1
|
Asad MAU, Yan Z, Zhou L, Guan X, Cheng F. How abiotic stresses trigger sugar signaling to modulate leaf senescence? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108650. [PMID: 38653095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved the adaptive capacity to mitigate the negative effect of external adversities at chemical, molecular, cellular, and physiological levels. This capacity is conferred by triggering the coordinated action of internal regulatory factors, in which sugars play an essential role in the regulating chloroplast degradation and leaf senescence under various stresses. In this review, we summarize the recent findings on the senescent-associated changes in carbohydrate metabolism and its relation to chlorophyl degradation, oxidative damage, photosynthesis inhibition, programmed cell death (PCD), and sink-source relation as affected by abiotic stresses. The action of sugar signaling in regulating the initiation and progression of leaf senescence under abiotic stresses involves interactions with various plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, and protein kinases. This discussion aims to elucidate the complex regulatory network and molecular mechanisms that underline sugar-induced leaf senescence in response to various abiotic stresses. The imperative role of sugar signaling in regulating plant stress responses potentially enables the production of crop plants with modified sugar metabolism. This, in turn, may facilitate the engineering of plants with improved stress responses, optimal life span and higher yield achievement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhmmad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang SY, Lin WY, Hsiao YM, Chiou TJ. Milestones in understanding transport, sensing, and signaling of the plant nutrient phosphorus. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1504-1523. [PMID: 38163641 PMCID: PMC11062440 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
As an essential nutrient element, phosphorus (P) is primarily acquired and translocated as inorganic phosphate (Pi) by plant roots. Pi is often sequestered in the soil and becomes limited for plant growth. Plants have developed a sophisticated array of adaptive responses, termed P starvation responses, to cope with P deficiency by improving its external acquisition and internal utilization. Over the past 2 to 3 decades, remarkable progress has been made toward understanding how plants sense and respond to changing environmental P. This review provides an overview of the molecular mechanisms that regulate or coordinate P starvation responses, emphasizing P transport, sensing, and signaling. We present the major players and regulators responsible for Pi uptake and translocation. We then introduce how P is perceived at the root tip, how systemic P signaling is operated, and the mechanisms by which the intracellular P status is sensed and conveyed. Additionally, the recent exciting findings about the influence of P on plant-microbe interactions are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects concerning the interplay between P and other nutrients and strategies to enhance P utilization efficiency are discussed. Insights obtained from this knowledge may guide future research endeavors in sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yi Yang
- Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yi Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Min Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jen Chiou
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Azad MF, Dawar P, Esim N, Rock CD. Role of miRNAs in sucrose stress response, reactive oxygen species, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1278320. [PMID: 38023835 PMCID: PMC10656695 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1278320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In plants, sucrose is the main transported disaccharide that is the primary product of photosynthesis and controls a multitude of aspects of the plant life cycle including structure, growth, development, and stress response. Sucrose is a signaling molecule facilitating various stress adaptations by crosstalk with other hormones, but the molecular mechanisms are not well understood. Accumulation of high sucrose concentrations is a hallmark of many abiotic and biotic stresses, resulting in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and secondary metabolite anthocyanins that have antioxidant properties. Previous studies have shown that several MYeloBlastosis family/MYB transcription factors are positive and negative regulators of sucrose-induced anthocyanin accumulation and subject to microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional silencing, consistent with the notion that miRNAs may be "nodes" in crosstalk signaling by virtue of their sequence-guided targeting of different homologous family members. In this study, we endeavored to uncover by deep sequencing small RNA and mRNA transcriptomes the effects of exogenous high sucrose stress on miRNA abundances and their validated target transcripts in Arabidopsis. We focused on genotype-by-treatment effects of high sucrose stress in Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1-Dominant/pap1-D, an activation-tagged dominant allele of MYB75 transcription factor, a positive effector of secondary metabolite anthocyanin pathway. In the process, we discovered links to reactive oxygen species signaling through miR158/161/173-targeted Pentatrico Peptide Repeat genes and two novel non-canonical targets of high sucrose-induced miR408 and miR398b*(star), relevant to carbon metabolic fluxes: Flavonoid 3'-Hydroxlase (F3'H), an important enzyme in determining the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of flavonoids, and ORANGE a post-translational regulator of Phytoene Synthase expression, respectively. Taken together, our results contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms of carbon flux shifts from primary to secondary metabolites in response to high sugar stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Fakhrul Azad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Pranav Dawar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Nevzat Esim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bіngöl University, Bingöl, Türkiye
| | - Christopher D. Rock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Asad MAU, Guan X, Zhou L, Qian Z, Yan Z, Cheng F. Involvement of plant signaling network and cell metabolic homeostasis in nitrogen deficiency-induced early leaf senescence. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 336:111855. [PMID: 37678563 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a basic building block that plays an essential role in the maintenance of normal plant growth and its metabolic functions through complex regulatory networks. Such the N metabolic network comprises a series of transcription factors (TFs), with the coordinated actions of phytohormone and sugar signaling to sustain cell homeostasis. The fluctuating N concentration in plant tissues alters the sensitivity of several signaling pathways to stressful environments and regulates the senescent-associated changes in cellular structure and metabolic process. Here, we review recent advances in the interaction between N assimilation and carbon metabolism in response to N deficiency and its regulation to the nutrient remobilization from source to sink during leaf senescence. The regulatory networks of N and sugar signaling for N deficiency-induced leaf senescence is further discussed to explain the effects of N deficiency on chloroplast disassembly, reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, asparagine metabolism, sugar transport, autophagy process, Ca2+ signaling, circadian clock response, brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZRI), and other stress cell signaling. A comprehensive understanding for the metabolic mechanism and regulatory network underlying N deficiency-induced leaf senescence may provide a theoretical guide to optimize the source-sink relationship during grain filling for the achievement of high yield by a selection of crop cultivars with the properly prolonged lifespan of functional leaves and/or by appropriate agronomic managements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad Ullah Asad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xianyue Guan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lujian Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhao Qian
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhang Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fangmin Cheng
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li P, Ma X, Wang J, Yao L, Li B, Meng Y, Si E, Yang K, Shang X, Zhang X, Wang H. Integrated Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals Insights for Low Phosphorus Tolerance in Wheat Seedling. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14840. [PMID: 37834288 PMCID: PMC10573437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low phosphorus (LP) stress leads to a significant reduction in wheat yield, primarily in the reduction of biomass, the number of tillers and spike grains, the delay in heading and flowering, and the inhibition of starch synthesis and grouting. However, the differences in regulatory pathway responses to low phosphorus stress among different wheat genotypes are still largely unknown. In this study, metabolome and transcriptome analyses of G28 (LP-tolerant) and L143 (LP-sensitive) wheat varieties after 72 h of normal phosphorus (CK) and LP stress were performed. A total of 181 and 163 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were detected for G28CK vs. G28LP and L143CK vs. L143LP, respectively. Notably, the expression of pilocarpine (C07474) in G28CK vs. G28LP was significantly downregulated 4.77-fold, while the expression of neochlorogenic acid (C17147) in L143CK vs. L143LP was significantly upregulated 2.34-fold. A total of 4023 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were acquired between G28 and L143, of which 1120 DEGs were considered as the core DEGs of LP tolerance of wheat after LP treatment. The integration of metabolomics and transcriptomic data further revealed that the LP tolerance of wheat was closely related to 15 metabolites and 18 key genes in the sugar and amino acid metabolism pathway. The oxidative phosphorylation pathway was enriched to four ATPases, two cytochrome c reductase genes, and fumaric acid under LP treatment. Moreover, PHT1;1, TFs (ARFA, WRKY40, MYB4, MYB85), and IAA20 genes were related to the Pi starvation stress of wheat roots. Therefore, the differences in LP tolerance of different wheat varieties were related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, phytohormones, and PHT proteins, and precisely regulated by the levels of various molecular pathways to adapt to Pi starvation stress. Taken together, this study may help to reveal the complex regulatory process of wheat adaptation to Pi starvation and provide new genetic clues for further study on improving plant Pi utilization efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaole Ma
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Juncheng Wang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lirong Yao
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Baochun Li
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Botany, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yaxiong Meng
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Erjing Si
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ke Yang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xunwu Shang
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xueyong Zhang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
| | - Huajun Wang
- State Key Lab of Aridland Crop Science / Gansu Key Lab of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou, 730070, China; (P.L.); (X.M.)
