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Shin D, Cho KH, Tucker E, Yoo CY, Kim J. Identification of tomato F-box proteins functioning in phenylpropanoid metabolism. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 114:85. [PMID: 38995464 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01483-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Phenylpropanoids, a class of specialized metabolites, play crucial roles in plant growth and stress adaptation and include diverse phenolic compounds such as flavonoids. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) are essential enzymes functioning at the entry points of general phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis, respectively. In Arabidopsis, PAL and CHS are turned over through ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation. Specific kelch domain-containing F-Box (KFB) proteins as components of ubiquitin E3 ligase directly interact with PAL or CHS, leading to polyubiquitinated PAL and CHS, which in turn influences phenylpropanoid and flavonoid production. Although phenylpropanoids are vital for tomato nutritional value and stress responses, the post-translational regulation of PAL and CHS in tomato remains unknown. We identified 31 putative KFB-encoding genes in the tomato genome. Our homology analysis and phylogenetic study predicted four PAL-interacting SlKFBs, while SlKFB18 was identified as the sole candidate for the CHS-interacting KFB. Consistent with their homolog function, the predicted four PAL-interacting SlKFBs function in PAL degradation. Surprisingly, SlKFB18 did not interact with tomato CHS and the overexpression or knocking out of SlKFB18 did not affect phenylpropanoid contents in tomato transgenic lines, suggesting its irreverence with flavonoid metabolism. Our study successfully discovered the post-translational regulatory machinery of PALs in tomato while highlighting the limitation of relying solely on a homology-based approach to predict interacting partners of F-box proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doosan Shin
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Keun Ho Cho
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Ethan Tucker
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chan Yul Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jeongim Kim
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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2
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Dong X, Liu X, Cheng L, Li R, Ge S, Wang S, Cai Y, Liu Y, Meng S, Jiang CZ, Shi CL, Li T, Fu D, Qi M, Xu T. SlBEL11 regulates flavonoid biosynthesis, thus fine-tuning auxin efflux to prevent premature fruit drop in tomato. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:749-770. [PMID: 38420861 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Auxin regulates flower and fruit abscission, but how developmental signals mediate auxin transport in abscission remains unclear. Here, we reveal the role of the transcription factor BEL1-LIKE HOMEODOMAIN11 (SlBEL11) in regulating auxin transport during abscission in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). SlBEL11 is highly expressed in the fruit abscission zone, and its expression increases during fruit development. Knockdown of SlBEL11 expression by RNA interference (RNAi) caused premature fruit drop at the breaker (Br) and 3 d post-breaker (Br+3) stages of fruit development. Transcriptome and metabolome analysis of SlBEL11-RNAi lines revealed impaired flavonoid biosynthesis and decreased levels of most flavonoids, especially quercetin, which functions as an auxin transport inhibitor. This suggested that SlBEL11 prevents premature fruit abscission by modulating auxin efflux from fruits, which is crucial for the formation of an auxin response gradient. Indeed, quercetin treatment suppressed premature fruit drop in SlBEL11-RNAi plants. DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) analysis indicated that SlBEL11 induced expression of the transcription factor gene SlMYB111 by directly binding to its promoter. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that S. lycopersicum MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRAL ONCOGENE HOMOLOG111 (SlMYB111) induces the expression of the core flavonoid biosynthesis genes SlCHS1, SlCHI, SlF3H, and SlFLS by directly binding to their promoters. Our findings suggest that the SlBEL11-SlMYB111 module modulates flavonoid biosynthesis to fine-tune auxin efflux from fruits and thus maintain an auxin response gradient in the pedicel, thereby preventing premature fruit drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufen Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
- Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety Control of Subtropical Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Green Production of Agriculture in Mountainous Areas of Zhejiang Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xianfeng Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Lina Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Ruizhen Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Siqi Ge
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sai Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yue Cai
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Sida Meng
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Crops Pathology and Genetic Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Washington, DC, 20250, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | | | - Tianlai Li
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Daqi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mingfang Qi
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, Shenyang, 110866, China
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3
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Jolliffe JB, Pilati S, Moser C, Lashbrooke JG. Beyond skin-deep: targeting the plant surface for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6468-6486. [PMID: 37589495 PMCID: PMC10662250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The above-ground plant surface is a well-adapted tissue layer that acts as an interface between the plant and its surrounding environment. As such, its primary role is to protect against desiccation and maintain the gaseous exchange required for photosynthesis. Further, this surface layer provides a barrier against pathogens and herbivory, while attracting pollinators and agents of seed dispersal. In the context of agriculture, the plant surface is strongly linked to post-harvest crop quality and yield. The epidermal layer contains several unique cell types adapted for these functions, while the non-lignified above-ground plant organs are covered by a hydrophobic cuticular membrane. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying crop cuticle and epidermal cell formation, with focus placed on genetic elements contributing towards quality, yield, drought tolerance, herbivory defence, pathogen resistance, pollinator attraction, and sterility, while highlighting the inter-relatedness of plant surface development and traits. Potential crop improvement strategies utilizing this knowledge are outlined in the context of the recent development of new breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Bryanne Jolliffe
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Stefania Pilati
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Claudio Moser
- Research and Innovation Centre, Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all’Adige, 38098, Italy
| | - Justin Graham Lashbrooke
- South African Grape and Wine Research Institute, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa
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4
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Tartaglia M, Scarano P, Prigioniero A, Zuzolo D, Postiglione A, Falzarano A, Amoresano A, Illiano A, Pinto G, Schicchi R, Geraci A, Sciarrillo R, Guarino C. Multi-omic characterisation as a tool to improve knowledge, valorisation and conservation of wild fruit genetic resources: the case of Arbutus unedo L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1195673. [PMID: 37745992 PMCID: PMC10514896 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1195673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The valorisation and conservation of plant genetic resources (PGRs) and wild fruit PGRs are critical to ensure the maintenance of genetic and cultural heritage and to promote new perspectives on resource use. New strategies to characterize PGRs are needed, and the omics approach can provide information that is still largely unknown. The Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) is an underutilized, drought and fire-resistant species distributed in the Mediterranean area and its berries have large ethnobotanical use. Although their phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity are known, they are not well characterised, particularly from a proteomic perspective. The aim of this work is the characterisation of two ecotypes of A. unedo (Campania and Sicily) from a molecular viewpoint to valorise and encourage the preservation of this wild fruit. Samples were collected from two different geographical areas to assess whether different geographical conditions could influence the characteristics of leaves and fruits at the three stages of ripening (green, veraison, red). Proteomic analysis identified 904 proteins, of which 122 showed significance along the ripening. Some of these differentially abundant proteins, such as chalcone synthase, show a marked increase during ripening. The protein functional classes with the highest representation are involved in protein and amino acid metabolism, glycolysis and in secondary metabolism. From a proteomic perspective, there are no differences between the fruits from the two regions compared by the ripening stage. However, the pedoclimatic metabolic imprinting allowed the observation of good diversity in the metabolomic profiles between the two ecotypes, especially for anthocyanins, 4 times more abundant in the Sicilian veraisoned fruit than in the Campania one, and catechins, with double the abundance in the Campania ecotype compared to the Sicilian ecotype in the green phase, but more abundant (3x) in the Sicilian veraisoned fruit. Phenolic compounds show a 20% greater abundance in the Campania green arbutus fruit than in the Sicilian one, values that then equalise as ripening progresses. Multi-omic characterisation enhanced the knowledge on a wild fruit plant species which shows specific adaptations and responses to the environment to be considered when addressing the issue of local agrobiodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tartaglia
