforts in New Mexico pod-type green chile, we performed QTL analysis on three F2:F3 populations, coming from three New Mexico pod-type varieties: 'NuMex Odyssey,' 'NuMex Iliad,' and 'NuMex Joe E. Parker,' each crossed with a parent with an easy destemming trait: MUC14. Genotyping was done through genotyping by sequencing (GBS) and phenotyping was done for destemming and fruit trait measurements. Correlations between measurements were found through the R package hmisc and QTL analysis was done through R/qtl. Results A strong relationship was seen between destemming and aspects of fruit morphology, particularly, destemming force and fruit width (Pearson's correlation coefficient r=0.75). Major QTLs for destemming and fruit size were discovered. Of these, the largest destemming force QTLs for all populations (PVE=34.5-69.9%) were on chromosome 10, and in two populations QTLs for destemming force were found on chromosome 3 (Percent Variance Explained (PVE)=10.7-18.8%). Fruit size-related QTLs in all populations colocalized in these same areas on chromosomes 3 and 10. Discussion This suggests that fruit shape may be genetically linked to destemming, and breeders interested in selecting for easy destemming pepper will also have to pay attention to fruit size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franchesca Ortega
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Theresa Hill
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Armando Garcia-Llanos
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Walker
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
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2
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Hailemariam S, Liao CJ, Mengiste T. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases: orchestrating plant cellular communication. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00111-0. [PMID: 38816318 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The receptor-like kinase (RLK) family of receptors and the associated receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) have expanded in plants because of selective pressure from environmental stress and evolving pathogens. RLCKs link pathogen perception to activation of coping mechanisms. RLK-RLCK modules regulate hormone synthesis and responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Ca2+ signaling, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and immune gene expression, all of which contribute to immunity. Some RLCKs integrate responses from multiple receptors recognizing distinct ligands. RLKs/RLCKs and nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeats (NLRs) were found to synergize, demonstrating the intertwined genetic network in plant immunity. Studies in arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) have provided paradigms about RLCK functions, but a lack of understanding of crop RLCKs undermines their application. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the diverse functions of RLCKs, based on model systems and observations in crop species, and the emerging role of RLCKs in pathogen and abiotic stress response signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hailemariam
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chao-Jan Liao
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tesfaye Mengiste
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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3
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Huang WRH, Braam C, Kretschmer C, Villanueva SL, Liu H, Ferik F, van der Burgh AM, Wu J, Zhang L, Nürnberger T, Wang Y, Seidl MF, Evangelisti E, Stuttmann J, Joosten MHAJ. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases of different subfamilies differentially regulate SOBIR1/BAK1-mediated immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4339. [PMID: 38773116 PMCID: PMC11109355 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48313-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors form the front line of plant immunity. The leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinases SOBIR1 and BAK1 are required for the functionality of the tomato LRR-receptor-like protein Cf-4, which detects the secreted effector Avr4 of the pathogenic fungus Fulvia fulva. Here, we show that the kinase domains of SOBIR1 and BAK1 directly phosphorylate each other and that residues Thr522 and Tyr469 of the kinase domain of Nicotiana benthamiana SOBIR1 are required for its kinase activity and for interacting with signalling partners, respectively. By knocking out multiple genes belonging to different receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK)-VII subfamilies in N. benthamiana:Cf-4, we show that members of RLCK-VII-6, -7, and -8 differentially regulate the Avr4/Cf-4-triggered biphasic burst of reactive oxygen species. In addition, members of RLCK-VII-7 play an essential role in resistance against the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora palmivora. Our study provides molecular evidence for the specific roles of RLCKs downstream of SOBIR1/BAK1-containing immune complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen R H Huang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom.
| | - Ciska Braam
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carola Kretschmer
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Sergio Landeo Villanueva
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Huan Liu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Filiz Ferik
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Aranka M van der Burgh
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Teaching and Learning Centre, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, D-72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Yulu Wang
- Laboratory of Biomanufacturing and Food Engineering, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Michael F Seidl
- Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Evangelisti
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE UMR 1355, CNRS UMR 7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech (ISA), 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Johannes Stuttmann
- Institute for Biology, Department of Plant Genetics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Aix Marseille University, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, UMR7265, LEMiRE (Microbial Ecology of the Rhizosphere), 13115, Saint‑Paul lez Durance, France
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Galindo-Trigo S, Bågman AM, Ishida T, Sawa S, Brady SM, Butenko MA. Dissection of the IDA promoter identifies WRKY transcription factors as abscission regulators in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2417-2434. [PMID: 38294133 PMCID: PMC11016851 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Plants shed organs such as leaves, petals, or fruits through the process of abscission. Monitoring cues such as age, resource availability, and biotic and abiotic stresses allow plants to abscise organs in a timely manner. How these signals are integrated into the molecular pathways that drive abscission is largely unknown. The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) gene is one of the main drivers of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis and is known to transcriptionally respond to most abscission-regulating cues. By interrogating the IDA promoter in silico and in vitro, we identified transcription factors that could potentially modulate IDA expression. We probed the importance of ERF- and WRKY-binding sites for IDA expression during floral organ abscission, with WRKYs being of special relevance to mediate IDA up-regulation in response to biotic stress in tissues destined for separation. We further characterized WRKY57 as a positive regulator of IDA and IDA-like gene expression in abscission zones. Our findings highlight the promise of promoter element-targeted approaches to modulate the responsiveness of the IDA signaling pathway to harness controlled abscission timing for improved crop productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Galindo-Trigo
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Maarit Bågman
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Takashi Ishida
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Siobhán M Brady
- Department of Plant Biology and Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Melinka A Butenko
- Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Norway
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5
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Singh P, Maurya SK, Singh D, Sane AP. The rose INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION-LIKE genes, RbIDL1 and RbIDL4, regulate abscission in an ethylene-responsive manner. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1147-1161. [PMID: 37069436 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE RbIDL1 and RbIDL4 are up-regulated in an ethylene-responsive manner during rose petal abscission and restored the Arabidopsis ida-2 mutant abscission defect suggesting functional conservation of the IDA pathway in rose. Abscission is an ethylene-regulated developmental process wherein plants shed unwanted organs in a controlled manner. The INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION family has been identified as a key regulator of abscission in Arabidopsis, encoding peptides that interact with receptor-like kinases to activate abscission. Loss of function ida mutants show abscission deficiency in Arabidopsis. Functional conservation of the IDA pathway in other plant abscission processes is a matter of interest given the discovery of these genes in several plants. We have identified four members of the INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION-LIKE family from the ethylene-sensitive, early-abscising fragrant rose, Rosa bourboniana. All four are conserved in sequence and possess well-defined PIP, mIDa and EPIP motifs. Three of these, RbIDL1, RbIDL2 and RbIDL4 show a three-fourfold increase in transcript levels in petal abscission zones (AZ) during ethylene-induced petal abscission as well as natural abscission. The genes are also expressed in other floral tissues but respond differently to ethylene in these tissues. RbIDL1 and RbIDL4, the more prominently expressed IDL genes in rose, can complement the abscission defect of the Arabidopsis ida-2 mutant; while, promoters of both genes can drive AZ-specific expression in an ethylene-responsive manner even in Arabidopsis silique AZs indicating recognition of AZ-specific and ethylene-responsive cis elements in their promoters by the abscission machinery of rose as well as Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shiv Kumar Maurya
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Department of Botany, Kishori Raman (PG) College, Mathura, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Plant Gene Expression Lab, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Lucknow, 226001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Wu H, He Q, Wang Q. Advances in Rice Seed Shattering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108889. [PMID: 37240235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed shattering is an important trait that wild rice uses to adapt to the natural environment and maintain population reproduction, and weedy rice also uses it to compete with the rice crop. The loss of shattering is a key event in rice domestication. The degree of shattering is not only one of the main reasons for rice yield reduction but also affects its adaptability to modern mechanical harvesting methods. Therefore, it is important to cultivate rice varieties with a moderate shattering degree. In this paper, the research progress on rice seed shattering in recent years is reviewed, including the physiological basis, morphological and anatomical characteristics of rice seed shattering, inheritance and QTL/gene mapping of rice seed shattering, the molecular mechanism regulating rice seed shattering, the application of seed-shattering genes, and the relationship between seed-shattering genes and domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qi He
