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Wang L, Li C, Luo K. Biosynthesis and metabolic engineering of isoflavonoids in model plants and crops: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1384091. [PMID: 38984160 PMCID: PMC11231381 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1384091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids, the major secondary metabolites within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, play important roles in plant defense and exhibit free radical scavenging properties in mammals. Recent advancements in understanding the synthesis, transport, and regulation of isoflavonoids have identified their biosynthetic pathways as promising targets for metabolic engineering, offering potential benefits such as enhanced plant resistance, improved biomass, and restoration of soil fertility. This review provides an overview of recent breakthroughs in isoflavonoid biosynthesis, encompassing key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway, transporters influencing their subcellular localization, molecular mechanisms regulating the metabolic pathway (including transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, as well as epigenetic modifications). Metabolic engineering strategies aimed at boosting isoflavonoid content in both leguminous and non-leguminous plants. Additionally, we discuss emerging technologies and resources for precise isoflavonoid regulation. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on model plants and crops, offering insights for more effective and sustainable metabolic engineering approaches to enhance nutritional quality and stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Maize Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Engineering Research Center of South Upland Agriculture, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (Chongqing) Science City, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Kälin C, Piombo E, Bourras S, Brantestam AK, Dubey M, Elfstrand M, Karlsson M. Transcriptomic analysis identifies candidate genes for Aphanomyces root rot disease resistance in pea. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:144. [PMID: 38413860 PMCID: PMC10900555 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04817-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphanomyces euteiches is a soil-borne oomycete that causes root rot in pea and other legume species. Symptoms of Aphanomyces root rot (ARR) include root discoloration and wilting, leading to significant yield losses in pea production. Resistance to ARR is known to be polygenic but the roles of single genes in the pea immune response are still poorly understood. This study uses transcriptomics to elucidate the immune response of two pea genotypes varying in their levels of resistance to A. euteiches. RESULTS In this study, we inoculated roots of the pea (P. sativum L.) genotypes 'Linnea' (susceptible) and 'PI180693' (resistant) with two different A. euteiches strains varying in levels of virulence. The roots were harvested at 6 h post-inoculation (hpi), 20 hpi and 48 hpi, followed by differential gene expression analysis. Our results showed a time- and genotype-dependent immune response towards A. euteiches infection, involving several WRKY and MYB-like transcription factors, along with genes associated with jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. By cross-referencing with genes segregating with partial resistance to ARR, we identified 39 candidate disease resistance genes at the later stage of infection. Among the genes solely upregulated in the resistant genotype 'PI180693', Psat7g091800.1 was polymorphic between the pea genotypes and encoded a Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase reminiscent of the Arabidopsis thaliana FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2 receptor. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new insights into the gene expression dynamics controlling the immune response of resistant and susceptible pea genotypes to A. euteiches infection. We present a set of 39 candidate disease resistance genes for ARR in pea, including the putative immune receptor Psat7g091800.1, for future functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Kälin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Salim Bourras
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Elfstrand
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Escaray FJ, Valeri MC, Damiani F, Ruiz OA, Carrasco P, Paolocci F. Multiple bHLH/MYB-based protein complexes regulate proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the herbage of Lotus spp. PLANTA 2023; 259:10. [PMID: 38041705 PMCID: PMC10693531 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04281-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The complexes involving MYBPA2, TT2b, and TT8 proteins are the critical regulators of ANR and LAR genes to promote the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins in the leaves of Lotus spp. The environmental impact and health of ruminants fed with forage legumes depend on the herbage's concentration and structure of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Unfortunately, the primary forage legumes (alfalfa and clover) do not contain substantial levels of PAs. No significant progress has been made to induce PAs to agronomically valuable levels in their edible organs by biotechnological approaches thus far. Building this trait requires a profound knowledge of PA regulators and their interplay in species naturally committed to accumulating these metabolites in the target organs. Against this background, we compared the shoot transcriptomes of two inter-fertile Lotus species, namely Lotus tenuis and Lotus corniculatus, polymorphic for this trait, to search for differentially expressed MYB and bHLH genes. We then tested the expression of the above-reported regulators in L. tenuis x L. corniculatus interspecific hybrids, several Lotus spp., and different L. corniculatus organs with contrasting PA levels. We identified a novel MYB activator and MYB-bHLH-based complexes that, when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, trans-activated the promoters of L. corniculatus anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase 1 genes. The last are the two critical structural genes for the biosynthesis of PAs in Lotus spp. Competition between MYB activators for the transactivation of these promoters also emerged. Overall, by employing Lotus as a model genus, we refined the transcriptional network underlying PA biosynthesis in the herbage of legumes. These findings are crucial to engineering this trait in pasture legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Plantas (IBMCP) Universitat Politécnica de València - C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Cristina Valeri
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Madonna Alta, 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Damiani
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Madonna Alta, 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Unidad de Biotecnología 1, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida Intendente Marino KM 8.2, 7130, Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pedro Carrasco
- Biotecmed, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of València, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francesco Paolocci
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Madonna Alta, 130, 06128, Perugia, Italy.
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Monje-Rueda MD, Pal'ove-Balang P, Trush K, Márquez AJ, Betti M, García-Calderón M. Mutation of MYB36 affects isoflavonoid metabolism, growth, and stress responses in Lotus japonicus. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e14084. [PMID: 38148200 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are mostly produced by legumes although little is known about why and how legumes are able to regulate the biosynthesis of these particular compounds. Understanding the role of potential regulatory genes of the isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathway constitutes an important topic of research. The LORE1 mutation of the gene encoding the transcription factor MYB36 allowed the identification of this gene as a regulator of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus plants. The levels of several isoflavonoid compounds were considerably lower in two lines of Ljmyb36 mutant plants compared to the WT. In addition, we found that Ljmyb36 mutant plants were significantly smaller and showed a substantial decrease in the chlorophyll levels under normal growth conditions. The analysis of plants subjected to different types of abiotic stress conditions further revealed that mutant plants presented a higher sensitivity than WT plants, indicating that the MYB36 transcription factor is also involved in the stress response in L. japonicus plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Monje-Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Kristina Trush
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Yang Y, Zhu J, Wang H, Guo D, Wang Y, Mei W, Peng S, Dai H. Systematic investigation of the R2R3-MYB gene family in Aquilaria sinensis reveals a transcriptional repressor AsMYB054 involved in 2-(2-phenylethyl)chromone biosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125302. [PMID: 37315664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trees in the genus Aquilaria produce agarwood, a valuable resin used in medicine, perfumes, and incense. 2-(2-Phenethyl)chromones (PECs) are characteristic components of agarwood; however, molecular mechanisms underlying PEC biosynthesis and regulation remain largely unknown. The R2R3-MYB transcription factors play important regulatory roles in the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites. In this study, 101 R2R3-MYB genes in Aquilaria sinensis were systematically identified and analyzed at the genome-wide level. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that 19 R2R3-MYB genes were significantly regulated by an agarwood inducer, and showed significant correlations with PEC accumulation. Expression and evolutionary analyses revealed that AsMYB054, a subgroup 4 R2R3-MYB, was negatively correlated with PEC accumulation. AsMYB054 was located in the nucleus and functioned as a transcriptional repressor. Moreover, AsMYB054 could bind to the promoters of the PEC biosynthesis related genes AsPKS02 and AsPKS09, and inhibit their transcriptional activity. These findings suggested that AsMYB054 functions as a negative regulator of PEC biosynthesis via the inhibition of AsPKS02 and AsPKS09 in A. sinensis. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the R2R3-MYB subfamily in A. sinensis and lay a foundation for further functional analyses of R2R3-MYB genes in PEC biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiahong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Dong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Wenli Mei
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shiqing Peng
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Haofu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Natural Product from Li Folk Medicine of Hainan Province, Hainan Institute for Tropical Agricultural Resources, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163000, China; International Joint Research Center of Agarwood, Haikou 571101, China.