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Scarano
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Zuzolo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Alessia Postiglione
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- INBB - Consorzio Interuniversitario Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- INBB - Consorzio Interuniversitario Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- INBB - Consorzio Interuniversitario Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosario Schicchi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Geraci
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosaria Sciarrillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Carmine Guarino
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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5
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Composition, metabolism and postharvest function and regulation of fruit cuticle: A review. Food Chem 2023; 411:135449. [PMID: 36669336 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle of plants, a hydrophobic membrane that covers their aerial organs, is crucial to their ability to withstand biotic and abiotic stressors. Fruit is the reproductive organ of plants, and an important dietary source that can offer a variety of nutrients for the human body, and fruit cuticle performs a crucial protective role in fruit development and postharvest quality. This review discusses the universality and diversity of the fruit cuticle composition, and systematically summarizes the metabolic process of fruit cuticle, including the biosynthesis, transport and regulatory factors (including transcription factors, phytohormones and environmental elements) of fruit cuticle. Additionally, we emphasize the postharvest functions and postharvest regulatory technologies of fruit cuticle, and propose future research directions for fruit cuticle.
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, D'Orlando A, Petit J, Mathurin J, Deniset-Besseau A, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. Cuticle architecture and mechanical properties: a functional relationship delineated through correlated multimodal imaging. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2033-2046. [PMID: 36869436 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles are multifunctional hydrophobic biocomposites that protect the aerial organs of plants. During plant development, plant cuticles must accommodate different mechanical constraints combining extensibility and stiffness, and the corresponding relationships with their architecture are unknown. Recent data showed a fine-tuning of cuticle architecture during fruit development, with several chemical clusters which raise the question of how they impact the mechanical properties of cuticles. We investigated the in-depth nanomechanical properties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle from early development to ripening, in relation to chemical and structural heterogeneities by developing a correlative multimodal imaging approach. Unprecedented sharps heterogeneities were evidenced including an in-depth mechanical gradient and a 'soft' central furrow that were maintained throughout the plant development despite the overall increase in elastic modulus. In addition, we demonstrated that these local mechanical areas are correlated to chemical and structural gradients. This study shed light on fine-tuning of mechanical properties of cuticles through the modulation of their architecture, providing new insight for our understanding of structure-function relationships of plant cuticles and for the design of bioinspired material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Angelina D'Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jeremie Mathurin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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7
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Rosa-Martínez E, Bovy A, Plazas M, Tikunov Y, Prohens J, Pereira-Dias L. Genetics and breeding of phenolic content in tomato, eggplant and pepper fruits. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135237. [PMID: 37025131 PMCID: PMC10070870 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids and flavonoids are large groups of secondary metabolites ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. They are currently in the spotlight due to the numerous health benefits associated with their consumption, as well as for their vital roles in plant biological processes and in plant-environment interaction. Tomato, eggplant and pepper are in the top ten most consumed vegetables in the world, and their fruit accumulation profiles have been extensively characterized, showing substantial differences. A broad array of genetic and genomic tools has helped to identify QTLs and candidate genes associated with the fruit biosynthesis of phenolic acids and flavonoids. The aim of this review was to synthesize the available information making it easily available for researchers and breeders. The phenylpropanoid pathway is tightly regulated by structural genes, which are conserved across species, along with a complex network of regulatory elements like transcription factors, especially of MYB family, and cellular transporters. Moreover, phenolic compounds accumulate in tissue-specific and developmental-dependent ways, as different paths of the metabolic pathway are activated/deactivated along with fruit development. We retrieved 104 annotated putative orthologues encoding for key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway in tomato (37), eggplant (29) and pepper (38) and compiled 267 QTLs (217 for tomato, 16 for eggplant and 34 for pepper) linked to fruit phenolic acids, flavonoids and total phenolics content. Combining molecular tools and genetic variability, through both conventional and genetic engineering strategies, is a feasible approach to improve phenolics content in tomato, eggplant and pepper. Finally, although the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway has been well-studied in the Solanaceae, more research is needed on the identification of the candidate genes behind many QTLs, as well as their interactions with other QTLs and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rosa-Martínez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Arnaud Bovy
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariola Plazas
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yury Tikunov
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaime Prohens
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leandro Pereira-Dias
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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8
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González Moreno A, Domínguez E, Mayer K, Xiao N, Bock P, Heredia A, Gierlinger N. 3D (x-y-t) Raman imaging of tomato fruit cuticle: Microchemistry during development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:219-232. [PMID: 35972400 PMCID: PMC9806558 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective extracellular matrix that covers the above-ground epidermis of land plants. Here, we studied the cuticle of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits in situ using confocal Raman microscopy. Microsections from cuticles isolated at different developmental stages were scanned to visualize cuticle components with a spatial resolution of 342 nm by univariate and multivariate data analysis. Three main components, cutin, polysaccharides, and aromatics, were identified, with the latter exhibiting the strongest Raman scattering intensity. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were differentiated within the cuticle, and three schematic cuticle models were identified during development. Phenolic acids were found across the entire cuticle at the earliest stage of development, i.e. during the formation of the procuticle layer. Based on a mixture analysis with reference component spectra, the phenolic acids were identified as mainly esterified p-coumaric acid together with free p-hydroxybenzoic acid. During the cell expansion period of growth, phenolic acids accumulated in an outermost layer of the cuticle and in the middle region of the pegs. In these stages of development, cellulose and pectin were detected next to the inner cuticle region, close to the epidermal cell where flavonoid impregnation started during ripening. In the first ripening stage, chalconaringenin was observed, while methoxylated chalcones were chosen by the algorithm to fit the mature cuticle spectra. The colocation of carbohydrates, esterified p-coumaric acid, and methoxylated chalconaringenin suggests that the latter two link polysaccharide and cutin domains. Elucidating the different distribution of aromatics within the cuticle, suggests important functions: (1) overall impregnation conferring mechanical and thermal functions (2) the outermost phenolic acid layer displaying UV-B protection of the plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM-UMA-CSIC La Mayora, Plant breeding and Biotechnology, CSIC, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Konrad Mayer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bock