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Quan Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Hill T, Cassibba V, Joukhadar I, Tonnessen B, Havlik C, Ortega F, Sripolcharoen S, Visser BJ, Stoffel K, Thammapichai P, Garcia-Llanos A, Chen S, Hulse-Kemp A, Walker S, Van Deynze A. Genetics of destemming in pepper: A step towards mechanical harvesting. Front Genet 2023; 14:1114832. [PMID: 37007971 PMCID: PMC10064014 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1114832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The majority of peppers in the US for fresh market and processing are handpicked, and harvesting can account for 20–50% of production costs. Innovation in mechanical harvesting would increase availability; lower the costs of local, healthy vegetable products; and perhaps improve food safety and expand markets. Most processed peppers require removal of pedicels (stem and calyx) from the fruit, but lack of an efficient mechanical process for this operation has hindered adoption of mechanical harvest. In this paper, we present characterization and advancements in breeding green chile peppers for mechanical harvesting. Specifically, we describe inheritance and expression of an easy-destemming trait derived from the landrace UCD-14 that facilitates machine harvest of green chiles.Methods: A torque gauge was used for measuring bending forces similar to those of a harvester and applied to two biparental populations segregating for destemming force and rate. Genotyping by sequencing was used to generate genetic maps for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses.Results: A major destemming QTL was found on chromosome 10 across populations and environments. Eight additional population and/or environment-specific QTL were also identified. Chromosome 10 QTL markers were used to help introgress the destemming trait into jalapeño-type peppers. Low destemming force lines combined with improvements in transplant production enabled mechanical harvest of destemmed fruit at a rate of 41% versus 2% with a commercial jalapeńo hybrid. Staining for the presence of lignin at the pedicel/fruit boundary indicated the presence of an abscission zone and homologs of genes known to affect organ abscission were found under several QTL, suggesting that the easy-destemming trait may be due to the presence and activation of a pedicel/fruit abscission zone.Conclusion: Presented here are tools to measure the easy-destemming trait, its physiological basis, possible molecular pathways, and expression of the trait in various genetic backgrounds. Mechanical harvest of destemmed mature green chile fruits was achieved by combining easy-destemming with transplant management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Hill
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Theresa Hill, ; Allen Van Deynze,
| | - Vincenzo Cassibba
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Israel Joukhadar
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Bradley Tonnessen
- Department of Extension Plant Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Charles Havlik
- Los Lunas Agricultural Science Center, Los Lunas, NM, United States
| | - Franchesca Ortega
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | | | | | - Kevin Stoffel
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Paradee Thammapichai
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Armando Garcia-Llanos
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Shiyu Chen
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amanda Hulse-Kemp
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Walker
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Allen Van Deynze
- Seed Biotechnology Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Theresa Hill, ; Allen Van Deynze,
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Pakzad R, Fatehi F, Kalantar M, Maleki M. Proteomics approach to investigating osmotic stress effects on pistachio. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1041649. [PMID: 36762186 PMCID: PMC9907329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Osmotic stress can occur due to some stresses such as salinity and drought, threatening plant survival. To investigate the mechanism governing the pistachio response to this stress, the biochemical alterations and protein profile of PEG-treated plants was monitored. Also, we selected two differentially abundant proteins to validate via Real-Time PCR. Biochemical results displayed that in treated plants, proline and phenolic content was elevated, photosynthetic pigments except carotenoid decreased and MDA concentration were not altered. Our findings identified a number of proteins using 2DE-MS, involved in mitigating osmotic stress in pistachio. A total of 180 protein spots were identified, of which 25 spots were altered in response to osmotic stress. Four spots that had photosynthetic activities were down-regulated, and the remaining spots were up-regulated. The biological functional analysis of protein spots exhibited that most of them are associated with the photosynthesis and metabolism (36%) followed by stress response (24%). Results of Real-Time PCR indicated that two of the representative genes illustrated a positive correlation among transcript level and protein expression and had a similar trend in regulation of gene and protein. Osmotic stress set changes in the proteins associated with photosynthesis and stress tolerance, proteins associated with the cell wall, changes in the expression of proteins involved in DNA and RNA processing occur. Findings of this research will introduce possible proteins and pathways that contribute to osmotic stress and can be considered for improving osmotic tolerance in pistachio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rambod Pakzad
- Department of Plant Breeding, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Foad Fatehi
- Department of Agriculture, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansour Kalantar
- Department of Plant Breeding, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmood Maleki
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
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9
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Verma A, Lin M, Smith D, Walker JC, Hewezi T, Davis EL, Hussey RS, Baum TJ, Mitchum MG. A novel sugar beet cyst nematode effector 2D01 targets the Arabidopsis HAESA receptor-like kinase. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1765-1782. [PMID: 36069343 PMCID: PMC9644282 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant-parasitic cyst nematodes use a stylet to deliver effector proteins produced in oesophageal gland cells into root cells to cause disease in plants. These effectors are deployed to modulate plant defence responses and developmental programmes for the formation of a specialized feeding site called a syncytium. The Hg2D01 effector gene, coding for a novel 185-amino-acid secreted protein, was previously shown to be up-regulated in the dorsal gland of parasitic juveniles of the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines, but its function has remained unknown. Genome analyses revealed that Hg2D01 belongs to a highly diversified effector gene family in the genomes of H. glycines and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii. For functional studies using the model Arabidopsis thaliana-H. schachtii pathosystem, we cloned the orthologous Hs2D01 sequence from H. schachtii. We demonstrate that Hs2D01 is a cytoplasmic effector that interacts with the intracellular kinase domain of HAESA (HAE), a cell surface-associated leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like kinase (RLK) involved in signalling the activation of cell wall-remodelling enzymes important for cell separation during abscission and lateral root emergence. Furthermore, we show that AtHAE is expressed in the syncytium and, therefore, could serve as a viable host target for Hs2D01. Infective juveniles effectively penetrated the roots of HAE and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2) double mutant plants; however, fewer nematodes developed on the roots, consistent with a role for this receptor family in nematode infection. Taken together, our results suggest that the Hs2D01-AtHAE interaction may play an important role in sugar beet cyst nematode parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Verma
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Marriam Lin
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Boyle Frederickson Intellectual Property LawMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
| | - Dante Smith
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
- Conagra Brands, Inc., Corporate Microbiology, Research and DevelopmentOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - John C. Walker
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Tarek Hewezi
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of TennesseeKnoxvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Eric L. Davis
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Richard S. Hussey
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Thomas J. Baum
- Department of Plant Pathology and MicrobiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Melissa G. Mitchum
- Department of Plant Pathology and Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics, and GenomicsUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences CenterUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMissouriUSA
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10
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Wang W, Hu C, Li X, Zhu Y, Tao L, Cui Y, Deng D, Fan X, Zhang H, Li J, Gou X, Yi J. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases PBL34/35/36 are required for CLE peptide-mediated signaling to maintain shoot apical meristem and root apical meristem homeostasis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1289-1307. [PMID: 34935965 PMCID: PMC8972268 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) homeostasis is tightly regulated by CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-related (CLE) peptide signaling. However, the intracellular signaling components after CLV3 is perceived by the CLV1-CLV3-INSENSITIVE KINASE (CIK) receptor complex and CLE25/26/45 are sensed by the BARELY ANY MERISTEM (BAM)-CIK receptor complex are unknown. Here, we report that PBS1-LIKE34/35/36 (PBL34/35/36), a clade of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases, are required for both CLV3-mediated signaling in the SAM and CLE25/26/45-mediated signaling in the RAM. Physiological assays showed that the SAM and RAM of pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 were resistant to CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 treatment, respectively. Genetic analyses indicated that pbl34 pbl35 pbl36 greatly enhanced the SAM defects of clv2 and rpk2 but not clv1, and did not show additive effects with bam3 and cik2 in the RAM. Further biochemical assays revealed that PBL34/35/36 interacted with CLV1, BAM1/3, and CIKs, and were phosphorylated by CLV1 and BAM1. All these results suggest that PBL34/35/36 act downstream of CLV1 and BAM1/3 to mediate the CLV3 and CLE25/26/45 signals in maintaining SAM and RAM homeostasis, respectively. Our findings shed light on how CLE signals are transmitted intracellularly after being perceived by cell surface receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Liang Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yanwei Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dingqian Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Jing Yi
- Author for correspondence: (X.G.) or (J.Y.)
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11
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Su B, Wang A, Shan X. The role of N-myristoylation in homeostasis of brassinosteroid signaling kinase 1. PLANTA 2022; 255:73. [PMID: 35220507 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03861-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The N-myristoylation is required for BSK1 proper plasma membrane targeting and protein turnover. Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling kinase 1 (BSK1), with a myristoylation site at its N-terminus to anchor at plasma membrane (PM), is involved in BR-regulated plant growth and flg22-triggered immunity responses. However, little is known about the role of N-myristoylation in BSK1 protein homeostasis. Here, we revealed that N-myristoylation is critical to the PM targeting and protein stability of BSK1. The N-myristoylation-deficient mutant BSK1G2A mainly distributed in the cytoplasm and retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. We further found that the BSK1G2A proteins were unstable and degraded through ATG8e-labled autophagic pathway. This study provides a new insight into the regulation of plant protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodan Su
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China
| | - Xiaoyi Shan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 10084, China.
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12
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Cui Y, Lu X, Gou X. Receptor-like protein kinases in plant reproduction: Current understanding and future perspectives. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100273. [PMID: 35059634 PMCID: PMC8760141 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is a crucial process in the life span of flowering plants, and directly affects human basic requirements in agriculture, such as grain yield and quality. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are a large family of membrane proteins sensing extracellular signals to regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. In Arabidopsis thaliana and other plant species, RLK-mediated signaling pathways play essential roles in regulating the reproductive process by sensing different ligand signals. Molecular understanding of the reproductive process is vital from the perspective of controlling male and female fertility. Here, we summarize the roles of RLKs during plant reproduction at the genetic and molecular levels, including RLK-mediated floral organ development, ovule and anther development, and embryogenesis. In addition, the possible molecular regulatory patterns of those RLKs with unrevealed mechanisms during reproductive development are discussed. We also point out the thought-provoking questions raised by the research on these plant RLKs during reproduction for future investigation.