- Department of Crop Genetics and Breeding, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Prasad D, Jung WJ, Seo YW. Identification and molecular characterization of novel sucrose transporters in the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Gene 2023; 860:147245. [PMID: 36736505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Common wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a major cereal crop grown and consumed globally. Recent advances in sequencing technology have facilitated the exploration of large and repetitive genomes. Plant sucrose transporter (SUT) genes are vital components of energy transport systems that play prominent roles in various plant functions, such as signaling and stress regulation. In this study, we identified and analyzed five novel sucrose transporter genes in wheat. The wheat sucrose transporter genes were divided into five clades based on their phylogenetic relationships. Synteny analysis revealed that synteny in the genome is highly conserved between wheat and rye, barley, and Brachypodium. Furthermore, the cis-element analysis indicated that sucrose transporter genes might be regulated by light and some phytohormone-related transcriptional factors. Overall, plant tissue-specific gene expression revealed enhanced expression of the transporter genes in the root and stem, whereas they were differentially expressed under abiotic stress treatments (cold, heat, NaCl, PEG-6000, and sucrose). These results indicate that each TaSUT gene may play a crucial role in stabilizing plants under stress by actively regulating the energy demands of cells. The findings of this study may provide a basis for further research on sucrose transporters and their significant roles in plant energy metabolism as well as in abiotic stress response, signaling, and regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Depika Prasad
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Woo Joo Jung
- Institute of Life Science and Natural Resources, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Yong Weon Seo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosado-Souza L, Yokoyama R, Sonnewald U, Fernie AR. Understanding source-sink interactions: Progress in model plants and translational research to crops. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:96-121. [PMID: 36447435 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is facing a massive increase in demand per hectare as a result of an ever-expanding population and environmental deterioration. While we have learned much about how environmental conditions and diseases impact crop yield, until recently considerably less was known concerning endogenous factors, including within-plant nutrient allocation. In this review, we discuss studies of source-sink interactions covering both fundamental research in model systems under controlled growth conditions and how the findings are being translated to crop plants in the field. In this respect we detail efforts aimed at improving and/or combining C3, C4, and CAM modes of photosynthesis, altering the chloroplastic electron transport chain, modulating photorespiration, adopting bacterial/algal carbon-concentrating mechanisms, and enhancing nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies. Moreover, we discuss how modulating TCA cycle activities and primary metabolism can result in increased rates of photosynthesis and outline the opportunities that evaluating natural variation in photosynthesis may afford. Although source, transport, and sink functions are all covered in this review, we focus on discussing source functions because the majority of research has been conducted in this field. Nevertheless, considerable recent evidence, alongside the evidence from classical studies, demonstrates that both transport and sink functions are also incredibly important determinants of yield. We thus describe recent evidence supporting this notion and suggest that future strategies for yield improvement should focus on combining improvements in each of these steps to approach yield optimization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laise Rosado-Souza
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Ryo Yokoyama
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Burgess AJ, Masclaux‐Daubresse C, Strittmatter G, Weber APM, Taylor SH, Harbinson J, Yin X, Long S, Paul MJ, Westhoff P, Loreto F, Ceriotti A, Saltenis VLR, Pribil M, Nacry P, Scharff LB, Jensen PE, Muller B, Cohan J, Foulkes J, Rogowsky P, Debaeke P, Meyer C, Nelissen H, Inzé D, Klein Lankhorst R, Parry MAJ, Murchie EH, Baekelandt A. Improving crop yield potential: Underlying biological processes and future prospects. Food Energy Secur 2022; 12:e435. [PMID: 37035025 PMCID: PMC10078444 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population and global increases in the standard of living both result in an increasing demand for food, feed and other plant-derived products. In the coming years, plant-based research will be among the major drivers ensuring food security and the expansion of the bio-based economy. Crop productivity is determined by several factors, including the available physical and agricultural resources, crop management, and the resource use efficiency, quality and intrinsic yield potential of the chosen crop. This review focuses on intrinsic yield potential, since understanding its determinants and their biological basis will allow to maximize the plant's potential in food and energy production. Yield potential is determined by a variety of complex traits that integrate strictly regulated processes and their underlying gene regulatory networks. Due to this inherent complexity, numerous potential targets have been identified that could be exploited to increase crop yield. These encompass diverse metabolic and physical processes at the cellular, organ and canopy level. We present an overview of some of the distinct biological processes considered to be crucial for yield determination that could further be exploited to improve future crop productivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J. Burgess
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | | | - Günter Strittmatter
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Andreas P. M. Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Jeremy Harbinson
- Laboratory for Biophysics Wageningen University and Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xinyou Yin
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Sciences Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Long
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
- Plant Biology and Crop Sciences University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois USA
| | | | - Peter Westhoff
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS) Heinrich‐Heine‐Universität Düsseldorf Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy and University of Naples Federico II Napoli Italy
| | - Aldo Ceriotti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology National Research Council (CNR) Milan Italy
| | - Vandasue L. R. Saltenis
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mathias Pribil
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Philippe Nacry
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, CNRS Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | - Lars B. Scharff
- Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Poul Erik Jensen
- Department of Food Science University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Bertrand Muller
- Université de Montpellier ‐ LEPSE – INRAE Institut Agro Montpellier France
| | | | - John Foulkes
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Peter Rogowsky
- INRAE UMR Plant Reproduction and Development Lyon France
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- IJPB UMR1318 INRAE‐AgroParisTech‐Université Paris Saclay Versailles France
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| | - René Klein Lankhorst
- Wageningen Plant Research Wageningen University & Research Wageningen The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik H. Murchie
- School of Biosciences University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus Loughborough UK
| | - Alexandra Baekelandt
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology Ghent Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li Y, Yang X, Liu H, Wang W, Wang C, Ding G, Xu F, Wang S, Cai H, Hammond JP, White PJ, Shabala S, Yu M, Shi L. Local and systemic responses conferring acclimation of Brassica napus roots to low phosphorus conditions. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4753-4777. [PMID: 35511123 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the non-uniform distribution of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the soil, plants modify their root architecture to improve acquisition of this nutrient. In this study, a split-root system was employed to assess the nature of local and systemic signals that modulate root architecture of Brassica napus grown with non-uniform Pi availability. Lateral root (LR) growth was regulated systemically by non-uniform Pi distribution, by increasing the second-order LR (2°LR) density in compartments with high Pi supply but decreasing it in compartments with low Pi availability. Transcriptomic profiling identified groups of genes regulated, both locally and systemically, by Pi starvation. The number of systemically induced genes was greater than the number of genes locally induced, and included genes related to abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathways, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, sucrose, and starch metabolism. Physiological studies confirmed the involvement of ABA, JA, sugars, and ROS in the systemic Pi starvation response. Our results reveal the mechanistic basis of local and systemic responses of B. napus to Pi starvation and provide new insights into the molecular and physiological basis of root plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - HaiJiang Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangda Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - John P Hammond
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Philip J White
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Sergey Shabala
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Min Yu
- International Research Center for Environmental Membrane Biology & Department of Horticulture, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nam H, Gupta A, Nam H, Lee S, Cho HS, Park C, Park S, Park SJ, Hwang I. JULGI-mediated increment in phloem transport capacity relates to fruit yield in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 20:1533-1545. [PMID: 35478430 PMCID: PMC9342617 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The continuous growth of the global population and the increase in the amount of arid land has severely constrained agricultural crop production. To solve this problem, many researchers have attempted to increase productivity through the efficient distribution of energy; however, the direct relationship between the plant vasculature, specifically phloem development, and crop yield is not well established. Here, we demonstrate that an optimum increase in phloem-transportation capacity by reducing SIJUL expression leads to improved sink strength in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). SIJUL, a negative regulator of phloem development, suppresses the translation of a positive regulator of phloem development, SlSMXL5. The suppression of SlJUL increases the number of phloem cells and sucrose transport, but only an optimal reduction of SlJUL function greatly enhances sink strength in tomato, improving fruit setting, and yield contents by 37% and 60%, respectively. We show that the increment in phloem cell number confers spare transport capacity. Our results suggest that the control of phloem-transport capacity within the threshold could enhance the commitment of photosynthates to instigate yield improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoyoung Nam
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Aarti Gupta
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Heejae Nam
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Hyun Seob Cho
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Chanyoung Park
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic ScienceWonkwang UniversityIksanKorea
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life SciencesPOSTECH Biotech CenterPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mishra S, Salichs O, DiGennaro P. Temporally Regulated Plant-Nematode Gene Networks Implicate Metabolic Pathways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:616-626. [PMID: 35343249 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-21-0256-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN) (Meloidogyne spp.) constantly communicate with their host to establish and maintain specialized feeding cells. They likely regulate this interaction by monitoring host biology. As plant host biology is influenced by light and gene expression varies correspondingly, RKN gene transcription and biology likely follow similar patterns. We profiled RKN transcripts over a period of 24 h and identified approximately 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEG) in nematode and model host Medicago truncatula, with the majority of DEG occurring in the middle of the dark period. Many of the plant DEG are involved in defense-response pathways, while the nematode DEG are involved in establishing infection, suggesting a strong host-nematode interaction occurring during the dark. To identify interacting genes, we developed a plant-nematode gene network based on DEG signals. The phenylpropanoid pathway was identified as a significant plant-nematode interacting pathway, representing four of 33 genes in the network. We further examined if this pathway interacts similarly in another host, tomato, by quantifying phenolic and flavonoid compounds produced by this pathway. Phenolic compounds showed a significant increase in production during the day in uninoculated plants as compared with during the night. However, during the dark period, there was an increase in flavonoid content in infected plants when compared with uninfected controls, indicating potential host defense mechanisms active during the height of nematode activity at night. This study elucidated cross-species interacting pathways that could be targeted to develop novel management strategies to these important pests.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shova Mishra
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Oscar Salichs
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| | - Peter DiGennaro
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun L, Deng R, Liu J, Lai M, Wu J, Liu X, Shahid MQ. An overview of sucrose transporter (SUT) genes family in rice. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5685-5695. [PMID: 35699859 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Photosynthesis provides the energy basis for the life activities of plants by producing organic compounds, mainly sugar. As the main energy form of photosynthesis, sugar affects the growth and development of plants. During long-distance transportation, sucrose is the main form of transportation. The rate of sugar transport and the allocation of carbohydrates affect the biomass of crops and are closely related to the reproductive growth of crops. MAIN TEXT The transportation of sugar is divided into active transportation and passive transportation. So how does the sucrose transporters (SUT) genes, which are the main carriers of sucrose in active transportation, affect the performance of rice agronomic traits is still to be explored. In this article, we describe the structure of inflorescence and review the transport forms and metabolic processes of sucrose in rice, such as how CO2 is fixed, carbohydrate assimilation, and transport of organic matter. Sucrose transporters exhibited remarkable effects on the development of reproductive organs in rice. CONCLUSIONS Here, the effects of different factors, such as the effects of anthers morphology on starch enrichment of pollen, effects of biotic and abiotic factors on sucrose transporters, effects of changes in trace elements on sucrose transporters, were discussed. Moreover, the regulation of transcription or translation level provides ideas for future research on sucrose transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ruilian Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mingyu Lai
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jinwen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang X, Li B, Duan R, Han C, Wang L, Yang J, Wang L, Wang S, Su Y, Xue H. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Roles of Sucrose in Anthocyanin Accumulation in 'Kuerle Xiangli' ( Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061064. [PMID: 35741826 PMCID: PMC9222499 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pear (Pyrus L.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops worldwide, with considerable economic value and significant health benefits. Red-skinned pears have an attractive appearance and relatively high anthocyanin accumulation, and are especially favored by customers. Abnormal weather conditions usually reduce the coloration of red pears. The application of exogenous sucrose obviously promotes anthocyanins accumulation in ‘Kuerle Xiangli’ (Pyrus sinkiangensis Yü); however, the underlying molecular mechanism of sucrose-mediated fruit coloration remains largely unknown. In this study, comprehensive transcriptome analysis was performed to identify the essential regulators and pathways associated with anthocyanin accumulation. The differentially expressed genes enriched in Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes items were analyzed. The transcript levels of some anthocyanin biosynthetic regulatory genes and structural genes were significantly induced by sucrose treatment. Sucrose application also stimulated the expression of some sugar transporter genes. Further RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the induction of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Taken together, the results revealed that sucrose promotes pear coloration most likely by regulating sugar metabolism and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underlying the coloration of red-skinned pear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhan Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Bo Li
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Ruiwei Duan
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Chunhong Han
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- College of Horticulture and Plant Conservation, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Long Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Suke Wang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Yanli Su
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
| | - Huabai Xue
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; (X.Z.); (B.L.); (R.D.); (C.H.); (L.W.); (J.Y.); (L.W.); (S.W.); (Y.S.)