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM-UMA-CSIC La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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9
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Moyroud E, Airoldi CA, Ferria J, Giorio C, Steimer SS, Rudall PJ, Prychid CJ, Halliwell S, Walker JF, Robinson S, Kalberer M, Glover BJ. Cuticle chemistry drives the development of diffraction gratings on the surface of Hibiscus trionum petals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:5323-5334.e6. [PMID: 36423640 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Plants combine both chemical and structural means to appear colorful. We now have an extensive understanding of the metabolic pathways used by flowering plants to synthesize pigments, but the mechanisms remain obscure whereby cells produce microscopic structures sufficiently regular to interfere with light and create an optical effect. Here, we combine transgenic approaches in a novel model system, Hibiscus trionum, with chemical analyses of the cuticle, both in transgenic lines and in different species of Hibiscus, to investigate the formation of a semi-ordered diffraction grating on the petal surface. We show that regulating both cuticle production and epidermal cell growth is insufficient to determine the type of cuticular pattern produced. Instead, the chemical composition of the cuticle plays a crucial role in restricting the formation of diffraction gratings to the pigmented region of the petal. This suggests that buckling, driven by spatiotemporal regulation of cuticle chemistry, could pattern the petal surface at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Moyroud
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK; Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK.
| | - Chiara A Airoldi
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Jordan Ferria
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Sarah S Steimer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Shannon Halliwell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
| | - Joseph F Walker
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Sarah Robinson
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK; The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beverley J Glover
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK.
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10
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, Petit J, D’Orlando A, Fanuel M, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. The cutin polymer matrix undergoes a fine architectural tuning from early tomato fruit development to ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1821-1840. [PMID: 36018278 PMCID: PMC9614491 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a complex polymer matrix that protects all aerial organs of plants, fulfills multiple roles in plant-environment interactions, and is critical for plant development. These functions are associated with the structural features of cuticles, and the architectural modeling of cuticles during plant development is crucial for understanding their physical properties and biological functions. In this work, the in-depth architecture of the cutin polymer matrix during fruit development was investigated. Using cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model from the beginning of the cell expansion phase to the red ripe stage, we designed an experimental scheme combining sample pretreatment, Raman mapping, multivariate data analyses, and biochemical analyses. These approaches revealed clear chemical areas with different contributions of cutin, polysaccharides, and phenolics within the cutin polymer matrix. Besides, we demonstrated that these areas are finely tuned during fruit development, including compositional and macromolecular rearrangements. The specific spatiotemporal accumulation of phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid and flavonoids) suggests that they fulfill distinct functions during fruit development. In addition, we highlighted an unexpected dynamic remodeling of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Such structural tuning enables consistent adaption of the cutin-polysaccharide continuum and the functional performance of the fruit cuticle at the different developmental stages. This study provides insights into the plant cuticle architecture and in particular into the organization of the epidermal cell wall-cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Angelina D’Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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11
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Bres C, Petit J, Reynoud N, Brocard L, Marion D, Lahaye M, Bakan B, Rothan C. The SlSHN2 transcription factor contributes to cuticle formation and epidermal patterning in tomato fruit. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:14. [PMID: 37789465 PMCID: PMC10515250 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying plant cuticle because of its thick cuticle covering and embedding the epidermal cells of the fruit. In this study, we screened an EMS mutant collection of the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for fruit cracking mutants and found a mutant displaying a glossy fruit phenotype. By using an established mapping-by-sequencing strategy, we identified the causal mutation in the SlSHN2 transcription factor that is specifically expressed in outer epidermis of growing fruit. The point mutation in the shn2 mutant introduces a K to N amino acid change in the highly conserved 'mm' domain of SHN proteins. The cuticle from shn2 fruit showed a ~ fivefold reduction in cutin while abundance and composition of waxes were barely affected. In addition to alterations in cuticle thickness and properties, epidermal patterning and polysaccharide composition of the cuticle were changed. RNAseq analysis further highlighted the altered expression of hundreds of genes in the fruit exocarp of shn2, including genes associated with cuticle and cell wall formation, hormone signaling and response, and transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, we showed that a point mutation in the transcriptional regulator SlSHN2 causes major changes in fruit cuticle formation and its coordination with epidermal patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Bres
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRAE, Université de Bordeaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- INRA, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit Et Pathologie, 71 Av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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12
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Zhu F, Wen W, Cheng Y, Fernie AR. The metabolic changes that effect fruit quality during tomato fruit ripening. MOLECULAR HORTICULTURE 2022; 2:2. [PMID: 37789428 PMCID: PMC10515270 DOI: 10.1186/s43897-022-00024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
As the most valuable organ of tomato plants, fruit has attracted considerable attention which most focus on its quality formation during the ripening process. A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. In recent years, with the development of the next generation sequencing, molecular and genetic analysis methods, lots of genes which are involved in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism have been identified and confirmed to regulate pigment contents, fruit softening and other aspects of fruit flavor quality. Here, both research concerning the dissection of fruit quality related metabolic changes, the transcriptional and post-translational regulation of these metabolic pathways are reviewed. Furthermore, a weighted gene correlation network analysis of representative genes of fruit quality has been carried out and the potential of the combined application of the gene correlation network analysis, fine-mapping strategies and next generation sequencing to identify novel candidate genes determinants of fruit quality is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany
| | - Weiwei Wen
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Golm, Germany.