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13
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Fooyontphanich K, Morcillo F, Joët T, Dussert S, Serret J, Collin M, Amblard P, Tangphatsornruang S, Roongsattham P, Jantasuriyarat C, Verdeil JL, Tranbarger TJ. Multi-scale comparative transcriptome analysis reveals key genes and metabolic reprogramming processes associated with oil palm fruit abscission. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:92. [PMID: 33573592 PMCID: PMC7879690 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruit abscission depends on cell separation that occurs within specialized cell layers that constitute an abscission zone (AZ). To determine the mechanisms of fleshy fruit abscission of the monocot oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) compared with other abscission systems, we performed multi-scale comparative transcriptome analyses on fruit targeting the developing primary AZ and adjacent tissues. RESULTS Combining between-tissue developmental comparisons with exogenous ethylene treatments, and naturally occurring abscission in the field, RNAseq analysis revealed a robust core set of 168 genes with differentially regulated expression, spatially associated with the ripe fruit AZ, and temporally restricted to the abscission timing. The expression of a set of candidate genes was validated by qRT-PCR in the fruit AZ of a natural oil palm variant with blocked fruit abscission, which provides evidence for their functions during abscission. Our results substantiate the conservation of gene function between dicot dry fruit dehiscence and monocot fleshy fruit abscission. The study also revealed major metabolic transitions occur in the AZ during abscission, including key senescence marker genes and transcriptional regulators, in addition to genes involved in nutrient recycling and reallocation, alternative routes for energy supply and adaptation to oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS The study provides the first reference transcriptome of a monocot fleshy fruit abscission zone and provides insight into the mechanisms underlying abscission by identifying key genes with functional roles and processes, including metabolic transitions, cell wall modifications, signalling, stress adaptations and transcriptional regulation, that occur during ripe fruit abscission of the monocot oil palm. The transcriptome data comprises an original reference and resource useful towards understanding the evolutionary basis of this fundamental plant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Fooyontphanich
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Grow A Green Co, Ltd. 556 Maha Chakraphat Rd. Namaung, Chachoengsao, Chachoengsao Province, 24000, Thailand
| | - Fabienne Morcillo
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, DIADE, F-34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Joët
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Dussert
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Serret
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Collin
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Peerapat Roongsattham
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchawan Jantasuriyarat
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University Bangkhen Campus, 50 Phahonyothin Road Jatujak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Luc Verdeil
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France
- AGAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Timothy J Tranbarger
- UMR DIADE, Institut de Recherche Pour le Développement, Université de Montpellier, IRD Centre de Montpellier, 911 Avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Cedex 5, Montpellier, France.
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14
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de Azevedo Manhães AME, Ortiz-Morea FA, He P, Shan L. Plant plasma membrane-resident receptors: Surveillance for infections and coordination for growth and development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:79-101. [PMID: 33305880 PMCID: PMC7855669 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants are exposed to pathogen invasions and environmental fluctuations. To overcome the challenges of their surroundings, plants acquire the potential to sense endogenous and exogenous cues, resulting in their adaptability. Hence, plants have evolved a large collection of plasma membrane-resident receptors, including RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASEs (RLKs) and RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEINs (RLPs) to perceive those signals and regulate plant growth, development, and immunity. The ability of RLKs and RLPs to recognize distinct ligands relies on diverse categories of extracellular domains evolved. Co-regulatory receptors are often required to associate with RLKs and RLPs to facilitate cellular signal transduction. RECEPTOR-LIKE CYTOPLASMIC KINASEs (RLCKs) also associate with the complex, bifurcating the signal to key signaling hubs, such as MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) cascades, to regulate diverse biological processes. Here, we discuss recent knowledge advances in understanding the roles of RLKs and RLPs in plant growth, development, and immunity, and their connection with co-regulatory receptors, leading to activation of diverse intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fausto Andres Ortiz-Morea
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Amazonicas CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002622, Colombia
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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15
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Dai B, Chen C, Liu Y, Liu L, Qaseem MF, Wang J, Li H, Wu AM. Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptomic Responses of Neolamarckia cadamba to Aluminum Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9624. [PMID: 33348765 PMCID: PMC7767006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminum is the most abundant metal of the Earth's crust accounting for 7% of its mass, and release of toxic Al3+ in acid soils restricts plant growth. Neolamarckia cadamba, a fast-growing tree, only grows in tropical regions with acidic soils. In this study, N. cadamba was treated with high concentrations of aluminum under acidic condition (pH 4.5) to study its physiological, biochemical, and molecular response mechanisms against high aluminum stress. High aluminum concentration resulted in significant inhibition of root growth with time in N. cadamba. The concentration of Al3+ ions in the root tip increased significantly and the distribution of absorbed Al3+ was observed in the root tip after Al stress. Meanwhile, the concentration of Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe was significantly decreased, but P concentration increased. Aluminum stress increased activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase from micrococcus lysodeiktic (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) in the root tip, while the content of MDA was decreased. Transcriptome analysis showed 37,478 differential expression genes (DEGs) and 4096 GOs terms significantly associated with treatments. The expression of genes regulating aluminum transport and abscisic acid synthesis was significantly upregulated; however, the genes involved in auxin synthesis were downregulated. Of note, the transcripts of several key enzymes affecting lignin monomer synthesis in phenylalanine pathway were upregulated. Our results shed light on the physiological and molecular mechanisms of aluminum stress tolerance in N. cadamba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojia Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Silviculture in downstream areas of the Yellow River, College of Forestry, Shandong Agriculture University, Taian 271018, Shandong, China;
| | - Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jinxiang Wang
- Root Biology Center & College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.D.); (C.C.); (Y.L.); (M.F.Q.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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16
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Wang Z, Gou X. Receptor-Like Protein Kinases Function Upstream of MAPKs in Regulating Plant Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207638. [PMID: 33076465 PMCID: PMC7590044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a group of protein kinase broadly involved in various signal pathways in eukaryotes. In plants, MAPK cascades regulate growth, development, stress responses and immunity by perceiving signals from the upstream regulators and transmitting the phosphorylation signals to the downstream signaling components. To reveal the interactions between MAPK cascades and their upstream regulators is important for understanding the functional mechanisms of MAPKs in the life span of higher plants. Typical receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are plasma membrane-located to perceive endogenous or exogenous signal molecules in regulating plant growth, development and immunity. MAPK cascades bridge the extracellular signals and intracellular transcription factors in many RLK-mediated signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current findings that RLKs regulate plant development through MAPK cascades and discusses questions that are worth investigating in the near future.
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17
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Singh P, Bharti N, Singh AP, Tripathi SK, Pandey SP, Chauhan AS, Kulkarni A, Sane AP. Petal abscission in fragrant roses is associated with large scale differential regulation of the abscission zone transcriptome. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17196. [PMID: 33057097 PMCID: PMC7566604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74144-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flowers of fragrant roses such as Rosa bourboniana are ethylene-sensitive and undergo rapid petal abscission while hybrid roses show reduced ethylene sensitivity and delayed abscission. To understand the molecular mechanism underlying these differences, a comparative transcriptome of petal abscission zones (AZ) of 0 h and 8 h ethylene-treated flowers from R. bourboniana was performed. Differential regulation of 3700 genes (1518 up, 2182 down) representing 8.5% of the AZ transcriptome was observed between 0 and 8 h ethylene-treated R. bourboniana petal AZ. Abscission was associated with large scale up-regulation of the ethylene pathway but prominent suppression of the JA, auxin and light-regulated pathways. Regulatory genes encoding kinases/phosphatases/F-box proteins and transcription factors formed the major group undergoing differential regulation besides genes for transporters, wall modification, defense and phenylpropanoid pathways. Further comparisons with ethylene-treated petals of R. bourboniana and 8 h ethylene-treated AZ (R. hybrida) identified a core set of 255 genes uniquely regulated by ethylene in R. bourboniana AZ. Almost 23% of these encoded regulatory proteins largely conserved with Arabidopsis AZ components. Most of these were up-regulated while an entire set of photosystem genes was prominently down-regulated. The studies provide important information on regulation of petal abscission in roses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Neeraj Bharti
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India.,High Performance Computing-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Amar Pal Singh
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,National Institute for Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Siddharth Kaushal Tripathi
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,National Centre for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Saurabh Prakash Pandey
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhishek Singh Chauhan
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Abhijeet Kulkarni
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Aniruddha P Sane
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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18
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Wang R, Shi C, Wang X, Li R, Meng Y, Cheng L, Qi M, Xu T, Li T. Tomato SlIDA has a critical role in tomato fertilization by modifying reactive oxygen species homeostasis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:2100-2118. [PMID: 32573872 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Anther development and pollen tube elongation are key steps for pollination and fertilization. The timing and spatial distribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and programmed cell death are central to these processes, but the regulatory mechanism of ROS production is not well understood. Inflorescence deficient in abscission (IDA) is implicated in many plant development and responses to environmental stimuli. However, their role in reproductive development is still unknown. We generated tomato knockout lines (CR-slida) of an IDA homolog (SlIDA), which is expressed in the tapetum, septum and pollen tube, and observed a severe defect in male gametes. Further analysis indicated that there was a programmed cell death defect in the tapetum and septum and a failure of anther dehiscence in the CR-slida lines, likely related to insufficient ROS signal. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified mature SlIDA as a 14-mer EPIP peptide, which was shown to be secreted, and a complementation experiment showed that application of a synthetic 14-mer EPIP peptide rescued the CR-slida defect and enhanced the ROS signal. Moreover, the application of the ROS scavengers diphenyleneiodonium or Mn-TMPP suppressed peptide function. Collectively, our results revealed that SlIDA plays an essential role in pollen development and pollen tube elongation by modulating ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - ChunLin Shi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yan Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110866, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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19
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Steinbrenner AD. The evolving landscape of cell surface pattern recognition across plant immune networks. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 56:135-146. [PMID: 32615401 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To recognize diverse threats, plants monitor extracellular molecular patterns and transduce intracellular immune signaling through receptor complexes at the plasma membrane. Pattern recognition occurs through a prototypical network of interacting proteins, comprising A) receptors that recognize inputs associated with a growing number of pest and pathogen classes (bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, caterpillars), B) co-receptor kinases that participate in binding and signaling, and C) cytoplasmic kinases that mediate first stages of immune output. While this framework has been elucidated in reference accessions of model organisms, network components are part of gene families with widespread variation, potentially tuning immunocompetence for specific contexts. Most dramatically, variation in receptor repertoires determines the range of ligands acting as immunogenic inputs for a given plant. Diversification of receptor kinase (RK) and related receptor-like protein (RLP) repertoires may tune responses even within a species. Comparative genomics at pangenome scale will reveal patterns and features of immune network variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Steinbrenner
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195, USA; Washington Research Foundation, Seattle, WA 98102, USA.