- Key Laboratory of Fruit Breeding Technology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xue X, Wang J, Shukla D, Cheung LS, Chen LQ. When SWEETs Turn Tweens: Updates and Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:379-403. [PMID: 34910586 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070621-093907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sugar translocation between cells and between subcellular compartments in plants requires either plasmodesmata or a diverse array of sugar transporters. Interactions between plants and associated microorganisms also depend on sugar transporters. The sugars will eventually be exported transporter (SWEET) family is made up of conserved and essential transporters involved in many critical biological processes. The functional significance and small size of these proteins have motivated crystallographers to successfully capture several structures of SWEETs and their bacterial homologs in different conformations. These studies together with molecular dynamics simulations have provided unprecedented insights into sugar transport mechanisms in general and into substrate recognition of glucose and sucrose in particular. This review summarizes our current understanding of the SWEET family, from the atomic to the whole-plant level. We cover methods used for their characterization, theories about their evolutionary origins, biochemical properties, physiological functions, and regulation. We also include perspectives on the future work needed to translate basic research into higher crop yields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Xue
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| | - Diwakar Shukla
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Lily S Cheung
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Braun DM. Phloem Loading and Unloading of Sucrose: What a Long, Strange Trip from Source to Sink. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 73:553-584. [PMID: 35171647 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070721-083240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose is transported from sources (mature leaves) to sinks (importing tissues such as roots, stems, fruits, and seeds) through the phloem tissues in veins. In many herbaceous crop species, sucrose must first be effluxed to the cell wall by a sugar transporter of the SWEET family prior to being taken up into phloem companion cells or sieve elements by a different sugar transporter, called SUT or SUC. The import of sucrose into these cells is termed apoplasmic phloem loading. In sinks, sucrose can similarly exit the phloem apoplasmically or, alternatively, symplasmically through plasmodesmata into connecting parenchyma storage cells. Recent advances describing the regulation and manipulation of sugar transporter expression and activities provide stimulating new insights into sucrose phloem loading in sources and unloading processes in sink tissues. Additionally, new breakthroughs have revealed distinct subpopulations of cells in leaves with different functions pertaining to phloem loading. These and other discoveries in sucrose transport are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Braun
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stanfield RC, Bartlett MK. Coordination Between Phloem Loading and Structure Maintains Carbon Transport Under Drought. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:787837. [PMID: 35251074 PMCID: PMC8891486 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.787837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining phloem transport under water stress is expected to be crucial to whole-plant drought tolerance, but the traits that benefit phloem function under drought are poorly understood. Nearly half of surveyed angiosperm species, including important crops, use sucrose transporter proteins to actively load sugar into the phloem. Plants can alter transporter abundance in response to stress, providing a potential mechanism for active-loading species to closely regulate phloem loading rates to avoid drought-induced reductions or failures in phloem transport. We developed an integrated xylem-phloem-stomatal model to test this hypothesis by quantifying the joint impacts of transporter kinetics, phloem anatomy, and plant water status on sucrose export to sinks. We parameterized the model with phloem hydraulic resistances and sucrose transporter kinetic parameters compiled from the literature, and simulated loading regulation by allowing loading rates to decline exponentially with phloem pressure to prevent excessive sucrose concentrations from inducing viscosity limitations. In the absence of loading regulation, where loading rates were independent of phloem pressure, most resistance values produced unrealistic phloem pressures owing to viscosity effects, even under well-watered conditions. Conversely, pressure-regulated loading helped to control viscosity buildup and improved export to sinks for both lower and higher resistant phloem pathways, while maintaining realistic phloem pressures. Regulation also allowed for rapid loading and export in wet conditions while maintaining export and viable phloem pressures during drought. Therefore, we expect feedbacks between phloem pressure and loading to be critical to carbon transport in active-loading species, especially under drought, and for transporter kinetics to be strongly coordinated with phloem architecture and plant water status. This work provides an important and underexplored physiological framework to understand the ecophysiology of phloem transport under drought and to enhance the genetic engineering of crop plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Stanfield
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Singh S, Kumar V, Parihar P, Dhanjal DS, Singh R, Ramamurthy PC, Prasad R, Singh J. Differential regulation of drought stress by biological membrane transporters and channels. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:1565-1583. [PMID: 34132878 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stress arising due to abiotic factors affects the plant's growth and productivity. Among several existing abiotic stressors like cold, drought, heat, salinity, heavy metal, etc., drought condition tends to affect the plant's growth by inducing two-point effect, i.e., it disturbs the water balance as well as induces toxicity by disturbing the ion homeostasis, thus hindering the growth and productivity of plants, and to survive under this condition, plants have evolved several transportation systems that are involved in regulating the drought stress. The role of membrane transporters has gained interest since genetic engineering came into existence, and they were found to be the important modulators for tolerance, avoidance, ion movements, stomatal movements, etc. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed the role of transporters (ABA, protein, carbohydrates, etc.) and channels that aids in withstanding the drought stress as well as the regulatory role of transporters involved in osmotic adjustments arising due to drought stress. This review also provides a gist of hydraulic conductivity by roots that are involved in regulating the drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simranjeet Singh
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 56001, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474009, India
| | - Parul Parihar
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211008, India
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| | - Rachana Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211008, India
| | - Praveen C Ramamurthy
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Water Research (ICWaR), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 56001, India.
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar, 845401, India.
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144111, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Grant JE, Ninan A, Cripps-Guazzone N, Shaw M, Song J, Pet Ík I, Novák OE, Tegeder M, Jameson PE. Concurrent overexpression of amino acid permease AAP1(3a) and SUT1 sucrose transporter in pea resulted in increased seed number and changed cytokinin and protein levels. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:889-904. [PMID: 34366001 DOI: 10.1071/fp21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using pea as our model crop, we sought to understand the regulatory control over the import of sugars and amino acids into the developing seeds and its importance for seed yield and quality. Transgenic peas simultaneously overexpressing a sucrose transporter and an amino acid transporter were developed. Pod walls, seed coats, and cotyledons were analysed separately, as well as leaves subtending developing pods. Sucrose, starch, protein, free amino acids, and endogenous cytokinins were measured during development. Temporal gene expression analyses (RT-qPCR) of amino acid (AAP), sucrose (SUT), and SWEET transporter family members, and those from cell wall invertase, cytokinin biosynthetic (IPT) and degradation (CKX) gene families indicated a strong effect of the transgenes on gene expression. In seed coats of the double transgenics, increased content and prolonged presence of cytokinin was particularly noticeable. The transgenes effectively promoted transition of young sink leaves into source leaves. We suggest the increased flux of sucrose and amino acids from source to sink, along with increased interaction between cytokinin and cell wall invertase in developing seed coats led to enhanced sink activity, resulting in higher cotyledon sucrose at process pea harvest, and increased seed number and protein content at maturity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan E Grant
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| | - Annu Ninan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalia Cripps-Guazzone
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, New Zealand
| | - Martin Shaw
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jiancheng Song
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and School of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Ivan Pet Ík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ond Ej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelu 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Paula E Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; and Corresponding authors. Emails: ;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Keller I, Rodrigues CM, Neuhaus HE, Pommerrenig B. Improved resource allocation and stabilization of yield under abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153336. [PMID: 33360492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sugars are the main building blocks for carbohydrate storage, but also serve as signaling molecules and protective compounds during abiotic stress responses. Accordingly, sugar transport proteins fulfill multiple roles as they mediate long distance sugar allocation, but also shape the subcellular and tissue-specific carbohydrate profiles by balancing the levels of these molecules in various compartments. Accordingly, transporter activity represents a target by classical or directed breeding approaches, to either, directly increase phloem loading or to increase sink strength in crop species. The relative subcellular distribution of sugars is critical for molecular signaling affecting yield-relevant processes like photosynthesis, onset of flowering and stress responses, while controlled long-distance sugar transport directly impacts development and productivity of plants. However, long-distance transport is prone to become unbalanced upon adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, we highlight the influence of stress stimuli on sucrose transport in the phloem and include the role of stress induced cellular carbohydrate sinks, like raffinose or fructans, which possess important roles to build up tolerance against challenging environmental conditions. In addition, we report on recent breeding approaches that resulted in altered source and sink capacities, leading to increased phloem sucrose shuttling in crops. Finally, we present strategies integrating the need of cellular stress-protection into the general picture of long-distance transport under abiotic stress, and point to possible approaches improving plant performance and resource allocation under adverse environmental conditions, leading to stabilized or even increased crop yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Keller
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - H Ekkehard Neuhaus
- Plant Physiology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Beuchat G, Xue X, Chen LQ. Review: The Next Steps in Crop Improvement: Adoption of Emerging Strategies to Identify Bottlenecks in Sugar Flux. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 301:110675. [PMID: 33218639 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Sugar allocation in plants is the fundamental process that transports sugar from source to sink tissues and has a dramatic impact on crop yields. Controlling sugar allocation is required to increase crop yields, as well as biomass for biofuel production. Successful examples have demonstrated that genetic engineering of sugar partitioning offers a promising strategy to achieve this goal. However, improvement has thus far been limited by gaps in understanding of the underlying mechanisms controlling the allocation of sugars. The dynamics of sugar partitioning are minimally predictable under different conditions, between species, or in response to abiotic stresses. Here, we discuss four methodologies that have not been sufficiently exploited for the identification of bottlenecks in sugar flux. Furthermore, we suggest how these strategies can be used and combined to provide the insight needed to maximize crop yields or biomass, especially under conditions of environmental stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Beuchat
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Xueyi Xue