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Saxena S, Pal L, Naik J, Singh Y, Verma PK, Chattopadhyay D, Pandey A. The R2R3-MYB-SG7 transcription factor CaMYB39 orchestrates surface phenylpropanoid metabolism and pathogen resistance in chickpea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:798-816. [PMID: 36683398 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are important plant pigments and defense compounds; understanding the transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis may enable engineering crops with improved nutrition and stress tolerance. Here, we characterize R2R3-MYB domain subgroup 7 transcription factor CaMYB39, which regulates flavonol biosynthesis primarily in chickpea trichomes. CaMYB39 overexpression in chickpea was accompanied by a change in flux availability for the phenylpropanoid pathway, particularly flavonol biosynthesis. Lines overexpressing CaMYB39 showed higher isoflavonoid levels, suggesting its role in regulating isoflavonoid pathway. CaMYB39 transactivates the transcription of early flavonoid biosynthetic genes (EBG). FLAVONOL SYNTHASE2, an EBG, encodes an enzyme with higher substrate specificity for dihydrokaempferol than other dihydroflavonols explaining the preferential accumulation of kaempferol derivatives as prominent flavonols in chickpea. Interestingly, CaMYB39 overexpression increased trichome density and enhanced the accumulation of diverse flavonol derivatives in trichome-rich tissues. Moreover, CaMYB39 overexpression reduced reactive oxygen species levels and induced defense gene expression which aids in partially blocking the penetration efficiency of the fungal pathogen, Ascochyta rabiei, resulting in lesser symptoms, thus establishing its role against deadly Ascochyta blight (AB) disease. Overall, our study reports an instance where R2R3-MYB-SG7 member, CaMYB39, besides regulating flavonol biosynthesis, modulates diverse pathways like general phenylpropanoid, isoflavonoid, trichome density, and defense against necrotrophic fungal infection in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Saxena
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Lalita Pal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jogindra Naik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Yeshveer Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Verma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debasis Chattopadhyay
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Zhang X, Ma W, Guan X, Wang F, Fan Z, Gao S, Yao Y. VvMYB14 participates in melatonin-induced proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by upregulating expression of VvMYBPA1 and VvMYBPA2 in grape seeds. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhac274. [PMID: 37533674 PMCID: PMC10390852 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrated that melatonin increases continuously in seeds, particularly seed coats, during berry ripening. Exogenous melatonin treatments significantly increased the proanthocyanidin (PA) content, partially through ethylene signaling, in seed coats. VvMYB14 expression exhibited patterns similar to melatonin accumulation over time, which was largely induced by melatonin treatment in seed coats during berry ripening. Additionally, VvMYB14 bound to the MBS element of the VvMYBPA1 promoter to activate expression. VvMYB14 overexpression largely upregulated expression of VvMYBPA1, VvMYBPA2 and VvLAR1 and increased the PA content in grape seed-derived calli. Similar increases in AtTT2 and AtBAN expression and PA content were found in VvMYB14-overexpressing Arabidopsis seeds. It was also observed that VvMYB14 overexpression increased ethylene production and thereby induced expression of VvERF104, which bound to the ERF element of the VvMYBPA2 promoter and activated its expression. Additionally, VvERF104 suppression reduced the VvMYB14 overexpression-induced increases in expression of VvMYBPA2 and VvLAR1 and PA content. Further experiments revealed that melatonin-induced increases in the expression of VvMYBPA1, VvMYBPA2, VvERF104 and VvLAR1 and PA accumulation were significantly reduced in VvMYB14-suppressing grape calli and leaves. Collectively, VvMYB14 mediates melatonin-induced PA biosynthesis by directly transactivating VvMYBPA1 expression and indirectly upregulating VvMYBPA2 expression via VvERF104.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Wanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Xueqiang Guan
- Shandong Academy of Grape/Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Wine Grape and Wine, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Zongbao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Shiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong 271018, China
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Fang T, Zhou S, Qian C, Yan X, Yin X, Fan X, Zhao P, Liao Y, Shi L, Chang Y, Ma XF. Integrated metabolomics and transcriptomics insights on flavonoid biosynthesis of a medicinal functional forage, Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.), based on a common garden trial covering six ecotypes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:985572. [PMID: 36204072 PMCID: PMC9530573 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.985572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriophyllum squarrosum (L.) Moq., well known as sandrice, is an important wild forage in sandy areas and a promising edible and medicinal resource plant with great domestication potential. Previous studies showed flavonoids are one of the most abundant medicinal ingredients in sandrice, whereby isorhamnetin and isorhamnetin-3-glycoside were the top two flavonols with multiple health benefits. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids in sandrice remain largely unclear. Based on a common garden trial, in this study, an integrated transcriptomic and flavonoids-targeted metabolomic analysis was performed on the vegetative and reproductive periods of six sandrice ecotypes, whose original habitats covered a variety of environmental factor gradients. Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis unveiled that flavonoid accumulation in sandrice was positively correlated with temperature and UVB and negatively affected by precipitation and sunshine duration, respectively. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated the bHLH and MYB transcription factor (TF) families might play key roles in sandrice flavonoid biosynthesis regulation. A total of 22,778 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between ecotype DL and ecotype AEX, the two extremes in most environmental factors, whereby 85 DEGs could be related to known flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. A sandrice flavonoid biosynthesis network embracing the detected 23 flavonoids in this research was constructed. Gene families Plant flavonoid O-methyltransferase (AsPFOMT) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (AsUGT78D2) were identified and characterized on the transcriptional level and believed to be synthases of isorhamnetin and isorhamnetin-3-glycoside in sandrice, respectively. A trade-off between biosynthesis of rutin and isorhamnetin was found in the DL ecotype, which might be due to the metabolic flux redirection when facing environmental changes. This research provides valuable information for understanding flavonoid biosynthesis in sandrice at the molecular level and laid the foundation for precise development and utilization of this functional resource forage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzhou Fang
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi Institute of Science and Technology, Jincheng, China
| | - Chaoju Qian
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydrology of Inland River Basin, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Marsgreen Biotech Jiangsu Co., Ltd., Haian, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yin
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xingke Fan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengshu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Chang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid Regions, Department of Ecology and Agriculture Research, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Marsgreen Biotech Jiangsu Co., Ltd., Haian, China
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Rajput R, Tyagi S, Naik J, Pucker B, Stracke R, Pandey A. The R2R3-MYB gene family in Cicer arietinum: genome-wide identification and expression analysis leads to functional characterization of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis regulators in the seed coat. PLANTA 2022; 256:67. [PMID: 36038740 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03979-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We identified 119 typical CaMYB encoding genes and reveal the major components of the proanthocyanidin regulatory network. CaPARs emerged as promising targets for genetic engineering toward improved agronomic traits in C. arietinum. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is among the eight oldest crops and has two main types, i.e., desi and kabuli, whose most obvious difference is the color of their seeds. We show that this color difference is due to differences in proanthocyanidin content of seed coats. Using a targeted approach, we performed in silico analysis, metabolite profiling, molecular, genetic, and biochemical studies to decipher the transcriptional regulatory network involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the seed coat of C. arietinum. Based on the annotated C. arietinum reference genome sequence, we identified 119 typical CaMYB encoding genes, grouped in 32 distinct clades. Two CaR2R3-MYB transcription factors, named CaPAR1 and CaPAR2, clustering with known proanthocyanidin regulators (PARs) were identified and further analyzed. The expression of CaPAR genes correlated well with the expression of the key structural proanthocyanidin biosynthesis genes CaANR and CaLAR and with proanthocyanidin levels. Protein-protein interaction studies suggest the in vivo interaction of CaPAR1 and CaPAR2 with the bHLH-type transcription factor CaTT8. Co-transfection analyses using Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts showed that the CaPAR proteins form a MBW complex with CaTT8 and CaTTG1, able to activate the promoters of CaANR and CaLAR in planta. Finally, transgenic expression of CaPARs in the proanthocyanidin-deficient A. thaliana mutant tt2-1 leads to complementation of the transparent testa phenotype. Taken together, our results reveal main components of the proanthocyanidin regulatory network in C. arietinum and suggest that CaPARs are relevant targets of genetic engineering toward improved agronomic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Rajput
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shivi Tyagi
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jogindra Naik
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Boas Pucker
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute of Plant Biology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), TU Brunswick, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Ralf Stracke
- Chair of Genetics and Genomics of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Menéndez AB, Ruiz OA. Stress-regulated elements in Lotus spp., as a possible starting point to understand signalling networks and stress adaptation in legumes. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12110. [PMID: 34909267 PMCID: PMC8641479 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although legumes are of primary economic importance for human and livestock consumption, the information regarding signalling networks during plant stress response in this group is very scarce. Lotus japonicus is a major experimental model within the Leguminosae family, whereas L. corniculatus and L. tenuis are frequent components of natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. These species display differences in their perception and response to diverse stresses, even at the genotype level, whereby they have been used in many studies aimed at achieving a better understanding of the plant stress-response mechanisms. However, we are far from the identification of key components of their stress-response signalling network, a previous step for implementing transgenic and editing tools to develop legume stress-resilient genotypes, with higher crop yield and quality. In this review we scope a body of literature, highlighting what is currently known on the stress-regulated signalling elements so far reported in Lotus spp. Our work includes a comprehensive review of transcription factors chaperones, redox signals and proteins of unknown function. In addition, we revised strigolactones and genes regulating phytochelatins and hormone metabolism, due to their involvement as intermediates in several physiological signalling networks. This work was intended for a broad readership in the fields of physiology, metabolism, plant nutrition, genetics and signal transduction. Our results suggest that Lotus species provide a valuable information platform for the study of specific protein-protein (PPI) interactions, as a starting point to unravel signalling networks underlying plant acclimatation to bacterial and abiotic stressors in legumes. Furthermore, some Lotus species may be a source of genes whose regulation improves stress tolerance and growth when introduced ectopically in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Menéndez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales., Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Overseas, Argentina.,Instituto de Micología y Botánica, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Overseas, Argentina
| | - Oscar Adolfo Ruiz
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Shi K, Liu X, Pan X, Liu J, Gong W, Gong P, Cao M, Jia S, Wang Z. Unveiling the Complexity of Red Clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) Transcriptome and Transcriptional Regulation of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis Using Integrated Long- and Short-Read RNAseq. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312625. [PMID: 34884432 PMCID: PMC8658037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is used as forage and contains a high level of isoflavonoids. Although isoflavonoids in red clover were discovered a long time ago, the transcriptional regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis is virtually unknown because of the lack of accurate and comprehensive characterization of the transcriptome. Here, we used a combination of long-read (PacBio Iso-Seq) and short-read (Illumina) RNAseq sequencing to develop a more comprehensive full-length transcriptome in four tissues (root, stem, leaf, and flower) and to identify transcription factors possibly involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis in red clover. Overall, we obtained 50,922 isoforms, including 19,860 known genes and 2817 novel isoforms based on the annotation of RefGen Tp_v2.0. We also found 1843 long non-coding RNAs, 1625 fusion genes, and 34,612 alternatively spliced events, with some transcript isoforms validated experimentally. A total of 16,734 differentially expressed genes were identified in the four tissues, including 43 isoflavonoid-biosynthesis-related genes, such as stem-specific expressed TpPAL, TpC4H, and Tp4CL and root-specific expressed TpCHS, TpCHI1, and TpIFS. Further, weighted gene co-expression network analysis and a targeted compound assay were combined to investigate the association between the isoflavonoid content and the transcription factors expression in the four tissues. Twelve transcription factors were identified as key genes for isoflavonoid biosynthesis. Among these transcription factors, the overexpression of TpMYB30 or TpRSM1-2 significantly increased the isoflavonoid content in tobacco. In particular, the glycitin was increased by 50-100 times in the plants overexpressing TpRSM1-2, in comparison to that in the WT plants. Our study provides a comprehensive and accurate annotation of the red clover transcriptome and candidate genes to improve isoflavonoid biosynthesis and accelerate research into molecular breeding in red clover or other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Xiqiang Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Xinyi Pan
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Wenlong Gong
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Pan Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Mingshu Cao
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand;
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Zan Wang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (K.S.); (X.L.); (J.L.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ma W, Xu L, Gao S, Lyu X, Cao X, Yao Y. Melatonin alters the secondary metabolite profile of grape berry skin by promoting VvMYB14-mediated ethylene biosynthesis. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:43. [PMID: 33642583 PMCID: PMC7917092 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between melatonin and ethylene in the regulation of fruit metabolism and the underlying molecular mechanism of this interplay remain largely unclear. Here, widely targeted metabolomics analysis revealed a total of 464 metabolites present in berry skin. Among them, 27 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were produced in response to melatonin treatment in the presence or absence of 1-MCP. Most of the DAMs were secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and flavonols. Additionally, the accumulation of 25 DAMs was regulated by melatonin via ethylene. RNA-seq analysis indicated that melatonin primarily regulated the pathways of plant hormone signal transduction and secondary metabolite biosynthesis via ethylene. Gene-metabolite association analysis showed that melatonin regulated the expression of the VvSTS1, VvF3H, VvLAR2, and VvDFR genes, suggesting that these genes may play key roles in regulating secondary metabolites in the skin; additionally, VvMYB14 and VvACS1 were suggested to be involved in the regulation of secondary metabolites. Further experiments revealed that melatonin induced the expression of VvMYB14 and that VvMYB14 increased ethylene production by transcriptionally activating VvACS1, thereby affecting the accumulation of secondary metabolites. Collectively, melatonin promotes ethylene biosynthesis and alters secondary metabolite accumulation through the regulation of VvACS1 by VvMYB14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Lili Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xingning Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaolei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuxin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China.