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20
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Liu KH, Diener A, Lin Z, Liu C, Sheen J. Primary nitrate responses mediated by calcium signalling and diverse protein phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4428-4441. [PMID: 31985788 PMCID: PMC7382375 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate, the major source of inorganic nitrogen for plants, is a critical signal controlling nutrient transport and assimilation and adaptive growth responses throughout the plant. Understanding how plants perceive nitrate and how this perception is transduced into responses that optimize growth are important for the rational improvement of crop productivity and for mitigating pollution from the use of fertilizers. This review highlights recent findings that reveal key roles of cytosolic-nuclear calcium signalling and dynamic protein phosphorylation via diverse mechanisms in the primary nitrate response (PNR). Nitrate-triggered calcium signatures as well as the critical functions of subgroup III calcium-sensor protein kinases, a specific protein phosphatase 2C, and RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain phosphatase-like 3 are discussed. Moreover, genome-wide meta-analysis of nitrate-regulated genes encoding candidate protein kinases and phosphatases for modulating critical phosphorylation events in the PNR are elaborated. We also consider how phosphoproteomics approaches can contribute to the identification of putative regulatory protein kinases in the PNR. Exploring and integrating experimental strategies, new methodologies, and comprehensive datasets will further advance our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the complex regulatory processes in the PNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Hsiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrew Diener
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ziwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jen Sheen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Characterization of Atypical Protein Tyrosine Kinase (PTK) Genes and Their Role in Abiotic Stress Response in Rice. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050664. [PMID: 32456239 PMCID: PMC7284356 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine phosphorylation constitutes up to 5% of the total phophoproteome. However, only limited studies are available on protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) that catalyze protein tyrosine phosphorylation in plants. In this study, domain analysis of the 27 annotated PTK genes in rice genome led to the identification of 18 PTKs with tyrosine kinase domain. The kinase domain of rice PTKs shared high homology with that of dual specificity kinase BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) of Arabidopsis. In phylogenetic analysis, rice PTKs clustered with receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases-VII (RLCKs-VII) of Arabidopsis. mRNAseq analysis using Genevestigator revealed that rice PTKs except PTK9 and PTK16 express at moderate to high level in most tissues. PTK16 expression was highly abundant in panicle at flowering stage. mRNAseq data analysis led to the identification of drought, heat, salt, and submergence stress regulated PTK genes in rice. PTK14 was upregulated under all stresses. qRT-PCR analysis also showed that all PTKs except PTK10 were significantly upregulated in root under osmotic stress. Tissue specificity and abiotic stress mediated differential regulation of PTKs suggest their potential role in development and stress response of rice. The candidate dual specificity PTKs identified in this study paves way for molecular analysis of tyrosine phosphorylation in rice.
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Gou X, Li J. Paired Receptor and Coreceptor Kinases Perceive Extracellular Signals to Control Plant Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 182:1667-1681. [PMID: 32144125 PMCID: PMC7140932 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinase complexes regulate plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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23
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Doucet J, Lee HK, Udugama N, Xu J, Qi B, Goring DR. Investigations into a putative role for the novel BRASSIKIN pseudokinases in compatible pollen-stigma interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:549. [PMID: 31829135 PMCID: PMC6907349 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Brassicaceae, the early stages of compatible pollen-stigma interactions are tightly controlled with early checkpoints regulating pollen adhesion, hydration and germination, and pollen tube entry into the stigmatic surface. However, the early signalling events in the stigma which trigger these compatible interactions remain unknown. RESULTS A set of stigma-expressed pseudokinase genes, termed BRASSIKINs (BKNs), were identified and found to be present in only core Brassicaceae genomes. In Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0, BKN1 displayed stigma-specific expression while the BKN2 gene was expressed in other tissues as well. CRISPR deletion mutations were generated for the two tandemly linked BKNs, and very mild hydration defects were observed for wild-type Col-0 pollen when placed on the bkn1/2 mutant stigmas. In further analyses, the predominant transcript for the stigma-specific BKN1 was found to have a premature stop codon in the Col-0 ecotype, but a survey of the 1001 Arabidopsis genomes uncovered three ecotypes that encoded a full-length BKN1 protein. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses identified intact BKN1 orthologues in the closely related outcrossing Arabidopsis species, A. lyrata and A. halleri. Finally, the BKN pseudokinases were found to be plasma-membrane localized through the dual lipid modification of myristoylation and palmitoylation, and this localization would be consistent with a role in signaling complexes. CONCLUSION In this study, we have characterized the novel Brassicaceae-specific family of BKN pseudokinase genes, and examined the function of BKN1 and BKN2 in the context of pollen-stigma interactions in A. thaliana Col-0. Additionally, premature stop codons were identified in the predicted stigma specific BKN1 gene in a number of the 1001 A. thaliana ecotype genomes, and this was in contrast to the out-crossing Arabidopsis species which carried intact copies of BKN1. Thus, understanding the function of BKN1 in other Brassicaceae species will be a key direction for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Doucet
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Nethangi Udugama
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
- College of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding City, 071001 Hebei Province China
| | - Baoxiu Qi
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
| | - Daphne R. Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution & Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3B2 Canada
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24
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Wilmowicz E, Kućko A, Burchardt S, Przywieczerski T. Molecular and Hormonal Aspects of Drought-Triggered Flower Shedding in Yellow Lupine. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3731. [PMID: 31370140 PMCID: PMC6695997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The drought is a crucial environmental factor that determines yielding of many crop species, e.g., Fabaceae, which are a source of valuable proteins for food and feed. Herein, we focused on the events accompanying drought-induced activation of flower abscission zone (AZ)-the structure responsible for flower detachment and, consequently, determining seed production in Lupinus luteus. Therefore, detection of molecular markers regulating this process is an excellent tool in the development of improved drought-resistant cultivars to minimize yield loss. We applied physiological, molecular, biochemical, immunocytochemical, and chromatography methods for a comprehensive examination of changes evoked by drought in the AZ cells. This factor led to significant cellular changes and activated AZ, which consequently increased the flower abortion rate. Simultaneously, drought caused an accumulation of mRNA of genes inflorescence deficient in abscission-like (LlIDL), receptor-like protein kinase HSL (LlHSL), and mitogen-activated protein kinase6 (LlMPK6), encoding succeeding elements of AZ activation pathway. The content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), catalase activity, and localization significantly changed which confirmed the appearance of stressful conditions and indicated modifications in the redox balance. Loss of water enhanced transcriptional activity of the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene (ET) biosynthesis pathways, which was manifested by elevated expression of zeaxanthin epoxidase (LlZEP), aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (LlACS), and aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (LlACO) genes. Accordingly, both ABA and ET precursors were highly abundant in AZ cells. Our study provides information about several new potential markers of early response on water loss, which can help to elucidate the mechanisms that control plant response to drought, and gives a useful basis for breeders and agronomists to enhance tolerance of crops against the stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Wilmowicz
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Agata Kućko
- Department of Plant Physiology Warsaw, University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159 Street, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Burchardt
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Przywieczerski
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 1 Lwowska Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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25
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Kim J, Chun JP, Tucker ML. Transcriptional Regulation of Abscission Zones. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060154. [PMID: 31174352 PMCID: PMC6631628 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Precise and timely regulation of organ separation from the parent plant (abscission) is consequential to improvement of crop productivity as it influences both the timing of harvest and fruit quality. Abscission is tightly associated with plant fitness as unwanted organs (petals, sepals, filaments) are shed after fertilization while seeds, fruits, and leaves are cast off as means of reproductive success or in response to abiotic/biotic stresses. Floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis has been a useful model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that underlie the separation processes, and multiple abscission signals associated with the activation and downstream pathways have been uncovered. Concomitantly, large-scale analyses of omics studies in diverse abscission systems of various plants have added valuable insights into the abscission process. The results suggest that there are common molecular events linked to the biosynthesis of a new extracellular matrix as well as cell wall disassembly. Comparative analysis between Arabidopsis and soybean abscission systems has revealed shared and yet disparate regulatory modules that affect the separation processes. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the transcriptional regulation of abscission in several different plants that has improved on the previously proposed four-phased model of organ separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Jong-Pil Chun
- Department of Horticultural Science, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
| | - Mark L Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, USDA Bldg. 006, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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26