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13
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Petit J, Bres C, Reynoud N, Lahaye M, Marion D, Bakan B, Rothan C. Unraveling Cuticle Formation, Structure, and Properties by Using Tomato Genetic Diversity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:778131. [PMID: 34912361 PMCID: PMC8667768 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.778131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit has a thick, astomatous cuticle that has become a model for the study of cuticle formation, structure, and properties in plants. Tomato is also a major horticultural crop and a long-standing model for research in genetics, fruit development, and disease resistance. As a result, a wealth of genetic resources and genomic tools have been established, including collections of natural and artificially induced genetic diversity, introgression lines of genome fragments from wild relatives, high-quality genome sequences, phenotype and gene expression databases, and efficient methods for genetic transformation and editing of target genes. This mini-review reports the considerable progresses made in recent years in our understanding of cuticle by using and generating genetic diversity for cuticle-associated traits in tomato. These include the synthesis of the main cuticle components (cutin and waxes), their role in the structure and properties of the cuticle, their interaction with other cell wall polymers as well as the regulation of cuticle formation. It also addresses the opportunities offered by the untapped germplasm diversity available in tomato and the current strategies available to exploit them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nicolas Reynoud
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, Nantes, France
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14
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Barraj Barraj R, Segado P, Moreno-González R, Heredia A, Fernández-Muñoz R, Domínguez E. Genome-wide QTL analysis of tomato fruit cuticle deposition and composition. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:113. [PMID: 33931622 PMCID: PMC8087829 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetics of traits related to fruit cuticle deposition and composition was studied in two red-fruited tomato species. Two mapping populations derived from the cross between the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and its closest relative wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium L. were employed to conduct a QTL analysis. A combination of fruit cuticle deposition, components and anatomical traits were investigated and the individual effect of each QTL evaluated. A total of 70 QTLs were identified, indicating that all the cuticle traits analyzed have a complex polygenic nature. A combination of additive and epistatic interactions was observed for all the traits, with positive contribution of both parental lines to most of them. Colocalization of QTLs for various traits uncovered novel genomic regions producing extensive changes in the cuticle. Cuticle density emerges as an important trait since it can modulate cuticle thickness and invagination thus providing a strategy for sustaining mechanical strength without compromising palatability. Two genomic regions, located in chromosomes 1 and 12, are responsible for the negative interaction between cuticle waxes and phenolics identified in tomato fruit. Several candidate genes, including transcription factors and structural genes, are postulated and their expression analyzed throughout development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida Barraj Barraj
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Segado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rocío Moreno-González
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia and Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Fernández-Muñoz
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750, Málaga, Spain.
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15
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Wang J, Li G, Li C, Zhang C, Cui L, Ai G, Wang X, Zheng F, Zhang D, Larkin RM, Ye Z, Zhang J. NF-Y plays essential roles in flavonoid biosynthesis by modulating histone modifications in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3237-3252. [PMID: 33247457 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NF-Y transcription factors are reported to play diverse roles in a wide range of biological processes in plants. However, only a few active NF-Y complexes are known in plants and the precise functions of NF-Y complexes in flavonoid biosynthesis have not been determined. Using various molecular, genetic and biochemical approaches, we found that NF-YB8a, NF-YB8b and NF-YB8c - a NF-YB subgroup - can interact with a specific subgroup of NF-YC and then recruit either of two distinct NF-YAs to form NF-Y complexes that bind the CCAAT element in the CHS1 promoter. Furthermore, suppressing the expression of particular NF-YB genes increased the levels of H3K27me3 at the CHS1 locus and significantly suppressed the expression of CHS1 during tomato fruit ripening, which led to the development of pink-coloured fruit with colourless peels. Altogether, by demonstrating that NF-Y transcription factors play essential roles in flavonoid biosynthesis and by providing significant molecular insight into the regulatory mechanisms that drive the development of pink-coloured tomato fruit, we provide a major advance to our fundamental knowledge and information that has considerable practical value for horticulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafa Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guobin Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Changxing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunli Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Long Cui
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guo Ai
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fangyan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Dedi Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Robert M Larkin
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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16
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Segado P, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Cutinsomes and CUTIN SYNTHASE1 Function Sequentially in Tomato Fruit Cutin Deposition. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:1622-1637. [PMID: 32457092 PMCID: PMC7401130 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin. Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further cutin deposition. CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template. However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the cutinized and non-cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Segado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Málaga, Spain
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17
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Wu M, Xu X, Hu X, Liu Y, Cao H, Chan H, Gong Z, Yuan Y, Luo Y, Feng B, Li Z, Deng W. SlMYB72 Regulates the Metabolism of Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Flavonoids in Tomato Fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:854-868. [PMID: 32414899 PMCID: PMC7333684 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by the degradation of chlorophylls and the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids. Tomato SlMYB72 belongs to the R2R3 MYB subfamily, is located in the nucleus, and possesses transcriptional activator activity. Down-regulation of the SlMYB72 gene produced uneven-colored fruits; that is, dark green spots appeared on immature and mature green fruits, whereas yellow spots appeared on red fruits. Down-regulation of SlMYB72 increased chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast biogenesis and development, and photosynthesis rate in fruits. This down-regulation decreased lycopene content, promoted β-carotene production and chromoplast development, and increased flavonoid accumulation in fruits. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that down-regulation of SlMYB72 altered the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and flavonoids. SlMYB72 protein interacted with the auxin response factor SlARF4. SlMYB72 directly targeted protochlorophyllide reductase, Mg-chelatase H subunit, and knotted1-like homeobox2 genes and regulated chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. SlMYB72 directly bound to phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene isomerase, and lycopene β-cyclase genes and regulated carotenoid biosynthesis. SlMYB72 directly targeted 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase and chalcone synthase genes and regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acid. The uneven color phenotype in RNA interference-SlMYB72 fruits was due to uneven silencing of SlMYB72 and uneven expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis genes. In summary, this study identified important roles for SlMYB72 in the regulation of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid metabolism and provided a potential target to improve fruit nutrition in horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengbo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaowei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yudong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Haohao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Helen Chan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Zehao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yujin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Yingqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Bihong Feng
