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Zhou F, Hu B, Li J, Yan H, Liu Q, Zeng B, Fan C. Exogenous applications of brassinosteroids promote secondary xylem differentiation in Eucalyptus grandis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16250. [PMID: 38188140 PMCID: PMC10768668 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play many pivotal roles in plant growth and development, especially in cell elongation and vascular development. Although its biosynthetic and signal transduction pathway have been well characterized in model plants, their biological roles in Eucalyptus grandis, a major hardwood tree providing fiber and energy worldwide, remain unclear. Here, we treated E. grandis plantlets with 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), the most active BR and/or BR biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole. We recorded the plant growth and analyzed the cell structure of the root and stem with histochemical methods; then, we performed a secondary growth, BR synthesis, and signaling-related gene expression analysis. The results showed that the BRs dramatically increased the shoot length and diameter, and the exogenous BR increased the xylem area of the stem and root. In this process, EgrBRI1, EgrBZR1, and EgrBZR2 expression were induced by the BR treatment, and the expressions of HD-ZIPIII and cellulose synthase genes were also altered. To further verify the effect of BRs in secondary xylem development in Eucalyptus, we used six-month-old plants as the material and directly applied EBL to the xylem and cambium of the vertical stems. The xylem area, fiber cell length, and cell numbers showed considerable increases. Several key BR-signaling genes, secondary xylem development-related transcription factor genes, and cellulose and lignin biosynthetic genes were also considerably altered. Thus, BR had regulatory roles in secondary xylem development and differentiation via the BR-signaling pathway in this woody plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huifang Yan
- School of Life Sciences Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingshan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunjie Fan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Tropical Forestry, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
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Lv Z, Zhao W, Kong S, Li L, Lin S. Overview of molecular mechanisms of plant leaf development: a systematic review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1293424. [PMID: 38146273 PMCID: PMC10749370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1293424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Leaf growth initiates in the peripheral region of the meristem at the apex of the stem, eventually forming flat structures. Leaves are pivotal organs in plants, serving as the primary sites for photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Their development is intricately governed by complex regulatory networks. Leaf development encompasses five processes: the leaf primordium initiation, the leaf polarity establishment, leaf size expansion, shaping of leaf, and leaf senescence. The leaf primordia starts from the side of the growth cone at the apex of the stem. Under the precise regulation of a series of genes, the leaf primordia establishes adaxial-abaxial axes, proximal-distal axes and medio-lateral axes polarity, guides the primordia cells to divide and differentiate in a specific direction, and finally develops into leaves of a certain shape and size. Leaf senescence is a kind of programmed cell death that occurs in plants, and as it is the last stage of leaf development. Each of these processes is meticulously coordinated through the intricate interplay among transcriptional regulatory factors, microRNAs, and plant hormones. This review is dedicated to examining the regulatory influences of major regulatory factors and plant hormones on these five developmental aspects of leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lv
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanqi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuxin Kong
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuyan Lin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Aslam MA, Ahmed S, Saleem M, Sardar R, Shah AA, Siddiqui MH, Shabbir Z. Mitigation of chromium-induced phytotoxicity in 28-homobrassinolide treated Trigonella corniculata L. by modulation of oxidative biomarkers and antioxidant system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 263:115354. [PMID: 37595348 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is one of the toxic heavy metals that disturbs growth and physiological properties of plants. During the current study, Trigonella corniculata L. (Fenugreek) was exposed to different levels of Cr in potted soil. Chromium toxicity reduced fiber, ash, moisture, carbohydrate, protein, fats, and flavonoid content of T. corniculata. Considering the stress relieving effect of 28-homobrassinolide (28-HBR), seeds of T. corniculata were primed with different concentration of 28-HBR i.e., 0, 5, 10, and 20 µmol L-1. Application of 28-HBR reversed the toxic effect of Cr through improvement in activity of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT). Conclusively, 10 µmol L-1 28-HBR increased Cr tolerance in T. corniculata seedlings due to reduction in oxidative stress markers. It is further proposed that 28-HBR is an effective stress ameliorant to relive plants from various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rehana Sardar
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anis Ali Shah
- Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Manzer H Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zunera Shabbir
- Agronomy, Horticulture and Plant Science Department, South Dakota State University, USA
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Guo B, Dai L, Yang H, Zhao X, Liu M, Wang L. Comprehensive Analysis of BR Receptor Expression under Hormone Treatment in the Rubber Tree ( Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1280. [PMID: 36986969 PMCID: PMC10058276 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are important for plant growth and development, with BRI1 and BAK1 kinases playing an important role in BR signal transduction. Latex from rubber trees is crucial for industry, medicine and defense use. Therefore, it is beneficial to characterize and analyze HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes to improve the quality of the resources obtained from Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree). Based on bioinformatics predictions and rubber tree database, five HbBRI1s with four HbBAK1s were identified and named HbBRI1~HbBRL3 and HbBAK1a~HbBAK1d, respectively, which were clustered in two groups. HbBRI1 genes, except for HbBRL3, exclusively contain introns, which is convenient for responding to external factors, whereas HbBAK1b/c/d contain 10 introns and 11 exons, and HbBAK1a contains eight introns. Multiple sequence analysis showed that HbBRI1s include typical domains of the BRI1 kinase, indicating that HbBRI1s belong to BRI1. HbBAK1s that possess LRR and STK_BAK1_like domains illustrate that HbBAK1s belong to the BAK1 kinase. BRI1 and BAK1 play an important role in regulating plant hormone signal transduction. Analysis of the cis-element of all HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes identified hormone response, light regulation and abiotic stress elements in the promoters of HbBRI1s and HbBAK1s. The results of tissue expression patterns indicate that HbBRL1/2/3/4 and HbBAK1a/b/c are highly expressed in the flower, especially HbBRL2-1. The expression of HbBRL3 is extremely high in the stem, and the expression of HbBAK1d is extremely high in the root. Expression profiles with different hormones show that HbBRI1 and HbBAK1 genes are extremely induced by different hormone stimulates. These results provide theoretical foundations for further research on the functions of BR receptors, especially in response to hormone signals in the rubber tree.
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Choi JH, Oh ES, Min H, Chae WB, Mandadi KK, Oh MH. Role of tyrosine autophosphorylation and methionine residues in BRI1 function in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genes Genomics 2022; 44:833-841. [PMID: 35598220 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-022-01266-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroids (BRs), a group of plant growth hormones, control biomass accumulation and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and therefore are highly relevant to agriculture. BRs bind to the BR receptor protein, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), which is classified as a serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase. Recently, we reported that BRI1 acts as a dual-specificity kinase both in vitro and in vivo by undergoing autophosphorylation at tyrosine (Tyr) residues. OBJECTIVE In this study, we characterized the increased leaf growth and early flowering phenotypes of transgenic lines expressing the mutated recombinant protein, BRI1(Y831F)-Flag, compared with those expressing BRI1-Flag. BRI1(Y831F)-Flag transgenic plants showed a reduction in hypocotyl and petiole length compared with BRI1-Flag seedlings. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of flowering time-associated genes (AP1, AP2, AG, FLC, and SMZ) between BRI1(Y831F)-Flag and BRI1-Flag transgenic seedlings. We also performed site-directed mutagenesis of the BRI1 gene, and investigated the effect of methionine (Met) substitution in the extracellular domain (ECD) of BRI1 on plant growth and BR sensitivity by evaluating hypocotyl elongation and root growth inhibition. METHODS The pBIB-Hyg+-pBR-BRI1-Flag construct(Li et al. 2002) was used as the template for SDM with QuickChange XL Site Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA) to make the SDM mutants. After PCR with SDM kit, add 1 μl of Dpn1 to PCR reaction. Incubate at 37 °C for 2 h to digest parental DNA and then transformed into XL10-gold competent cells. Transcriptome analysis was carried out at the University of Illinois (Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA). RNA was prepared and hybridized to the Affymetrix GeneChip Arabidopsis ATH1 Genome Array using the Gene Chip Express Kit (Ambion, Austin, TX, USA). RESULTS Tyrosine 831 autophosphorylation of BRI1 regulates Arabidopsis flowering time, and mutation of methionine residues in the extracellular domain of BRI1 affects hypocotyl and root length. BRI1(M656Q)-Flag, BRI1(M657Q)-Flag, and BRI1(M661Q)-Flag seedlings were insensitive to the BL treatment and showed no inhibition of root elongation. However, BRI1(M665Q)-Flag and BRI1(M671Q)-Flag seedlings were sensitive to the BL treatment, and exhibited root elongation inhibition. the early flowering phenotype of BRI1(Y831F)-Flag transgenic plants is consistent with the expression levels of key flowering-related genes, including those promoting flowering (AP1, AP2, and AG) and repressing flowering (FLC and SMZ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Han Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Eun-Seok Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Hansol Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Won Byoung Chae
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Korea
| | - Kranthi Kiran Mandadi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
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Yu Z, Hong L, Li QQ. Signatures of mRNA Alternative Polyadenylation in Arabidopsis Leaf Development. Front Genet 2022; 13:863253. [PMID: 35559042 PMCID: PMC9086830 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.863253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative polyadenylation (APA) of pre-mRNA is an important co-transcriptional mechanism that modulates gene expression, leading to transcriptomic and functional diversities. The role of APA in Arabidopsis leaf development, however, remains elusive. We applied a poly(A)-tag sequencing (PAT-seq) technique to characterize APA-mediated regulation events in cotyledon and in five stages of true leaf development. Over 60% APA was identified in genes expressed in leaves, consistent with the results in previous publications. However, a reduced APA level was detected in younger leaves, reaching 44% in the 18th true leaf. Importantly, we also found that >70% of the poly(A) site usages were altered in the second true leaf relative to the cotyledon. Compared with the cotyledon, more genes in the second true leaf tended to use the distal site of 3′UTR, but this was not found in pairwise comparison among other true leaves. In addition, a significant APA gene was found to be decreased in a pairwise comparison among true leaves, including differentially expressed genes. The APA genes identified herein were associated with specific biological processes, including metabolic and cellular processes and response to stimuli and hormones. These results provide a new insight into the regulation of Arabidopsis leaf development through APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liwei Hong
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingshun Q Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystem, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States