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Taylor I, Baer J, Calcutt R, Walker JC. Hypermorphic SERK1 Mutations Function via a SOBIR1 Pathway to Activate Floral Abscission Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1219-1229. [PMID: 30975695 PMCID: PMC6548279 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the abscission of floral organs is regulated by two related receptor-like protein kinases, HAESA (HAE) and HAESA-LIKE2 (HSL2). In complex with members of the SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (SERK) family of coreceptor protein kinases, HAE and HSL2 are activated when bound by INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSICSSION, a proteolytically processed peptide ligand, activating the expression of genes encoding secreted cell wall remodeling and hydrolase enzymes. hae hsl2 mutants fail to induce expression of these genes and retain floral organs indefinitely. Here, we report identification of an allelic series of hae hsl2 suppressor mutations in the SERK1 coreceptor protein kinase gene. Genetic and transcriptomic evidence indicates that these alleles represent a novel class of gain-of-function mutations that activate signaling independently of HAE/HSL2. We show that, surprisingly, the suppression effect does not rely on the protein kinase activity of SERK1 and that activation of signaling relies on the receptor-like kinase gene SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1). The effect of these mutations can be mimicked by loss of function of BAK1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (BIR1), a known negative regulator of SERK-SOBIR1 signaling. These results suggest that BIR1 negatively regulates SERK-SOBIR1 signaling during abscission and that the identified SERK1 mutations likely interfere with this negative regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
| | - John Baer
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Ryan Calcutt
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Biology Department, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - John C Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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27
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Ma L, Zhou L, Quan S, Xu H, Yang J, Niu J. Integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in calyx abscission zone of Korla fragrant pear involved in calyx persistence. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:192. [PMID: 31072362 PMCID: PMC6507046 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to characterize molecular mechanism of calyx persistence in Korla fragrant pear by transcriptome and small RNA sequencing. Abscission zone tissues of flowers at three stages (the first, fifth and ninth days of the late bloom stage), with 50 mg/L GA3 (calyx persistence treatment, C_1, C_5, C_9) or 500 mg/L PP333 (calyx abscission treatment, T_1, T_5, T_9), were collected and simultaneously conducted transcriptome and small RNA sequencing. RESULTS Through association analysis of transcriptome and small RNA sequencing, mRNA-miRNA network was conducted. Compared calyx persistence groups with calyx abscission groups during the same stage, 145, 56 and 150 mRNA-miRNA pairs were obtained in C_1 vs T_1, C_5 vs T_5 and C_9 vs T_9, respectively; When C_1 compared with C_5 and C_9, 90 and 506 mRNA-miRNA pairs were screened respectively, and 255 mRNA-miRNA pairs were obtained from the comparison between C_5 and C_9; When T_1 compared with the T_5 and T_9, respectively, 206 and 796 mRNA-miRNA pairs were obtained, and 383 mRNA-miRNA pairs were obtained from the comparison between T_5 and T_9. These mRNAs in miRNA-mRNA pairs were significantly enriched into the terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, photosynthesis - antenna proteins, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, carotenoid biosynthesis, zeatin biosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, we obtained some key genes from miRNA-mRNA pairs that may be associated with calyx abscission, including protein phosphatase 2C (psi-miR394a-HAB1), receptor-like protein kinase (psi-miR396a-5p-HERK1), cellulose synthase-like protein D3 (psi-miR827-CSLD3), beta-galactosidase (psi-miR858b-β-galactosidase), SPL-psi-miR156j/157d, abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 1 (psi-miR396a-5p-CYP707A1) and auxin response factor (psi-miR160a-3p-ARF6, psi-miR167d-ARF18, psi-miR167a-5p-ARF25), etc. CONCLUSION: By integrated analysis mRNA and miRNA, our study gives a better understanding of the important genes and regulation pathway related to calyx abscission in Korla fragrant pear. We have also established the network of miRNA-mRNA pairs to learn about precise regulation of miRNA on calyx abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Shaowen Quan
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Jieping Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
| | - Jianxin Niu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
- Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Special Fruits and Vegetables Cultivation Physiology and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Shihezi, 832003 Xinjiang China
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28
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Rao S, Zhou Z, Miao P, Bi G, Hu M, Wu Y, Feng F, Zhang X, Zhou JM. Roles of Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinase VII Members in Pattern-Triggered Immune Signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1679-1690. [PMID: 29907700 PMCID: PMC6084675 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which consist of receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor-like proteins, sense microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns associated with pathogen infection to trigger immune responses in plants. Several kinases of the 46-member Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase (RLCK) subfamily VII play important roles in pattern-triggered immunity, but it is unclear whether different RLCK VII members act specifically or redundantly in immune signaling. Here, we constructed nine higher order mutants of this subfamily (named rlck vii-1 to rlck vii-9) and systematically characterized their immune phenotypes. The mutants rlck vii-5, -7, and -8 had compromised reactive oxygen species production in response to all patterns tested, indicating that the corresponding members are broadly required for the signaling of multiple PRRs. However, rlck vii-4 was defective specifically in chitin-induced reactive oxygen species production, suggesting that RCLK VII-4 members mediate the signaling of specific PRRs. Furthermore, RLCK VII-4 members were required for the chitin-triggered activation of MAPK, demonstrating that these kinases link a PRR to MAPK activation. Moreover, we found that RLCK VII-6 and -8 also were required for RK-mediated root growth. Together, these results show that numerous RLCK VII members are involved in pattern-triggered immune signaling and uncover both common and specific roles of these kinases in plant development and immunity mediated by various RKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Pei Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guozhi Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
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Zeng DD, Yang CC, Qin R, Alamin M, Yue EK, Jin XL, Shi CH. A guanine insert in OsBBS1 leads to early leaf senescence and salt stress sensitivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:933-946. [PMID: 29572657 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A rice receptor-like kinase gene OSBBS1/OsRLCK109 was identified; this gene played vital roles in leaf senescence and the salt stress response. Early leaf senescence can cause negative effects on rice yield, but the underlying molecular regulation is not fully understood. bilateral blade senescence 1 (bbs1), an early leaf senescence mutant with a premature senescence phenotype that occurs mainly performing at the leaf margins, was isolated from a rice mutant population generated by ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS) treatment. The mutant showed premature leaf senescence beginning at the tillering stage and exhibited severe symptoms at the late grain-filling stage. bbs1 showed accelerated dark-induced leaf senescence. The OsBBS1 gene was cloned by a map-based cloning strategy, and a guanine (G) insertion was found in the first exon of LOC_Os03g24930. This gene encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase and was named OsRLCK109 in a previous study. Transgenic LOC_Os03g24930 knockout plants generated by a CRISPR/Cas9 strategy exhibited similar early leaf senescence phenotypes as did the bbs1 mutant, which confirmed that LOC_Os03g24930 was the OsBBS1 gene. OsBBS1/OsRLCK109 was expressed in all detected tissues and was predominantly expressed in the main vein region of mature leaves. The expression of OsBBS1 could be greatly induced by salt stress, and the bbs1 mutant exhibited hypersensitivity to salt stress. In conclusion, this is the first identification of OsRLCKs participating in leaf senescence and playing critical roles in the salt stress response in rice (Oryza sativa L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Zeng
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Cong Yang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ran Qin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Md Alamin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Er-Kui Yue
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Li Jin
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun-Hai Shi
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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30
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Lee Y, Yoon TH, Lee J, Jeon SY, Lee JH, Lee MK, Chen H, Yun J, Oh SY, Wen X, Cho HK, Mang H, Kwak JM. A Lignin Molecular Brace Controls Precision Processing of Cell Walls Critical for Surface Integrity in Arabidopsis. Cell 2018; 173:1468-1480.e9. [PMID: 29731167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall, a defining feature of plants, provides a rigid structure critical for bonding cells together. To overcome this physical constraint, plants must process cell wall linkages during growth and development. However, little is known about the mechanism guiding cell-cell detachment and cell wall remodeling. Here, we identify two neighboring cell types in Arabidopsis that coordinate their activities to control cell wall processing, thereby ensuring precise abscission to discard organs. One cell type produces a honeycomb structure of lignin, which acts as a mechanical "brace" to localize cell wall breakdown and spatially limit abscising cells. The second cell type undergoes transdifferentiation into epidermal cells, forming protective cuticle, demonstrating de novo specification of epidermal cells, previously thought to be restricted to embryogenesis. Loss of the lignin brace leads to inadequate cuticle formation, resulting in surface barrier defects and susceptible to infection. Together, we show how plants precisely accomplish abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuree Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taek Han Yoon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoun Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyoung Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Huize Chen
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yun
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Oh
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiaohong Wen
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Kyung Cho
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunggon Mang
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - June M Kwak