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13
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Wang C, Xu N, Cui S. Comparative transcriptome analysis of roots, stems, and leaves of Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi: identification of genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10885. [PMID: 33665027 PMCID: PMC7906042 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi is a valuable herb used in traditional Chinese medicine. Isoflavonoids are the major bioactive compounds in P. lobata, namely puerarin, daidzin, glycitin, genistin, daidzein, and glycitein, which have pharmacological properties of anti-cardiovascular, anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arrhythmic. METHODS To characterize the corresponding genes of the compounds in the isoflavonoid pathway, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analyses of roots, stems, and leaves of P. lobata were carried out on the BGISEQ-500 sequencing platform. RESULTS We identified 140,905 unigenes in total, of which 109,687 were annotated in public databases, after assembling the transcripts from all three tissues. Multiple genes encoding key enzymes, such as IF7GT and transcription factors, associated with isoflavonoid biosynthesis were identified and then further analyzed. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results of some genes encoding key enzymes were consistent with our RNA-Seq analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by analyzing the expression profiles of roots compared with other tissues (leaves and stems). This analysis revealed numerous DEGs that were either uniquely expressed or up-regulated in the roots. Finally, quantitative analyses of isoflavonoid metabolites occurring in the three P. lobata tissue types were done via high-performance liquid-chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry methodology (HPLC-MS/MS). Our comprehensive transcriptome investigation substantially expands the genomic resources of P. lobata and provides valuable knowledge on both gene expression regulation and promising candidate genes that are involved in plant isoflavonoid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wang
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Anhui University, Hefei, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nenggui Xu
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Cui
- South China Research Center for Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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14
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Yu L, Huang D, Gu J, Pan D, Tan Y, Huang R, Yao S. Identification of Isoflavonoid Biosynthesis-Related R2R3-MYB Transcription Factors in Callerya speciosa (Champ. ex Benth.) Schot Using Transcriptome-Based Gene Coexpression Analysis. Int J Genomics 2021; 2021:9939403. [PMID: 34136563 PMCID: PMC8174187 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9939403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB family is one of the largest plant transcription factor (TF) families playing vital roles in defense, plant growth, and secondary metabolism biosynthesis. Although this gene family has been studied in many species, isoflavonoid biosynthesis-related R2R3-MYB TFs in Callerya speciosa (Champ. ex Benth.) Schot, a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, are poorly understood. Here, a total of 101 R2R3-MYB TFs were identified from C. speciosa transcriptome dataset. 25 clades divided into five functional groups were clustered based on the sequence similarity and phylogenetic tree. Conserved motifs and domain distribution, expression patterns, and coexpression networks were also employed to identify the potential R2R3-MYB TFs in the regulation of isoflavonoid biosynthesis. In silico evaluation showed that the deduced R2R3-CsMYB proteins contain highly conserved R2R3 repeat domain at the N-terminal region, that is the signature motif of R2R3-type MYB TFs. Eight potential TFs (CsMYB17, CsMYB36, CsMYB41, CsMYB44, CsMYB45, CsMYB46, CsMYB72, and CsMYB81) had high degrees of coexpression with four key isoflavonoid biosynthetic genes (CsIFS, CsCHS7, CsHID-1, and CsCHI3), in which CsMYB36 as a potential regulator possessed the highest degree. HPLC analysis showed that formononetin and maackiain contents were significantly increased during the development of tuberous roots, which might be controlled by both related R2R3-CsMYBs and structural genes involved in the isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The transcriptome data were further validated by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis, and similar expression profiles between TFs and key structural genes were identified. This study was the first step toward the understanding of the R2R3-MYB TFs regulating isoflavonoid biosynthesis in C. speciosa. The results will provide information for further functional analysis and quality improvement through genetic manipulation of these potential R2R3-CsMYB genes in C. speciosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchan Yu
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Ding Huang
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jinyuan Gu
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongjin Pan
- 2Institute of Marine Drugs, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yong Tan
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Rongshao Huang
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shaochang Yao
- 1College of Pharmacy, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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15
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Li Y, Chen X, Wang J, Zou G, Wang L, Li X. Two responses to MeJA induction of R2R3-MYB transcription factors regulate flavonoid accumulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236565. [PMID: 32730299 PMCID: PMC7392228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are key components of licorice plant that directly affect its medicinal quality. Importantly, the MYB family of transcription factors serves to regulate the synthesis of flavonoids in plants. The MYB transcription factors represent one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants and play important roles in the process of plant growth and development. MYB gene expression is induced by a number of plant hormones, including the lipid-based hormone jasmonate (JA). Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is an endogenous plant growth regulator that can induce the JA signaling pathway, which functions to regulate the synthesis of secondary metabolites, including flavonoids. In this study, MeJA was added to licorice cell suspensions, and RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed genes. As a result, the MYB transcription factors GlMYB4 and GlMYB88 were demonstrated to respond significantly to MeJA induction. Subsequently, the GlMYB4 and GlMYB88 protein were shown to localize to the cell nucleus, and it was verified that GlMYB4 and GlMYB88 could positively regulate the synthesis of flavonoids in licorice cells. Overall, this research helps illustrate the molecular regulation of licorice flavonoid biosynthesis induced by MeJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Baotou Teachers’ College, Biological Science and Technology Institute, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Guangping Zou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
| | - Xueshuang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China
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16
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García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Palove-Balang P, Betti M, Márquez AJ. Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060774. [PMID: 32575698 PMCID: PMC7357106 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase. The results provide different types of evidence showing that an enhancement of isoflavonoid compared to standard flavonol metabolism frequently occurs in Lotus under abiotic stress conditions. The advance produced in the analysis of isoflavonoid regulatory proteins by the use of co-expression networks, particularly MYB transcription factors, is also described. The results obtained in Lotus japonicus plants can be also extrapolated to other cultivated legume species, such as soybean, of extraordinary agronomic importance with a high impact in feeding, oil production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Peter Palove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; (M.G.-C.); (C.M.P.-D.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-954557145
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Ku YS, Ng MS, Cheng SS, Lo AWY, Xiao Z, Shin TS, Chung G, Lam HM. Understanding the Composition, Biosynthesis, Accumulation and Transport of Flavonoids in Crops for the Promotion of Crops as Healthy Sources of Flavonoids for Human Consumption. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061717. [PMID: 32521660 PMCID: PMC7352743 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic compounds that naturally occur in plants. Sub-groups of flavonoids include flavone, flavonol, flavanone, flavanonol, anthocyanidin, flavanol and isoflavone. The various modifications on flavonoid molecules further increase the diversity of flavonoids. Certain crops are famous for being enriched in specific flavonoids. For example, anthocyanins, which give rise to a purplish color, are the characteristic compounds in berries; flavanols are enriched in teas; and isoflavones are uniquely found in several legumes. It is widely accepted that the antioxidative properties of flavonoids are beneficial for human health. In this review, we summarize the classification of the different sub-groups of flavonoids based on their molecular structures. The health benefits of flavonoids are addressed from the perspective of their molecular structures. The flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are compared among different crops to highlight the mechanisms that lead to the differential accumulation of different sub-groups of flavonoids. In addition, the mechanisms and genes involved in the transport and accumulation of flavonoids in crops are discussed. We hope the understanding of flavonoid accumulation in crops will guide the proper balance in their consumption to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Shan Ku
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ming-Sin Ng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Sau-Shan Cheng
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Annie Wing-Yi Lo
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhixia Xiao
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
| | - Tai-Sun Shin
- Division of Food and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Gyuhwa Chung
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
| | - Hon-Ming Lam
- Centre for Soybean Research of the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (Y.-S.K.); (M.-S.N.); (S.-S.C.); (A.W.-Y.L.); (Z.X.)