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA; DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meng Q, Zhang W, Hu X, Shi X, Chen L, Dai X, Qu H, Xia Y, Liu W, Gu M, Xu G. Two ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase subunits, OsAGPL1 and OsAGPS1, modulate phosphorus homeostasis in rice. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1269-1284. [PMID: 32996185 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plant acclimatory responses to phosphate (Pi) starvation stress include the accumulation of carbohydrates, namely sugar and starch. However, whether altered endogenous carbohydrate profile could in turn affect plant Pi starvation responses remains widely unexplored. Here, two genes encoding the large and small subunits of an ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) in rice (Oryza sativa), AGP Large Subunit 1 (AGPL1) and AGP Small Subunit 1 (AGPS1), were functionally characterized with regard to maintenance of phosphorus (P) homeostasis and regulation of Pi starvation signaling. AGPL1 and AGPS1 were both positively responsive to nitrogen (N) or Pi deprivation, and expressed in almost all the tissues except in the meristem and mature zones of root. AGPL1 and AGPS1 physically interacted in chloroplast, and catalyzed the rate-limiting step of starch biosynthesis. Low-N- (LN) and low-Pi (LP)-triggered starch accumulation in leaves was impaired in agpl1, agps1 and apgl1 agps1 mutants compared with the wild-type plants. By contrast, mutation of AGPL1 and/or AGPS1 led to an increase in the content of the major sugar, sucrose, in leaf sheath and root under control and LN conditions. Moreover, the Pi accumulation was enhanced in the mutants under control and LN conditions, but not LP conditions. Notably, the LN-induced suppression of Pi accumulation was compromised attributed to the mutation of AGPL1 and/or AGPS1. Furthermore, the increased Pi accumulation was accompanied by the specific suppression of OsSPX2 and activation of several Pi transporter genes. These results indicate that a balanced level of carbohydrates is vital for maintaining plant P homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinyu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoli Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hongye Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuwei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mian Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing, 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Al-Sheikh Ahmed S, Zhang J, Farhan H, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Islam S, Chen J, Cricelli S, Foreman A, den Ende WV, Ma W, Dell B. Diurnal Changes in Water Soluble Carbohydrate Components in Leaves and Sucrose Associated TaSUT1 Gene Expression during Grain Development in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218276. [PMID: 33167324 PMCID: PMC7663803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In plant tissues, sugar levels are determined by the balance between sugar import, export, and sugar synthesis. So far, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) dynamics have not been investigated in a diurnal context in wheat stems as compared to the dynamics in flag leaves during the terminal phases of grain filling. Here, we filled this research gap and tested the hypothesis that WSC dynamics interlink with gene expression of TaSUT1. The main stems and flag leaves of two genotypes, Westonia and Kauz, were sampled at four hourly intervals over a 24 h period at six developmental stages from heading to 28 DAA (days after anthesis). The total levels of WSC and WSC components were measured, and TaSUT1 gene expression was quantified at 21 DAA. On average, the total WSC and fructan levels in the stems were double those in the flag leaves. In both cultivars, diurnal patterns in the total WSC and sucrose were detected in leaves across all developmental stages, but not for the fructans 6-kestose and bifurcose. However, in stems, diurnal patterns of the total WSC and fructan were only found at anthesis in Kauz. The different levels of WSC and WSC components between Westonia and Kauz are likely associated with leaf chlorophyll levels and fructan degradation, especially 6-kestose degradation. High correlation between levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in leaves indicated that TaSUT1 expression is likely to be influenced by the level of sucrose in leaves, and the combination of high levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in Kauz may contribute to its high grain yield under well-watered conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Al-Sheikh Ahmed
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Jingjuan Zhang
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (B.D.)
| | - Hussein Farhan
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Yingquan Zhang
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Zitong Yu
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Shahidul Islam
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Jiansheng Chen
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Sanda Cricelli
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia; (S.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Andrew Foreman
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch 6150, WA, Australia; (S.C.); (A.F.)
| | | | - Wujun Ma
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
| | - Bernard Dell
- Agricultural Sciences, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; (S.A.-S.A.); (H.F.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Y.); (S.I.); (J.C.); (W.M.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (B.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Multi-gene metabolic engineering of tomato plants results in increased fruit yield up to 23%. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17219. [PMID: 33057137 PMCID: PMC7560729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to assimilate carbon and nitrogen, to transport the resultant sugars and amino acids to sink tissues, and to convert the incoming sugars and amino acids into storage compounds in the sink tissues, are key determinants of crop yield. Given that all of these processes have the potential to co-limit growth, multiple genetic interventions in source and sink tissues, plus transport processes may be necessary to reach the full yield potential of a crop. We used biolistic combinatorial co-transformation (up to 20 transgenes) for increasing C and N flows with the purpose of increasing tomato fruit yield. We observed an increased fruit yield of up to 23%. To better explore the reconfiguration of metabolic networks in these transformants, we generated a dataset encompassing physiological parameters, gene expression and metabolite profiling on plants grown under glasshouse or polytunnel conditions. A Sparse Partial Least Squares regression model was able to explain the combination of genes that contributed to increased fruit yield. This combinatorial study of multiple transgenes targeting primary metabolism thus offers opportunities to probe the genetic basis of metabolic and phenotypic variation, providing insight into the difficulties in choosing the correct combination of targets for engineering increased fruit yield.
Collapse
|
24
|
Pommerrenig B, Müdsam C, Kischka D, Neuhaus HE. Treat and trick: common regulation and manipulation of sugar transporters during sink establishment by the plant and the pathogen. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3930-3940. [PMID: 32242225 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sugar transport proteins are crucial for the coordinated allocation of sugars. In this Expert View we summarize recent key findings of the roles and regulation of sugar transporters in inter- and intracellular transport by focusing on applied approaches, demonstrating how sucrose transporter activity may alter source and sink dynamics and their identities. The plant itself alters its sugar transport activity in a developmentally dependent manner to either establish or load endogenous sinks, for example, during tuber formation and filling. Pathogens represent aberrant sinks that trigger the plant to induce the same processes, resulting in loss of carbon assimilates. We explore common mechanisms of intrinsic, developmentally dependent processes and aberrant, pathogen-induced manipulation of sugar transport. Transporter activity may also be targeted by breeding or genetic modification approaches in crop plants to alter source and sink metabolism upon the overexpression or heterologous expression of these proteins. In addition, we highlight recent progress in the use of sugar analogs to study these processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dominik Kischka
- Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Regmi KC, Yogendra K, Farias JG, Li L, Kandel R, Yadav UP, Sha S, Trittermann C, Short L, George J, Evers J, Plett D, Ayre BG, Roy SJ, Gaxiola RA. Improved Yield and Photosynthate Partitioning in AVP1 Expressing Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:273. [PMID: 32256508 PMCID: PMC7090233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental factor to improve crop productivity involves the optimization of reduced carbon translocation from source to sink tissues. Here, we present data consistent with the positive effect that the expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana H+-PPase (AVP1) has on reduced carbon partitioning and yield increases in wheat. Immunohistochemical localization of H+-PPases (TaVP) in spring wheat Bobwhite L. revealed the presence of this conserved enzyme in wheat vasculature and sink tissues. Of note, immunogold imaging showed a plasma membrane localization of TaVP in sieve element- companion cell complexes of Bobwhite source leaves. These data together with the distribution patterns of a fluorescent tracer and [U14C]-sucrose are consistent with an apoplasmic phloem-loading model in wheat. Interestingly, 14C-labeling experiments provided evidence for enhanced carbon partitioning between shoots and roots, and between flag leaves and milk stage kernels in AVP1 expressing Bobwhite lines. In keeping, there is a significant yield improvement triggered by the expression of AVP1 in these lines. Green house and field grown transgenic wheat expressing AVP1 also produced higher grain yield and number of seeds per plant, and exhibited an increase in root biomass when compared to null segregants. Another agriculturally desirable phenotype showed by AVP1 Bobwhite plants is a robust establishment of seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamesh C. Regmi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Kalenahalli Yogendra
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Júlia Gomes Farias
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lin Li
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Raju Kandel
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Umesh P. Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Shengbo Sha
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christine Trittermann
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Laura Short
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jessey George
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - John Evers
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Darren Plett
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brian G. Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, United States
| | - Stuart John Roy
- Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Carbon export from leaves is controlled via ubiquitination and phosphorylation of sucrose transporter SUC2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6223-6230. [PMID: 32123097 PMCID: PMC7084081 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912754117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants depend on strict regulation of carbon transport to keep the activities of different parts in balance under various environmental conditions. In most crops and the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, sucrose transporters (SUCs) that are strategically positioned in the leaf veins are responsible for carbon export from photosynthetically active leaves. Despite their central role, relatively little is known about the regulation of SUCs. This study identified two regulatory proteins of Arabidopsis SUC2 and investigated how they modulate sucrose transport activity. Both proteins proved important for the environmental acclimation of leaf carbon export. Furthermore, the increased biomass and yield of plants lacking a regulator observed here demonstrate that manipulation of SUC regulation can be a viable path to enhance plant productivity. All multicellular organisms keep a balance between sink and source activities by controlling nutrient transport at strategic positions. In most plants, photosynthetically produced sucrose is the predominant carbon and energy source, whose transport from leaves to carbon sink organs depends on sucrose transporters. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, transport of sucrose into the phloem vascular tissue by SUCROSE TRANSPORTER 2 (SUC2) sets the rate of carbon export from source leaves, just like the SUC2 homologs of most crop plants. Despite their importance, little is known about the proteins that regulate these sucrose transporters. Here, identification and characterization of SUC2-interaction partners revealed that SUC2 activity is regulated via its protein turnover rate and phosphorylation state. UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME 34 (UBC34) was found to trigger turnover of SUC2 in a light-dependent manner. The E2 enzyme UBC34 could ubiquitinate SUC2 in vitro, a function generally associated with E3 ubiquitin ligases. ubc34 mutants showed increased phloem loading, as well as increased biomass and yield. In contrast, mutants of another SUC2-interaction partner, WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE LIKE 8 (WAKL8), showed decreased phloem loading and growth. An in vivo assay based on a fluorescent sucrose analog confirmed that SUC2 phosphorylation by WAKL8 can increase transport activity. Both proteins are required for the up-regulation of phloem loading in response to increased light intensity. The molecular mechanism of SUC2 regulation elucidated here provides promising targets for the biotechnological enhancement of source strength.
