1
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Benaroya H. Mitochondria and MICOS - function and modeling. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:503-531. [PMID: 38369708 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2024-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
An extensive review is presented on mitochondrial structure and function, mitochondrial proteins, the outer and inner membranes, cristae, the role of F1FO-ATP synthase, the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system (MICOS), the sorting and assembly machinery morphology and function, and phospholipids, in particular cardiolipin. Aspects of mitochondrial regulation under physiological and pathological conditions are outlined, in particular the role of dysregulated MICOS protein subunit Mic60 in Parkinson's disease, the relations between mitochondrial quality control and proteins, and mitochondria as signaling organelles. A mathematical modeling approach of cristae and MICOS using mechanical beam theory is introduced and outlined. The proposed modeling is based on the premise that an optimization framework can be used for a better understanding of critical mitochondrial function and also to better map certain experiments and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haym Benaroya
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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2
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Yan Y, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Kong Z, Pan W, Tan C. Comparing the Mechanical Properties of Rice Cells and Protoplasts under PEG6000 Drought Stress Using Double Resonator Piezoelectric Cytometry. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:303. [PMID: 38920607 PMCID: PMC11201550 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells' ability to withstand abiotic stress is strongly linked to modifications in their mechanical characteristics. Nevertheless, the lack of a workable method for consistently tracking plant cells' mechanical properties severely restricts our comprehension of the mechanical alterations in plant cells under stress. In this study, we used the Double Resonator Piezoelectric Cytometry (DRPC) method to dynamically and non-invasively track changes in the surface stress (ΔS) generated and viscoelasticity (storage modulus G' and loss modulus G″) of protoplasts and suspension cells of rice under a drought stress of 5-25% PEG6000. The findings demonstrate that rice suspension cells and protoplasts react mechanically differently to 5-15% PEG6000 stress, implying distinct resistance mechanisms. However, neither of them can withstand 25% PEG6000 stress; they respond mechanically similarly to 25% PEG6000 stress. The results of DRPC are further corroborated by the morphological alterations of rice cells and protoplasts observed under an optical microscope. To sum up, the DRPC technique functions as a precise cellular mechanical sensor and offers novel research tools for the evaluation of plant cell adversity and differentiating between the mechanical reactions of cells and protoplasts under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Tiean Zhou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Zhicheng Kong
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Weisong Pan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chengfang Tan
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (Y.Y.); (W.P.)
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Cell Mechanics and Function Analysis, Changsha 410128, China
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3
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Crabos A, Huang Y, Boursat T, Maurel C, Ruffel S, Krouk G, Boursiac Y. Distinct early transcriptional regulations by turgor and osmotic potential in the roots of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5917-5930. [PMID: 37603421 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In a context of climate change, deciphering signaling pathways driving plant adaptation to drought, changes in water availability, and salt is key. A crossing point of these plant stresses is their impact on plant water potential (Ψ), a composite physico-chemical variable reflecting the availability of water for biological processes such as plant growth and stomatal aperture. The Ψ of plant cells is mainly driven by their turgor and osmotic pressures. Here we investigated the effect of a variety of osmotic treatments on the roots of Arabidopsis plants grown in hydroponics. We used, among others, a permeating solute as a way to differentiate variations on turgor from variations in osmotic pressure. Measurement of cortical cell turgor pressure with a cell pressure probe allowed us to monitor the intensity of the treatments and thereby preserve the cortex from plasmolysis. Transcriptome analyses at an early time point (15 min) showed specific and quantitative transcriptomic responses to both osmotic and turgor pressure variations. Our results highlight how water-related biophysical parameters can shape the transcriptome of roots under stress and provide putative candidates to explore further the early perception of water stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Crabos
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yunji Huang
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Boursat
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil (LMGC), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Ruffel
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriel Krouk
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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4
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Gao YQ, Farmer EE. Osmoelectric siphon models for signal and water dispersal in wounded plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1207-1220. [PMID: 36377754 PMCID: PMC9923213 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