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea; Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Liang X, Zhou JM. Receptor-Like Cytoplasmic Kinases: Central Players in Plant Receptor Kinase-Mediated Signaling. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:267-299. [PMID: 29719165 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Receptor kinases (RKs) are of paramount importance in transmembrane signaling that governs plant reproduction, growth, development, and adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs), which lack extracellular ligand-binding domains, have emerged as a major class of signaling proteins that regulate plant cellular activities in response to biotic/abiotic stresses and endogenous extracellular signaling molecules. By associating with immune RKs, RLCKs regulate multiple downstream signaling nodes to orchestrate a complex array of defense responses against microbial pathogens. RLCKs also associate with RKs that perceive brassinosteroids and signaling peptides to coordinate growth, pollen tube guidance, embryonic and stomatal patterning, floral organ abscission, and abiotic stress responses. The activity and stability of RLCKs are dynamically regulated not only by RKs but also by other RLCK-associated proteins. Analyses of RLCK-associated components and substrates have suggested phosphorylation relays as a major mechanism underlying RK-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
| | - Jian-Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, China;
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Majeran W, Le Caer JP, Ponnala L, Meinnel T, Giglione C. Targeted Profiling of Arabidopsis thaliana Subproteomes Illuminates Co- and Posttranslationally N-Terminal Myristoylated Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:543-562. [PMID: 29453228 PMCID: PMC5894833 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
N-terminal myristoylation, a major eukaryotic protein lipid modification, is difficult to detect in vivo and challenging to predict in silico. We developed a proteomics strategy involving subfractionation of cellular membranes, combined with separation of hydrophobic peptides by mass spectrometry-coupled liquid chromatography to identify the Arabidopsis thaliana myristoylated proteome. This approach identified a starting pool of 8837 proteins in all analyzed cellular fractions, comprising 32% of the Arabidopsis proteome. Of these, 906 proteins contain an N-terminal Gly at position 2, a prerequisite for myristoylation, and 214 belong to the predicted myristoylome (comprising 51% of the predicted myristoylome of 421 proteins). We further show direct evidence of myristoylation in 72 proteins; 18 of these myristoylated proteins were not previously predicted. We found one myristoylation site downstream of a predicted initiation codon, indicating that posttranslational myristoylation occurs in plants. Over half of the identified proteins could be quantified and assigned to a subcellular compartment. Hierarchical clustering of protein accumulation combined with myristoylation and S-acylation data revealed that N-terminal double acylation influences redirection to the plasma membrane. In a few cases, MYR function extended beyond simple membrane association. This study identified hundreds of N-acylated proteins for which lipid modifications could control protein localization and expand protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Majeran
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Le Caer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lalit Ponnala
- Computational Biology Service Unit, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850
| | - Thierry Meinnel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Carmela Giglione
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Abstract
Abscission is a process in plants for shedding unwanted organs such as leaves, flowers, fruits, or floral organs. Shedding of leaves in the fall is the most visually obvious display of abscission in nature. The very shape plants take is forged by the processes of growth and abscission. Mankind manipulates abscission in modern agriculture to do things such as prevent pre-harvest fruit drop prior to mechanical harvesting in orchards. Abscission occurs specifically at abscission zones that are laid down as the organ that will one day abscise is developed. A sophisticated signaling network initiates abscission when it is time to shed the unwanted organ. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the signaling mechanisms that activate abscission. Physiological advances and roles for hormones in abscission are also addressed. Finally, we discuss current avenues for basic abscission research and potentially lucrative future directions for its application to modern agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rahul Patharkar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John C Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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He Y, Zhou J, Shan L, Meng X. Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling - a common theme amid diversity. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/2/jcs209353. [PMID: 29378836 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sessile plants employ a diverse array of plasma membrane-bound receptors to perceive endogenous and exogenous signals for regulation of plant growth, development and immunity. These cell surface receptors include receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs) that harbor different extracellular domains for perception of distinct ligands. Several RLK and RLP signaling pathways converge at the somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), which function as shared co-receptors. A repertoire of receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) associate with the receptor complexes to relay intracellular signaling. Downstream of the receptor complexes, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are among the key signaling modules at which the signals converge, and these cascades regulate diverse cellular and physiological responses through phosphorylation of different downstream substrates. In this Review, we summarize the emerging common theme that underlies cell surface receptor-mediated signaling pathways in Arabidopsisthaliana: the dynamic association of RLKs and RLPs with specific co-receptors and RLCKs for signal transduction. We further discuss how signaling specificities are maintained through modules at which signals converge, with a focus on SERK-mediated receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiangzong Meng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Patharkar OR, Gassmann W, Walker JC. Leaf shedding as an anti-bacterial defense in Arabidopsis cauline leaves. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007132. [PMID: 29253890 PMCID: PMC5749873 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants utilize an innate immune system to protect themselves from disease. While many molecular components of plant innate immunity resemble the innate immunity of animals, plants also have evolved a number of truly unique defense mechanisms, particularly at the physiological level. Plant's flexible developmental program allows them the unique ability to simply produce new organs as needed, affording them the ability to replace damaged organs. Here we develop a system to study pathogen-triggered leaf abscission in Arabidopsis. Cauline leaves infected with the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae abscise as part of the defense mechanism. Pseudomonas syringae lacking a functional type III secretion system fail to elicit an abscission response, suggesting that the abscission response is a novel form of immunity triggered by effectors. HAESA/HAESA-like 2, INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION, and NEVERSHED are all required for pathogen-triggered abscission to occur. Additionally phytoalexin deficient 4, enhanced disease susceptibility 1, salicylic acid induction-deficient 2, and senescence-associated gene 101 plants with mutations in genes necessary for bacterial defense and salicylic acid signaling, and NahG transgenic plants with low levels of salicylic acid fail to abscise cauline leaves normally. Bacteria that physically contact abscission zones trigger a strong abscission response; however, long-distance signals are also sent from distal infected tissue to the abscission zone, alerting the abscission zone of looming danger. We propose a threshold model regulating cauline leaf defense where minor infections are handled by limiting bacterial growth, but when an infection is deemed out of control, cauline leaves are shed. Together with previous results, our findings suggest that salicylic acid may regulate both pathogen- and drought-triggered leaf abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Rahul Patharkar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, CS Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - John C. Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
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Hohmann U, Lau K, Hothorn M. The Structural Basis of Ligand Perception and Signal Activation by Receptor Kinases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:109-137. [PMID: 28125280 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-040957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a family of unique membrane receptor kinases to orchestrate the growth and development of their cells, tissues, and organs. Receptor kinases also form the first line of defense of the plant immune system and allow plants to engage in symbiotic interactions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding, at the molecular level, how receptor kinases with lysin-motif or leucine-rich-repeat ectodomains have evolved to sense a broad spectrum of ligands. We summarize and compare the established receptor activation mechanisms for plant receptor kinases and dissect how ligand binding at the cell surface leads to activation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Our review highlights that one family of plant membrane receptors has diversified structurally to fulfill very different signaling tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Hohmann
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Kelvin Lau
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland; , ,
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37
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Ma X, Xu G, He P, Shan L. SERKing Coreceptors for Receptors. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:1017-1033. [PMID: 27660030 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a large number of cell surface-resident receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), many of which are implicated in sensing extrinsic and intrinsic signals, and govern diverse cellular responses. The signaling pathways mediated by RLKs and RLPs converge at a small group of RLKs, somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (SERKs), via ligand-induced heterodimerization and transphosphorylation. As shared coreceptors in diverse signaling receptorsomes, SERKs exhibit functional plasticity yet maintain a high degree of signaling specificity. Here, we review recent advances in newly identified SERK functions in plant cell differentiation, growth, and immunity; discuss the regulation and activation mechanisms of SERK-associated receptorsomes; and provide insights into how SERKs maintain signaling specificity as convergent hubs in various signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ping He
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Molecular & Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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38