- College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
- Center of Plant Functional Genomics, Institute of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Chongqing University, 401331 Chongqing, China
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18
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Dimopoulos N, Tindjau R, Wong DCJ, Matzat T, Haslam T, Song C, Gambetta GA, Kunst L, Castellarin SD. Drought stress modulates cuticular wax composition of the grape berry. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3126-3141. [PMID: 31985780 PMCID: PMC7260727 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Drought events are a major challenge for many horticultural crops, including grapes, which are often cultivated in dry and warm climates. It is not understood how the cuticle contributes to the grape berry response to water deficit (WD); furthermore, the cuticular waxes and the related biosynthetic pathways are poorly characterized in this fruit. In this study, we identified candidate wax-related genes from the grapevine genome by phylogenetic and transcriptomic analyses. Developmental and stress response expression patterns of these candidates were characterized across pre-existing RNA sequencing data sets and confirmed a high responsiveness of the pathway to environmental stresses. We then characterized the developmental and WD-induced changes in berry cuticular wax composition, and quantified differences in berry transpiration. Cuticular aliphatic wax content was modulated during development and an increase was observed under WD, with wax esters being strongly up-regulated. These compositional changes were related to up-regulated candidate genes of the aliphatic wax biosynthetic pathway, including CER10, CER2, CER3, CER1, CER4, and WSD1. The effect of WD on berry transpiration was not significant. This study indicates that changes in cuticular wax amount and composition are part of the metabolic response of the grape berry to WD, but these changes do not reduce berry transpiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dimopoulos
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ricco Tindjau
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Darren C J Wong
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Till Matzat
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tegan Haslam
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Changzheng Song
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gregory A Gambetta
- EGFV, Bordeaux-Sciences Agro, INRA, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Simone D Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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19
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Kuhalskaya A, Wijesingha Ahchige M, Perez de Souza L, Vallarino J, Brotman Y, Alseekh S. Network Analysis Provides Insight into Tomato Lipid Metabolism. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10040152. [PMID: 32295308 PMCID: PMC7240963 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic correlation networks have been used in several instances to obtain a deeper insight into the complexity of plant metabolism as a whole. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), metabolites have a major influence on taste and overall fruit quality traits. Previously a broad spectrum of metabolic and phenotypic traits has been described using a Solanum pennellii introgression-lines (ILs) population. To obtain insights into tomato fruit metabolism, we performed metabolic network analysis from existing data, covering a wide range of metabolic traits, including lipophilic and volatile compounds, for the first time. We provide a comprehensive fruit correlation network and show how primary, secondary, lipophilic, and volatile compounds connect to each other and how the individual metabolic classes are linked to yield-related phenotypic traits. Results revealed a high connectivity within and between different classes of lipophilic compounds, as well as between lipophilic and secondary metabolites. We focused on lipid metabolism and generated a gene-expression network with lipophilic metabolites to identify new putative lipid-related genes. Metabolite–transcript correlation analysis revealed key putative genes involved in lipid biosynthesis pathways. The overall results will help to deepen our understanding of tomato metabolism and provide candidate genes for transgenic approaches toward improving nutritional qualities in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Kuhalskaya
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beersheva, Israel
| | - Micha Wijesingha Ahchige
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
| | - Leonardo Perez de Souza
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
| | - José Vallarino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
| | - Yariv Brotman
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beersheva, Israel
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (A.K.); (M.W.A.); (L.P.d.S.); (J.V.); (Y.B.)
- Centre of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)331-567-8211
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20
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Gómez-Pulido LDM, González-Cano RC, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Structure determination of amyrin isomers in cuticular waxes: a combined DFT/vibrational spectroscopy methodology. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7654-7660. [PMID: 35492148 PMCID: PMC9049878 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new methodology for the structural characterization of amyrins, a class of triterpenoids found within the fruit and leaf cuticles of higher plants. Two amyrin isomers (α and β) have been studied taking into consideration a hydrophobic molecular scenario that mimics the cuticle matrix. DFT calculations have been employed in combination with experimental data from Raman vibrational spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. A new methodology for the structural characterization of amyrins based on DFT calculations and Raman vibrational spectroscopy.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz D. M. Gómez-Pulido
- IHSM La Mayora
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Málaga
- Spain
| | | | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Málaga
- Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica
- Universidad de Málaga
- E-29071 Málaga
- Spain
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21
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Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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22
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Wang M, Jiang B, Peng Q, Liu W, He X, Liang Z, Lin Y. Transcriptome Analyses in Different Cucumber Cultivars Provide Novel Insights into Drought Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072067. [PMID: 30013000 PMCID: PMC6073345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drought stress is one of the most serious threats to cucumber quality and yield. To gain a good understanding of the molecular mechanism upon water deficiency, we compared and analyzed the RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic responses of two contrasting cucumber genotypes, L-9 (drought-tolerant) and A-16 (drought-sensitive). In our present study, combining the analysis of phenotype, twelve samples of cucumber were carried out a transcriptomic profile by RNA-Seq under normal and water-deficiency conditions, respectively. A total of 1008 transcripts were differentially expressed under normal conditions (466 up-regulated and 542 down-regulated) and 2265 transcripts under drought stress (979 up-regulated and 1286 down-regulated). The significant positive correlation between RNA sequencing data and a qRT-PCR analysis supported the results found. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in metabolic pathway and biosynthesis of secondary metabolism were significantly changed after drought stress. Several genes, which were related to sucrose biosynthesis (Csa3G784370 and Csa3G149890) and abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction (Csa4M361820 and Csa6M382950), were specifically induced after 4 days of drought stress. DEGs between the two contrasting cultivars identified in our study provide a novel insight into isolating helpful candidate genes for drought tolerance in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Biao Jiang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for New Technology Research of Vegetables, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qingwu Peng