When attacked by herbivores, plants produce electrical signals which can activate the synthesis of the defense mediator jasmonate. These wound-induced membrane potential changes can occur in response to elicitors that are released from damaged plant cells. We list plant-derived elicitors of membrane depolarization. These compounds include the amino acid l-glutamate (Glu), a potential ligand for GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE (GLR) proteins that play roles in herbivore-activated electrical signaling. How are membrane depolarization elicitors dispersed in wounded plants? In analogy with widespread turgor-driven cell and organ movements, we propose osmoelectric siphon mechanisms for elicitor transport. These mechanisms are based on membrane depolarization leading to cell water shedding into the apoplast followed by membrane repolarization and water uptake. We discuss two related mechanisms likely to occur in response to small wounds and large wounds that trigger leaf-to-leaf electrical signal propagation. To reduce jasmonate pathway activation, a feeding insect must cut through tissues cleanly. If their mandibles become worn, the herbivore is converted into a robust plant defense activator. Our models may therefore help to explain why numerous plants produce abrasives which can blunt herbivore mouthparts. Finally, if verified, the models we propose may be generalizable for cell to cell transport of water and pathogen-derived regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Gao
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Chen LQ. Low sugar, under pressure? NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:102-103. [PMID: 35194204 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qing Chen
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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6
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Babst BA, Braun DM, Karve AA, Frank Baker R, Tran TM, Kenny DJ, Rohlhill J, Knoblauch J, Knoblauch M, Lohaus G, Tappero R, Scherzer S, Hedrich R, Jensen KH. Sugar loading is not required for phloem sap flow in maize plants. NATURE PLANTS 2022; 8:171-180. [PMID: 35194203 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-022-01098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem transport of photoassimilates from leaves to non-photosynthetic organs, such as the root and shoot apices and reproductive organs, is crucial to plant growth and yield. For nearly 90 years, evidence has been generally consistent with the theory of a pressure-flow mechanism of phloem transport. Central to this hypothesis is the loading of osmolytes, principally sugars, into the phloem to generate the osmotic pressure that propels bulk flow. Here we used genetic and light manipulations to test whether sugar import into the phloem is required as the driving force for phloem sap flow. Using carbon-11 radiotracer, we show that a maize sucrose transporter1 (sut1) loss-of-function mutant has severely reduced export of carbon from photosynthetic leaves (only ~4% of the wild type level). Yet, the mutant remarkably maintains phloem pressure at ~100% and sap flow speeds at ~50-75% of those of wild type. Potassium (K+) abundance in the phloem was elevated in sut1 mutant leaves. Fluid dynamic modelling supports the conclusion that increased K+ loading compensated for decreased sucrose loading to maintain phloem pressure, and thereby maintained phloem transport via the pressure-flow mechanism. Furthermore, these results suggest that sap flow and transport of other phloem-mobile nutrients and signalling molecules could be regulated independently of sugar loading into the phloem, potentially influencing carbon-nutrient homoeostasis and the distribution of signalling molecules in plants encountering different environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Babst
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
- Arkansas Forest Resources Center, University of Arkansas at Monticello, Monticello, AR, USA.
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Abhijit A Karve
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Office of Technology Commercialization, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - R Frank Baker
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Thu M Tran
- Divisions of Plant and Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Douglas J Kenny
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julia Rohlhill
- Biosciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Department of Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ryan Tappero
- Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Sönke Scherzer
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Boursiac Y, Protto V, Rishmawi L, Maurel C. Experimental and conceptual approaches to root water transport. PLANT AND SOIL 2022; 478:349-370. [PMID: 36277078 PMCID: PMC9579117 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-022-05427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Root water transport, which critically contributes to the plant water status and thereby plant productivity, has been the object of extensive experimental and theoretical studies. However, root systems represent an intricate assembly of cells in complex architectures, including many tissues at distinct developmental stages. Our comprehension of where and how molecular actors integrate their function in order to provide the root with its hydraulic properties is therefore still limited. SCOPE Based on current literature and prospective discussions, this review addresses how root water transport can be experimentally measured, what is known about the underlying molecular actors, and how elementary water transport processes are scaled up in numerical/mathematical models. CONCLUSIONS The theoretical framework and experimental procedures on root water transport that are in use today have been established a few decades ago. However, recent years have seen the appearance of new techniques and models with enhanced resolution, down to a portion of root or to the tissue level. These advances pave the way for a better comprehension of the dynamics of water uptake by roots in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Boursiac
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Virginia Protto
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Louai Rishmawi
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Maurel
- IPSiM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, 34060 Montpellier, France
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8