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Patharkar OR, Walker JC. Core Mechanisms Regulating Developmentally Timed and Environmentally Triggered Abscission. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:510-20. [PMID: 27468996 PMCID: PMC5074626 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought-triggered abscission is a strategy used by plants to avoid the full consequences of drought; however, it is poorly understood at the molecular genetic level. Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) can be used to elucidate the pathway controlling drought-triggered leaf shedding. We further show that much of the pathway regulating developmentally timed floral organ abscission is conserved in regulating drought-triggered leaf abscission. Gene expression of HAESA (HAE) and INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) is induced in cauline leaf abscission zones when the leaves become wilted in response to limited water and HAE continues to accumulate in the leaf abscission zones through the abscission process. The genes that encode HAE/HAESA-LIKE2, IDA, NEVERSHED, and MAPK KINASE4 and 5 are all necessary for drought-induced leaf abscission. Our findings offer a molecular mechanism explaining drought-triggered leaf abscission. Furthermore, the ability to study leaf abscission in Arabidopsis opens up a new avenue to tease apart mechanisms involved in abscission that have been difficult to separate from flower development as well as for understanding the mechanistic role of water and turgor pressure in abscission.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Rahul Patharkar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - John C Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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39
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Patharkar OR, Macken TA, Walker JC. Serine 231 and 257 of Agamous-like 15 are phosphorylated in floral receptacles. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1199314. [PMID: 27322882 PMCID: PMC4991328 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1199314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The large dynamic range of gene expression changes accompanying floral organ abscission can be explained by a molecular positive feedback loop that regulates the process. In short, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, positioned genetically downstream from the abscission receptor HAESA (HAE), phosphorylates the transcription factor, AGAMOUS-like 15 (AGL15), allowing HAE to be expressed. However, it is unknown which residues of AGL15 are phosphorylated and precisely how phosphorylation alters AGL15 function. Here we report that serine 231 and 257 of AGL15 are phosphorylated in floral receptacles. Effects of phosphorylation on AGL15 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osric Rahul Patharkar
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Terra A. Macken
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John C. Walker
- Division of Biological Sciences and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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40
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Postma J, Liebrand TWH, Bi G, Evrard A, Bye RR, Mbengue M, Kuhn H, Joosten MHAJ, Robatzek S. Avr4 promotes Cf-4 receptor-like protein association with the BAK1/SERK3 receptor-like kinase to initiate receptor endocytosis and plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:627-42. [PMID: 26765243 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The first layer of plant immunity is activated by cell surface receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and proteins (RLPs) that detect infectious pathogens. Constitutive interaction with the SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1 (SOBIR1) RLK contributes to RLP stability and kinase activity. As RLK activation requires transphosphorylation with a second associated RLK, it remains elusive how RLPs initiate downstream signaling. We employed live-cell imaging, gene silencing and coimmunoprecipitation to investigate the requirement of associated kinases for functioning and ligand-induced subcellular trafficking of Cf RLPs that mediate immunity of tomato against Cladosporium fulvum. Our research shows that after elicitation with matching effector ligands Avr4 and Avr9, BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1/SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE 3 (BAK1/SERK3) associates with Cf-4 and Cf-9. BAK1/SERK3 is required for the effector-triggered hypersensitive response and resistance of tomato against C. fulvum. Furthermore, Cf-4 interacts with SOBIR1 at the plasma membrane and is recruited to late endosomes upon Avr4 trigger, also depending on BAK1/SERK3. These observations indicate that RLP-mediated resistance and endocytosis require ligand-induced recruitment of BAK1/SERK3, reminiscent of BAK1/SERK3 interaction and subcellular fate of the FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) RLK. This reveals that diverse classes of cell surface immune receptors share common requirements for initiation of resistance and endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Postma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Guozhi Bi
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexandre Evrard
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruby R Bye
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Malick Mbengue
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biology I, RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthieu H A J Joosten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silke Robatzek
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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41
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Li X, Jackson A, Xie M, Wu D, Tsai WC, Zhang S. Proteomic insights into floral biology. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1050-60. [PMID: 26945514 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The flower is the most important biological structure for ensuring angiosperms reproductive success. Not only does the flower contain critical reproductive organs, but the wide variation in morphology, color, and scent has evolved to entice specialized pollinators, and arguably mankind in many cases, to ensure the successful propagation of its species. Recent proteomic approaches have identified protein candidates related to these flower traits, which has shed light on a number of previously unknown mechanisms underlying these traits. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in proteomic research in floral biology according to the order of flower structure, from corolla to male and female reproductive organs. It summarizes mainstream proteomic methods for plant research and recent improvements on two dimensional gel electrophoresis and gel-free workflows for both peptide level and protein level analysis. The recent advances in sequencing technologies provide a new paradigm for the ever-increasing genome and transcriptome information on many organisms. It is now possible to integrate genomic and transcriptomic data with proteomic results for large-scale protein characterization, so that a global understanding of the complex molecular networks in flower biology can be readily achieved. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Proteomics--a bridge between fundamental processes and crop production, edited by Dr. Hans-Peter Mock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobai Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 139, Hangzhou 310021, PR China; International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China.
| | | | - Ming Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shiqiao Road 139, Hangzhou 310021, PR China.
| | - Dianxing Wu
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, PR China
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Cornell University, New York 14853, USA
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42
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Meng X, Zhou J, Tang J, Li B, de Oliveira MVV, Chai J, He P, Shan L. Ligand-Induced Receptor-like Kinase Complex Regulates Floral Organ Abscission in Arabidopsis. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1330-1338. [PMID: 26854226 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscission is a developmental process that enables plants to shed unwanted organs. In Arabidopsis, the floral organ abscission is regulated by a signaling pathway consisting of the peptide ligand IDA, the receptor-like kinases (RLKs) HAE and HSL2, and a downstream MAP kinase (MAPK) cascade. However, little is known about the molecular link between ligand-receptor pairs and intracellular signaling. Here, we report that the SERK family RLKs function redundantly in regulating floral organ abscission downstream of IDA and upstream of the MAPK cascade. IDA induces heterodimerization of HAE/HSL2 and SERKs, which transphosphorylate each other. The SERK3 residues mediating its interaction with the immune receptor FLS2 and the brassinosteroid receptor BRI1 are also required for IDA-induced HAE/HSL2-SERK3 interaction, suggesting SERKs serve as co-receptors of HAE/HSL2 in perceiving IDA. Thus, our study reveals the signaling activation mechanism in floral organ abscission by IDA-induced HAE/HSL2-SERK complex formation accompanied by transphosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzong Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jinggeng Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jiao Tang
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Marcos V V de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jijie Chai
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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43
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Zhang B, Wang X, Zhao Z, Wang R, Huang X, Zhu Y, Yuan L, Wang Y, Xu X, Burlingame AL, Gao Y, Sun Y, Tang W. OsBRI1 Activates BR Signaling by Preventing Binding between the TPR and Kinase Domains of OsBSK3 via Phosphorylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1149-61. [PMID: 26697897 PMCID: PMC4734578 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Many plant receptor kinases transduce signals through receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs); however, the molecular mechanisms that create an effective on-off switch are unknown. The receptor kinase BR INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) transduces brassinosteroid (BR) signal by phosphorylating members of the BR-signaling kinase (BSK) family of RLCKs, which contain a kinase domain and a C-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain. Here, we show that the BR signaling function of BSKs is conserved in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) and that the TPR domain of BSKs functions as a "phospho-switchable" autoregulatory domain to control BSKs' activity. Genetic studies revealed that OsBSK3 is a positive regulator of BR signaling in rice, while in vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that OsBRI1 interacts directly with and phosphorylates OsBSK3. The TPR domain of OsBSK3, which interacts directly with the protein's kinase domain, serves as an autoinhibitory domain to prevent OsBSK3 from interacting with bri1-SUPPRESSOR1 (BSU1). Phosphorylation of OsBSK3 by OsBRI1 disrupts the interaction between its TPR and kinase domains, thereby increasing the binding between OsBSK3's kinase domain and BSU1. Our results not only demonstrate that OsBSK3 plays a conserved role in regulating BR signaling in rice, but also provide insight into the molecular mechanism by which BSK family proteins are inhibited under basal conditions but switched on by the upstream receptor kinase BRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Zhiying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Ruiju Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiahe Huang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yali Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Li Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yingchun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yingjie Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050016, China (B.Z., X.W., Z.Z., R.W., Y.Z., L.Y., X.X., Y.G., Y.S., W.T.);Key Laboratory of Molecular Development Biology, Insitute of Genetics and Development Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China (X.H., Y.W.); andMass spectrometry facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143 (A.L.B.)