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Wenrui Liu
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Xiaoming He
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Zhaojun Liang
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yu'e Lin
- Vegetable Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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23
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Wang C, Fu D. Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of the Eggplant Chalcone Synthase Gene during Fruit Ripening Modifies Epidermal Cells and Gravitropism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2623-2629. [PMID: 29494770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) fruits accumulate flavonoids in their cuticle and epidermal cells during ripening. Although many mutants available in model plant species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula, are enabling the intricacies of flavonoid-related physiology to be deduced, the mechanisms whereby flavonoids influence eggplant fruit physiology are unknown. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is a reliable tool for the study of flavonoid function in fruit, and in this study, we successfully applied this technique to downregulate S. melongena chalcone synthase gene ( SmCHS) expression during eggplant fruit ripening. In addition to the expected change in fruit color attributable to a lack of anthocyanins, several other modifications, including differences in epidermal cell size and shape, were observed in the different sectors. We also found that silencing of CHS gene expression was associated with a negative gravitropic response in eggplant fruits. These observations indicate that epidermal cell expansion during ripening is dependent upon CHS expression and that there may be a relationship between CHS expression and gravitropism during eggplant fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
| | - Daqi Fu
- Fruit Biology Laboratory, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100083 , People's Republic of China
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24
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Wang Y, Dou Y, Wang R, Guan X, Hu Z, Zheng J. Molecular characterization and functional analysis of chalcone synthase from Syringa oblata Lindl. in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Gene 2017; 635:16-23. [PMID: 28890377 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The flower color of Syringa oblata Lindl., which is often modulated by the flavonoid content, varies and is an important ornamental feature. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first key step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. However, little is known about the role of S. oblata CHS (SoCHS) in flavonoid biosynthesis in this species. Here, we isolate and analyze the cDNA (SoCHS1) that encodes CHS in S. oblata. We also sought to analyzed the molecular characteristics and function of flavonoid metabolism by SoCHS1. We successfully isolated the CHS-encoding genomic DNA (gDNA) in S. oblata (SoCHS1), and the gene structural analysis indicated it had no intron. The opening reading frame (ORF) sequence of SoCHS1 was 1170bp long and encoded a 389-amino acid polypeptide. Multiple sequence alignment revealed that both the conserved CHS active site residues and CHS signature sequence were in the deduced amino acid sequence of SoCHS1. Crystallographic analysis revealed that the protein structure of SoCHS1 is highly similar to that of FnCHS1 in Freesia hybrida. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) performed to detect the SoCHS1 transcript expression levels in flowers, and other tissues revealed the expression was significantly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation during flower development. The ectopic expression results of Nicotiana tabacum showed that SoCHS1 overexpression in transgenic tobacco changed the flower color from pale pink to pink. In conclusion, these results suggest that SoCHS1 plays an essential role in flavonoid biosynthesis in S. oblata, and could be used to modify flavonoid components in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ying Dou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xuelian Guan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zenghui Hu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China; Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees, Beijing 102206, China.
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25
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Khanal BP, Knoche M. Mechanical properties of cuticles and their primary determinants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5351-5367. [PMID: 28992090 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles envelope primary surfaces of the above-ground portion of plants. They function as barriers to water movement and to gas exchange, and in pathogen defense. To serve as a barrier on growing organs, cuticles must remain intact but at the same time must accommodate ongoing growth. Minimizing cuticle failure has stimulated significant research on the cuticle's mechanical properties. The objective here is to review the literature on the mechanical properties of isolated fruit and leaf cuticles. Cuticles are viscoelastic polymers. Viscoelasticity results mainly from the cutin matrix. Impregnation by waxes, flavonoids, and cutan increases stiffness and strength but decreases extensibility. On the inner side, the cutin matrix is impregnated by cell wall polysaccharides, which are responsible for its elastic behavior. Across species, the maximum forces sustainable by hydrated cuticles in uniaxial tensile tests averaged 0.82 N (range 0.15-1.63 N), the maximum stresses averaged 13.2 MPa (range 2.0-29.0 MPa), the maximum strains averaged 8.8% (range 1.6-28.0%), and the moduli of elasticity averaged 224 MPa (range 60-730 MPa). Among the environmental factors, high temperature and hydration both decreased stiffness. Therefore, the mechanical properties of cuticles in vivo depend largely on the relative proportions of their constituents. These proportions change during development and are also affected by environmental factors such as temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute for Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz-University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, D-30419 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Domínguez E, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A. The plant cuticle: old challenges, new perspectives. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5251-5255. [PMID: 29136457 PMCID: PMC5853762 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM-CSIC-UMA, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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27
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Gan L, Zhu S, Zhao Z, Liu L, Wang X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Wang J, Wang J, Guo X, Wan J. Wax Crystal-Sparse Leaf 4, encoding a β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A synthase 6, is involved in rice cuticular wax accumulation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1655-1666. [PMID: 28733852 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2181-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
WSL4 encodes a KCS6 protein which is required for cuticular wax accumulation in rice. Very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential precursors for cuticular wax biosynthesis. VLCFA biosynthesis occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and requires the fatty acid elongase (FAE) complex. The β-ketoacyl-coenzyme A synthase (KCS) catalyzes the first step of FAE-mediated VLCFA elongation. Here we characterized the Wax Crystal-Sparse Leaf 4 (WSL4) gene involved in leaf cuticular wax accumulation in rice. The wsl4 mutant displayed a pleiotropic phenotype including dwarfism, less tiller numbers and reduced surface wax load. Map-based cloning and nucleotide sequencing results revealed that wsl4 carried a single nucleotide substitution in the second exon of a putative KCS6 gene, encoding one subunit of the FAE complex for VLCFAs. Genetic complementation confirmed that the mutation in WSL4 was responsible for the phenotype of wsl4. WSL4 was constitutively expressed in various rice tissues and localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Both WSL4-RNAi transgenic lines and WSL4 knocked-out mutants exhibited wax-deficient phenotypes similar to the wsl4 mutant. These data indicate that WSL4 is required for cuticular wax accumulation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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28