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Julius BT, McCubbin TJ, Mertz RA, Baert N, Knoblauch J, Grant DG, Conner K, Bihmidine S, Chomet P, Wagner R, Woessner J, Grote K, Peevers J, Slewinski TL, McCann MC, Carpita NC, Knoblauch M, Braun DM. Maize Brittle Stalk2-Like3, encoding a COBRA protein, functions in cell wall formation and carbohydrate partitioning. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:3348-3366. [PMID: 34323976 PMCID: PMC8505866 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate partitioning from leaves to sink tissues is essential for plant growth and development. The maize (Zea mays) recessive carbohydrate partitioning defective28 (cpd28) and cpd47 mutants exhibit leaf chlorosis and accumulation of starch and soluble sugars. Transport studies with 14C-sucrose (Suc) found drastically decreased export from mature leaves in cpd28 and cpd47 mutants relative to wild-type siblings. Consistent with decreased Suc export, cpd28 mutants exhibited decreased phloem pressure in mature leaves, and altered phloem cell wall ultrastructure in immature and mature leaves. We identified the causative mutations in the Brittle Stalk2-Like3 (Bk2L3) gene, a member of the COBRA family, which is involved in cell wall development across angiosperms. None of the previously characterized COBRA genes are reported to affect carbohydrate export. Consistent with other characterized COBRA members, the BK2L3 protein localized to the plasma membrane, and the mutants condition a dwarf phenotype in dark-grown shoots and primary roots, as well as the loss of anisotropic cell elongation in the root elongation zone. Likewise, both mutants exhibit a significant cellulose deficiency in mature leaves. Therefore, Bk2L3 functions in tissue growth and cell wall development, and this work elucidates a unique connection between cellulose deposition in the phloem and whole-plant carbohydrate partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Julius
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Tyler J McCubbin
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Rachel A Mertz
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Present address: Inari Agriculture, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
| | - Nick Baert
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - DeAna G Grant
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Kyle Conner
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Saadia Bihmidine
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Paul Chomet
- NRGene Inc., 8910 University Center Lane, San Diego, California 92122, USA
| | - Ruth Wagner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Jeff Woessner
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | - Karen Grote
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
| | | | | | - Maureen C McCann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Nicholas C Carpita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - David M Braun
- Divisions of Plant Science and Technology, Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, and the Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
- Author for correspondence:
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9
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Ray DM, Savage JA. Seasonal changes in temperate woody plant phloem anatomy and physiology: implications for long-distance transport. AOB PLANTS 2021; 13:plab028. [PMID: 34234934 PMCID: PMC8255074 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in climate are accompanied by shifts in carbon allocation and phenological changes in woody angiosperms, the timing of which can have broad implications for species distributions, interactions and ecosystem processes. During critical transitions from autumn to winter and winter to spring, physiological and anatomical changes within the phloem could impose a physical limit on the ability of woody angiosperms to transport carbon and signals. There is a paucity of the literature that addresses tree (floral or foliar) phenology, seasonal phloem anatomy and seasonal phloem physiology together, so our knowledge of how carbon transport could fluctuate seasonally, especially in temperate climates is limited. We review phloem phenology focussing on how sieve element anatomy and phloem sap flow could affect carbon availability throughout the year with a focus on winter. To investigate whether flow is possible in the winter, we construct a simple model of phloem sap flow and investigate how changes to the sap concentration, pressure gradient and sieve plate pores could influence flow during the winter. Our model suggests that phloem transport in some species could occur year-round, even in winter, but current methods for measuring all the parameters surrounding phloem sap flow make it difficult to test this hypothesis. We highlight outstanding questions that remain about phloem functionality in the winter and emphasize the need for new methods to address gaps in our knowledge about phloem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M Ray
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55811, USA
| | - Jessica A Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55811, USA
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10
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Cao Y, Lim E, Xu M, Weng J, Marelli B. Precision Delivery of Multiscale Payloads to Tissue-Specific Targets in Plants. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903551. [PMID: 32670750 PMCID: PMC7341084 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The precise deployment of functional payloads to plant tissues is a new approach to help advance the fundamental understanding of plant biology and accelerate plant engineering. Here, the design of a silk-based biomaterial is reported to fabricate a microneedle-like device, dubbed "phytoinjector," capable of delivering a variety of payloads ranging from small molecules to large proteins into specific loci of various plant tissues. It is shown that phytoinjector can be used to deliver payloads into plant vasculature to study material transport in xylem and phloem and to perform complex biochemical reactions in situ. In another application, it is demonstrated Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer to shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaves at various stages of growth. Tuning of the material composition enables the fabrication of another device, dubbed "phytosampler," which is used to precisely sample plant sap. The design of plant-specific biomaterials to fabricate devices for drug delivery in planta opens new avenues to enhance plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, provides new tools for diagnostics, and enables new opportunities in plant engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunteng Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Eugene Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Menglong Xu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Jing‐Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical ResearchCambridgeMA02142USA