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Conway SJ, Walcher-Chevillet CL, Salome Barbour K, Kramer EM. Brassinosteroids regulate petal spur length in Aquilegia by controlling cell elongation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:931-942. [PMID: 34508638 PMCID: PMC8577200 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aquilegia produce elongated, three-dimensional petal spurs that fill with nectar to attract pollinators. Previous studies have shown that the diversity of spur length across the Aquilegia genus is a key innovation that is tightly linked with its recent and rapid diversification into new ranges, and that evolution of increased spur lengths is achieved via anisotropic cell elongation. Previous work identified a brassinosteroid response transcription factor as being enriched in the early developing spur cup. Brassinosteroids are known to be important for cell elongation, suggesting that brassinosteroid-mediated response may be an important regulator of spur elongation and potentially a driver of spur length diversity in Aquilegia. In this study, we investigated the role of brassinosteroids in the development of the Aquilegia coerulea petal spur. METHODS We exogenously applied the biologically active brassinosteroid brassinolide to developing petal spurs to investigate spur growth under high hormone conditions. We used virus-induced gene silencing and gene expression experiments to understand the function of brassinosteroid-related transcription factors in A. coerulea petal spurs. KEY RESULTS We identified a total of three Aquilegia homologues of the BES1/BZR1 protein family and found that these genes are ubiquitously expressed in all floral tissues during development, yet, consistent with the previous RNAseq study, we found that two of these paralogues are enriched in early developing petals. Exogenously applied brassinosteroid increased petal spur length due to increased anisotropic cell elongation as well as cell division. We found that targeting of the AqBEH genes with virus-induced gene silencing resulted in shortened petals, a phenotype caused in part by a loss of cell anisotropy. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results support a role for brassinosteroids in anisotropic cell expansion in Aquilegia petal spurs and highlight the brassinosteroid pathway as a potential player in the diversification of petal spur length in Aquilegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Conway
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Cristina L Walcher-Chevillet
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- 10x Genomics Inc., 6230 Stoneridge Mall Road, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA
| | - Kate Salome Barbour
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elena M Kramer
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Jiang C, Li B, Song Z, Zhang Y, Yu C, Wang H, Wang L, Zhang H. PtBRI1.2 promotes shoot growth and wood formation through a brassinosteroid-mediated PtBZR1-PtWNDs module in poplar. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:6350-6364. [PMID: 34089602 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 (BRI1) plays important roles in various signalling pathways controlling plant growth and development. However, the regulatory mechanism of BRI1 in brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated signalling for shoot growth and wood formation in woody plants is largely unknown. In this study, PtBRI1.2, a brassinosteroid-insensitive-1 gene, was overexpressed in poplar. Shoot growth and wood formation of transgenic plants were examined and the regulatory genes involved were verified. PtBRI1.2 was localized to the plasma membrane, with a predominant expression in leaves. Ectopic expression of PtBRI1.2 in Arabidopsis bri1-201 and bri1-5 mutants rescued their retarded-growth phenotype. Overexpression of PtBRI1.2 in poplar promoted shoot growth and wood formation in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that overexpression of PtBRI1.2 promoted the accumulation of PtBZR1 (BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1) in the nucleus, which subsequently activated PtWNDs (WOOD-ASSOCIATED NAC DOMAIN transcription factors) to up-regulate expression of secondary cell wall biosynthesis genes involved in wood formation. Our results suggest that PtBRI1.2 plays a crucial role in regulating shoot growth and wood formation by activating BR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Jiang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Li
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhizhong Song
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yuliang Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Wang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, and Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in Off-Season Reproduction Regions, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
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Kesawat MS, Kherawat BS, Singh A, Dey P, Kabi M, Debnath D, Saha D, Khandual A, Rout S, Manorama, Ali A, Palem RR, Gupta R, Kadam AA, Kim HU, Chung SM, Kumar M. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Brassinazole-resistant ( BZR) Gene Family and Its Expression in the Various Developmental Stage and Stress Conditions in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8743. [PMID: 34445448 PMCID: PMC8395832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, including plant developmental processes and response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no information is currently available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the BZR gene family in wheat to understand the evolution and their role in diverse developmental processes and under different stress conditions. In this study, we performed the genome-wide analysis of the BZR gene family in the bread wheat and identified 20 TaBZR genes through a homology search and further characterized them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses lead to the classification of TaBZR genes into five different groups or subfamilies, providing evidence of evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Glycine max, and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, and cis-acting regulatory elements were also examined using various computational approaches. In addition, an analysis of public RNA-seq data also shows that TaBZR genes may be involved in diverse developmental processes and stress tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, qRT-PCR results also showed similar expression with slight variation. Collectively, these results suggest that TaBZR genes might play an important role in plant developmental processes and various stress conditions. Therefore, this work provides valuable information for further elucidate the precise role of BZR family members in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Bhagwat Singh Kherawat
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner II, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner 334603, India;
| | - Anupama Singh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Prajjal Dey
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Mandakini Kabi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Debnath
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneshwar 752050, India;
| | - Ansuman Khandual
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandeep Rout
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Manorama
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Raipur 49200, India;
| | - Asjad Ali
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD 4880, Australia;
| | - Ramasubba Reddy Palem
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical Campus, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Avinash Ashok Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Sang-Min Chung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
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10
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Wang S, Lv S, Zhao T, Jiang M, Liu D, Fu S, Hu M, Huang S, Pei Y, Wang X. Modification of Threonine-825 of SlBRI1 Enlarges Cell Size to Enhance Fruit Yield by Regulating the Cooperation of BR-GA Signaling in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147673. [PMID: 34299293 PMCID: PMC8305552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting phytohormones that can efficiently function by exogenous application at micromolar concentrations or by endogenous fine-tuning of BR-related gene expression, thus, precisely controlling BR signal strength is a key factor in exploring the agricultural potential of BRs. BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), a BR receptor, is the rate-limiting enzyme in BR signal transduction, and the phosphorylation of each phosphorylation site of SlBRI1 has a distinct effect on BR signal strength and botanic characteristics. We recently demonstrated that modifying the phosphorylation sites of tomato SlBRI1 could improve the agronomic traits of tomato to different extents; however, the associated agronomic potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites in tomato has not been fully exploited. In this research, the biological functions of the phosphorylation site threonine-825 (Thr-825) of SlBRI1 in tomato were investigated. Phenotypic analysis showed that, compared with a tomato line harboring SlBRI1, transgenic tomato lines expressing SlBRI1 with a nonphosphorylated Thr-825 (T825A) exhibited a larger plant size due to a larger cell size and higher yield, including a greater plant height, thicker stems, longer internodal lengths, greater plant expansion, a heavier fruit weight, and larger fruits. Molecular analyses further indicated that the autophosphorylation level of SlBRI1, BR signaling, and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling were elevated when SlBRI1 was dephosphorylated at Thr-825. Taken together, the results demonstrated that dephosphorylation of Thr-825 can enhance the functions of SlBRI1 in BR signaling, which subsequently activates and cooperates with GA signaling to stimulate cell elongation and then leads to larger plants and higher yields per plant. These results also highlight the agricultural potential of SlBRI1 phosphorylation sites for breeding high-yielding tomato varieties through precise control of BR signaling.
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Wang H, Kong F, Zhou C. From genes to networks: The genetic control of leaf development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1181-1196. [PMID: 33615731 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Substantial diversity exists for both the size and shape of the leaf, the main photosynthetic organ of flowering plants. The two major forms of leaf are simple leaves, in which the leaf blade is undivided, and compound leaves, which comprise several leaflets. Leaves form at the shoot apical meristem from a group of undifferentiated cells, which first establish polarity, then grow and differentiate. Each of these processes is controlled by a combination of transcriptional regulators, microRNAs and phytohormones. The present review documents recent advances in our understanding of how these various factors modulate the development of both simple leaves (focusing mainly on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana) and compound leaves (focusing mainly on the model legume species Medicago truncatula).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fanjiang Kong
- Innovative Center of Molecular Genetics and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266101, China
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12
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Zhao Z, Tang S, Zhang Y, Yue J, Xu J, Tang W, Sun Y, Wang R, Diao X, Zhang B. Evolutionary analysis and functional characterization of SiBRI1 as a Brassinosteroid receptor gene in foxtail millet. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:291. [PMID: 34167462 PMCID: PMC8223282 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. Although BR receptors have been intensively studied in Arabidopsis, those in foxtail millet remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the BR signaling function of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) is conserved between Arabidopsis and foxtail millet, a new model species for C4 and Panicoideae grasses. We identified four putative BR receptor genes in the foxtail millet genome: SiBRI1, SiBRI1-LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE 1 (SiBRL1), SiBRL2 and SiBRL3. Phylogenetic analysis was used to classify the BR receptors in dicots and monocots into three branches. Analysis of their expression patterns by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) showed that these receptors were ubiquitously expressed in leaves, stems, dark-grown seedlings, roots and non-flowering spikelets. GFP fusion experiments verified that SiBRI1 localized to the cell membrane. We also explored the SiBRI1 function in Arabidopsis through complementation experiments. Ectopic overexpression of SiBRI1 in an Arabidopsis BR receptor loss-of-function mutant, bri1-116, mostly reversed the developmental defects of the mutant. When SiBRI1 was overexpressed in foxtail millet, the plants showed a drooping leaf phenotype and root development inhibition, lateral root initiation inhibition, and the expression of BR synthesis genes was inhibited. We further identified BRI1-interacting proteins by immunoprecipitation (IP)-mass spectrometry (MS). Our results not only demonstrate that SiBRI1 plays a conserved role in BR signaling in foxtail millet but also provide insight into the molecular mechanism of SiBRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Sha Tang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yiming Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Jingjing Yue
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Wenqiang Tang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Yanxiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Ruiju Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Xianmin Diao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Foxtail Millet Improvement Center of China, Institute of Millet Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Science, Shijiazhuang, 050031, China.