Collapse
|
27
|
Du Y, Zhao Q, Chen L, Yao X, Zhang H, Wu J, Xie F. Effect of Drought Stress during Soybean R2-R6 Growth Stages on Sucrose Metabolism in Leaf and Seed. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E618. [PMID: 31963537 PMCID: PMC7013680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose is the main photosynthesis product of plants and the fundamental carbon skeleton monomer and energy supply for seed formation and development. Drought stress induces decreased photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity, and seriously affects seed weight in soybean. However, little is known about the relationship between decreases in soybean seed yield and disruption of sucrose metabolism and transport balance in leaves and seeds during the reproductive stages of crop growth. Three soybean cultivars with similar growth periods, "Shennong17", "Shennong8", and "Shennong12", were subjected to drought stress during reproductive growth for 45 days. Drought stress significantly reduced leaf photosynthetic rate, shoot biomass, and seed weight by 63.93, 33.53, and 41.65%, respectively. Drought stress increased soluble sugar contents, the activities of sucrose phosphate synthase, sucrose synthase, and acid invertase enzymes, and up-regulated the expression levels of GmSPS1, GmSuSy2, and GmA-INV, but decreased starch content by 15.13% in leaves. Drought stress decreased the contents of starch, fructose, and glucose in seeds during the late seed filling stages, while it induced sucrose accumulation, which resulted in a decreased hexose-to-sucrose ratio. In developing seeds, the activities of sucrose synthesis and degradation enzymes, the expression levels of genes related to metabolism, and the expression levels of sucrose transporter genes were enhanced during early seed development under drought stress; however, under prolonged drought stress, all of them decreased. These results demonstrated that drought stress enhances the capacity for unloading sucrose into seeds and activated sucrose metabolism during early seed development. At the middle and late seed filling stages, sucrose flow from leaves to seeds was diminished, and the balance of sucrose metabolism was impaired in seeds, resulting in seed mass reduction. The different regulation strategies in sucrose allocation, metabolism, and transport during different seed development stages may be one of the physiological mechanisms for soybean plants to resist drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Du
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Liru Chen
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xingdong Yao
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huijun Zhang
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| | - Junjiang Wu
- Soybean Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Soybean Cultivation of Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Futi Xie
- Soybean Research Institute, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.D.); (Q.Z.); (L.C.); (X.Y.); (H.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Lu MZ, Snyder R, Grant J, Tegeder M. Manipulation of sucrose phloem and embryo loading affects pea leaf metabolism, carbon and nitrogen partitioning to sinks as well as seed storage pools. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:217-236. [PMID: 31520495 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Seed development largely depends on the long-distance transport of sucrose from photosynthetically active source leaves to seed sinks. This source-to-sink carbon allocation occurs in the phloem and requires the loading of sucrose into the leaf phloem and, at the sink end, its import into the growing embryo. Both tasks are achieved through the function of SUT sucrose transporters. In this study, we used vegetable peas (Pisum sativum L.), harvested for human consumption as immature seeds, as our model crop and simultaneously overexpressed the endogenous SUT1 transporter in the leaf phloem and in cotyledon epidermal cells where import into the embryo occurs. Using this 'Push-and-Pull' approach, the transgenic SUT1 plants displayed increased sucrose phloem loading and carbon movement from source to sink causing higher sucrose levels in developing pea seeds. The enhanced sucrose partitioning further led to improved photosynthesis rates, increased leaf nitrogen assimilation, and enhanced source-to-sink transport of amino acids. Embryo loading with amino acids was also increased in SUT1-overexpressors resulting in higher protein levels in immature seeds. Further, transgenic plants grown until desiccation produced more seed protein and starch, as well as higher seed yields than the wild-type plants. Together, the results demonstrate that the SUT1-overexpressing plants with enhanced sucrose allocation to sinks adjust leaf carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and amino acid partitioning in order to accommodate the increased assimilate demand of growing seeds. We further provide evidence that the combined Push-and-Pull approach for enhancing carbon transport is a successful strategy for improving seed yields and nutritional quality in legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Zhu Lu
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Rachel Snyder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jan Grant
- New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mehdi R, Lamm CE, Bodampalli Anjanappa R, Müdsam C, Saeed M, Klima J, Kraner ME, Ludewig F, Knoblauch M, Gruissem W, Sonnewald U, Zierer W. Symplasmic phloem unloading and radial post-phloem transport via vascular rays in tuberous roots of Manihot esculenta. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5559-5573. [PMID: 31232453 PMCID: PMC6812707 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is one of the most important staple food crops worldwide. Its starchy tuberous roots supply over 800 million people with carbohydrates. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the processes involved in filling of those vital storage organs. A better understanding of cassava carbohydrate allocation and starch storage is key to improving storage root yield. Here, we studied cassava morphology and phloem sap flow from source to sink using transgenic pAtSUC2::GFP plants, the phloem tracers esculin and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, as well as several staining techniques. We show that cassava performs apoplasmic phloem loading in source leaves and symplasmic unloading into phloem parenchyma cells of tuberous roots. We demonstrate that vascular rays play an important role in radial transport from the phloem to xylem parenchyma cells in tuberous roots. Furthermore, enzymatic and proteomic measurements of storage root tissues confirmed high abundance and activity of enzymes involved in the sucrose synthase-mediated pathway and indicated that starch is stored most efficiently in the outer xylem layers of tuberous roots. Our findings form the basis for biotechnological approaches aimed at improved phloem loading and enhanced carbohydrate allocation and storage in order to increase tuberous root yield of cassava.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabih Mehdi
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian E Lamm
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Christina Müdsam
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Janine Klima
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max E Kraner
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Ludewig
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Wilhelm Gruissem
- Plant Biotechnology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Zierer
- Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rodrigues J, Inzé D, Nelissen H, Saibo NJM. Source-Sink Regulation in Crops under Water Deficit. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:652-663. [PMID: 31109763 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To meet the food demands of an increasing world population, it is necessary to improve crop production; a task that is made more challenging by the changing climate. Several recent reports show that increasing the capacity of plants to assimilate carbon (source strength), or to tap into the internal carbon reservoir (sink strength), has the potential to improve plant productivity in the field under water-deficit conditions. Here, we review the effects of water deficit on the source-sink communication, as well as the respective regulatory mechanisms underpinning plant productivity. We also highlight stress-tolerant traits that can contribute to harness source and sink strengths towards producing high-yielding and drought-tolerant crops, depending on the drought scenario.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Rodrigues
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hilde Nelissen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Nelson J M Saibo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, UNL, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yadav UP, Shaikh MA, Evers J, Regmi KC, Gaxiola RA, Ayre BG. Assessing Long-Distance Carbon Partitioning from Photosynthetic Source Leaves to Heterotrophic Sink Organs with Photoassimilated [ 14C]CO 2. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:223-233. [PMID: 31197800 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Phloem loading and long-distance transport of photoassimilate from source leaves to sink organs are essential physiological processes that contribute to plant growth and yield. At a minimum, three steps are involved: phloem loading in source organs, transport along the phloem path, and phloem unloading in sink organs. Each of these can have variable rates contingent on the physiological state of the plant, and thereby influence the overall transport rate. In addition to these phloem transport steps, rates of photosynthesis and photosynthate movement in the pre-phloem path, as well as photosynthate utilization in post phloem tissues of sink organs also contribute to phloem transport. The protocol described here estimates carbon allocation along the entire path from initial carbon fixation to delivery to sink organs after a labeling pulse: [14C]CO2 is photoassimilated in source leaves and loading and transport of the 14C label to heterotrophic sink organs (roots) is quantified by scintillation counting. This method is flexible and can be adapted to quantify long-distance transport in many plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - John Evers
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kamesh C Regmi
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Roberto A Gaxiola
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Stadler R, Sauer N. The AtSUC2 Promoter: A Powerful Tool to Study Phloem Physiology and Development. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:267-287. [PMID: 31197803 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The sucrose carrier AtSUC2 of Arabidopsis thaliana is localized in the phloem, where it catalyzes the uptake of sucrose from the apoplast into companion cells. Imported sucrose moves passively via plasmodesmata from the companion cells into the neighboring sieve elements that distribute this disaccharide to the different sink organs. Phloem loading of sucrose by the AtSUC2 protein is an essential process, and mutants lacking this protein stay tiny, develop no or only few flowers, and have a strongly reduced root system. The promoter of the AtSUC2 gene is active exclusively in companion cells of the phloem. Moreover, it drives very strong expression not only in Arabidopsis, but also in all plant species tested so far, including monocot species. Due to these features, the AtSUC2 promoter has become an important tool in diverse areas of plant research during the last two decades. It was used to study phloem development and function including phloem loading and unloading. Furthermore, it was helpful in analyzing the pathways of posttranscriptional silencing by RNA interference, the regulation of flowering, mechanisms of nutrient withdrawal by phloem-feeding pathogens, and other physiological functions that are related to long distance transport. The present paper gives an overview of different approaches in plant research that utilized the strong and companion cell-specific expression of own or foreign genes driven by the AtSUC2 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Stadler
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Norbert Sauer