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Correspondence: (G.C.); (H.-M.L.); Tel.: +82-61-659-7302 (G.C.); +852-3943-6336 (H.-M.L.)
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18
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Jahan MA, Harris B, Lowery M, Infante AM, Percifield RJ, Kovinich N. Glyceollin Transcription Factor GmMYB29A2 Regulates Soybean Resistance to Phytophthora sojae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:530-546. [PMID: 32209590 PMCID: PMC7271783 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyceollin isomers I, II, and III are the major pathogen-elicited secondary metabolites (i.e. phytoalexins) of soybean (Glycine max) that, collectively with other 5-deoxyisoflavonoids, provide race-specific resistance to Phytophthora sojae. The NAC-family transcription factor (TF) GmNAC42-1 is an essential regulator of some but not all glyceollin biosynthesis genes, indicating other essential TF(s) of the glyceollin gene regulatory network remain to be identified. Here, we conducted comparative transcriptomics on soybean hairy roots of the variety Williams 82 and imbibing seeds of Harosoy 63 upon treatment with wall glucan elicitor from P. sojae and identified two homologous R2R3-type MYB TF genes, GmMYB29A1 and GmMYB29A2, up-regulated during the times of peak glyceollin biosynthesis. Overexpression and RNA interference silencing of GmMYB29A2 increased and decreased expression of GmNAC42-1, GmMYB29A1, and glyceollin biosynthesis genes and metabolites, respectively, in response to wall glucan elicitor. By contrast, overexpressing or silencing GmMYB29A1 decreased glyceollin I accumulation with marginal or no effects on the expressions of glyceollin synthesis genes, suggesting a preferential role in promoting glyceollin turnover and/or competing biosynthetic pathways. GmMYB29A2 interacted with the promoters of two glyceollin I biosynthesis genes in vitro and in vivo. Silencing GmMYB29A2 in Williams 82, a soybean variety that encodes the resistance gene Rps1k, rendered it compatible with race 1 P. sojae, whereas overexpressing GmMYB29A2 rendered the susceptible Williams variety incompatible. Compatibility and incompatibility coincided with reduced and enhanced accumulations of glyceollin I but not other 5-deoxyisoflavonoids. Thus, GmMYB29A2 is essential for accumulation of glyceollin I and expression of Phytophthora resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asraful Jahan
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Brianna Harris
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Matthew Lowery
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Aniello M Infante
- Department of Biostatistics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Ryan J Percifield
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
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19
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Cao Y, Li K, Li Y, Zhao X, Wang L. MYB Transcription Factors as Regulators of Secondary Metabolism in Plants. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9030061. [PMID: 32213912 PMCID: PMC7150910 DOI: 10.3390/biology9030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MYB transcription factors (TFs), as one of the largest gene families in plants, play important roles in multiple biological processes, such as plant growth and development, cell morphology and pattern building, physiological activity metabolism, primary and secondary metabolic reactions, and responses to environmental stresses. The function of MYB TFs in crops has been widely studied, but few studies have been done on medicinal plants. In this review, we summarized the MYB TFs that play important roles in secondary metabolism and emphasized the possible mechanisms underlying how MYB TFs are regulated at the protein, posttranscriptional, and transcriptional levels, as well as how they regulate the downstream target gene networks related to secondary metabolism in plants, especially in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Kui Li
- Science and Technology Promotion Center, Huaihua Forestry Research Institute, Huaihua 418000, China;
| | - Yanli Li
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, Ministry of Education, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.C.); (Y.L.)
- Key Lab of Non-wood Forest Products of State Forestry Administration, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiaopei Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China;
| | - Lihu Wang
- College of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Watanabe S, Yamada R, Kanetake H, Kaga A, Anai T. Identification and characterization of a major QTL underlying soybean isoflavone malonylglycitin content. BREEDING SCIENCE 2019; 69:564-572. [PMID: 31988620 PMCID: PMC6977442 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.19027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones in soybean seeds are responsible for plant-microbe interactions and defend against pathogens, and are also beneficial to human health. We used two biparental populations and mini core collection of soybean germplasm to identify and validate QTLs underlying the content of isoflavone components. We identified a major QTL, qMGly_11, which regulates the content of malonylglycitin, on chromosome Gm11, in populations bred from parents with high, low, and null glycitein contents. qMGly_11 explained 44.5% of phenotypic variance in a population derived from a cross between 'Aokimame' (high) and 'Fukuyutaka' (low) and 79.9% of that in a population between 'Kumaji-1' (null) and 'Fukuyutaka' (low). The effect was observed only in the hypocotyl. We further confirmed the effect of qMGly_11 in a mini-core collection, where it explained 57.1% of the genetic diversity of glycitin production and 56.5% of malonylglycitin production. qMGly_11 increased the contents of glycitin and malonylglycitin at the expense of daidzin and malonyldaidzin in all analyzed populations. We discuss the gene responsible for this QTL and the availability of the null allele for metabolic engineering of soybean seed isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Watanabe
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University,
1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502,
Japan
| | - Risa Yamada
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University,
1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502,
Japan
| | - Hazuki Kanetake
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University,
1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502,
Japan
| | - Akito Kaga
- Soybean and Field Crop Applied Genomics Research Unit, Institute of Crop Science, NARO (National Agriculture and Food Research Organization),
2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602,
Japan
| | - Toyoaki Anai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University,
1 Honjo-machi, Saga, Saga 840-8502,
Japan
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21
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Kaur R, Kapoor N, Aslam L, Mahajan R. Molecular characterization of PgUFGT gene and R2R3- PgMYB transcription factor involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in four tissues of wild pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.). J Genet 2019; 98:94. [PMID: 31767815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The diversity on fruit colouration in plants directly depends on the flavonoids that explain the development of different pigmentation patterns. Anthocyanins are the major class of flavonoid pigments that are synthesized through flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. In the present study, two genes: PgUFGT gene and R2R3-PgMYB gene, involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis were analysed in four tissues of wild pomegranate. The structural genes, UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyl transferase (PgUFGT; GenBank accession number: MK058491) and its myeloblastosis transcription factor (R2R3-PgMYB; GenBank accession number: MK092063) were isolated and their expression pattern were studied. Molecular modelling indicated that the main secondary structures of PgUFGT and R2R3-PgMYB genes are α-helix and random coil. In addition, expression profiling of PgUFGT and R2R3-PgMYB by quantitative-real time PCR indicated a positive correlation between anthocyanin content and their expression in leaves, flowers, green and red fruits of wild pomegranate. Among all the tissues, the red fruit exhibited high transcripts levels of PgUFGT as well as R2R3-PgMYB transcription factor. An extensive homology with UFGTs from other plants was revealed on comparative and bioinformatic analyses. Present study reveals that PgUFGT plays a predominant role in anthocyanin content in wild pomegranate fruits. Further, it is strongly suggested that R2R3-PgMYB transcription factor regulates the anthocyanin biosynthesis in wild pomegranate via expression of PgUFGT gene. This is the first study which provides an insight on expression profile of PgUFGT and R2R3-PgMYB that are involved in colour development and fruit ripening in wild pomegranate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjeet Kaur
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir 180 006, India.
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22
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Molecular characterization of PgUFGT gene and R2R3-PgMYB transcription factor involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in four tissues of wild pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-019-1141-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Kaducová M, Monje-Rueda MD, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Eliášová A, Gajdošová S, Petruľová V, Betti M, Márquez AJ, Paľove-Balang P. Induction of isoflavonoid biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus after UV-B irradiation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 236:88-95. [PMID: 30939333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced ultraviolet radiation (UV) is an important environmental factor that may cause reductions in the growth and productivity of plants. In the present work we studied the response to UV-B radiation in leaves of the model legume Lotus japonicus. After UV-B treatment, induction of phenyalanine-ammonia lyase gene expression and enzyme activity was detected. Among the ten genes encoding for PAL found in the L. japonicus genome, LjPAL1 was both the most expressed and the most induced. All the genes encoding for enzymes of the isoflavonoid pathway were also strongly induced; this was paralleled by a marked accumulation of vestitol and isoliquiritigenin. Moreover, accumulation of several other isoflavonoids was also detected. In vitro measurements of the free radical scavenging capacity of vestitol indicated that this compound can be an appropriate free radical scavenger, suggesting a possible role for this molecule in the response to abiotic stress. On the other hand, an increase of flavonol levels was not observed while the expression of the key enzymes for flavonol biosynthesis flavanone-3-hydroxylase and flavonol synthase was decreased. Taken together, these results indicate that L. japonicus follows a peculiar strategy in its response to UV radiation by accumulating isoflavonoids as an possible alternative to accumulation of flavonols as observed in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Kaducová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik Unversity in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia
| | - María Dolores Monje-Rueda
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Professor Gárcia González 1, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Professor Gárcia González 1, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen María Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Professor Gárcia González 1, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Adriana Eliášová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, Ul. 17. Novembra 1, SK-08116 Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Gajdošová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik Unversity in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Petruľová
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik Unversity in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Professor Gárcia González 1, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Professor Gárcia González 1, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Peter Paľove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik Unversity in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001, Košice, Slovakia.