- Department of BiologyMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA02139USA
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11
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Long Y, Cheddadi I, Mosca G, Mirabet V, Dumond M, Kiss A, Traas J, Godin C, Boudaoud A. Cellular Heterogeneity in Pressure and Growth Emerges from Tissue Topology and Geometry. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1504-1516.e8. [PMID: 32169211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell heterogeneity prevails in many systems, as exemplified by cell growth, although the origin and function of such heterogeneity are often unclear. In plants, growth is physically controlled by cell wall mechanics and cell hydrostatic pressure, alias turgor pressure. Whereas cell wall heterogeneity has received extensive attention, the spatial variation of turgor pressure is often overlooked. Here, combining atomic force microscopy and a physical model of pressurized cells, we show that turgor pressure is heterogeneous in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem, a population of stem cells that generates all plant aerial organs. In contrast with cell wall mechanical properties that appear to vary stochastically between neighboring cells, turgor pressure anticorrelates with cell size and cell neighbor number (local topology), in agreement with the prediction by our model of tissue expansion, which couples cell wall mechanics and tissue hydraulics. Additionally, our model predicts two types of correlations between pressure and cellular growth rate, where high pressure may lead to faster- or slower-than-average growth, depending on cell wall extensibility, yield threshold, osmotic pressure, and hydraulic conductivity. The meristem exhibits one of these two regimes, depending on conditions, suggesting that, in this tissue, water conductivity may contribute to growth control. Our results unravel cell pressure as a source of patterned heterogeneity and illustrate links between local topology, cell mechanical state, and cell growth, with potential roles in tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Long
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France.
| | - Ibrahim Cheddadi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Mirabet
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France; Lycée A. et L. Lumière, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Annamaria Kiss
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Godin
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, INRIA, 69342 Lyon, France.
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12
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Chan CJ, Hiiragi T. Integration of luminal pressure and signalling in tissue self-organization. Development 2020; 147:147/5/dev181297. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Many developmental processes involve the emergence of intercellular fluid-filled lumina. This process of luminogenesis results in a build up of hydrostatic pressure and signalling molecules in the lumen. However, the potential roles of lumina in cellular functions, tissue morphogenesis and patterning have yet to be fully explored. In this Review, we discuss recent findings that describe how pressurized fluid expansion can provide both mechanical and biochemical cues to influence cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. We also review emerging techniques that allow for precise quantification of fluid pressure in vivo and in situ. Finally, we discuss the intricate interplay between luminogenesis, tissue mechanics and signalling, which provide a new dimension for understanding the principles governing tissue self-organization in embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chii J. Chan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Takashi Hiiragi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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13
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Howell AH, Peters WS, Knoblauch M. The diffusive injection micropipette (DIMP). JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 244:153060. [PMID: 31765880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The microinjection of fluorescent probes into live cells is an essential component in the toolbox of modern cell biology. Microinjection techniques include the penetration of the plasma membrane and, if present, the cell wall with micropipettes, and the application of pressure or electrical currents to drive the micropipette contents into the cell. These procedures interfere with cellular functions and therefore may induce artifacts. We designed the diffusive injection micropipette (DIMP) that avoids most of the possible artifacts due to the drastically reduced volume of its fluid contents and the utilization of diffusion for cargo delivery into the target cell. DIMPs were successfully tested in plant, fungal, and animal cells. Using the continuity of cytoplasmic dynamics over ten minutes after impalement of Nicotiana trichome cells as a criterion for non-invasiveness, we found DIMPs significantly less disruptive than conventional pressure microinjection. The design of DIMPs abolishes major sources of artifacts that cannot be avoided by other microinjection techniques. Moreover, DIMPs are inexpensive, easy to produce, and can be applied without specific equipment other than a micromanipulator. With these features, DIMPs may become the tool of choice for studies that require the least invasive delivery possible of materials into live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander H Howell