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Vallarino JG, Yeats TH, Maximova E, Rose JK, Fernie AR, Osorio S. Postharvest changes in LIN5-down-regulated plants suggest a role for sugar deficiency in cuticle metabolism during ripening. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 142:11-20. [PMID: 28658609 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall invertase gene (LIN5) was reported to be a key enzyme influencing sugar uptake of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. It was additionally revealed to be a key regulator of total soluble solids content in fruit as well as for reproductive development, being mainly involved in flower development, early fruit and seed development but also in ripening. Here, we demonstrate that silencing of the LIN5 gene promotes changes affecting fruit cuticle development which has a direct effect on postharvest properties. Transformants were characterized by reduced transpirational water loss in mature fruits accompanied by several other changes in the cuticle. Quantitative chemical composition, coupled with microscopy of isolated cuticle fruits revealed that the cuticle of the transformants were characterized by an increase of the thickness as well as significant increase in the content of cuticle components (cutin, phenolic compounds, and waxes). Furthermore, detailed analysis of the waxes revealed that the transformants displayed changes in waxes composition, showing higher levels of n-alkanes and triterpenoids which can shift the proportion of crystalline and amorphous waxes and change the water flux through the cuticle. Expression of the genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis indicated that LIN5 influences the biosynthesis of components of the cuticle, indicating that this process is coupled to sugar uploading via a mechanism which links carbon supply with the capacity for fruit expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José G Vallarino
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", University of Malaga- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Trevor H Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Eugenia Maximova
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jocelyn K Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Sonia Osorio
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", University of Malaga- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain; Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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29
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Cui L, Qiu Z, Wang Z, Gao J, Guo Y, Huang Z, Du Y, Wang X. Fine Mapping of a Gene ( ER4.1) that Causes Epidermal Reticulation of Tomato Fruit and Characterization of the Associated Transcriptome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1254. [PMID: 28798753 PMCID: PMC5526902 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle that covers the surface of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit plays key roles in development and protection against biotic and abiotic stresses, including water loss, mechanical damage, UV radiation, pathogens, and pests. However, many details of the genes and regulatory mechanisms involved in cuticle biosynthesis in fleshy fruits are not well understood. In this study, we describe a novel tomato fruit phenotype, characterized by epidermal reticulation (ER) of green fruit and a higher water loss rate than wild type (WT) fruit. The ER phenotype is controlled by a single gene, ER4.1, derived from an introgressed chromosomal segment from the wild tomato species S. pennellii (LA0716). We performed fine mapping of the single dominant gene to an ~300 kb region and identified Solyc04g082540, Solyc04g082950, Solyc04g082630, and Solyc04g082910as potential candidate genes for the ER4.1 locus, based on comparative RNA-seq analysis of ER and WT fruit peels. In addition, the transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of genes involved in cutin, wax and flavonoid biosynthesis were altered in the ER fruit compared with WT. This study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanisms and metabolism of the fruit cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zhengkun Qiu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Zhirong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jianchang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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30
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Szymanski J, Levin Y, Savidor A, Breitel D, Chappell-Maor L, Heinig U, Töpfer N, Aharoni A. Label-free deep shotgun proteomics reveals protein dynamics during tomato fruit tissues development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:396-417. [PMID: 28112434 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current innovations in mass-spectrometry-based technologies allow deep coverage of protein expression. Despite its immense value and in contrast to transcriptomics, only a handful of studies in crop plants engaged with global proteome assays. Here, we present large-scale shotgun proteomics profiling of tomato fruit across two key tissues and five developmental stages. A total of 7738 individual protein groups were identified and reliably measured at least in one of the analyzed tissues or stages. The depth of our assay enabled identification of 61 differentially expressed transcription factors, including renowned ripening-related regulators and elements of ethylene signaling. Significantly, we measured proteins involved in 83% of all predicted enzymatic reactions in the tomato metabolic network. Hence, proteins representing almost the complete set of reactions in major metabolic pathways were identified, including the cytosolic and plastidic isoprenoid and the phenylpropanoid pathways. Furthermore, the data allowed us to discern between protein isoforms according to expression patterns, which is most significant in light of the weak transcript-protein expression correspondence. Finally, visualization of changes in protein abundance associated with a particular process provided us with a unique view of skin and flesh tissues in developing fruit. This study adds a new dimension to the existing genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic resources. It is therefore likely to promote translational and post-translational research in tomato and additional species, which is presently focused on transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Szymanski
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Yishai Levin
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Savidor
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dario Breitel
- Metabolic Biology Department, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Louise Chappell-Maor
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Uwe Heinig
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Nadine Töpfer
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Capel C, Yuste-Lisbona FJ, López-Casado G, Angosto T, Cuartero J, Lozano R, Capel J. Multi-environment QTL mapping reveals genetic architecture of fruit cracking in a tomato RIL Solanum lycopersicum × S. pimpinellifolium population. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:213-222. [PMID: 27742924 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-016-2809-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
QTL and codominant genetic markers for fruit cracking have been identified in a tomato genetic map derived from a RIL population, providing molecular tools for marker-assisted breeding of this trait. In tomato, as well as in other fleshy fruits, one of the main disorders that widely limit quality and production is fruit cracking or splitting of the epidermis that is observed on the fruit skin and flesh at any stage of fruit growth and maturation. To elucidate the genetic basis of fruit cracking, a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was conducted in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from a cross between tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and the wild-relative species S. pimpinellifolium. The RIL population was evaluated for fruit cracking during three consecutive growing seasons. Construction of a high-density linkage map based on codominant markers, covering more than 1000 cM of the whole genome, led to the identification of both main and epistatic QTL controlling fruit cracking on the basis of a single-environment as well as multiple-environment analysis. This information will enhance molecular breeding for novel cracking resistant varieties and simultaneously assist the identification of genes underlying these QTL, helping to reveal the genetic basis of fruit cracking in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Capel
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Edificio CITE II-B, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Fernando J Yuste-Lisbona
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Edificio CITE II-B, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Gloria López-Casado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa Málaga, Spain
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Edificio CITE II-B, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Jesús Cuartero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Edificio CITE II-B, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain
| | - Juan Capel
- Departamento de Biología y Geología (Genética), Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria (BITAL), Edificio CITE II-B, Universidad de Almería, Carretera de Sacramento s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain.