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jia XM, Zhu YF, Hu Y, Zhang R, Cheng L, Zhu ZL, Zhao T, Zhang X, Wang YX. Integrated physiologic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of Malus halliana adaptation to saline-alkali stress. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:91. [PMID: 31645949 PMCID: PMC6804568 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Saline-alkali stress is a severely adverse abiotic stress limiting plant growth. Malus halliana Koehne is an apple rootstock that is tolerant to saline-alkali stress. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the tolerance of M. halliana to saline-alkali stress, an integrated metabolomic and proteomic approach was used to analyze the plant pathways involved in the stress response of the plant and its regulatory mechanisms. A total of 179 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 140 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified. We found that two metabolite-related enzymes (PPD and PAO) were associated with senescence and involved in porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism; six photosynthesis proteins (PSAH2, PSAK, PSBO2, PSBP1, and PSBQ2) were significantly upregulated, especially PSBO2, and could act as regulators of photosystem II (PSII) repair. Sucrose, acting as a signaling molecule, directly mediated the accumulation of D-phenylalanine, tryptophan, and alkaloid (vindoline and ecgonine) and the expression of proteins related to aspartate and glutamate (ASP3, ASN1, NIT4, and GLN1-1). These responses play a central role in maintaining osmotic balance and removing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, sucrose signaling induced flavonoid biosynthesis by activating the expression of CYP75B1 to regulate the homeostasis of ROS and promoted auxin signaling by activating the expression of T31B5_170 to enhance the resistance of M. halliana to saline-alkali stress. The decrease in peroxidase superfamily protein (PER) and ALDH2C4 during lignin synthesis further triggered a plant saline-alkali response. Overall, this study provides an important starting point for improving saline-alkali tolerance in M. halliana via genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-mei Jia
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-fang Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Ya Hu
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Science, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Li Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Zu-lei Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiayi Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan-xiu Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, 730070 Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knox K, Paterlini A, Thomson S, Oparka K. The Coumarin Glucoside, Esculin, Reveals Rapid Changes in Phloem-Transport Velocity in Response to Environmental Cues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:795-807. [PMID: 30111635 PMCID: PMC6181028 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of phloem transport and its vital roles in long-distance communication and carbon allocation have been hampered by a lack of suitable tools that allow high-throughput, real-time studies. Esculin, a fluorescent coumarin glucoside, is recognized by Suc transporters, including AtSUC2, which loads it into the phloem for translocation to sink tissues. These properties make it an ideal tool for use in live-imaging experiments, where it acts as a surrogate for Suc. Here, we show that esculin is translocated with a similar efficiency to Suc and, because of its ease of application and detection, demonstrate that it is an ideal tool for in vivo studies of phloem transport. We used esculin to determine the effect of different environmental cues on the velocity of phloem transport. We provide evidence that fluctuations in cotyledon Suc levels influence phloem velocity rapidly, supporting the pressure-flow model of phloem transport. Under acute changes in light levels, the phloem velocity mirrored changes in the expression of AtSUC2 This observation suggests that under certain environmental conditions, transcriptional regulation may affect the abundance of AtSUC2 and thus regulate the phloem transport velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knox
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Paterlini
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Thomson
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Aguirre M, Kiegle E, Leo G, Ezquer I. Carbohydrate reserves and seed development: an overview. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2018; 31:263-290. [PMID: 29728792 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-018-0336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seeds are one of the most important food sources, providing humans and animals with essential nutrients. These nutrients include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Carbohydrates are one of the main energy sources for both plant and animal cells and play a fundamental role in seed development, human nutrition and the food industry. Many studies have focused on the molecular pathways that control carbohydrate flow during seed development in monocot and dicot species. For this reason, an overview of seed biodiversity focused on the multiple metabolic and physiological mechanisms that govern seed carbohydrate storage function in the plant kingdom is required. A large number of mutants affecting carbohydrate metabolism, which display defective seed development, are currently available for many plant species. The physiological, biochemical and biomolecular study of such mutants has led researchers to understand better how metabolism of carbohydrates works in plants and the critical role that these carbohydrates, and especially starch, play during seed development. In this review, we summarize and analyze the newest findings related to carbohydrate metabolism's effects on seed development, pointing out key regulatory genes and enzymes that influence seed sugar import and metabolism. Our review also aims to provide guidelines for future research in the field and in this way to assist seed quality optimization by targeted genetic engineering and classical breeding programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Aguirre
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
- FNWI, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Kiegle
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Leo
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Ignacio Ezquer
- Dipartimento di BioScienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ainsworth EA, Lemonnier P. Phloem function: a key to understanding and manipulating plant responses to rising atmospheric [CO 2]? CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:50-56. [PMID: 29329037 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) directly stimulates photosynthesis and reduces stomatal conductance in C3 plants. Both of these physiological effects have the potential to alter phloem function at elevated [CO2]. Recent research has clearly established that photosynthetic capacity is correlated to vascular traits associated with phloem loading and water transport, but the effects of elevated [CO2] on these relationships are largely unexplored. Plants also employ different strategies for loading sucrose and other sugars into the phloem, and there is potential for species with different phloem loading strategies to respond differently to elevated [CO2]. Recent research manipulating sucrose transporters and other key enzymes with roles in phloem loading show promise for maximizing crop performance in an elevated [CO2] world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA.
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana, Champaign, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Minow MAA, Ávila LM, Turner K, Ponzoni E, Mascheretti I, Dussault FM, Lukens L, Rossi V, Colasanti J. Distinct gene networks modulate floral induction of autonomous maize and photoperiod-dependent teosinte. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2937-2952. [PMID: 29688423 PMCID: PMC5972621 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Temperate maize was domesticated from its tropical ancestor, teosinte. Whereas temperate maize is an autonomous day-neutral plant, teosinte is an obligate short-day plant that requires uninterrupted long nights to induce flowering. Leaf-derived florigenic signals trigger reproductive growth in both teosinte and temperate maize. To study the genetic mechanisms underlying floral inductive pathways in maize and teosinte, mRNA and small RNA genome-wide expression analyses were conducted on leaf tissue from plants that were induced or not induced to flower. Transcriptome profiles reveal common differentially expressed genes during floral induction, but a comparison of candidate flowering time genes indicates that photoperiod and autonomous pathways act independently. Expression differences in teosinte are consistent with the current paradigm for photoperiod-induced flowering, where changes in circadian clock output trigger florigen production. Conversely, differentially expressed genes in temperate maize link carbon partitioning and flowering, but also show altered expression of circadian clock genes that are distinct from those altered upon photoperiodic induction in teosinte. Altered miRNA399 levels in both teosinte and maize suggest a novel common connection between flowering and phosphorus perception. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying a strengthened autonomous pathway that enabled maize growth throughout temperate regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A A Minow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luis M Ávila
- Plant Agriculture Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie Turner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Ponzoni
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Iride Mascheretti
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Forest M Dussault
- Research and Development, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewis Lukens
- Plant Agriculture Department, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Joseph Colasanti
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen PF, Chen L, Jiang ZR, Wang GP, Wang SH, Ding YF. Sucrose is involved in the regulation of iron deficiency responses in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:789-798. [PMID: 29476246 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose signaling pathways were rapidly induced in response to early iron deficiency in rice plants, and the change of sucrose contents in plants was essential for the activation of iron deficiency responses. Sucrose is the main product of photosynthesis in plants, and it functions not only as an energy metabolite but also a signal molecule. However, a few studies have examined the involvement of sucrose in mediating iron deficiency responses in rice. In this study, we found that the decrease in photosynthesis and total chlorophyll concentration (SPAD values) in leaves occurred at a very early stage under iron deficiency. In addition, the sucrose was increased in leaves but decreased in roots of rice plants under iron deficiency, and also the sucrose transporter (SUT) encoded genes' expression levels in leaves were all inhibited, including OsSUT1, OsSUT2, OsSUT3, OsSUT4, and OsSUT5. The carbohydrate distribution was changed under iron deficiency and sucrose might be involved in the iron deficiency responses of rice plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of sucrose or dark treatment experiments were used to test the hypothesis; we found that the increased endogenous sucrose would cause the repression of iron acquisition-related genes in roots, while further stimulated iron transport-related genes in leaves. Compared to the exogenous application of sucrose, the dark treatment had the opposite effects. All the above results highlighted the important role of sucrose in regulating the responses of rice plants to iron deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zheng-Rong Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Gao-Peng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Feng Ding