| | - Baowen Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling and Environmental Adaptation, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050024, China.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Ginkgo biloba L. Leaves across Late Developmental Stages Based on RNA-Seq and Co-Expression Network. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The final size of plant leaves is strictly controlled by environmental and genetic factors, which coordinate cell expansion and cell cycle activity in space and time; however, the regulatory mechanisms of leaf growth are still poorly understood. Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious species native to China with medicinally and phylogenetically important characteristics, and its fan-shaped leaves are unique in gymnosperms, while the mechanism of G. biloba leaf development remains unclear. In this study we studied the transcriptome of G. biloba leaves at three developmental stages using high-throughput RNA-seq technology. Approximately 4167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, and a total of 12,137 genes were structure optimized together with 732 new genes identified. More than 50 growth-related factors and gene modules were identified based on DEG and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis. These results could remarkably expand the existing transcriptome resources of G. biloba, and provide references for subsequent analysis of ginkgo leaf development.
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Muhammad I, Shalmani A, Ali M, Yang QH, Ahmad H, Li FB. Mechanisms Regulating the Dynamics of Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:615942. [PMID: 33584756 PMCID: PMC7876081 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.615942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis sustains plant life on earth and is indispensable for plant growth and development. Factors such as unfavorable environmental conditions, stress regulatory networks, and plant biochemical processes limits the photosynthetic efficiency of plants and thereby threaten food security worldwide. Although numerous physiological approaches have been used to assess the performance of key photosynthetic components and their stress responses, though, these approaches are not extensive enough and do not favor strategic improvement of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses. The decline in photosynthetic capacity of plants due to these stresses is directly associated with reduction in yield. Therefore, a detailed information of the plant responses and better understanding of the photosynthetic machinery could help in developing new crop plants with higher yield even under stressed environments. Interestingly, cracking of signaling and metabolic pathways, identification of some key regulatory elements, characterization of potential genes, and phytohormone responses to abiotic factors have advanced our knowledge related to photosynthesis. However, our understanding of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis under dramatically fluctuating natural environments remains limited. Here, we provide a detailed overview of the research conducted on photosynthesis to date, and highlight the abiotic stress factors (heat, salinity, drought, high light, and heavy metal) that limit the performance of the photosynthetic machinery. Further, we reviewed the role of transcription factor genes and various enzymes involved in the process of photosynthesis under abiotic stresses. Finally, we discussed the recent progress in the field of biodegradable compounds, such as chitosan and humic acid, and the effect of melatonin (bio-stimulant) on photosynthetic activity. Based on our gathered researched data set, the logical concept of photosynthetic regulation under abiotic stresses along with improvement strategies will expand and surely accelerate the development of stress tolerance mechanisms, wider adaptability, higher survival rate, and yield potential of plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Muhammad
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Abdullah Shalmani
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Husain Ahmad
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Feng Bai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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15
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Wang S, Hu T, Tian A, Luo B, Du C, Zhang S, Huang S, Zhang F, Wang X. Modification of Serine 1040 of SIBRI1 Increases Fruit Yield by Enhancing Tolerance to Heat Stress in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207681. [PMID: 33081382 PMCID: PMC7589314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High temperature is a major environmental factor that adversely affects plant growth and production. SlBRI1 is a critical receptor in brassinosteroid signalling, and its phosphorylation sites have differential functions in plant growth and development. However, the roles of the phosphorylation sites of SIBRI1 in stress tolerance are unknown. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of the phosphorylation site serine 1040 (Ser-1040) of SlBRI1 in tomato. Phenotype analysis indicated that transgenic tomato harbouring SlBRI1 dephosphorylated at Ser-1040 showed increased tolerance to heat stress, exhibiting better plant growth and plant yield under high temperature than transgenic lines expressing SlBRI1 or SlBRI1 phosphorylated at Ser-1040. Biochemical and physiological analyses further showed that antioxidant activity, cell membrane integrity, osmo-protectant accumulation, photosynthesis and transcript levels of heat stress defence genes were all elevated in tomato plants harbouring SlBRI1 dephosphorylated at Ser-1040, and the autophosphorylation level of SlBRI1 was inhibited when SlBRI1 dephosphorylated at Ser-1040. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the phosphorylation site Ser-1040 of SlBRI1 affects heat tolerance, leading to improved plant growth and yield under high-temperature conditions. Our results also indicate the promise of phosphorylation site modification as an approach for protecting crop yields from high-temperature stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tixu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Aijuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Bote Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenxi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Siwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (S.W.); (T.H.); (A.T.); (B.L.); (C.D.); (S.Z.); (S.H.); (F.Z.)
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Yangling 712100, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Zheng X, Xiao Y, Tian Y, Yang S, Wang C. PcDWF1, a pear brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene homologous to AtDWARF1, affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of plants. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:109. [PMID: 32143576 PMCID: PMC7060609 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-2323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The steroidal hormones brassinosteroids (BRs) play important roles in plant growth and development. The pathway and genes involved in BR biosynthesis have been identified primarily in model plants like Arabidopsis, but little is known about BR biosynthesis in woody fruits such as pear. RESULTS In this study, we found that applying exogenous brassinolide (BL) could significantly increase the stem growth and rooting ability of Pyrus ussuriensis. PcDWF1, which had a significantly lower level of expression in the dwarf-type pear than in the standard-type pear, was cloned for further analysis. A phylogenetic analysis showed that PcDWF1 was a pear brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene that was homologous to AtDWARF1. The subcellular localization analysis indicated that PcDWF1 was located in the plasma membrane. Overexpression of PcDWF1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) or pear (Pyrus ussuriensis) plants promoted the growth of the stems, which was caused by a larger cell size and more developed xylem than those in the control plants, and the rooting ability was significantly enhanced. In addition to the change in vegetative growth, the tobacco plants overexpressing PcDWF1 also had a delayed flowering time and larger seed size than did the control tobacco plants. These phenotypes were considered to result from the higher BL contents in the transgenic lines than in the control tobacco and pear plants. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results reveal that the pear BR biosynthetic gene PcDWF1 affected the vegetative and reproductive growth of Pyrus ussuriensis and Nicotiana tabacum and could be characterized as an important BR biosynthetic gene in perennial woody fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yuxiong Xiao
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Yike Tian
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Shaolan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, No. 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109 China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Breeding in Horticulture Plants, Qingdao, 266109 China
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Fang P, Yan M, Chi C, Wang M, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Shi K, Xia X, Foyer CH, Yu J. Brassinosteroids Act as a Positive Regulator of Photoprotection in Response to Chilling Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2061-2076. [PMID: 31189657 PMCID: PMC6670110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotection is an important strategy adopted by plants to avoid photoinhibition under stress conditions. However, the way in which photoprotection is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis (dwf) and related signaling through BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (bzr1) are more sensitive to (PSII and PSI photoinhibition, with decreased cyclic electron flow around PSI and lower nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of PSII subunit S (PsbS), violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) activity, and D1 protein abundance. Chilling induced the accumulation of active BRs and activated BZR1, which directly activates the transcription of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1) and hydrogen peroxide production in the apoplast. While apoplastic hydrogen peroxide is essential for the induction of PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron flow, PGR5 participates in the regulation of chilling- and BR-dependent induction of nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of D1, VDE, and PsbS proteins, transcription of genes involved in redox signaling, hormone signaling, and activity of several antioxidant enzymes. Mutations in BZR1 and PGR5 or suppressed transcription of RBOH1 compromised chilling- and BR-induced photoprotection, resulting in increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. These results demonstrate that BRs act as a positive regulator of photoprotection in a redox-PGR5-dependent manner in response to chilling stress in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Wang S, Liu J, Zhao T, Du C, Nie S, Zhang Y, Lv S, Huang S, Wang X. Modification of Threonine-1050 of SlBRI1 regulates BR Signalling and increases fruit yield of tomato. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:256. [PMID: 31196007 PMCID: PMC6567510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1869-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate brassinosteroid (BR) signal strength caused by exogenous application or endogenous regulation of BR-related genes can increase crop yield. However, precise control of BR signals is difficult and can cause unstable effects and failure to reach full potential. Phosphorylated BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1), the rate-limiting receptor in BR signalling, transduces BR signals, and we recently demonstrated that modifying BRI1 phosphorylation sites alters BR signal strength and botanical characteristics in Arabidopsis. However, the functions of such phosphorylation sites in agronomic characteristics of crops remain unclear. RESULTS In this work, we investigated the roles of tomato SlBRI1 threonine-1050 (Thr-1050). SlBRI1 mutant cu3-abs1 plants expressing SlBRI1 with a non-phosphorylatable Thr-1050 (T1050A), with a wild-type SlBRI1 transformant used as a control, were examined. The results showed enhanced autophosphorylation of SlBRI1 and BR signal strength for cu3-abs1 harbouring T1050A, which promoted yield through increased plant expansion, leaf area, fruit weight and fruit number per cluster but reduced nutrient contents, including ascorbic acid and soluble sugar levels. Moreover, plant height, stem diameter, and internodal distance were similar between the transgenic plants. CONCLUSION Our results reveal the biological role of Thr-1050 in tomato and provide a molecular basis for establishing high-yield crops by precisely controlling BR signal strength via phosphorylation site modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Tong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Chenxi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Yanyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Siqi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
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Xue S, Zou J, Liu Y, Wang M, Zhang C, Le J. Involvement of BIG5 and BIG3 in BRI1 Trafficking Reveals Diverse Functions of BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs in Plant Growth and Gravitropism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092339. [PMID: 31083521 PMCID: PMC6539719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor-guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) act as key regulators of vesicle trafficking in all eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, there are eight ARF-GEFs, including three members of the GBF1 subfamily and five members of the BIG subfamily. These ARF-GEFs have different subcellular localizations and regulate different trafficking pathways. Until now, the roles of these BIG-subfamily ARF-GEFs have not been fully revealed. Here, analysis of the BIGs expression patterns showed that BIG3 and BIG5 have similar expression patterns. big5-1 displayed a dwarf growth and big3-1 big5-1 double mutant showed more severe defects, indicating functional redundancy between BIG3 and BIG5. Moreover, both big5-1 and big3-1 big5-1 exhibited a reduced sensitivity to Brassinosteroid (BR) treatment. Brefeldin A (BFA)-induced BR receptor Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1) aggregation was reduced in big5-1 mutant, indicating that the action of BIG5 is required for BRI1 recycling. Furthermore, BR-induced dephosphorylation of transcription factor BZR1 was decreased in big3-1 big5-1 double mutants. The introduction of the gain-of-function of BZR1 mutant BZR1-1D in big3-1 big5-1 mutants can partially rescue the big3-1 big5-1 growth defects. Our findings revealed that BIG5 functions redundantly with BIG3 in plant growth and gravitropism, and BIG5 participates in BR signal transduction pathway through regulating BRI1 trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Junjie Zou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Yangfan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chunxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China.