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Ha J, Kang YG, Lee T, Kim M, Yoon MY, Lee E, Yang X, Kim D, Kim YJ, Lee TR, Kim MY, Lee SH. Comprehensive RNA sequencing and co-expression network analysis to complete the biosynthetic pathway of coumestrol, a phytoestrogen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1934. [PMID: 30760815 PMCID: PMC6374408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Coumestrol (CMS), a coumestan isoflavone, plays key roles in nodulation through communication with rhizobia, and has been used as phytoestrogens for hormone replacement therapy in humans. Because CMS content is controlled by multiple genetic factors, the genetic basis of CMS biosynthesis has remained unclear. We identified soybean genotypes with consistently high (Daewonkong) or low (SS0903-2B-21-1-2) CMS content over 2 years. We performed RNA sequencing of leaf samples from both genotypes at developmental stage R7, when CMS levels are highest. Within the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, 41 genes were tightly connected in a functional co-expression gene network; seven of these genes were differentially expressed between two genotypes. We identified 14 candidate genes involved in CMS biosynthesis. Among them, seven were annotated as encoding oxidoreductases that may catalyze the transfer of electrons from daidzein, a precursor of CMS. Two of the other genes, annotated as encoding a MYB domain protein and a MLP-like protein, may increase CMS accumulation in response to stress conditions. Our results will help to complete our understanding of the CMS biosynthetic pathway, and should facilitate development of soybean cultivars with high CMS content that could be used to promote the fitness of plants and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmin Ha
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoyeon Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Yoon
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsoo Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuefei Yang
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Young Kim
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Ha Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Dong W, Liu X, Li D, Gao T, Song Y. Transcriptional profiling reveals that a MYB transcription factor MsMYB4 contributes to the salinity stress response of alfalfa. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204033. [PMID: 30252877 PMCID: PMC6155508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MYB transcription factors are important regulators of the plant response to abiotic stress. Their participation in the salinity stress of the key forage legume species alfalfa (Medicago sativa) was investigated here by comparing the transcriptomes of the two cultivars Dryland (DL) and Sundory (SD), which differed with respect to their ability to tolerate salinity stress. When challenged by the stress, DL plants were better able than SD ones to scavenge reactive oxygen species. A large number of genes encoding transcription regulators, signal transducers and proteins involved in both primary and secondary metabolism were differentially transcribed in the two cultivars, especially when plants were subjected to salinity stress. The set of induced genes included 17 MYB family of transcription factors, all of which were subsequently isolated. The effect of constitutively expressing these genes on the salinity tolerance expressed by Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. The introduction of MsMYB4 significantly increased the plants’ salinity tolerance in an abscisic acid-dependent manner. A sub-cellular localization experiment and a transactivation assay indicated that MsMYB4 was deposited in the nucleus and was able to activate transcription in yeast. Based on this information, we propose that the MsMYB4 products is likely directly involved in alfalfa’s response to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R.China
| | - Xijiang Liu
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R.China
| | - Donglei Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R.China
| | - Tianxue Gao
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R.China
| | - Yuguang Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, Shandong, P.R.China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Liu J, Jiang W, Xia Y, Wang X, Shen G, Pang Y. Genistein-Specific G6DT Gene for the Inducible Production of Wighteone in Lotus japonicus. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 59:128-141. [PMID: 29140457 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcx167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated isoflavonoids have been found in several legume plants, and they possess various biological activities that play important roles in both plant defense and human health. However, it is still unknown whether prenylated isoflavonoids are present in the model legume plant Lotus japonicus. In the present study, we found that the prenylated isoflavonoid wighteone was produced in L. japonicus when leaf was supplemented with genistein. Furthermore, a novel prenyltransferase gene, LjG6DT, was identified, which shared high similarity with and was closely related to several known prenyltransferase genes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis. The recombinant LjG6DT protein expressed in yeast exhibited prenylation activity toward genistein as an exclusive substrate, which produced wighteone, a prenylated genistein at the C-6 position that occurs normally in legume plants. The LjG6DT-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein is targeted to plastids. The transcript level of LjG6DT is induced by glutathione, methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid, implying that LjG6DT is involved in stress response. Overexpression of LjG6DT in L. japonicus hairy roots led to increased accumulation of wighteone when genistein was supplied, indicating that LjG6DT is functional in vivo. Feeding assays with the upstream intermediate naringenin revealed that accumulation of wighteone in L. japonicus was dependent on genistein supplementation, and accumulation of wighteone is competed by genistein methylation. This study demonstrated that phytoalexin wighteone is inducibly produced in L. japonicus, and it provides new insight into the biosynthesis and accumulation of prenylated isoflavonoids in legume plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenbo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yaying Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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27
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Chezem WR, Memon A, Li FS, Weng JK, Clay NK. SG2-Type R2R3-MYB Transcription Factor MYB15 Controls Defense-Induced Lignification and Basal Immunity in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1907-1926. [PMID: 28733420 PMCID: PMC5590497 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lignification of cell wall appositions is a conserved basal defense mechanism in the plant innate immune response. However, the genetic pathway controlling defense-induced lignification remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate the Arabidopsis thaliana SG2-type R2R3-MYB transcription factor MYB15 as a regulator of defense-induced lignification and basal immunity. Loss of MYB15 reduces the content but not the composition of defense-induced lignin, whereas constitutive expression of MYB15 increases lignin content independently of immune activation. Comparative transcriptional and metabolomics analyses implicate MYB15 as necessary for the defense-induced synthesis of guaiacyl lignin and the basal synthesis of the coumarin metabolite scopoletin. MYB15 directly binds to the secondary wall MYB-responsive element consensus sequence, which encompasses the AC elements, to drive lignification. The myb15 and lignin biosynthetic mutants show increased susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, consistent with defense-induced lignin having a major role in basal immunity. A scopoletin biosynthetic mutant also shows increased susceptibility independently of immune activation, consistent with a role in preformed defense. Our results support a role for phenylalanine-derived small molecules in preformed and inducible Arabidopsis defense, a role previously dominated by tryptophan-derived small molecules. Understanding the regulatory network linking lignin biosynthesis to plant growth and defense will help lignin engineering efforts to improve the production of biofuels and aromatic industrial products as well as increase disease resistance in energy and agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Altamash Memon
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
| | - Fu-Shuang Li
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
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Arshad MN, Al-Dies AAM, Asiri AM, Khalid M, Birinji AS, Al-Amry KA, Braga AA. Synthesis, crystal structures, spectroscopic and nonlinear optical properties of chalcone derivatives: A combined experimental and theoretical study. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Zhao M, Wang T, Wu P, Guo W, Su L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yan F, Wang Q. Isolation and characterization of GmMYBJ3, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor that affects isoflavonoids biosynthesis in soybean. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179990. [PMID: 28654660 PMCID: PMC5487076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are secondary metabolites that play a variety of roles in plant-microbe interactions and plant defenses against abiotic stresses. Here we report a new MYB transcription factor (TF) gene, GmMYBJ3, that is involved in the isoflavonoids biosynthesis. The GmMYBJ3 gene is 1,002 bp long and encodes a protein of 333 amino acids. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that GmMYBJ3 is a typical R2R3 MYB TF. Yeast expression experiment demonstrated that GmMYBJ3 has its transcription activity in the nucleus and is transiently expressed in onion epidermal cells. The GmMYBJ3 gene was transformed into soybean and the expression activity of the GmMYBJ3 gene was significantly positively correlated with total isoflavonoid accumulation in soybean. Transient expression assays indicated that GmMYBJ3 can activate CHS8 expression. Furthermore, we analyzed the expressions of several genes known involved in the isoflavonoid biosynthesis, including CHS8, CHI1A, PAL1, IFS2 and F3H, in the GmMYBJ3 transgenic plants. The results showed that the expression levels of CHS8 and CHI1A were significantly increased in the transgenic plants compared to wild-type plants, but those of PAL1, IFS2 and F3H remained similar between the transgenic and wild-type plants. These results suggest that GmMYBJ3 participates in the isoflavonoid biosynthesis through regulation of CHS8 and CHI1A in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhao
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianliang Wang
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyun Guo
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liantai Su
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- Jilin Key Laboratory for Crop Genetic Engineering, College of Plant Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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30
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Chu S, Wang J, Zhu Y, Liu S, Zhou X, Zhang H, Wang CE, Yang W, Tian Z, Cheng H, Yu D. An R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, GmMYB29, regulates isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006770. [PMID: 28489859 PMCID: PMC5443545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones comprise a group of secondary metabolites produced almost exclusively by plants in the legume family, including soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. They play vital roles in plant defense and have many beneficial effects on human health. Isoflavone content is a complex quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes, and the genetic mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis remain largely unknown. Via a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are significantly associated with isoflavone concentrations in soybean. One of these 28 SNPs was located in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, GmMYB29, and this gene was thus selected as a candidate gene for further analyses. A subcellular localization study confirmed that GmMYB29 was located in the nucleus. Transient reporter gene assays demonstrated that GmMYB29 activated the IFS2 (isoflavone synthase 2) and CHS8 (chalcone synthase 8) gene promoters. Overexpression and RNAi-mediated silencing of GmMYB29 in soybean hairy roots resulted in increased and decreased isoflavone content, respectively. Moreover, a candidate-gene association analysis revealed that 11 natural GmMYB29 polymorphisms were significantly associated with isoflavone contents, and regulation of GmMYB29 expression could partially contribute to the observed phenotypic variation. Taken together, these results provide important genetic insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying isoflavone biosynthesis in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Chu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shulin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Zhou
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huairen Zhang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chun-e Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Life Science, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenming Yang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deyue Yu
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Bu Y, Zhang X, Yao Y. Factor Analysis of MYB Gene Expression and Flavonoid Affecting Petal Color in Three Crabapple Cultivars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:137. [PMID: 28223999 PMCID: PMC5293739 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoid biosynthesis has received much attention concerning the structural genes and expression of the associated transcription factors (TFs). In the present study, we examined the gene expression patterns for petals of three colors using a statistical method. Factor analysis was successfully used to examine the expression patterns most present during regulation. The first expression patterns in the white and red petals were clearly demonstrated and have revealed different mechanisms of producing the proper components, whereas that in the pink petals was more complex, requiring factor analysis to supplement the other results. Combining the results of the correlation analysis between TFs and structural genes, the effects of each TF on the main expression pattern in each cultivar were determined. Moreover, McMYB10 was implicated in the regulation of the gene expression pattern in red petals, and McMYB5 was implicated in the maintenance of the balance of the pigment components and proanthocyanin (PA) production in cooperation with McMYB4 to generate pigmentation in the pink petals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - YuFen Bu
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Key Laboratory of New Technology in Agricultural Application of Beijing, Beijing University of AgricultureBeijing, China
- Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit TreesBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuncong Yao
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Yin Q, Shen G, Chang Z, Tang Y, Gao H, Pang Y. Involvement of three putative glucosyltransferases from the UGT72 family in flavonol glucoside/rhamnoside biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus seeds. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:597-612. [PMID: 28204516 PMCID: PMC5444469 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Flavonols are one of the largest groups of flavonoids that confer benefits for the health of plants and animals. Flavonol glycosides are the predominant flavonoids present in the model legume Lotus japonicus. The molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of flavonol glycosides as yet remain unknown in L. japonicus. In the present study, we identified a total of 188 UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in L. japonicus by genome-wide searching. Notably, 12 UGTs from the UGT72 family were distributed widely among L. japonicus chromosomes, expressed in all tissues, and showed different docking scores in an in silico bioinformatics docking analysis. Further enzymatic assays showed that five recombinant UGTs (UGT72AD1, UGT72AF1, UGT72AH1, UGT72V3, and UGT72Z2) exhibit activity toward flavonol, flavone, and isoflavone aglycones. In particular, UGT72AD1, UGT72AH1, and UGT72Z2 are flavonol-specific UGTs with different kinetic properties. In addition, the overexpression of UGT72AD1 and UGT72Z2 led to increased accumulation of flavonol rhamnosides in L. japonicus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the increase of kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside-7-O-rhamnoside in transgenic A. thaliana inhibited root growth as compared with the wild-type control. These results highlight the significance of the UGT72 family in flavonol glycosylation and the role of flavonol rhamnosides in plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhan Chang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhen Pang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Schwinn KE, Ngo H, Kenel F, Brummell DA, Albert NW, McCallum JA, Pither-Joyce M, Crowhurst RN, Eady C, Davies KM. The Onion ( Allium cepa L.) R2R3-MYB Gene MYB1 Regulates Anthocyanin Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1865. [PMID: 28018399 PMCID: PMC5146992 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bulb color is an important consumer trait for onion (Allium cepa L., Allioideae, Asparagales). The bulbs accumulate a range of flavonoid compounds, including anthocyanins (red), flavonols (pale yellow), and chalcones (bright yellow). Flavonoid regulation is poorly characterized in onion and in other plants belonging to the Asparagales, despite being a major plant order containing many important crop and ornamental species. R2R3-MYB transcription factors associated with the regulation of distinct branches of the flavonoid pathway were isolated from onion. These belonged to sub-groups (SGs) that commonly activate anthocyanin (SG6, MYB1) or flavonol (SG7, MYB29) production, or repress phenylpropanoid/flavonoid synthesis (SG4, MYB4, MYB5). MYB1 was demonstrated to be a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis by the induction of anthocyanin production in onion tissue when transiently overexpressed and by reduction of pigmentation when transiently repressed via RNAi. Furthermore, ectopic red pigmentation was observed in garlic (Allium sativum L.) plants stably transformed with a construct for co-overexpression of MYB1 and a bHLH partner. MYB1 also was able to complement the acyanic petal phenotype of a defined R2R3-MYB anthocyanin mutant in Antirrhinum majus of the asterid clade of eudicots. The availability of sequence information for flavonoid-related MYBs from onion enabled phylogenetic groupings to be determined across monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, including the identification of characteristic amino acid motifs. This analysis suggests that divergent evolution of the R2R3-MYB family has occurred between Poaceae/Orchidaceae and Allioideae species. The DNA sequences identified will be valuable for future analysis of classical flavonoid genetic loci in Allium crops and will assist the breeding of these important crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy E. Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Hanh Ngo
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Fernand Kenel
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - David A. Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W. Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
| | - John A. McCallum
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - Meeghan Pither-Joyce
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ross N. Crowhurst
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedAuckland, New Zealand
| | - Colin Eady
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedChristchurch, New Zealand
| | - Kevin M. Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research LimitedPalmerston North, New Zealand
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Transcriptome analysis of Arabidopsis mutants suggests a crosstalk between ABA, ethylene and GSH against combined cold and osmotic stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36867. [PMID: 27845361 PMCID: PMC5109278 DOI: 10.1038/srep36867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The involvement of ethylene and abscisic acid in providing stress tolerance and defence response to plants is widely recognized. However, little is known about the cross-talk between glutathione with ethylene and abscisic acid to combat stress in planta. Here, transcriptome analysis of combined cold and osmotic stress treated Arabidopsis mutants were carried out to elucidate the crosstalk between the abscisic acid, ethylene and glutathione. Microarray experiment revealed the differential regulation of about 2313 and 4131 transcripts in ein2 (ethylene insensitive mutant) and aba1.6 (abscisic acid mutant) respectively. Functional analysis exposed common down-regulated stress and defence, secondary metabolite biosynthesis viz. phenylpropanoid, lignin and flavonols, redox and transcription factors related genes in ein2, aba1.6 and pad2.1 (glutathione mutant) in response to combined stress treatment. The reduced glutathione content was less in stress treated mutants in comparison to Col-0. Again, selective down-regulated transcripts in stress treated mutants were noted up-regulated after glutathione feeding. Some of the important differentially expressed genes were also validated by comparative proteomics analysis of stress treated mutants. In summary, our results suggested the role of ethylene and abscisic acid in inducing stress-responsive genes and proteins by activating glutathione biosynthesis to combat abiotic stress conditions in plant system.
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35
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Chezem WR, Clay NK. Regulation of plant secondary metabolism and associated specialized cell development by MYBs and bHLHs. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 131:26-43. [PMID: 27569707 PMCID: PMC5048601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are unrivaled in the natural world in both the number and complexity of secondary metabolites they produce, and the ubiquitous phenylpropanoids and the lineage-specific glucosinolates represent two such large and chemically diverse groups. Advances in genome-enabled biochemistry and metabolomic technologies have greatly increased the understanding of their metabolic networks in diverse plant species. There also has been some progress in elucidating the gene regulatory networks that are key to their synthesis, accumulation and function. This review highlights what is currently known about the gene regulatory networks and the stable sub-networks of transcription factors at their cores that regulate the production of these plant secondary metabolites and the differentiation of specialized cell types that are equally important to their defensive function. Remarkably, some of these core components are evolutionarily conserved between secondary metabolism and specialized cell development and across distantly related plant species. These findings suggest that the more ancient gene regulatory networks for the differentiation of fundamental cell types may have been recruited and remodeled for the generation of the vast majority of plant secondary metabolites and their specialized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Chezem
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Nicole K Clay
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Li P, Dong Q, Ge S, He X, Verdier J, Li D, Zhao J. Metabolic engineering of proanthocyanidin production by repressing the isoflavone pathways and redirecting anthocyanidin precursor flux in legume. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1604-18. [PMID: 26806316 PMCID: PMC5066740 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MtPAR is a proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis regulator; the mechanism underlying its promotion of PA biosynthesis is not fully understood. Here, we showed that MtPAR promotes PA production by a direct repression of biosynthesis of isoflavones, the major flavonoids in legume, and by redirecting immediate precursors, such as anthocyanidins, flux into PA pathway. Ectopic expression of MtPAR repressed isoflavonoid production by directly binding and suppressing isoflavone biosynthetic genes such as isoflavone synthase (IFS). Meanwhile, MtPAR up-regulated PA-specific genes and decreased the anthocyanin levels without altering the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. MtPAR may shift the anthocyanidin precursor flux from anthocyanin pathway to PA biosynthesis. MtPAR complemented PA-deficient phenotype of Arabidopsis tt2 mutant seeds, demonstrating their similar action on PA production. We showed the direct interactions between MtPAR, MtTT8 and MtWD40-1 proteins from Medicago truncatula and Glycine max, to form a ternary complex to trans-activate PA-specific ANR gene. Finally, MtPAR expression in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) hairy roots and whole plants only promoted the production of small amount of PAs, which was significantly enhanced by co-expression of MtPAR and MtLAP1. Transcriptomic and metabolite profiling showed an additive effect between MtPAR and MtLAP1 on the production of PAs, supporting that efficient PA production requires more anthocyanidin precursors. This study provides new insights into the role and mechanism of MtPAR in partitioning precursors from isoflavone and anthocyanin pathways into PA pathways for a specific promotion of PA production. Based on this, a strategy by combining MtPAR and MtLAP1 co-expression to effectively improve metabolic engineering performance of PA production in legume forage was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujun Ge
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
| | - Xianzhi He
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Jerome Verdier
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongqin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Li P, Chen B, Zhang G, Chen L, Dong Q, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhao J. Regulation of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by Medicago truncatula bHLH transcription factor MtTT8. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:905-21. [PMID: 26725247 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The MYB- basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)-WD40 complexes regulating anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis in plants are not fully understood. Here Medicago truncatula bHLH MtTT8 was characterized as a central component of these ternary complexes that control anthocyanin and PA biosynthesis. Mttt8 mutant seeds have a transparent testa phenotype with reduced PAs and anthocyanins. MtTT8 restores PA and anthocyanin productions in Arabidopsis tt8 mutant. Ectopic expression of MtTT8 restores anthocyanins and PAs in mttt8 plant and hairy roots and further enhances both productions in wild-type hairy roots. Transcriptomic analyses and metabolite profiling of mttt8 mutant seeds and M. truncatula hairy roots (mttt8 mutant, mttt8 mutant complemented with MtTT8, or MtTT8 overexpression lines) indicate that MtTT8 regulates a subset of genes involved in PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis. MtTT8 is genetically regulated by MtLAP1, MtPAR and MtWD40-1. Combinations of MtPAR, MtLAP1, MtTT8 and MtWD40-1 activate MtTT8 promoter in yeast assay. MtTT8 interacts with these transcription factors to form regulatory complexes. MtTT8, MtWD40-1 and an MYB factor, MtPAR or MtLAP1, interacted and activated promoters of anthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin synthase to regulate PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis, respectively. Our results provide new insights into the complex regulation of PA and anthocyanin biosynthesis in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Gaoyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Longxiang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430075, China
- Plant Biology Division, the Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
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Albert NW. Subspecialization of R2R3-MYB Repressors for Anthocyanin and Proanthocyanidin Regulation in Forage Legumes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1165. [PMID: 26779194 PMCID: PMC4689181 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of anthocyanin pigments and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins) is regulated by MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) transcription factor complexes in all angiosperms studied to date. Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 were isolated from Trifolium repens and encode R2R3-MYBs that antagonize the activity of MBW activation complexes. These two genes are conserved in other legume species, and form two sub-clades within the larger anthocyanin/proanthocyanidin clade of MYB repressors. However, unlike petunia and Arabidopsis, these R2R3-MYB repressors do not prevent ectopic accumulation of anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins. Instead, they are expressed when anthocyanins or proanthocyanidins are being synthesized, and provide feedback regulation to MBW complexes. This feedback occurs because Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 are themselves regulated by MBW complexes. Tr-MYB133 is regulated by MBW complexes containing anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB proteins (Tr-RED LEAF), while Tr-MYB134 is regulated by complexes containing the proanthocyanidin R2R3-MYBs (Tr-MYB14). Other features of the MBW gene regulation networks are also conserved within legumes, including the ability for the anthocyanin MBW complexes to activate the expression of the AN1/TT8 clade bHLH factor. The regulation of Tr-MYB133 and Tr-MYB134 by distinct, pathway-specific MBW complexes has resulted in subspecialization for controlling anthocyanin or proanthocyanidin synthesis.