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Durand M, Mainson D, Porcheron B, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Carbon source-sink relationship in Arabidopsis thaliana: the role of sucrose transporters. PLANTA 2018; 247:587-611. [PMID: 29138971 PMCID: PMC5809531 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION The regulation of source-to-sink sucrose transport is associated with AtSUC and AtSWEET sucrose transporters' gene expression changes in plants grown hydroponically under different physiological conditions. Source-to-sink transport of sucrose is one of the major determinants of plant growth. Whole-plant carbohydrates' partitioning requires the specific activity of membrane sugar transporters. In Arabidopsis thaliana plants, two families of transporters are involved in sucrose transport: AtSUCs and AtSWEETs. This study is focused on the comparison of sucrose transporter gene expression, soluble sugar and starch levels and long distance sucrose transport, in leaves and sink organs (mainly roots) in different physiological conditions (along the plant life cycle, during a diel cycle, and during an osmotic stress) in plants grown hydroponically. In leaves, the AtSUC2, AtSWEET11, and 12 genes known to be involved in phloem loading were highly expressed when sucrose export was high and reduced during osmotic stress. In roots, AtSUC1 was highly expressed and its expression profile in the different conditions tested suggests that it may play a role in sucrose unloading in roots and in root growth. The SWEET transporter genes AtSWEET12, 13, and 15 were found expressed in all organs at all stages studied, while differential expression was noticed for AtSWEET14 in roots, stems, and siliques and AtSWEET9, 10 expressions were only detected in stems and siliques. A role for these transporters in carbohydrate partitioning in different source-sink status is proposed, with a specific attention on carbon demand in roots. During development, despite trophic competition with others sinks, roots remained a significant sink, but during osmotic stress, the amount of translocated [U-14C]-sucrose decreased for rosettes and roots. Altogether, these results suggest that source-sink relationship may be linked with the regulation of sucrose transporter gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Durand
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Dany Mainson
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Benoît Porcheron
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Sucres & Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Bâtiment B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu Q, Chen S, Yunjuan R, Chen S, Liesche J. Regulation of Sucrose Transporters and Phloem Loading in Response to Environmental Cues. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:930-945. [PMID: 29158330 PMCID: PMC5761784 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Suc transporters (SUTs) play a key role in the allocation and partitioning of photosynthetically fixed carbon in plants. While a function could be assigned to many members of the SUT family, almost no information is available on their regulation. Here, the transcriptional regulation of SUTs in response to various environmental stimuli in the leaves of five dicots (Arabidopsis [Arabidopsis thaliana], soybean [Glycine max], potato [Solanum tuberosum], tomato [Solanumlycopersicum], and poplar [Populus spp.]) and four monocots (maize [Zeamays], rice [Oryza sativa], wheat [Triticum aestivum], and barley [Hordeum vulgare]) was investigated. Extensive data on expression of SUTs in relation to changes of environmental conditions were obtained through a global analysis of 168 transcriptomics data sets. Results were validated by quantitative PCR measurements and extended by the measurement of photosynthesis rate and phloem sugar content to draw insight on the correlation of SUT expression and sugar export from leaves. For the apoplasmic phloem loaders, a clear difference in transcriptional regulation in response to different environmental stimuli was observed. The consistent patterns of SUT expression under abiotic stress indicates which types of SUTs are involved in the regulation of leaf sugar status and in stress signaling. Furthermore, it is shown that down-regulation of phloem loading is likely to be caused by transcriptional regulation of SUTs, while up-regulation depends on post-transcriptional regulation. In poplar, expression of PtaSUT4 was found to consistently respond to environmental stimuli, suggesting a significant role in the regulation of sugar export from leaves in this passive symplasmic phloem loader.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Xu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
| | - Ren Yunjuan
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Shaolin Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Johannes Liesche
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, 712100 Yangling, China
- Biomass Energy Center for Arid and Semi-arid lands, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yadav UP, Khadilkar AS, Shaikh MA, Turgeon R, Ayre BG. Assessing Rates of Long-distance Carbon Transport in Arabidopsis by Collecting Phloem Exudations into EDTA Solutions after Photosynthetic Labeling with [ 14C]CO 2. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2656. [PMID: 34595316 PMCID: PMC8438384 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate from photoautotrophic source leaves to heterotrophic sink organs are essential physiological processes that help the disparate organs of a plant function as a single, unified organism. We present three protocols we routinely use in combination with each other to assess (1) the relative rates of sucrose (Suc) loading into the phloem vascular system of mature leaves ( Yadav et al., 2017a ), (2) the relative rates of carbon loading and transport through the phloem (this protocol), and (3) the relative rates of carbon unloading into heterotrophic sink organs, specifically roots, after long-distance transport ( Yadav et al., 2017b ), We propose that conducting all three protocols on experimental and control plants provides a reliable comparison of whole-plant carbon partitioning, and minimizes ambiguities associated with a single protocol conducted in isolation ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). In this protocol, [14C]CO2 is photoassimilated in source leaves and phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate is quantified by collecting phloem exudates into an EDTA solution followed by scintillation counting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yadav UP, Khadilkar AS, Shaikh MA, Turgeon R, Ayre BG. Assessing Long-distance Transport from Photosynthetic Source Leaves to Heterotrophic Sink Organs with [ 14C]CO 2. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2657. [PMID: 34595317 PMCID: PMC8438450 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate from photoautotrophic source leaves to heterotrophic sink organs are essential physiological processes that help the disparate organs of a plant function as a single, unified organism. We present three protocols we routinely use in combination with each other to assess (1) the relative rates of sucrose (Suc) loading into the phloem vascular system of mature leaves ( Yadav et al., 2017a ), (2) the relative rates of carbon loading and transport through the phloem ( Yadav et al., 2017b ), and (3) the relative rates of carbon unloading into heterotrophic sink organs, specifically roots, after long-distance transport (this protocol). We propose that conducting all three protocols on experimental and control plants provides a reliable comparison of whole-plant carbon partitioning, and minimizes ambiguities associated with a single protocol conducted in isolation ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). In this protocol, [14C]CO2 is photoassimilated in source leaves and phloem loading and transport of the 14C label to heterotrophic sink organs, particularly roots, is quantified by scintillation counting. Using this protocol, we demonstrated that overexpression of sucrose transporters and a vacuolar proton pumping pyrophosphatase in the companion cells of Arabidopsis enhanced transport of 14C label photoassimilates to sink organs ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). This method can be adapted to quantify long-distance transport in other plant species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yadav UP, Khadilkar AS, Shaikh MA, Turgeon R, Ayre BG. Quantifying the Capacity of Phloem Loading in Leaf Disks with [ 14C]Sucrose. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2658. [PMID: 34595318 PMCID: PMC8438435 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloem loading and transport of photoassimilate from photoautotrophic source leaves to heterotrophic sink organs are essential physiological processes that help the disparate organs of a plant function as a single, unified organism. We present three protocols we routinely use in combination with each other to assess (1) the relative rates of sucrose (Suc) loading into the phloem vascular system of mature leaves (this protocol), (2) the relative rates of carbon loading and transport through the phloem ( Yadav et al., 2017a ), and (3) the relative rates of carbon unloading into heterotrophic sink organs, specifically roots, after long-distance transport ( Yadav et al., 2017b ). We propose that conducting all three protocols on experimental and control plants provides a reliable comparison of whole-plant carbon partitioning, and minimizes ambiguities associated with a single protocol conducted in isolation ( Dasgupta et al., 2014 ; Khadilkar et al., 2016 ). In this protocol, Arabidopsis leaf disks isolated from mature rosette leaves are infiltrated with a buffered solution containing [14C]Suc. Suc transporters (SUCs or SUTs) load Suc into the phloem and excess, unloaded Suc in the leaf disk is then washed away. Loading of labeled Suc into the veins is visualized by autoradiography of lyophilized leaf disks and quantified by scintillation counting. Results are expressed as disintegration per minute per unit of leaf disk fresh weight or area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umesh P Yadav
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Aswad S Khadilkar
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mearaj A Shaikh
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Brian G Ayre
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang Z, Ruan YL, Zhou N, Wang F, Guan X, Fang L, Shang X, Guo W, Zhu S, Zhang T. Suppressing a Putative Sterol Carrier Gene Reduces Plasmodesmal Permeability and Activates Sucrose Transporter Genes during Cotton Fiber Elongation. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:2027-2046. [PMID: 28747422 PMCID: PMC5590508 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PDs) play vital roles in cell-to-cell communication and plant development. Emerging evidence suggests that sterols are involved in PD activity during cytokinesis. However, whether sterols contribute to PD gating between established cells remains unknown. Here, we isolated GhSCP2D, a putative sterol carrier protein gene from elongating cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) fibers. In contrast to wild-type fiber PDs, which opened at 5 to 10 d postanthesis (DPA) and closed only at 15 to 25 DPA, plants with suppressed GhSCP2D expression had reduced sterol contents and closed PDs at 5 through 25 DPA The GhSCP2D-suppressed fibers exhibited callose deposition at the PDs, likely due to reduced expression of GhPdBG3-2A/D, which encodes a PD-targeting β-1,3-glucanase. Both GhPdBG3-2A/D expression and callose deposition were sensitive to a sterol biosynthesis inhibitor. Moreover, suppressing GhSCP2D upregulated a cohort of SUT and SWEET sucrose transporter genes in fiber cells. Collectively, our results indicate that (1) GhSCP2D is required for GhPdBG3-2A/D expression to degrade callose at the PD, thereby contributing to the establishment of the symplasmic pathway; and (2) blocking the symplasmic pathway by downregulating GhSCP2D activates or increases the expression of SUTs and SWEETs, leading to the switch from symplasmic to apoplasmic pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310029, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ling Ruan
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences and Australia-China Research Centre for Crop Improvement, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Na Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Guan
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310029, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Lei Fang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310029, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Shang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Wangzhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| | - Shuijin Zhu
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310029, China
| | - Tianzhen Zhang