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20
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Exogenous Application of Phytohormones Promotes Growth and Regulates Expression of Wood Formation-Related Genes in Populus simonii × P. nigra. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030792. [PMID: 30759868 PMCID: PMC6387376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although phytohormones are known to be important signal molecules involved in wood formation, their roles are still largely unclear. Here, Populus simonii × P. nigra seedlings were treated with different concentrations of exogenous phytohormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellin (GA3), and brassinosteroid (BR), and the effects of phytohormones on growth were investigated. Next, 27 genes with known roles in wood formation were selected for qPCR analysis to determine tissue-specificity and timing of responses to phytohormone treatments. Compared to the control, most IAA, GA3, and BR concentrations significantly increased seedling height. Meanwhile, IAA induced significant seedling stem diameter and cellulose content increases that peaked at 3 and 30 mg·L−1, respectively. Significant increase in cellulose content was also observed in seedlings treated with 100 mg·L−1 GA3. Neither stem diameter nor cellulose content of seedlings were affected by BR treatment significantly, although slight effects were observed. Anatomical measurements demonstrated improved xylem, but not phloem, development in IAA- and BR-treated seedlings. Most gene expression patterns induced by IAA, GA3, and BR differed among tissues. Many IAA response genes were also regulated by GA3, while BR-induced transcription was weaker and slower in Populus than for IAA and GA3. These results reveal the roles played by phytohormones in plant growth and lay the foundation for exploring molecular regulatory mechanisms of wood formation in Populus.
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21
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Batista-Silva W, Medeiros DB, Rodrigues-Salvador A, Daloso DM, Omena-Garcia RP, Oliveira FS, Pino LE, Peres LEP, Nunes-Nesi A, Fernie AR, Zsögön A, Araújo WL. Modulation of auxin signalling through DIAGETROPICA and ENTIRE differentially affects tomato plant growth via changes in photosynthetic and mitochondrial metabolism. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:448-465. [PMID: 30066402 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Auxin modulates a range of plant developmental processes including embryogenesis, organogenesis, and shoot and root development. Recent studies have shown that plant hormones also strongly influence metabolic networks, which results in altered growth phenotypes. Modulating auxin signalling pathways may therefore provide an opportunity to alter crop performance. Here, we performed a detailed physiological and metabolic characterization of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants with either increased (entire) or reduced (diageotropica-dgt) auxin signalling to investigate the consequences of altered auxin signalling on photosynthesis, water use, and primary metabolism. We show that reduced auxin sensitivity in dgt led to anatomical and physiological modifications, including altered stomatal distribution along the leaf blade and reduced stomatal conductance, resulting in clear reductions in both photosynthesis and water loss in detached leaves. By contrast, plants with higher auxin sensitivity (entire) increased the photosynthetic capacity, as deduced by higher Vcmax and Jmax coupled with reduced stomatal limitation. Remarkably, our results demonstrate that auxin-sensitive mutants (dgt) are characterized by impairments in the usage of starch that led to lower growth, most likely associated with decreased respiration. Collectively, our findings suggest that mutations in different components of the auxin signalling pathway specifically modulate photosynthetic and respiratory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian Batista-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David B Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Acácio Rodrigues-Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danilo M Daloso
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Rebeca P Omena-Garcia
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franciele Santos Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian Ellen Pino
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Lázaro Eustáquio Pereira Peres
- Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Central Metabolism Group, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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22
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Tong H, Chu C. Functional Specificities of Brassinosteroid and Potential Utilization for Crop Improvement. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1016-1028. [PMID: 30220494 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) regulates many important agronomic traits and thus has great potential in agriculture. However, BR application is limited due to its complex effects on plants. The identification of specific downstream BR components and pathways in the crop plant rice (Oryza sativa) further demonstrates the feasibility of modulating BR responses to obtain desirable traits for breeding. Here, we review advances on how BR regulates various biological processes or agronomic traits such as plant architecture and grain yield in rice. We discuss how these functional specificities of BR can and could be utilized to enhance plant performance and productivity. We propose that unraveling the mechanisms underlying the diverse BR functions will favor BR application in molecular design for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongning Tong
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chengcai Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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23
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Li QF, Yu JW, Lu J, Fei HY, Luo M, Cao BW, Huang LC, Zhang CQ, Liu QQ. Seed-Specific Expression of OsDWF4, a Rate-Limiting Gene Involved in Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis, Improves Both Grain Yield and Quality in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3759-3772. [PMID: 29613784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential plant-specific steroidal hormones that regulate diverse growth and developmental processes in plants. We evaluated the effects of OsDWF4, a gene that encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in BR biosynthesis, on both rice yield and quality when driven by the Gt1 or Ubi promoter, which correspond to seed-specific or constitutive expression, respectively. Generally, transgenic plants expressing OsDWF4 showed increased grain yield with more tillers and longer and heavier seeds. Moreover, the starch physicochemical properties of the transgenic rice were also improved. Interestingly, OsDWF4 was found to exert different effects on either rice yield or quality when driven by the different promoters. The overall performance of the pGt1::OsDWF4 lines was better than that of the pUbi::OsDWF4 lines. Our data not only demonstrate the effects of OsDWF4 overexpression on both rice yield and quality but also suggest that a seed-specific promoter is a good choice in BR-mediated rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Jia-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Hong-Yuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Bu-Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Li-Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
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24
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Abstract
Eukaryotic protein kinases (PKs) are a large family of proteins critical for cellular response to external signals, acting as molecular switches. PKs propagate biochemical signals by catalyzing phosphorylation of other proteins, including other PKs, which can undergo conformational changes upon phosphorylation and catalyze further phosphorylations. Although PKs have been studied thoroughly across the domains of life, the structures of these proteins are sparsely understood in numerous groups of organisms, including plants. In addition to efforts towards determining crystal structures of PKs, research on human PKs has incorporated molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the conformational dynamics underlying the switching of PK function. This approach of experimental structural biology coupled with computational biophysics has led to improved understanding of how PKs become catalytically active and why mutations cause pathological PK behavior, at spatial and temporal resolutions inaccessible to current experimental methods alone. In this review, we argue for the value of applying MD simulation to plant PKs. We review the basics of MD simulation methodology, the successes achieved through MD simulation in animal PKs, and current work on plant PKs using MD simulation. We conclude with a discussion of the future of MD simulations and plant PKs, arguing for the importance of molecular simulation in the future of plant PK research.