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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14
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Park K, Knoblauch J, Oparka K, Jensen KH. Controlling intercellular flow through mechanosensitive plasmodesmata nanopores. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3564. [PMID: 31395861 PMCID: PMC6687729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are nanopores that serve as channels for molecular cell-to-cell transport. Precise control of PD permeability is essential to regulate processes such as growth and tissue patterning, photoassimilate distribution and defense against pathogens. Callose deposition modulates PD transport but little is known of the rapid events that lead to PD closure in response to tissue damage or osmotic shock. We propose a mechanism of PD closure as a result of mechanosensing. Pressure forces acting on the dumbbell-shaped ER-desmotubule complex cause it to be displaced from its equilibrium position, thus closing the PD aperture. The filamentous protein tethers that link the plasma membrane to the ER-desmotubule complex play a key role in determining the selectivity of the PD pore. This model of PD control compares favorably with experimental data on the pressure-generated closure of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhwan Park
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Using Aphids to Measure Turgor Pressure Inside Sieve Elements. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31197804 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The phloem is the long-distance transport system for photoassimilates within the plant. The vulnerability of the phloem tissue to blockage and damage makes it technically difficult to study, which has made it one of the least understood tissues. Transport of solution through the phloem appears to be by osmotically driven bulk flow, making an understanding of phloem hydrostatic pressure important in our comprehension of phloem flow mechanics. Here we describe a method of making in vivo direct transient measurements of phloem hydrostatic pressure using excised aphid stylets to directly access the phloem.
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16
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Sevanto S. Methods for Assessing the Role of Phloem Transport in Plant Stress Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2014:311-336. [PMID: 31197806 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of carbohydrates to tissues that need them under stress is important for plant defenses and survival. Yet, little is known on how phloem function is altered under stress, and how that influences plant responses to stress. This is because phloem is a challenging tissue to study. It consists of cells of various types with soft cell walls, and the cells show strong wounding reactions to protect their integrity, making both imaging and functional studies challenging. This chapter summarizes theories on how phloem transport is affected by stress and presents methods that have been used to gain the current knowledge. These techniques range from tracer studies and imaging to carbon balance and anatomical analyses. Advances in these techniques in the recent years have considerably increased our ability to investigate phloem function, and application of the new methods on plant stress studies will help provide a more comprehensive picture of phloem function and its limitations under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.
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17
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Salmon Y, Dietrich L, Sevanto S, Hölttä T, Dannoura M, Epron D. Drought impacts on tree phloem: from cell-level responses to ecological significance. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:173-191. [PMID: 30726983 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On-going climate change is increasing the risk of drought stress across large areas worldwide. Such drought events decrease ecosystem productivity and have been increasingly linked to tree mortality. Understanding how trees respond to water shortage is key to predicting the future of ecosystem functions. Phloem is at the core of the tree functions, moving resources such as non-structural carbohydrates, nutrients, and defence and information molecules across the whole plant. Phloem function and ability to transport resources is tightly controlled by the balance of carbon and water fluxes within the tree. As such, drought is expected to impact phloem function by decreasing the amount of available water and new photoassimilates. Yet, the effect of drought on the phloem has received surprisingly little attention in the last decades. Here we review existing knowledge on drought impacts on phloem transport from loading and unloading processes at cellular level to possible effects on long-distance transport and consequences to ecosystems via ecophysiological feedbacks. We also point to new research frontiers that need to be explored to improve our understanding of phloem function under drought. In particular, we show how phloem transport is affected differently by increasing drought intensity, from no response to a slowdown, and explore how severe drought might actually disrupt the phloem transport enough to threaten tree survival. Because transport of resources affects other organisms interacting with the tree, we also review the ecological consequences of phloem response to drought and especially predatory, mutualistic and competitive relations. Finally, as phloem is the main path for carbon from sources to sink, we show how drought can affect biogeochemical cycles through changes in phloem transport. Overall, existing knowledge is consistent with the hypotheses that phloem response to drought matters for understanding tree and ecosystem function. However, future research on a large range of species and ecosystems is urgently needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2b, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Dietrich