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Taylor I, Wang Y, Seitz K, Baer J, Bennewitz S, Mooney BP, Walker JC. Analysis of Phosphorylation of the Receptor-Like Protein Kinase HAESA during Arabidopsis Floral Abscission. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147203. [PMID: 26784444 PMCID: PMC4718614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are the largest family of plant transmembrane signaling proteins. Here we present functional analysis of HAESA, an RLK that regulates floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis. Through in vitro and in vivo analysis of HAE phosphorylation, we provide evidence that a conserved phosphorylation site on a region of the HAE protein kinase domain known as the activation segment positively regulates HAE activity. Additional analysis has identified another putative activation segment phosphorylation site common to multiple RLKs that potentially modulates HAE activity. Comparative analysis suggests that phosphorylation of this second activation segment residue is an RLK specific adaptation that may regulate protein kinase activity and substrate specificity. A growing number of RLKs have been shown to exhibit biologically relevant dual specificity toward serine/threonine and tyrosine residues, but the mechanisms underlying dual specificity of RLKs are not well understood. We show that a phospho-mimetic mutant of both HAE activation segment residues exhibits enhanced tyrosine auto-phosphorylation in vitro, indicating phosphorylation of this residue may contribute to dual specificity of HAE. These results add to an emerging framework for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of regulation of RLK activity and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaiah Taylor
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kati Seitz
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Baer
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stefan Bennewitz
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian P. Mooney
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Charles W. Gehrke Proteomics Center and Division of Biochemistry, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John C. Walker
- Division of Biological Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Groner WD, Christy ME, Kreiner CM, Liljegren SJ. Allele-Specific Interactions between CAST AWAY and NEVERSHED Control Abscission in Arabidopsis Flowers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1588. [PMID: 27818674 PMCID: PMC5073242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
An advantage of analyzing abscission in genetically tractable model plants is the ability to make use of classic genetic tools such as suppression analysis. We have investigated the regulation of organ abscission by carrying out suppression analysis in Arabidopsis flowers. Plants carrying mutations in the NEVERSHED (NEV) gene, which encodes an ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein, retain their outer floral organs after fertilization. Mutant alleles of CAST AWAY (CST), which encodes a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, were found to restore organ abscission in nev flowers in an allele-specific manner. To further explore the basis of the interactions between CST and NEV, we tested whether the site of a nev mutation is predictive of its ability to be suppressed. Our results suggest instead that the strength of a nev allele influences whether organ abscission can be rescued by a specific allele of CST.
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Kim J, Yang J, Yang R, Sicher RC, Chang C, Tucker ML. Transcriptome Analysis of Soybean Leaf Abscission Identifies Transcriptional Regulators of Organ Polarity and Cell Fate. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:125. [PMID: 26925069 PMCID: PMC4756167 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Abscission, organ separation, is a developmental process that is modulated by endogenous and environmental factors. To better understand the molecular events underlying the progression of abscission in soybean, an agriculturally important legume, we performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of RNA isolated from the leaf abscission zones (LAZ) and petioles (Non-AZ, NAZ) after treating stem/petiole explants with ethylene for 0, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. As expected, expression of several families of cell wall modifying enzymes and many pathogenesis-related (PR) genes specifically increased in the LAZ as abscission progressed. Here, we focus on the 5,206 soybean genes we identified as encoding transcription factors (TFs). Of the 5,206 TFs, 1,088 were differentially up- or down-regulated more than eight-fold in the LAZ over time, and, within this group, 188 of the TFs were differentially regulated more than eight-fold in the LAZ relative to the NAZ. These 188 abscission-specific TFs include several TFs containing domains for homeobox, MYB, Zinc finger, bHLH, AP2, NAC, WRKY, YABBY, and auxin-related motifs. To discover the connectivity among the TFs and highlight developmental processes that support organ separation, the 188 abscission-specific TFs were then clustered based on a >four-fold up- or down-regulation in two consecutive time points (i.e., 0 and 12 h, 12 and 24 h, 24 and 48 h, or 48 and 72 h). By requiring a sustained change in expression over two consecutive time intervals and not just one or several time intervals, we could better tie changes in TFs to a particular process or phase of abscission. The greatest number of TFs clustered into the 0 and 12 h group. Transcriptional network analysis for these abscission-specific TFs indicated that most of these TFs are known as key determinants in the maintenance of organ polarity, lateral organ growth, and cell fate. The abscission-specific expression of these TFs prior to the onset of abscission and their functional properties as defined by studies in Arabidopsis indicate that these TFs are involved in defining the separation cells and initiation of separation within the AZ by balancing organ polarity, roles of plant hormones, and cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonyup Kim
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
- *Correspondence: Joonyup Kim
| | - Jinyoung Yang
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Ronghui Yang
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Richard C. Sicher
- Crop Systems and Global Change Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
| | - Caren Chang
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark L. Tucker
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureBeltsville, MD, USA
- Mark L. Tucker
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Lin ZJD, Liebrand TWH, Yadeta KA, Coaker G. PBL13 Is a Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase That Negatively Regulates Arabidopsis Immune Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2950-62. [PMID: 26432875 PMCID: PMC4677916 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) are a subset of plant receptor-like kinases lacking both extracellular and transmembrane domains. Some of the 46 members in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) RLCK subfamily VII have been linked to plant innate immunity; however, most remain uncharacterized. Thus, multiple subfamily VII members are expected to be involved in plant immune signaling. Here, we investigate the role of AvrPphB SUSCEPTIBLE1-LIKE13 (PBL13), a subfamily VII RLCK with unique domain architecture. Unlike other characterized RLCKs, PBL13 transfer DNA insertion lines exhibit enhanced disease resistance after inoculation with virulent Pseudomonas syringae. The pbl13-2 knockout also exhibits elevated basal-level expression of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENE1 defense marker gene, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst in response to perception of bacterial microbial patterns, and accelerated flagellin-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Recombinant PBL13 is an active kinase, and its primary autophosphorylated sites map to a 15-amino acid repeat motif unique to PBL13. Complementation of pbl13-2 with PBL13-3xFLAG converts the enhanced resistance and elevated ROS phenotypes back to wild-type levels. In contrast, kinase-dead PBL13(K111A)-3xFLAG was unable to rescue pbl13-2 disease phenotypes. Consistent with the enhanced ROS burst in the pbl13-2 knockout, PBL13 is able to associate with the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced oxidase RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG PROTEIN D (RBOHD) by split-luciferase complementation assay, and this association is disrupted by flagellin treatment. We conclude that the PBL13 kinase negatively regulates plant innate immunity to pathogenic bacteria and can associate with RBOHD before pathogen perception. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that PBL13 acts to prevent inappropriate activation of defense responses in the absence of pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuh-Jyh Daniel Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Thomas W H Liebrand
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Koste A Yadeta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Li C, Wang Y, Huang X, Li J, Wang H, Li J. An improved fruit transcriptome and the identification of the candidate genes involved in fruit abscission induced by carbohydrate stress in litchi. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:439. [PMID: 26124768 PMCID: PMC4466451 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Massive young fruit abscission usually causes low and unstable yield in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), an important fruit crop cultivated in tropical and subtropical areas. However, the molecular mechanism of fruit drop has not been fully characterized. This study aimed at identification of molecular components involved in fruitlet abscission in litchi, for which reference genome is not available at present. An improved de novo transcriptome assembly was firstly achieved by using an optimized assembly software, Trinity. Using improved transcriptome assembly as reference, digital transcript abundance (DTA) profiling was performed to screen and identify candidate genes involved in fruit abscission induced by girdling plus defoliation (GPD), a treatment significantly decreased the soluble sugar contents causing carbohydrate stress to fruit. Our results showed that the increasing fruit abscission rate after GPD treatment was associated with higher ethylene production and lower glucose levels in fruit. A total of 2,771 differentially expressed genes were identified as GPD-responsive genes, 857 of which were defined by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses as the candidate genes involved in fruit abscission process. These genes were involved in diverse metabolic processes and pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, plant hormone synthesis, and signaling, transcription factor activity and cell wall modification that were rapidly induced in the early stages (within 2 days after treatment). qRT-PCR was used to explore the expression pattern of 15 selected candidate genes in the abscission zone, pericarp, and seed, which confirmed the accuracy of our DTA data. More detailed information for different functional categories was also analyzed. This study profiled the gene expression related to fruit abscission induced by carbohydrate stress at whole transcriptome level and thus provided a better understanding of the regulatory mechanism of young fruit abscission in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Yan Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, ShenzhenChina
| | - Xuming Huang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Jiang Li
- Beijing Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, ShenzhenChina
| | - Huicong Wang
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, China Litchi Research Center, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
- Physiological Laboratory for South China Fruits, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, GuangzhouChina
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49
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Proteomics profiling of ethylene-induced tomato flower pedicel abscission. J Proteomics 2015; 121:67-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Ma C, Meir S, Xiao L, Tong J, Liu Q, Reid MS, Jiang CZ. A KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX protein regulates abscission in tomato by modulating the auxin pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:844-53. [PMID: 25560879 PMCID: PMC4348773 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.253815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding a KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX PROTEIN1 (KD1) is highly expressed in both leaf and flower abscission zones. Reducing the abundance of transcripts of this gene in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) by both virus-induced gene silencing and stable transformation with a silencing construct driven by an abscission-specific promoter resulted in a striking retardation of pedicel and petiole abscission. In contrast, Petroselinum, a semidominant KD1 mutant, showed accelerated pedicel and petiole abscission. Complementary DNA microarray and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that regulation of abscission by KD1 was associated with changed abundance of genes related to auxin transporters and signaling components. Measurement of auxin content and activity of a DR5::β-glucuronidase auxin reporter assay showed that changes in KD1 expression modulated the auxin concentration and response gradient in the abscission zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Shimon Meir
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Michael S Reid
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (C.M., M.S.R.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel (S.M.);Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China (L.X., J.T., Q.L.); andCrops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Davis, California 95616 (C.-Z.J.)
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