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25
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Imkampe J, Halter T, Huang S, Schulze S, Mazzotta S, Schmidt N, Manstretta R, Postel S, Wierzba M, Yang Y, van Dongen WMAM, Stahl M, Zipfel C, Goshe MB, Clouse S, de Vries SC, Tax F, Wang X, Kemmerling B. The Arabidopsis Leucine-Rich Repeat Receptor Kinase BIR3 Negatively Regulates BAK1 Receptor Complex Formation and Stabilizes BAK1. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2285-2303. [PMID: 28842532 PMCID: PMC5635992 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BAK1 is a coreceptor and positive regulator of multiple ligand binding leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and is involved in brassinosteroid (BR)-dependent growth and development, innate immunity, and cell death control. The BAK1-interacting LRR-RKs BIR2 and BIR3 were previously identified by proteomics analyses of in vivo BAK1 complexes. Here, we show that BAK1-related pathways such as innate immunity and cell death control are affected by BIR3 in Arabidopsis thaliana BIR3 also has a strong negative impact on BR signaling. BIR3 directly interacts with the BR receptor BRI1 and other ligand binding receptors and negatively regulates BR signaling by competitive inhibition of BRI1. BIR3 is released from BAK1 and BRI1 after ligand exposure and directly affects the formation of BAK1 complexes with BRI1 or FLAGELLIN SENSING2. Double mutants of bak1 and bir3 show spontaneous cell death and constitutive activation of defense responses. BAK1 and its closest homolog BKK1 interact with and are stabilized by BIR3, suggesting that bak1 bir3 double mutants mimic the spontaneous cell death phenotype observed in bak1 bkk1 mutants via destabilization of BIR3 target proteins. Our results provide evidence for a negative regulatory mechanism for BAK1 receptor complexes in which BIR3 interacts with BAK1 and inhibits ligand binding receptors to prevent BAK1 receptor complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Imkampe
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thierry Halter
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shuhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sarina Schulze
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sara Mazzotta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikola Schmidt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raffaele Manstretta
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra Postel
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wierzba
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics Department of the ZMBP, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Goshe
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Steven Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695
| | - Sacco C de Vries
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708 WE, The Netherlands
| | - Frans Tax
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Department of Plant Biochemistry (ZMBP), Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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26
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Singh V, Perraki A, Kim SY, Shrivastava S, Lee JH, Zhao Y, Schwessinger B, Oh MH, Marshall-Colon A, Zipfel C, Huber SC. Tyrosine-610 in the Receptor Kinase BAK1 Does Not Play a Major Role in Brassinosteroid Signaling or Innate Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1273. [PMID: 28824659 PMCID: PMC5539094 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The plasma membrane-localized BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) functions as a co-receptor with several receptor kinases including the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1), which is involved in growth, and the receptors for bacterial flagellin and EF-Tu, FLAGELLIN-SENSING 2 (FLS2) and EF-TU RECEPTOR (EFR), respectively, which are involved in immunity. BAK1 is a dual specificity protein kinase that can autophosphorylate on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues. It was previously reported that phosphorylation of Tyr-610 in the carboxy-terminal domain of BAK1 is required for its function in BR signaling and immunity. However, the functional role of Tyr-610 in vivo has recently come under scrutiny. Therefore, we have generated new BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants for functional studies. We first produced transgenic Arabidopsis lines expressing BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag in the homozygous bak1-4 bkk1-1 double null background. In a complementary approach, we expressed untagged BAK1 and BAK1 (Y610F) in the bak1-4 null mutant. Neither BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic line had any obvious growth phenotype when compared to wild-type BAK1 expressed in the same background. In addition, the BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag plants responded similarly to plants expressing BAK1-Flag in terms of brassinolide (BL) inhibition of root elongation, and there were only minor changes in gene expression between the two transgenic lines as monitored by microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. In terms of plant immunity, there were no significant differences between plants expressing BAK1 (Y610F)-Flag and BAK1-Flag in the growth of the non-pathogenic hrpA- mutant of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Furthermore, untagged BAK1 (Y610F) transgenic plants were as responsive as plants expressing BAK1 (in the bak1-4 background) and wild-type Col-0 plants toward treatment with the EF-Tu- and flagellin-derived peptide epitopes elf18- and flg22, respectively, as measured by reactive oxygen species production, mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, and seedling growth inhibition. These new results do not support any involvement of Tyr-610 phosphorylation in either BR or immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayata Singh
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
| | - Sang Y. Kim
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, United States
| | - Stuti Shrivastava
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Jae H. Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Youfu Zhao
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | | | - Man-Ho Oh
- Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Amy Marshall-Colon
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research ParkNorwich, United Kingdom
| | - Steven C. Huber
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, UrbanaIL, United States
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, United States
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27
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Lin F, Williams BJ, Thangella PAV, Ladak A, Schepmoes AA, Olivos HJ, Zhao K, Callister SJ, Bartley LE. Proteomics Coupled with Metabolite and Cell Wall Profiling Reveal Metabolic Processes of a Developing Rice Stem Internode. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1134. [PMID: 28751896 PMCID: PMC5507963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Internodes of grass stems function in mechanical support, transport, and, in some species, are a major sink organ for carbon in the form of cell wall polymers. This study reports cell wall composition, proteomic, and metabolite analyses of the rice elongating internode. Cellulose, lignin, and xylose increase as a percentage of cell wall material along eight segments of the second rice internode (internode II) at booting stage, from the younger to the older internode segments, indicating active cell wall synthesis. Liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) of trypsin-digested proteins from this internode at booting reveals 2,547 proteins with at least two unique peptides in two biological replicates. The dataset includes many glycosyltransferases, acyltransferases, glycosyl hydrolases, cell wall-localized proteins, and protein kinases that have or may have functions in cell wall biosynthesis or remodeling. Phospho-enrichment of internode II peptides identified 21 unique phosphopeptides belonging to 20 phosphoproteins including a leucine rich repeat-III family receptor like kinase. GO over-representation and KEGG pathway analyses highlight the abundances of proteins involved in biosynthetic processes, especially the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids. LC-MS/MS of hot methanol-extracted secondary metabolites from internode II at four stages (booting/elongation, early mature, mature, and post mature) indicates that internode secondary metabolites are distinct from those of roots and leaves, and differ across stem maturation. This work fills a void of in-depth proteomics and metabolomics data for grass stems, specifically for rice, and provides baseline knowledge for more detailed studies of cell wall synthesis and other biological processes characteristic of internode development, toward improving grass agronomic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
| | | | | | - Adam Ladak
- Waters CorporationBeverly, MA, United States
| | - Athena A. Schepmoes
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, United States
| | | | - Kangmei Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
| | - Stephen J. Callister
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, United States
| | - Laura E. Bartley
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, OK, United States
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28
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Inoue SI, Iwashita N, Takahashi Y, Gotoh E, Okuma E, Hayashi M, Tabata R, Takemiya A, Murata Y, Doi M, Kinoshita T, Shimazaki KI. Brassinosteroid Involvement in Arabidopsis thaliana Stomatal Opening. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:1048-1058. [PMID: 28407091 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Stomata within the plant epidermis regulate CO2 uptake for photosynthesis and water loss through transpiration. Stomatal opening in Arabidopsis thaliana is determined by various factors, including blue light as a signal and multiple phytohormones. Plasma membrane transporters, including H+-ATPase, K+ channels and anion channels in guard cells, mediate these processes, and the activities and expression levels of these components determine stomatal aperture. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes are not fully understood. In this study, we used infrared thermography to isolate a mutant defective in stomatal opening in response to light. The causative mutation was identified as an allele of the brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic mutant dwarf5. Guard cells from this mutant exhibited normal H+-ATPase activity in response to blue light, but showed reduced K+ accumulation and inward-rectifying K+ (K+in) channel activity as a consequence of decreased expression of major K+in channel genes. Consistent with these results, another BR biosynthetic mutant, det2-1, and a BR receptor mutant, bri1-6, exhibited reduced blue light-dependent stomatal opening. Furthermore, application of BR to the hydroponic culture medium completely restored stomatal opening in dwarf5 and det2-1 but not in bri1-6. However, application of BR to the epidermis of dwarf5 did not restore stomatal response. From these results, we conclude that endogenous BR acts in a long-term manner and is required in guard cells with the ability to open stomata in response to light, probably through regulation of K+in channel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichiro Inoue
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nozomi Iwashita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Biological Sciences, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eiji Gotoh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Forest Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Okuma
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Maki Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryohei Tabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takemiya
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Murata
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan
| | - Michio Doi
- Faculty of Arts and Science, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Kinoshita
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University,Motooka, Fukuoka, Japan
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29
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Oles V, Panchenko A, Smertenko A. Modeling hormonal control of cambium proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171927. [PMID: 28187161 PMCID: PMC5302410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rise of atmospheric CO2 is one of the main causes of global warming. Catastrophic climate change can be avoided by reducing emissions and increasing sequestration of CO2. Trees are known to sequester CO2 during photosynthesis, and then store it as wood biomass. Thus, breeding of trees with higher wood yield would mitigate global warming as well as augment production of renewable construction materials, energy, and industrial feedstock. Wood is made of cellulose-rich xylem cells produced through proliferation of a specialized stem cell niche called cambium. Importance of cambium in xylem cells production makes it an ideal target for the tree breeding programs; however our knowledge about control of cambium proliferation remains limited. The morphology and regulation of cambium are different from those of stem cell niches that control axial growth. For this reason, translating the knowledge about axial growth to radial growth has limited use. Furthermore, genetic approaches cannot be easily applied because overlaying tissues conceal cambium from direct observation and complicate identification of mutants. To overcome the paucity of experimental tools in cambium biology, we constructed a Boolean network CARENET (CAmbium REgulation gene NETwork) for modelling cambium activity, which includes the key transcription factors WOX4 and HD-ZIP III as well as their potential regulators. Our simulations predict that: (1) auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin, and brassinosteroids act cooperatively in promoting transcription of WOX4 and HD-ZIP III; (2) auxin and cytokinin pathways negatively regulate each other; (3) hormonal pathways act redundantly in sustaining cambium activity; (4) individual cambium cells can have diverse molecular identities. CARENET can be extended to include components of other signalling pathways and be integrated with models of xylem and phloem differentiation. Such extended models would facilitate breeding trees with higher wood yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladyslav Oles
- Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alexander Panchenko
- Department of Mathematics, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AS)
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AP); (AS)
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Nelissen H, Gonzalez N, Inzé D. Leaf growth in dicots and monocots: so different yet so alike. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:72-76. [PMID: 27344391 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, most organs grow post-embryonically through cell division and cell expansion. The coordination of these two growth processes is generally considered to be different between dicots and monocots. In dicot plants, such as the model plant Arabidopsis, leaf growth is most often described as being temporally regulated with cell division ceasing earlier at the tip and continuing longer at the base of the leaf. Conversely, in monocot leaves, the organization of the growth processes is rather viewed as spatially regulated with dividing cells at the base of the leaf, followed by expanding cells and finally mature cells at the tip. As our understanding of the leaf growth processes in the two major classes of flowering plants expands, it becomes increasingly clear that the regulation of the growth processes is to a great extent conserved between dicots and monocots. In this review, we highlight how the temporal and spatial organization of cell division and cell expansion takes place in both dicot and monocot leaves. We also show that there are similarities in the molecular wiring that coordinates these two processes during leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium.