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Schönbeinstrasse 6, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663 MA 495, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Teemu Hölttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Latokartanonkaari 7, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Masako Dannoura
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Ecosystem Production and Dynamics, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
- Kyoto University, Laboratory of Forest Utilization, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Daniel Epron
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Nancy, France
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18
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Knox K, Oparka K. Illuminating the translocation stream. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 43:113-118. [PMID: 29729487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent development of a suite of fluorescent probes that can be used to trace phloem-transport rates in a range of diverse species. Some of these probes are loaded into the phloem by virtue of optimal physico-chemical properties for ion trapping in the high pH environment of the sieve element. However, others are clearly loaded by carrier-mediated transport, such as the blue-emitting probe, esculin, which is loaded into the Arabidopsis phloem by the sucrose transporter, AtSUC2, allowing it to be used as a surrogate for sucrose in phloem transport studies. We also describe additional chemical groups which, although highly charged (e.g. sulphonates), facilitate entry into the phloem. The addition of such 'mobilophores' to existing chemical groups has allowed us to expand the range of fluorophores that can be loaded into the phloem, and provides clues as to the nature of selectivity for phloem loading of xenobiotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knox
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Rutherford Building, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Rutherford Building, School of Biological Sciences, Edinburgh University, Max Born Crescent, Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Ryan MG, Robert EMR. Zero-calorie sugar delivery to roots. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:922-923. [PMID: 29209079 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Ryan
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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20
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Dietrich D, Pang L, Kobayashi A, Fozard JA, Boudolf V, Bhosale R, Antoni R, Nguyen T, Hiratsuka S, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Bae TW, Wells DM, Owen MR, Band LR, Dyson RJ, Jensen OE, King JR, Tracy SR, Sturrock CJ, Mooney SJ, Roberts JA, Bhalerao RP, Dinneny JR, Rodriguez PL, Nagatani A, Hosokawa Y, Baskin TI, Pridmore TP, De Veylder L, Takahashi H, Bennett MJ. Root hydrotropism is controlled via a cortex-specific growth mechanism. NATURE PLANTS 2017; 3:965-972. [PMID: 28481327 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-017-0064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants can acclimate by using tropisms to link the direction of growth to environmental conditions. Hydrotropism allows roots to forage for water, a process known to depend on abscisic acid (ABA) but whose molecular and cellular basis remains unclear. Here we show that hydrotropism still occurs in roots after laser ablation removed the meristem and root cap. Additionally, targeted expression studies reveal that hydrotropism depends on the ABA signalling kinase SnRK2.2 and the hydrotropism-specific MIZ1, both acting specifically in elongation zone cortical cells. Conversely, hydrotropism, but not gravitropism, is inhibited by preventing differential cell-length increases in the cortex, but not in other cell types. We conclude that root tropic responses to gravity and water are driven by distinct tissue-based mechanisms. In addition, unlike its role in root gravitropism, the elongation zone performs a dual function during a hydrotropic response, both sensing a water potential gradient and subsequently undergoing differential growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dietrich
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Lei Pang
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Akie Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - John A Fozard
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Véronique Boudolf
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Regina Antoni
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Sotaro Hiratsuka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Fujii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yutaka Miyazawa
- Faculty of Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan
| | - Tae-Woong Bae
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Darren M Wells
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Markus R Owen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Leah R Band
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Rosemary J Dyson
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Oliver E Jensen
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Mathematics, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Centre for Mathematical Medicine &Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Saoirse R Tracy
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Craig J Sturrock
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sacha J Mooney
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Jeremy A Roberts
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, SLU, S-901 83 Umea, Sweden
- College of Science, KSU, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - José R Dinneny
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Pedro L Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, ES-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Akira Nagatani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichiroh Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science &Technology, Ikoma 630-0101, Japan
| | - Tobias I Baskin
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9297, USA
| | - Tony P Pridmore
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG8 1BB, UK