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Tohge T, Scossa F, Fernie AR. Integrative Approaches to Enhance Understanding of Plant Metabolic Pathway Structure and Regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1499-511. [PMID: 26371234 PMCID: PMC4634077 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Huge insight into molecular mechanisms and biological network coordination have been achieved following the application of various profiling technologies. Our knowledge of how the different molecular entities of the cell interact with one another suggests that, nevertheless, integration of data from different techniques could drive a more comprehensive understanding of the data emanating from different techniques. Here, we provide an overview of how such data integration is being used to aid the understanding of metabolic pathway structure and regulation. We choose to focus on the pairwise integration of large-scale metabolite data with that of the transcriptomic, proteomics, whole-genome sequence, growth- and yield-associated phenotypes, and archival functional genomic data sets. In doing so, we attempt to provide an update on approaches that integrate data obtained at different levels to reach a better understanding of either single gene function or metabolic pathway structure and regulation within the context of a broader biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
| | - Federico Scossa
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany (T.T., A.R.F.); andConsiglio per la Ricerca e Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca per la Frutticoltura, 00134 Rome, Italy (F.S.)
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García-Calderón M, Pons-Ferrer T, Mrázova A, Pal'ove-Balang P, Vilková M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Vega JM, Eliášová A, Repčák M, Márquez AJ, Betti M. Modulation of phenolic metabolism under stress conditions in a Lotus japonicus mutant lacking plastidic glutamine synthetase. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:760. [PMID: 26442073 PMCID: PMC4585329 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper was aimed to investigate the possible implications of the lack of plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2) in phenolic metabolism during stress responses in the model legume Lotus japonicus. Important changes in the transcriptome were detected in a GS2 mutant called Ljgln2-2, compared to the wild type, in response to two separate stress conditions, such as drought or the result of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. Detailed transcriptomic analysis showed that the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds was affected in the mutant plants in these two different types of stress situations. For this reason, the genes and metabolites related to this metabolic route were further investigated using a combined approach of gene expression analysis and metabolite profiling. A high induction of the expression of several genes for the biosynthesis of different branches of the phenolic biosynthetic pathway was detected by qRT-PCR. The extent of induction was always higher in Ljgln2-2, probably reflecting the higher stress levels present in this genotype. This was paralleled by accumulation of several kaempferol and quercetine glycosides, some of them described for the first time in L. japonicus, and of high levels of the isoflavonoid vestitol. The results obtained indicate that the absence of GS2 affects different aspects of phenolic metabolism in L. japonicus plants in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Teresa Pons-Ferrer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Anna Mrázova
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Mária Vilková
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - José M. Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Adriana Eliášová
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of PrešovPrešov, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Repčák
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Biology and Ecology, P. J. Šafárik UniversityKošice, Slovakia
| | - Antonio J. Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
| | - Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de SevillaSeville, Spain
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Abstract
Subcellular flavonoid transport and its underlying regulatory mechanisms are still poorly understood, but are fascinating research frontiers in plant science. Recent studies support and further extend previous hypotheses indicating that vacuolar sequestration of flavonoids involves vesicle trafficking, membrane transporters, and glutathione S-transferase (GST). However, the question remains to be addressed of how three distinct but nonexclusive mechanisms are functionally integrated into diverse but redundant transport routes for vacuolar sequestration or extracellular secretion of flavonoids. In this review, I highlight recent progress in understanding flavonoid-transporting vesicle behavior and properties, GST and membrane transporter functions and mechanisms, and flavonoid transport substrate specificity and preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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42
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Wang X, Li S, Li J, Li C, Zhang Y. De novo transcriptome sequencing in Pueraria lobata to identify putative genes involved in isoflavones biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2015; 34:733-43. [PMID: 25547742 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-014-1733-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Using Illumina sequencing technology, we have generated the large-scale transcriptome sequencing data and indentified many putative genes involved in isoflavones biosynthesis in Pueraria lobata. Pueraria lobata, a member of the Leguminosae family, is a traditional Chinese herb which has been used since ancient times. P. lobata root has extensive clinical usages, because it contains a rich source of isoflavones, including daidzin and puerarin. However, the knowledge of isoflavone metabolism and the characterization of corresponding genes in such a pathway remain largely unknown. In this study, de novo transcriptome of P. lobata root and leaf was sequenced using the Solexa sequencing platform. Over 140 million high-quality reads were assembled into 163,625 unigenes, of which about 43.1% were aligned to the Nr protein database. Using the RPKM (reads per kilo bases per million reads) method, 3,148 unigenes were found to be upregulated, and 2,011 genes were downregulated in the leaf as compared to those in the root. Towards a further understanding of these differentially expressed genes, Gene ontology enrichment and metabolic pathway enrichment analyses were performed. Based on these results, 47 novel structural genes were identified in the biosynthesis of isoflavones. Also, 22 putative UDP glycosyltransferases and 45 O-methyltransferases unigenes were identified as the candidates most likely to be involved in the tailoring processes of isoflavonoid downstream pathway. Moreover, MYB transcription factors were analyzed, and 133 of them were found to have higher expression levels in the roots than in the leaves. In conclusion, the de novo transcriptome investigation of these unique transcripts provided an invaluable resource for the global discovery of functional genes related to isoflavones biosynthesis in P. lobata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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43
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Liu J, Osbourn A, Ma P. MYB Transcription Factors as Regulators of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism in Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:689-708. [PMID: 25840349 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoid-derived compounds represent a diverse family of secondary metabolites that originate from phenylalanine. These compounds have roles in plant growth and development, and in defense against biotic and abiotic stress. Many of these compounds are also beneficial to human health and welfare. V-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB) proteins belong to a large family of transcription factors and are key regulators of the synthesis of phenylpropanoid-derived compounds. This review summarizes the current understanding of MYB proteins and their roles in the regulation of phenylpropanoid metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Anne Osbourn
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Pengda Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.