- Agronomy Department, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310029, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Research Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Heyneke E, Watanabe M, Erban A, Duan G, Buchner P, Walther D, Kopka J, Hawkesford MJ, Hoefgen R. Characterization of the Wheat Leaf Metabolome during Grain Filling and under Varied N-Supply. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2048. [PMID: 29238358 PMCID: PMC5712589 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Progress in improving crop growth is an absolute goal despite the influence multifactorial components have on crop yield and quality. An Avalon × Cadenza doubled-haploid wheat mapping population was used to study the leaf metabolome of field grown wheat at weekly intervals during the time in which the canopy contributes to grain filling, i.e., from anthesis to 5 weeks post-anthesis. Wheat was grown under four different nitrogen supplies reaching from residual soil N to a luxury over-fertilization (0, 100, 200, and 350 kg N ha-1). Four lines from a segregating doubled haploid population derived of a cross of the wheat elite cvs. Avalon and Cadenza were chosen as they showed pairwise differences in either N utilization efficiency (NUtE) or senescence timing. 108 annotated metabolites of primary metabolism and ions were determined. The analysis did not provide genotype specific markers because of a remarkable stability of the metabolome between lines. We speculate that the reason for failing to identify genotypic markers might be due to insufficient genetic diversity of the wheat parents and/or the known tendency of plants to keep metabolome homeostasis even under adverse conditions through multiple adaptations and rescue mechanism. The data, however, provided a consistent catalogue of metabolites and their respective responses to environmental and developmental factors and may bode well for future systems biology approaches, and support plant breeding and crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elmien Heyneke
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Mutsumi Watanabe
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Erban
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Guangyou Duan
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Buchner
- Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Walther
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Hoefgen
- Department Willmitzer, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam, Germany
- *Correspondence: Rainer Hoefgen
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nunes-Nesi A, Nascimento VDL, de Oliveira Silva FM, Zsögön A, Araújo WL, Sulpice R. Natural genetic variation for morphological and molecular determinants of plant growth and yield. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2989-3001. [PMID: 27012286 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The rates of increase in yield of the main commercial crops have been steadily falling in many areas worldwide. This generates concerns because there is a growing demand for plant biomass due to the increasing population. Plant yield should thus be improved in the context of climate change and decreasing natural resources. It is a major challenge which could be tackled by improving and/or altering light-use efficiency, CO2 uptake and fixation, primary metabolism, plant architecture and leaf morphology, and developmental plant processes. In this review, we discuss some of the traits which could lead to yield increase, with a focus on how natural genetic variation could be harnessed. Moreover, we provide insights for advancing our understanding of the molecular aspects governing plant growth and yield, and propose future avenues for improvement of crop yield. We also suggest that knowledge accumulated over the last decade in the field of molecular physiology should be integrated into new ideotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vitor de Laia Nascimento
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Franklin Magnum de Oliveira Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronan Sulpice
- National University of Ireland, Galway, Plant Systems Biology Lab, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Durand M, Porcheron B, Hennion N, Maurousset L, Lemoine R, Pourtau N. Water Deficit Enhances C Export to the Roots in Arabidopsis thaliana Plants with Contribution of Sucrose Transporters in Both Shoot and Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1460-79. [PMID: 26802041 PMCID: PMC4775148 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Root high plasticity is an adaptation to its changing environment. Water deficit impairs growth, leading to sugar accumulation in leaves, part of which could be available to roots via sucrose (Suc) phloem transport. Phloem loading is widely described in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), while unloading in roots is less understood. To gain information on leaf-to-root transport, a soil-based culture system was developed to monitor root system architecture in two dimensions. Under water deficit (50% of soil water-holding capacity), total root length was strongly reduced but the depth of root foraging and the shape of the root system were less affected, likely to improve water uptake. (14)CO2 pulse-chase experiments confirmed that water deficit enhanced carbon (C) export to the roots, as suggested by the increased root-to-shoot ratio. The transcript levels of AtSWEET11 (for sugar will eventually be exported transporter), AtSWEET12, and AtSUC2 (for Suc carrier) genes, all three involved in Suc phloem loading, were significantly up-regulated in leaves of water deficit plants, in accordance with the increase in C export from the leaves to the roots. Interestingly, the transcript levels of AtSUC2 and AtSWEET11 to AtSWEET15 were also significantly higher in stressed roots, underlying the importance of Suc apoplastic unloading in Arabidopsis roots and a putative role for these Suc transporters in Suc unloading. These data demonstrate that, during water deficit, plants respond to growth limitation by allocating relatively more C to the roots to maintain an efficient root system and that a subset of Suc transporters is potentially involved in the flux of C to and in the roots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Durand
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Benoît Porcheron
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Nils Hennion
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Université de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Lin XY, Ye YQ, Fan SK, Jin CW, Zheng SJ. Increased Sucrose Accumulation Regulates Iron-Deficiency Responses by Promoting Auxin Signaling in Arabidopsis Plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:907-20. [PMID: 26644507 PMCID: PMC4734570 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have identified that auxins acts upstream of nitric oxide in regulating iron deficiency responses in roots, but the upstream signaling molecule of auxins remains unknown. In this study, we showed that Fe deficiency increased sucrose (Suc) level in roots of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Exogenous application of Suc further stimulated Fe deficiency-induced ferric-chelate-reductase (FCR) activity and expression of Fe acquisition-related genes FRO2, IRT1, and FIT in roots. The opposite patterns were observed in the dark treatment. In addition, FCR activity and expression of Fe acquisition-related genes were higher in the Suc high-accumulating transgenic plant 35S::SUC2 but were lower in the Suc low-accumulating mutant suc2-5 compared with wild-type plants under Fe-deficient conditions. Consequently, Fe deficiency tolerance was enhanced in 35S::SUC2 but was compromised in suc2-5. Exogenous Suc also increased root β-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in auxin-inducible reporter DR5-GUS transgenic plants under Fe deficiency. However, exogenous Suc failed to increase FCR activity and expression of Fe acquisition-related genes in the auxin transport-impaired mutants aux1-7 and pin1-1 as well as in the wild-type plants treated with an auxin transport inhibitor under Fe deficiency. In summary, we found that increased Suc accumulation is required for regulating Fe deficiency responses in plants, with auxins acting downstream in transmitting the Fe deficiency signal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Yong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (X.Y.L., Y.Q.Y., S.K.F., C.W.J.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China (S.J.Z.)
| | - Yi Quan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (X.Y.L., Y.Q.Y., S.K.F., C.W.J.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China (S.J.Z.)
| | - Shi Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (X.Y.L., Y.Q.Y., S.K.F., C.W.J.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China (S.J.Z.)
| | - Chong Wei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (X.Y.L., Y.Q.Y., S.K.F., C.W.J.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China (S.J.Z.)
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (X.Y.L., Y.Q.Y., S.K.F., C.W.J.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China (S.J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Khadilkar AS, Yadav UP, Salazar C, Shulaev V, Paez-Valencia J, Pizzio GA, Gaxiola RA, Ayre BG. Constitutive and Companion Cell-Specific Overexpression of AVP1, Encoding a Proton-Pumping Pyrophosphatase, Enhances Biomass Accumulation, Phloem Loading, and Long-Distance Transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:401-14. [PMID: 26530315 PMCID: PMC4704589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant productivity is determined in large part by the partitioning of assimilates between the sites of production and the sites of utilization. Proton-pumping pyrophosphatases (H(+)-PPases) are shown to participate in many energetic plant processes, including general growth and biomass accumulation, CO2 fixation, nutrient acquisition, and stress responses. H(+)-PPases have a well-documented role in hydrolyzing pyrophosphate (PPi) and capturing the released energy to pump H(+) across the tonoplast and endomembranes to create proton motive force (pmf). Recently, an additional role for H(+)-PPases in phloem loading and biomass partitioning was proposed. In companion cells (CCs) of the phloem, H(+)-PPases localize to the plasma membrane rather than endomembranes, and rather than hydrolyzing PPi to create pmf, pmf is utilized to synthesize PPi. Additional PPi in the CCs promotes sucrose oxidation and ATP synthesis, which the plasma membrane P-type ATPase in turn uses to create more pmf for phloem loading of sucrose via sucrose-H(+) symporters. To test this model, transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated with constitutive and CC-specific overexpression of AVP1, encoding type 1 ARABIDOPSIS VACUOLAR PYROPHOSPHATASE1. Plants with both constitutive and CC-specific overexpression accumulated more biomass in shoot and root systems. (14)C-labeling experiments showed enhanced photosynthesis, phloem loading, phloem transport, and delivery to sink organs. The results obtained with constitutive and CC-specific promoters were very similar, such that the growth enhancement mediated by AVP1 overexpression can be attributed to its role in phloem CCs. This supports the model for H(+)-PPases functioning as PPi synthases in the phloem by arguing that the increases in biomass observed with AVP1 overexpression stem from improved phloem loading and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aswad S Khadilkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Umesh P Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Carolina Salazar
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Vladimir Shulaev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Gaston A Pizzio
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Roberto A Gaxiola
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| | - Brian G Ayre
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203 (A.S.K., U.P.Y., C.S., V.S., B.G.A.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 (J.P.-V., G.A.P., R.A.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang L, Lu Q, Wen X, Lu C. Enhanced Sucrose Loading Improves Rice Yield by Increasing Grain Size. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2848-62. [PMID: 26504138 PMCID: PMC4677907 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Yield in cereals is a function of grain number and size. Sucrose (Suc), the main carbohydrate product of photosynthesis in higher plants, is transported long distances from source leaves to sink organs such as seeds and roots. Here, we report that transgenic rice plants (Oryza sativa) expressing the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) phloem-specific Suc transporter (AtSUC2), which loads Suc into the phloem under control of the phloem protein2 promoter (pPP2), showed an increase in grain yield of up to 16% relative to wild-type plants in field trials. Compared with wild-type plants, pPP2::AtSUC2 plants had larger spikelet hulls and larger and heavier grains. Grain filling was accelerated in the transgenic plants, and more photoassimilate was transported from the leaves to the grain. In addition, microarray analyses revealed that carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism was enhanced in the leaves and grain of pPP2::AtSUC2 plants. Thus, enhancing Suc loading represents a promising strategy to improve rice yield to feed the global population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Qingtao Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaogang Wen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Congming Lu
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| |
Collapse
|