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, (Technologiepark 927), 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Malcolm J Bennett
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
- Plant &Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham LE12 5RD, UK
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21
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Hammes UZ. Under pressure. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27417294 PMCID: PMC4946877 DOI: 10.7554/elife.18435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The movement of water by osmosis causes pressure differences that drive the transport of sugars over long distances in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Z Hammes
- Department of Cell Biology and Plant Biochemistry, Regensburg University, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Knoblauch M, Knoblauch J, Mullendore DL, Savage JA, Babst BA, Beecher SD, Dodgen AC, Jensen KH, Holbrook NM. Testing the Münch hypothesis of long distance phloem transport in plants. eLife 2016; 5:e15341. [PMID: 27253062 PMCID: PMC4946904 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Long distance transport in plants occurs in sieve tubes of the phloem. The pressure flow hypothesis introduced by Ernst Münch in 1930 describes a mechanism of osmotically generated pressure differentials that are supposed to drive the movement of sugars and other solutes in the phloem, but this hypothesis has long faced major challenges. The key issue is whether the conductance of sieve tubes, including sieve plate pores, is sufficient to allow pressure flow. We show that with increasing distance between source and sink, sieve tube conductivity and turgor increases dramatically in Ipomoea nil. Our results provide strong support for the Münch hypothesis, while providing new tools for the investigation of one of the least understood plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Daniel L Mullendore
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
| | - Jessica A Savage
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, United States
| | - Benjamin A Babst
- Department of Biosciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York
| | - Sierra D Beecher
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
| | - Adam C Dodgen
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, United States
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - N Michele Holbrook
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
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23
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Savage JA, Clearwater MJ, Haines DF, Klein T, Mencuccini M, Sevanto S, Turgeon R, Zhang C. Allocation, stress tolerance and carbon transport in plants: how does phloem physiology affect plant ecology? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:709-25. [PMID: 26147312 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite the crucial role of carbon transport in whole plant physiology and its impact on plant-environment interactions and ecosystem function, relatively little research has tried to examine how phloem physiology impacts plant ecology. In this review, we highlight several areas of active research where inquiry into phloem physiology has increased our understanding of whole plant function and ecological processes. We consider how xylem-phloem interactions impact plant drought tolerance and reproduction, how phloem transport influences carbon allocation in trees and carbon cycling in ecosystems and how phloem function mediates plant relations with insects, pests, microbes and symbiotes. We argue that in spite of challenges that exist in studying phloem physiology, it is critical that we consider the role of this dynamic vascular system when examining the relationship between plants and their biotic and abiotic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Savage
- Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, 1300 Centre Street, Boston, MA, 02131, USA
| | | | - Dustin F Haines
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tamir Klein
- Institute of Botany, University of Basel, Schoenbeinstrasse 6, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Crew Building, West Mains Road, EH9 3JN, Edinburgh, UK
- ICREA at CREAF, Campus de UAB, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, 08023, Spain
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Cankui Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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24
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Hwang BG, Ryu J, Lee SJ. Vulnerability of Protoxylem and Metaxylem Vessels to Embolisms and Radial Refilling in a Vascular Bundle of Maize Leaves. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:941. [PMID: 27446168 PMCID: PMC4921478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of water flow in an interconnected xylem vessel network enables plants to survive despite challenging environment changes that can cause xylem embolism. In this study, vulnerability to embolisms of xylem vessels and their water-refilling patterns in vascular bundles of maize leaves were experimentally investigated by employing synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique. A vascular bundle in maize consisted of a protoxylem vessel with helical thickenings between two metaxylem vessels with single perforation plates and nonuniformly distributed pits. When embolism was artificially induced in excised maize leaves by exposing them to air, protoxylem vessels became less vulnerable to dehydration compared to metaxylem vessels. After supplying water into the embolized vascular bundles, when water-refilling process stopped at the perforation plates in metaxylem vessels, discontinuous radial water influx occurred surprisingly in the adjacent protoxylem vessels. Alternating water refilling pattern in protoxylem and metaxylem vessels exhibited probable correlation between the incidence location and time of water refilling and the structural properties of xylem vessels. These results imply that the maintenance of water transport and modulation of water refilling are affected by hydrodynamic roles of perforation plates and radial connectivity in a xylem vascular bundle network.
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