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31
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Challa KR, Aggarwal P, Nath U. Activation of YUCCA5 by the Transcription Factor TCP4 Integrates Developmental and Environmental Signals to Promote Hypocotyl Elongation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2117-2130. [PMID: 27597774 PMCID: PMC5059803 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cell expansion is an essential process in plant morphogenesis and is regulated by the coordinated action of environmental stimuli and endogenous factors, such as the phytohormones auxin and brassinosteroid. Although the biosynthetic pathways that generate these hormones and their downstream signaling mechanisms have been extensively studied, the upstream transcriptional network that modulates their levels and connects their action to cell morphogenesis is less clear. Here, we show that the miR319-regulated TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED1, CYCLODEA, PROLIFERATING CELL FACTORS) transcription factors, notably TCP4, directly activate YUCCA5 transcription and integrate the auxin response to a brassinosteroid-dependent molecular circuit that promotes cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls. Furthermore, TCP4 modulates the common transcriptional network downstream to auxin-brassinosteroid signaling, which is also triggered by environmental cues, such as light, to promote cell expansion. Our study links TCP function with the hormone response during cell morphogenesis and shows that developmental and environmental signals converge on a common transcriptional network to promote cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Reddy Challa
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Pooja Aggarwal
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Utpal Nath
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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Gururani MA, Venkatesh J, Tran LSP. Regulation of Photosynthesis during Abiotic Stress-Induced Photoinhibition. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1304-20. [PMID: 25997389 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants as sessile organisms are continuously exposed to abiotic stress conditions that impose numerous detrimental effects and cause tremendous loss of yield. Abiotic stresses, including high sunlight, confer serious damage on the photosynthetic machinery of plants. Photosystem II (PSII) is one of the most susceptible components of the photosynthetic machinery that bears the brunt of abiotic stress. In addition to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by abiotic stress, ROS can also result from the absorption of excessive sunlight by the light-harvesting complex. ROS can damage the photosynthetic apparatus, particularly PSII, resulting in photoinhibition due to an imbalance in the photosynthetic redox signaling pathways and the inhibition of PSII repair. Designing plants with improved abiotic stress tolerance will require a comprehensive understanding of ROS signaling and the regulatory functions of various components, including protein kinases, transcription factors, and phytohormones, in the responses of photosynthetic machinery to abiotic stress. Bioenergetics approaches, such as chlorophyll a transient kinetics analysis, have facilitated our understanding of plant vitality and the assessment of PSII efficiency under adverse environmental conditions. This review discusses the current understanding and indicates potential areas of further studies on the regulation of the photosynthetic machinery under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelli Venkatesh
- Department of Bioresource and Food Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Lam Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
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33
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Kir G, Ye H, Nelissen H, Neelakandan AK, Kusnandar AS, Luo A, Inzé D, Sylvester AW, Yin Y, Becraft PW. RNA Interference Knockdown of BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 in Maize Reveals Novel Functions for Brassinosteroid Signaling in Controlling Plant Architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:826-39. [PMID: 26162429 PMCID: PMC4577388 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones involved in various growth and developmental processes. The BR signaling system is well established in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) but poorly understood in maize (Zea mays). BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) is a BR receptor, and database searches and additional genomic sequencing identified five maize homologs including duplicate copies of BRI1 itself. RNA interference (RNAi) using the extracellular coding region of a maize zmbri1 complementary DNA knocked down the expression of all five homologs. Decreased response to exogenously applied brassinolide and altered BR marker gene expression demonstrate that zmbri1-RNAi transgenic lines have compromised BR signaling. zmbri1-RNAi plants showed dwarf stature due to shortened internodes, with upper internodes most strongly affected. Leaves of zmbri1-RNAi plants are dark green, upright, and twisted, with decreased auricle formation. Kinematic analysis showed that decreased cell division and cell elongation both contributed to the shortened leaves. A BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ETHYL METHANESULFONATE-SUPPRESSOR1-yellow fluorescent protein (BES1-YFP) transgenic line was developed that showed BR-inducible BES1-YFP accumulation in the nucleus, which was decreased in zmbri1-RNAi. Expression of the BES1-YFP reporter was strong in the auricle region of developing leaves, suggesting that localized BR signaling is involved in promoting auricle development, consistent with the zmbri1-RNAi phenotype. The blade-sheath boundary disruption, shorter ligule, and disrupted auricle morphology of RNAi lines resemble KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) mutants, consistent with a mechanistic connection between KNOX genes and BR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Kir
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Huaxun Ye
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anjanasree K Neelakandan
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Andree S Kusnandar
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anding Luo
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Anne W Sylvester
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Yanhai Yin
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
| | - Philip W Becraft
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology Department (G.K., H.Y., A.K.N., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), Interdepartmental Genetics and Genomics Program (G.K., H.Y., A.S.K., Y.Y., P.W.B.), and Agronomy Department (P.W.B.), Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011;Department of Plant Systems Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.);Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium (H.N., D.I.); andDepartment of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071-2000 (A.L., A.W.S.)
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Gururani MA, Mohanta TK, Bae H. Current Understanding of the Interplay between Phytohormones and Photosynthesis under Environmental Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19055-85. [PMID: 26287167 PMCID: PMC4581286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stress accounts for huge crop losses every year across the globe. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery gets severely damaged at various levels due to adverse environmental conditions. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated as a result of stress further promote the photosynthetic damage by inhibiting the repair system of photosystem II. Earlier studies have suggested that phytohormones are not only required for plant growth and development, but they also play a pivotal role in regulating plants’ responses to different abiotic stress conditions. Although, phytohormones have been studied in great detail in the past, their influence on the photosynthetic machinery under abiotic stress has not been studied. One of the major factors that limits researchers fromelucidating the precise roles of phytohormones is the highly complex nature of hormonal crosstalk in plants. Another factor that needs to be elucidated is the method used for assessing photosynthetic damage in plants that are subjected to abiotic stress. Here, we review the current understanding on the role of phytohormones in the photosynthetic machinery under various abiotic stress conditions and discuss the potential areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbook 712-749, Korea.
| | - Hanhong Bae
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbook 712-749, Korea.
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Oh MH, Bender KW, Kim SY, Wu X, Lee S, Nou IS, Zielinski RE, Clouse SD, Huber SC. Functional analysis of the BRI1 receptor kinase by Thr-for-Ser substitution in a regulatory autophosphorylation site. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:562. [PMID: 26284086 PMCID: PMC4519688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BRI1 becomes highly phosphorylated in vivo upon perception of the ligand, brassinolide, as a result of autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation by its co-receptor kinase, BAK1. Important autophosphorylation sites include those involved in activation of kinase activity and those that are inhibitory, such as Ser-891. The inhibitory sites are autophosphorylated after kinase activation has been achieved and are postulated to contribute to deactivation of the kinase. The function of phosphosites is usually tested by substituting a non-phosphorylatable residue or an acidic residue that can act as a phosphomimetic. What has typically not been examined is substitution of a Thr for a Ser phosphosite (or vice versa) but given that Thr and Ser are not equivalent amino acids this type of substitution may represent a new approach to engineer regulatory phosphorylation. In the present study with BRI1, we substituted Thr at the Ser-891 phosphosite to generate the S891T directed mutant. The recombinant Flag-BRI1 (S891T) cytoplasmic domain protein (the S891T protein) was catalytically active and phosphorylation occurred at the engineered Thr-891 site. However, the S891T recombinant protein autophosphorylated more slowly than the wild-type protein during expression in E. coli. As a result, activation of peptide kinase activity (measured in vitro) was delayed as was transphosphorylation of bacterial proteins in situ. Stable transgenic expression of BRI1 (S891T)-Flag in Arabidopsis bri1-5 plants did not fully rescue the brassinosteroid (BR) phenotype indicating that BR signaling was constrained. Our working model is that restricted signaling in the S891T plants occurs as a result of the reduced rate of activation of the mutant BRI1 kinase by autophosphorylation. These results provide the platform for future studies to critically test this new model in vivo and establish Ser-Thr substitutions at phosphosites as an interesting approach to consider with other protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ho Oh
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
- Protein Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Kyle W. Bender
- Protein Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Sang Y. Kim
- Protein Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Xia Wu
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA
| | - Seulki Lee
- Plant Developmental Genetics, Department of Biological Science, College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungnam National UniversityDaejeon, South Korea
| | - Ill-Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National UniversitySunchon, South Korea
| | - Raymond E. Zielinski
- Protein Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Steven D. Clouse
- Department of Horticultural Science, NC State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA
| | - Steven C. Huber
- Protein Biochemistry, Department of Plant Biology, University of IllinoisUrbana, IL, USA
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research ServiceUrbana, IL, USA