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44
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Betti M, García-Calderón M, Pérez-Delgado CM, Credali A, Pal'ove-Balang P, Estivill G, Repčák M, Vega JM, Galván F, Márquez AJ. Reassimilation of ammonium in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:5557-66. [PMID: 24948681 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent results obtained in the analysis of two important metabolic pathways involved in the release of internal sources of ammonium in the model legume Lotus japonicus: photorespiratory metabolism and asparagine breakdown mediated by aparaginase (NSE). The use of photorespiratory mutants deficient in plastidic glutamine synthetase (GS2) enabled us to investigate the transcriptomics and metabolomic changes associated with photorespiratory ammonium accumulation in this plant. The results obtained indicate the existence of a coordinate regulation of genes involved in photorespiratory metabolism. Other types of evidence illustrate the multiple interconnections existing among the photorespiratory pathway and other processes such as intermediate metabolism, nodule function, and secondary metabolism in this plant, all of which are substantially affected in GS2-deficient mutants because of the impairment of the photorespiratory cycle. Finally, the importance of asparagine metabolism in L. japonicus is highlighted because of the fact that asparagine constitutes the vast majority of the reduced nitrogen translocated between different organs of this plant. The different types of NSE enzymes and genes which are present in L. japonicus are described. There is a particular focus on the most abundant K(+)-dependent LjNSE1 isoform and how TILLING mutants were used to demonstrate by reverse genetics the importance of this particular isoform in plant growth and seed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Betti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Margarita García-Calderón
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Delgado
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Peter Pal'ove-Balang
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Guillermo Estivill
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Miroslav Repčák
- Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - José M Vega
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Galván
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio J Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, C/ Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain
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45
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Babuin MF, Campestre MP, Rocco R, Bordenave CD, Escaray FJ, Antonelli C, Calzadilla P, Gárriz A, Serna E, Carrasco P, Ruiz OA, Menendez AB. Response to long-term NaHCO3-derived alkalinity in model Lotus japonicus Ecotypes Gifu B-129 and Miyakojima MG-20: transcriptomic profiling and physiological characterization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97106. [PMID: 24835559 PMCID: PMC4024010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The current knowledge regarding transcriptomic changes induced by alkalinity on plants is scarce and limited to studies where plants were subjected to the alkaline salt for periods not longer than 48 h, so there is no information available regarding the regulation of genes involved in the generation of a new homeostatic cellular condition after long-term alkaline stress. Lotus japonicus is a model legume broadly used to study many important physiological processes including biotic interactions and biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, we characterized phenotipically the response to alkaline stress of the most widely used L. japonicus ecotypes, Gifu B-129 and MG-20, and analyzed global transcriptome of plants subjected to 10 mM NaHCO3 during 21 days, by using the Affymetrix Lotus japonicus GeneChip®. Plant growth assessment, gas exchange parameters, chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) analysis and metal accumulation supported the notion that MG-20 plants displayed a higher tolerance level to alkaline stress than Gifu B-129. Overall, 407 and 459 probe sets were regulated in MG-20 and Gifu B-129, respectively. The number of probe sets differentially expressed in roots was higher than that of shoots, regardless the ecotype. Gifu B-129 and MG-20 also differed in their regulation of genes that could play important roles in the generation of a new Fe/Zn homeostatic cellular condition, synthesis of plant compounds involved in stress response, protein-degradation, damage repair and root senescence, as well as in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and TCA. In addition, there were differences between both ecotypes in the expression patterns of putative transcription factors that could determine distinct arrangements of flavonoid and isoflavonoid compounds. Our results provided a set of selected, differentially expressed genes deserving further investigation and suggested that the L. japonicus ecotypes could constitute a useful model to search for common and distinct tolerance mechanisms to long-term alkaline stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Babuin
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - María Paula Campestre
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Rubén Rocco
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Cesar D. Bordenave
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Escaray
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Cristian Antonelli
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Pablo Calzadilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Eva Serna
- Unidad Central de Investigación en Medicina-INCLIVA, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pedro Carrasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Vegetal-Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar A. Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Ana B. Menendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús/Universidad Nacional de General San Martín-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IIB-INTECH/UNSAM-CONICET), Chascomús, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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Cheynier V, Comte G, Davies KM, Lattanzio V, Martens S. Plant phenolics: recent advances on their biosynthesis, genetics, and ecophysiology. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 72:1-20. [PMID: 23774057 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Land-adapted plants appeared between about 480 and 360 million years ago in the mid-Palaeozoic era, originating from charophycean green algae. The successful adaptation to land of these prototypes of amphibious plants - when they emerged from an aquatic environment onto the land - was achieved largely by massive formation of "phenolic UV light screens". In the course of evolution, plants have developed the ability to produce an enormous number of phenolic secondary metabolites, which are not required in the primary processes of growth and development but are of vital importance for their interaction with the environment, for their reproductive strategy and for their defense mechanisms. From a biosynthetic point of view, beside methylation catalyzed by O-methyltransferases, acylation and glycosylation of secondary metabolites, including phenylpropanoids and various derived phenolic compounds, are fundamental chemical modifications. Such modified metabolites have altered polarity, volatility, chemical stability in cells but also in solution, ability for interaction with other compounds (co-pigmentation) and biological activity. The control of the production of plant phenolics involves a matrix of potentially overlapping regulatory signals. These include developmental signals, such as during lignification of new growth or the production of anthocyanins during fruit and flower development, and environmental signals for protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. For some of the key compounds, such as the flavonoids, there is now an excellent understanding of the nature of those signals and how the signal transduction pathway connects through to the activation of the phenolic biosynthetic genes. Within the plant environment, different microorganisms can coexist that can establish various interactions with the host plant and that are often the basis for the synthesis of specific phenolic metabolites in response to these interactions. In the rhizosphere, increasing evidence suggests that root specific chemicals (exudates) might initiate and manipulate biological and physical interactions between roots and soil organisms. These interactions include signal traffic between roots of competing plants, roots and soil microbes, and one-way signals that relate the nature of chemical and physical soil properties to the roots. Plant phenolics can also modulate essential physiological processes such as transcriptional regulation and signal transduction. Some interesting effects of plant phenolics are also the ones associated with the growth hormone auxin. An additional role for flavonoids in functional pollen development has been observed. Finally, anthocyanins represent a class of flavonoids that provide the orange, red and blue/purple colors to many plant tissues. According to the coevolution theory, red is a signal of the status of the tree to insects that migrate to (or move among) the trees in autumn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Cheynier
- INRA, UMR1083 Sciences Pour l'oenologie, 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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47
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Ramilowski JA, Sawai S, Seki H, Mochida K, Yoshida T, Sakurai T, Muranaka T, Saito K, Daub CO. Glycyrrhiza uralensis transcriptome landscape and study of phytochemicals. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 54:697-710. [PMID: 23589666 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal and industrial properties of phytochemicals (e.g. glycyrrhizin) from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice plant) made it an attractive, multimillion-dollar trade item. Bioengineering is one of the solutions to overcome such high market demand and to protect plants from extinction. Unfortunately, limited genomic information on medicinal plants restricts their research and thus biosynthetic mechanisms of many important phytochemicals are still poorly understood. In this work we utilized the de novo (no reference genome sequence available) assembly of Illumina RNA-Seq data to study the transcriptome of the licorice plant. Our analysis is based on sequencing results of libraries constructed from samples belonging to different tissues (root and leaf) and collected in different seasons and from two distinct strains (low and high glycyrrhizin producers). We provide functional annotations and the expression profile of 43,882 assembled unigenes, which are suitable for various further studies. Here, we searched for G. uralensis-specific enzymes involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis as well as elucidated putative cytochrome P450 enzymes and putative vacuolar saponin transporters involved in glycyrrhizin production in the licorice root. To disseminate the data and the analysis results, we constructed a publicly available G. uralensis database. This work will contribute to a better understanding of the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites in licorice plants, and possibly in other medicinal plants, and will provide an important resource to further advance transcriptomic studies in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Ramilowski
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies (Division of Genomic Technologies), RIKEN Yokohama Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan.
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48
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Brockington SF, Alvarez-Fernandez R, Landis JB, Alcorn K, Walker RH, Thomas MM, Hileman LC, Glover BJ. Evolutionary analysis of the MIXTA gene family highlights potential targets for the study of cellular differentiation. Mol Biol Evol 2012. [PMID: 23188591 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/mss260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated epidermal cells such as trichomes and conical cells perform numerous essential functions in plant biology and are important for our understanding of developmental patterning and cell shape regulation. Many are also commercially significant, such as cotton fibers and trichomes that secrete pharmaceutically useful or herbivore-deterring compounds. Here, we focus on the phylogeny and evolution of the subgroup 9 R2R3 MYB gene transcription factors, which include the MIXTA gene, and that are important for the specification and regulation of plant cellular differentiation. We have sequenced 49 subgroup 9 R2R3 MYB genes from key experimental taxa and combined these sequences with those identified by an exhaustive bioinformatic search, to compile a data set of 223 subgroup 9 R2R3 MYB genes. Our phylogenetic analyses demonstrate, for the first time, the complex evolutionary history of the subgroup 9 R2R3 MYB genes. A duplication event is inferred before the origin of seed plants giving rise to two major gene lineages, here termed SBG9-A and SBG9-B. The evolutionary conservation of the SBG9-B gene lineage has not been previously recognized and its role in cellular differentiation is unknown, thus an entire clade of potential candidate genes for epidermal cell regulation remains to be explored. Using a heterologous transformation bioassay, we provide functional data that implicate members of the SBG9-B lineage in the specification of epidermal projections. Furthermore, we reveal numerous putative duplication events in both SBG9-A and SBG9-B lineages, resolving uncertainty about orthology and paralogy among the subgroup 9 R2R3 MYB genes. Finally, we provide a robust framework over which to interpret existing functional data and to direct ongoing comparative genetic research into the evolution of plant cellular diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel F Brockington
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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49
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Davies KM, Albert NW, Schwinn KE. From landing lights to mimicry: the molecular regulation of flower colouration and mechanisms for pigmentation patterning. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2012; 39:619-638. [PMID: 32480814 DOI: 10.1071/fp12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower colour is a key component for plant signaling to pollinators and a staggering variety of colour variations are found in nature. Patterning of flower colour, such as pigment spots or stripes, is common and is important in promoting pollination success. Developmentally programmed pigmentation patterns are of interest with respect to the evolution of specialised plant-pollinator associations and as models for dissecting regulatory signaling in plants. This article reviews the occurrence and function of flower colour patterns, as well as the molecular genetics of anthocyanin pigmentation regulation. The transcription factors controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis have been characterised for many species and an 'MBW' regulatory complex of R2R3MYB, bHLH and WD-Repeat proteins is of central importance. In particular, R2R3MYBs are key determinants of pigmentation intensity and patterning in plants. Progress is now being made on how environmental or developmental signal pathways may in turn control the production of the MBW components. Furthermore, additional regulatory proteins that interact with the MBW activation complex are being identified, including a range of proteins that repress complex formation or action, either directly or indirectly. This review discusses some of the recent data on the regulatory factors and presents models of how patterns may be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Davies
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick W Albert
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kathy E Schwinn
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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