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Bahaji A, Sánchez-López ÁM, De Diego N, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, Li J, Ricarte-Bermejo A, Baslam M, Aranjuelo I, Almagro G, Humplík JF, Novák O, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Pozueta-Romero J. Plastidic phosphoglucose isomerase is an important determinant of starch accumulation in mesophyll cells, growth, photosynthetic capacity, and biosynthesis of plastidic cytokinins in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119641. [PMID: 25811607 PMCID: PMC4374969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) catalyzes the reversible isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate. It is involved in glycolysis and in the regeneration of glucose-6-P molecules in the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP). In chloroplasts of illuminated mesophyll cells PGI also connects the Calvin-Benson cycle with the starch biosynthetic pathway. In this work we isolated pgi1-3, a mutant totally lacking pPGI activity as a consequence of aberrant intron splicing of the pPGI encoding gene, PGI1. Starch content in pgi1-3 source leaves was ca. 10-15% of that of wild type (WT) leaves, which was similar to that of leaves of pgi1-2, a T-DNA insertion pPGI null mutant. Starch deficiency of pgi1 leaves could be reverted by the introduction of a sex1 null mutation impeding β-amylolytic starch breakdown. Although previous studies showed that starch granules of pgi1-2 leaves are restricted to both bundle sheath cells adjacent to the mesophyll and stomata guard cells, microscopy analyses carried out in this work revealed the presence of starch granules in the chloroplasts of pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mesophyll cells. RT-PCR analyses showed high expression levels of plastidic and extra-plastidic β-amylase encoding genes in pgi1 leaves, which was accompanied by increased β-amylase activity. Both pgi1-2 and pgi1-3 mutants displayed slow growth and reduced photosynthetic capacity phenotypes even under continuous light conditions. Metabolic analyses revealed that the adenylate energy charge and the NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratios in pgi1 leaves were lower than those of WT leaves. These analyses also revealed that the content of plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)-pathway derived cytokinins (CKs) in pgi1 leaves were exceedingly lower than in WT leaves. Noteworthy, exogenous application of CKs largely reverted the low starch content phenotype of pgi1 leaves. The overall data show that pPGI is an important determinant of photosynthesis, energy status, growth and starch accumulation in mesophyll cells likely as a consequence of its involvement in the production of OPPP/glycolysis intermediates necessary for the synthesis of plastidic MEP-pathway derived hormones such as CKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Ángela M. Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco J. Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
| | - Jan F. Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Karel Doležal
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque Country, Barrio Sarriena, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, 31192, Spain
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Singh AP, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Growth control: brassinosteroid activity gets context. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:1123-32. [PMID: 25673814 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroid activity controls plant growth and development, often in a seemingly opposing or complex manner. Differential impact of the hormone and its signalling components, acting both as promoters and inhibitors of organ growth, is exemplified by meristem differentiation and cell expansion in above- and below-ground organs. Complex brassinosteroid-based control of stomata count and lateral root development has also been demonstrated. Here, mechanisms underlying these phenotypic outputs are examined. Among these, studies uncovering core brassinosteroid signalling components, which integrate with distinct peptide, hormone, and environmental pathways, are reviewed. Finally, the differential spatiotemporal context of brassinosteroid activity within the organ, as an important determinant of controlled growth, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pal Singh
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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Schröder F, Lisso J, Obata T, Erban A, Maximova E, Giavalisco P, Kopka J, Fernie AR, Willmitzer L, Müssig C. Consequences of induced brassinosteroid deficiency in Arabidopsis leaves. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:309. [PMID: 25403461 PMCID: PMC4240805 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of brassinosteroid (BR) deficient and BR insensitive mutants provided conclusive evidence that BR is a potent growth-promoting phytohormone. Arabidopsis mutants are characterized by a compact rosette structure, decreased plant height and reduced root system, delayed development, and reduced fertility. Cell expansion, cell division, and multiple developmental processes depend on BR. The molecular and physiological basis of BR action is diverse. The BR signalling pathway controls the activity of transcription factors, and numerous BR responsive genes have been identified. The analysis of dwarf mutants, however, may to some extent reveal phenotypic changes that are an effect of the altered morphology and physiology. This restriction holds particularly true for the analysis of established organs such as rosette leaves. RESULTS In this study, the mode of BR action was analysed in established leaves by means of two approaches. First, an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis (brassinazole) was applied to 21-day-old wild-type plants. Secondly, BR complementation of BR deficient plants, namely CPD (constitutive photomorphogenic dwarf)-antisense and cbb1 (cabbage1) mutant plants was stopped after 21 days. BR action in established leaves is associated with stimulated cell expansion, an increase in leaf index, starch accumulation, enhanced CO2 release by the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and increased biomass production. Cell number and protein content were barely affected. CONCLUSION Previous analysis of BR promoted growth focused on genomic effects. However, the link between growth and changes in gene expression patterns barely provided clues to the physiological and metabolic basis of growth. Our study analysed comprehensive metabolic data sets of leaves with altered BR levels. The data suggest that BR promoted growth may depend on the increased provision and use of carbohydrates and energy. BR may stimulate both anabolic and catabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schröder
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Janina Lisso
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Obata
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Eugenia Maximova
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Patrick Giavalisco
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Lothar Willmitzer
- />Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Carsten Müssig
- />University of Potsdam, c/o Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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Sundari BKR, Dasgupta MG. Isolation of developing secondary xylem specific cellulose synthase genes and their expression profiles during hormone signalling in Eucalyptus tereticornis. J Genet 2014; 93:403-14. [PMID: 25189235 DOI: 10.1007/s12041-014-0391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose synthases (CesA) represent a group of β-1, 4 glycosyl transferases involved in cellulose biosynthesis. Recent reports in higher plants have revealed that two groups of CesA gene families exist, which are associated with either primary or secondary cell wall deposition. The present study aimed at identifying developing secondary xylem specific cellulose synthase genes from Eucalyptus tereticornis, a species predominantly used in paper and pulp industries in the tropics. The differential expression analysis of the three EtCesA genes using qRT-PCR revealed 49 to 87 fold relative expression in developing secondary xylem tissues. Three full length gene sequences of EtCesA1, EtCesA2 and EtCesA3 were isolated with the size of 2940, 3114 and 3123 bp, respectively. Phytohormone regulation of all three EtCesA genes were studied by exogenous application of gibberellic acid, naphthalene acetic acid, indole acetic acid and 2, 4-epibrassinolide in internode tissues derived from three-month-old rooted cuttings. All three EtCesA transcripts were upregulated by indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid. This study demonstrates that the increased cellulose deposition in the secondary wood induced by hormones can be attributed to the upregulation of xylem specific CesAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandran Karpaga Raja Sundari
- Division of Plant Biotechnology, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, P.B. No. 1061, Forest Campus, R.S. Puram Coimbatore 641 002, India.
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Sun J, Feng Z, Ort DR. Impacts of rising tropospheric ozone on photosynthesis and metabolite levels on field grown soybean. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:147-61. [PMID: 25113460 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The response of leaf photosynthesis and metabolite profiles to ozone (O3) exposure ranging from 37 to 116 ppb was investigated in two soybean cultivars Dwight and IA3010 in the field under fully open-air conditions. Leaf photosynthesis, total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC) and total free amino acids (TAA) decreased linearly with increasing O3 levels in both cultivars with average decrease of 7% for an increase in O3 levels by 10 ppb. Ozone interacted with developmental stages and leaf ages, and caused higher damage at later reproductive stages and in older leaves. Ozone affected yield mainly via reduction of maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vcmax) and maximum rates of electron transport (Jmax) as well as a shorter growing season due to earlier onset of canopy senescence. For all parameters investigated the critical O3 levels (∼50 ppb) for detectable damage fell within O3 levels that occur routinely in soybean fields across the US and elsewhere in the world. Strong correlations were observed in O3-induced changes among yield, photosynthesis, TNC, TAA and many metabolites. The broad range of metabolites that showed O3 dose dependent effect is consistent with multiple interaction loci and thus multiple targets for improving the tolerance of soybean to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Sun
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Donald R Ort
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA/ARS, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
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41
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Segonzac C, Macho AP, Sanmartín M, Ntoukakis V, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, Zipfel C. Negative control of BAK1 by protein phosphatase 2A during plant innate immunity. EMBO J 2014; 33:2069-79. [PMID: 25085430 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant innate immunity, mainly through activation of numerous protein kinases. Appropriate induction of immune responses must be tightly regulated, as many of the kinases involved have an intrinsic high activity and are also regulated by other external and endogenous stimuli. Previous evidences suggest that PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is under constant negative regulation by protein phosphatases but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that protein Ser/Thr phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) controls the activation of PRR complexes by modulating the phosphostatus of the co-receptor and positive regulator BAK1. A potential PP2A holoenzyme composed of the subunits A1, C4, and B'η/ζ inhibits immune responses triggered by several PAMPs and anti-bacterial immunity. PP2A constitutively associates with BAK1 in planta. Impairment in this PP2A-based regulation leads to increased steady-state BAK1 phosphorylation, which can poise enhanced immune responses. This work identifies PP2A as an important negative regulator of plant innate immunity that controls BAK1 activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alberto P Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Maite Sanmartín
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Juan Sánchez-Serrano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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42
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Warnasooriya SN, Brutnell TP. Enhancing the productivity of grasses under high-density planting by engineering light responses: from model systems to feedstocks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:2825-34. [PMID: 24868036 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The successful commercialization of bioenergy grasses as lignocellulosic feedstocks requires that they be produced, processed, and transported efficiently. Intensive breeding for higher yields in food crops has resulted in varieties that perform optimally under high-density planting but often with high input costs. This is particularly true of maize, where most yield gains in the past have come through increased planting densities and an abundance of fertilizer. For lignocellulosic feedstocks, biomass rather than grain yield and digestibility of cell walls are two of the major targets for improvement. Breeding for high-density performance of lignocellulosic crops has been much less intense and thus provides an opportunity for improving the feedstock potential of these grasses. In this review, we discuss the role of vegetative shade on growth and development and suggest targets for manipulating this response to increase harvestable biomass under high-density planting. To engineer grass architecture and modify biomass properties at increasing planting densities, we argue that new model systems are needed and recommend Setaria viridis, a panicoid grass, closely related to major fuel and bioenergy grasses as a model genetic system.
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Bojar D, Martinez J, Santiago J, Rybin V, Bayliss R, Hothorn M. Crystal structures of the phosphorylated BRI1 kinase domain and implications for brassinosteroid signal initiation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 78:31-43. [PMID: 24461462 PMCID: PMC4260089 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids, which control plant growth and development, are sensed by the membrane receptor kinase BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1). Brassinosteroid binding to the BRI1 leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain induces heteromerisation with a SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK)-family co-receptor. This process allows the cytoplasmic kinase domains of BRI1 and SERK to interact, trans-phosphorylate and activate each other. Here we report crystal structures of the BRI1 kinase domain in its activated form and in complex with nucleotides. BRI1 has structural features reminiscent of both serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases, providing insight into the evolution of dual-specificity kinases in plants. Phosphorylation of Thr1039, Ser1042 and Ser1044 causes formation of a catalytically competent activation loop. Mapping previously identified serine/threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation sites onto the structure, we analyse their contribution to brassinosteroid signaling. The location of known genetic missense alleles provide detailed insight into the BRI1 kinase mechanism, while our analyses are inconsistent with a previously reported guanylate cyclase activity. We identify a protein interaction surface on the C-terminal lobe of the kinase and demonstrate that the isolated BRI1, SERK2 and SERK3 cytoplasmic segments form homodimers in solution and have a weak tendency to heteromerise. We propose a model in which heterodimerisation of the BRI1 and SERK ectodomains brings their cytoplasmic kinase domains in a catalytically competent arrangement, an interaction that can be modulated by the BRI1 inhibitor protein BKI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bojar
- Structural Plant Biology Lab, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietySpemannstrasse 39, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jacobo Martinez
- Structural Plant Biology Lab, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietySpemannstrasse 39, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Santiago
- Structural Plant Biology Lab, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietySpemannstrasse 39, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Vladimir Rybin
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryMeyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard Bayliss
- Department of Biochemistry, University of LeicesterLancaster Road, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Michael Hothorn
- Structural Plant Biology Lab, Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck SocietySpemannstrasse 39, 72076, Tuebingen, Germany
- *For correspondence (e-mail )
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Barkla BJ, Castellanos-Cervantes T, de León JLD, Matros A, Mock HP, Perez-Alfocea F, Salekdeh GH, Witzel K, Zörb C. Elucidation of salt stress defense and tolerance mechanisms of crop plants using proteomics--current achievements and perspectives. Proteomics 2014; 13:1885-900. [PMID: 23723162 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salinity is a major threat limiting the productivity of crop plants. A clear demand for improving the salinity tolerance of the major crop plants is imposed by the rapidly growing world population. This review summarizes the achievements of proteomic studies to elucidate the response mechanisms of selected model and crop plants to cope with salinity stress. We also aim at identifying research areas, which deserve increased attention in future proteome studies, as a prerequisite to identify novel targets for breeding strategies. Such areas include the impact of plant-microbial communities on the salinity tolerance of crops under field conditions, the importance of hormone signaling in abiotic stress tolerance, and the significance of control mechanisms underlying the observed changes in the proteome patterns. We briefly highlight the impact of novel tools for future proteome studies and argue for the use of integrated approaches. The evaluation of genetic resources by means of novel automated phenotyping facilities will have a large impact on the application of proteomics especially in combination with metabolomics or transcriptomics.
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45
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Maselli GA, Slamovits CH, Bianchi JI, Vilarrasa-Blasi J, Caño-Delgado AI, Mora-García S. Revisiting the evolutionary history and roles of protein phosphatases with Kelch-like domains in plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:1527-41. [PMID: 24492333 PMCID: PMC3938638 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.233627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatases with Kelch-like domains (PPKL) are members of the phosphoprotein phosphatases family present only in plants and alveolates. PPKL have been described as positive effectors of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling in plants. Most of the evidence supporting this role has been gathered using one of the four homologs in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), brassinosteroid-insensitive1 suppressor (BSU1). We reappraised the roles of the other three members of the family, BSL1, BSL2, and BSL3, through phylogenetic, functional, and genetic analyses. We show that BSL1 and BSL2/BSL3 belong to two ancient evolutionary clades that have been highly conserved in land plants. In contrast, BSU1-type genes are exclusively found in the Brassicaceae and display a remarkable sequence divergence, even among closely related species. Simultaneous loss of function of the close paralogs BSL2 and BSL3 brings about a peculiar array of phenotypic alterations, but with marginal effects on BR signaling; loss of function of BSL1 is, in turn, phenotypically silent. Still, the products of these three genes account for the bulk of PPKL-related activity in Arabidopsis and together have an essential role in the early stages of development that BSU1 is unable to supplement. Our results underline the functional relevance of BSL phosphatases in plants and suggest that BSL2/BSL3 and BSU1 may have contrasting effects on BR signaling. Given that BSU1-type genes have likely undergone a functional shift and are phylogenetically restricted, we caution that inferences based on these genes to the whole family or to other species may be misleading.
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Jiang J, Zhang C, Wang X. Ligand perception, activation, and early signaling of plant steroid receptor brassinosteroid insensitive 1. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:1198-211. [PMID: 23718739 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) belong to a large group of cell surface proteins involved in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses in both monocots and dicots. Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), a member of the LRR X subfamily, was first identified through several forward genetic screenings for mutants insensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs), which are a class of plant-specific steroid hormones. Since its identification, BRI1 and its homologs had been proved as receptors perceiving BRs and initiating BR signaling. The co-receptor BRI1-associated kinase 1 and its homologs, and other BRI1 interacting proteins such as its inhibitor BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1) were identified by genetic and biochemical approaches. The detailed mechanisms of BR perception by BRI1 and the activation of BRI1 receptor complex have also been elucidated. Moreover, several mechanisms for termination of the activated BRI1 signaling were also discovered. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances on the mechanism of BRI1 phosphorylation and activation, the regulation of its receptor complex, the structure basis of BRI1 ectodomain and BR recognition, its direct substrates, and the termination of the activated BRI1 receptor complex. [Figure: see text] Xuelu Wang (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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47
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Vriet C, Russinova E, Reuzeau C. From squalene to brassinolide: the steroid metabolic and signaling pathways across the plant kingdom. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1738-57. [PMID: 23761349 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs), and their precursors, phytosterols, play major roles in plant growth, development, and stress tolerance. Here, we review the impressive progress made during recent years in elucidating the components of the sterol and BR metabolic and signaling pathways, and in understanding their mechanism of action in both model plants and crops, such as Arabidopsis and rice. We also discuss emerging insights into the regulations of these pathways, their interactions with other hormonal pathways and multiple environmental signals, and the putative nature of sterols as signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Vriet
- CropDesign NV, a BASF Plant Science Company, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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48
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Bajwa VS, Wang X, Blackburn RK, Goshe MB, Mitra SK, Williams EL, Bishop GJ, Krasnyanski S, Allen G, Huber SC, Clouse SD. Identification and functional analysis of tomato BRI1 and BAK1 receptor kinase phosphorylation sites. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:30-42. [PMID: 23843605 PMCID: PMC3762651 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.221465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones that are perceived at the cell surface by a membrane-bound receptor kinase, BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1). BRI1 interacts with BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE1 (BAK1) to initiate a signal transduction pathway in which autophosphorylation and transphosphorylation of BRI1 and BAK1, as well as phosphorylation of multiple downstream substrates, play critical roles. Detailed mechanisms of BR signaling have been examined in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), but the role of BRI1 and BAK1 phosphorylation in crop plants is unknown. As a foundation for understanding the mechanism of BR signaling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to identify multiple in vitro phosphorylation sites of the tomato BRI1 and BAK1 cytoplasmic domains. Kinase assays showed that both tomato BRI1 and BAK1 are active in autophosphorylation as well as transphosphorylation of each other and specific peptide substrates with a defined sequence motif. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the highly conserved kinase domain activation loop residue threonine-1054 was essential for tomato BRI1 autophosphorylation and peptide substrate phosphorylation in vitro. Furthermore, analysis of transgenic lines expressing full-length tomato BRI1-Flag constructs in the weak tomato bri1 allele, curl3(-abs1), demonstrated that threonine-1054 is also essential for normal BRI1 signaling and tomato growth in planta. Finally, we cloned the tomato ortholog of TGF-β Receptor Interacting Protein (TRIP1), which was previously shown to be a BRI1-interacting protein and kinase domain substrate in Arabidopsis, and found that tomato TRIP1 is a substrate of both tomato BRI1 and BAK1 kinases in vitro.
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Brassinosteroids regulate the thylakoid membrane architecture and the photosystem II function. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 126:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fridman Y, Savaldi-Goldstein S. Brassinosteroids in growth control: how, when and where. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 209:24-31. [PMID: 23759100 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The steroid hormones brassinosteroids take on critical roles during various plant growth processes, including control of cell proliferation and cell elongation. In this review, we discuss different strategies that have advanced our understanding of brassinosteroid function. Approaches observing whole-plant responses uncovered regulatory brassinosteroids-dependent modules controlling cell elongation. In these regulatory modules, downstream components of the brassinosteroid signaling pathway directly interact with other hormonal and environmental pathways. In alternative approaches, brassinosteroid activity has been dissected at the tissue and cellular level of above- and below-ground organs. These studies have determined the importance of brassinosteroids in cell cycle progression and in timing of cell differentiation. In addition, they have demonstrated that local reduction of the hormone sets organ boundaries. Finally, these studies uncovered the capacity of the epidermal-derived brassinosteroid signaling to control organ growth. Thus, inter-cellular communication is intimately involved in brassinosteroid-mediated growth control. The current challenge is therefore to decipher the spatiotemporal distribution of brassinosteroid activity and its impact on coherent growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Fridman
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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