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32
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Gan L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Lei C, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Lin Q, Wu F, Guo X, Wang J, Zhang X, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1687-1698. [PMID: 27106031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1983-1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
WSL3 encodes β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) in rice, in a similar way to YBR159w in yeast, and is essential for VLCFA biosynthesis and leaf wax accumulation. Cuticular waxes on plant surfaces limit non-stomatal water loss, protect plants against deposits of dust and impose a physical barrier to pathogen infection. We identified a wax-deficient mutant of rice, wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 (wsl3), which exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype that includes reduced epicuticular wax crystals on the leaf surface and altered wax composition. Map-based cloning demonstrated that defects in the mutant were caused by two adjacent single-nucleotide changes in a gene encoding β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) that catalyzes the second step of the fatty acid elongation reaction. The identity of WSL3 was further confirmed by genetic complementation. Transient assays of fluorescent protein-tagged WSL3 in tobacco protoplasts showed that WSL3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, the compartment of fatty acid elongation in cells. Quantitative PCR and histochemical staining indicated that WSL3 is universally expressed in tissues. RNA interference of WSL3 caused a phenotype that mimicked the wsl3 mutant. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) 20:0 and 22:0, or 20:1Δ(11) and 22:1Δ(13), were detected when WSL3 and Arabidopsis fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1) were co-expressed in a yeast ybr159wΔ mutant strain. Our results indicated that WSL3 affects rice cuticular wax production by participating in VLCFA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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33
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Gan L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang J, Zhang Z, Ren Y, Lei C, Zhao Z, Zhu S, Lin Q, Wu F, Guo X, Wang J, Zhang X, Wan J. Wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 encoding a β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase is involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis in rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:1687-98. [PMID: 27106031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-016-1983-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
WSL3 encodes β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) in rice, in a similar way to YBR159w in yeast, and is essential for VLCFA biosynthesis and leaf wax accumulation. Cuticular waxes on plant surfaces limit non-stomatal water loss, protect plants against deposits of dust and impose a physical barrier to pathogen infection. We identified a wax-deficient mutant of rice, wax crystal-sparse leaf 3 (wsl3), which exhibits a pleiotropic phenotype that includes reduced epicuticular wax crystals on the leaf surface and altered wax composition. Map-based cloning demonstrated that defects in the mutant were caused by two adjacent single-nucleotide changes in a gene encoding β-ketoacyl-CoA reductase (KCR) that catalyzes the second step of the fatty acid elongation reaction. The identity of WSL3 was further confirmed by genetic complementation. Transient assays of fluorescent protein-tagged WSL3 in tobacco protoplasts showed that WSL3 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum, the compartment of fatty acid elongation in cells. Quantitative PCR and histochemical staining indicated that WSL3 is universally expressed in tissues. RNA interference of WSL3 caused a phenotype that mimicked the wsl3 mutant. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) 20:0 and 22:0, or 20:1Δ(11) and 22:1Δ(13), were detected when WSL3 and Arabidopsis fatty acid elongation 1 (FAE1) were co-expressed in a yeast ybr159wΔ mutant strain. Our results indicated that WSL3 affects rice cuticular wax production by participating in VLCFA elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Linglong Liu
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Fuqing Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- National Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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34
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Yamamoto E, Matsunaga H, Onogi A, Kajiya-Kanegae H, Minamikawa M, Suzuki A, Shirasawa K, Hirakawa H, Nunome T, Yamaguchi H, Miyatake K, Ohyama A, Iwata H, Fukuoka H. A simulation-based breeding design that uses whole-genome prediction in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19454. [PMID: 26787426 PMCID: PMC4726135 DOI: 10.1038/srep19454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient plant breeding methods must be developed in order to increase yields and feed a growing world population, as well as to meet the demands of consumers with diverse preferences who require high-quality foods. We propose a strategy that integrates breeding simulations and phenotype prediction models using genomic information. The validity of this strategy was evaluated by the simultaneous genetic improvement of the yield and flavour of the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), as an example. Reliable phenotype prediction models for the simulation were constructed from actual genotype and phenotype data. Our simulation predicted that selection for both yield and flavour would eventually result in morphological changes that would increase the total plant biomass and decrease the light extinction coefficient, an essential requirement for these improvements. This simulation-based genome-assisted approach to breeding will help to optimise plant breeding, not only in the tomato but also in other important agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamamoto
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsunaga
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Akio Onogi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kajiya-Kanegae
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mai Minamikawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akinori Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kenta Shirasawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Hideki Hirakawa
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, 2-6-7 Kazusa-kamatari, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Nunome
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Yamaguchi
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Koji Miyatake
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
| | - Akio Ohyama
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 3-1-1 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8666, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Iwata
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Biology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukuoka
- NARO Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (NIVTS), 360 Kusawa, Ano, Tsu, Mie 514-2392, Japan
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35
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Onelli E, Ghiani A, Gentili R, Serra S, Musacchi S, Citterio S. Specific Changes of Exocarp and Mesocarp Occurring during Softening Differently Affect Firmness in Melting (MF) and Non Melting Flesh (NMF) Fruits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145341. [PMID: 26709823 PMCID: PMC4692397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melting (MF) and non melting flesh (NMF) peaches differ in their final texture and firmness. Their specific characteristics are achieved by softening process and directly dictate fruit shelf life and quality. Softening is influenced by various mechanisms including cell wall reorganization and water loss. In this work, the biomechanical properties of MF Spring Crest's and NMF Oro A's exocarp and mesocarp along with the amount and localization of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavonoids were investigated during fruit ripening and post-harvest. The objective was to better understand the role played by water loss and cell wall reorganization in peach softening. Results showed that in ripe Spring Crest, where both cell turgor loss and cell wall dismantling occurred, mesocarp had a little role in the fruit reaction to compression and probe penetration response was almost exclusively ascribed to the epidermis which functioned as a mechanical support to the pulp. In ripe Oro A's fruit, where cell wall disassembly did not occur and the loss of cell turgor was observed only in mesocarp, the contribution of exocarp to fruit firmness was consistent but relatively lower than that of mesocarp, suggesting that in addition to cell turgor, the integrity of cell wall played a key role in maintaining NMF fruit firmness. The analysis of phenols suggested that permeability and firmness of epidermis were associated with the presence of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Onelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - A. Ghiani
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - R. Gentili
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - S. Serra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, 98801, WA, United States of America
| | - S. Musacchi
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, TFREC, Wenatchee, 98801, WA, United States of America
| | - S. Citterio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza n. 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
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36
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Lashbrooke J, Adato A, Lotan O, Alkan N, Tsimbalist T, Rechav K, Fernandez-Moreno JP, Widemann E, Grausem B, Pinot F, Granell A, Costa F, Aharoni A. The Tomato MIXTA-Like Transcription Factor Coordinates Fruit Epidermis Conical Cell Development and Cuticular Lipid Biosynthesis and Assembly. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2553-71. [PMID: 26443676 PMCID: PMC4677903 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis of aerial plant organs is the primary source of building blocks forming the outer surface cuticular layer. To examine the relationship between epidermal cell development and cuticle assembly in the context of fruit surface, we investigated the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MIXTA-like gene. MIXTA/MIXTA-like proteins, initially described in snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) petals, are known regulators of epidermal cell differentiation. Fruit of transgenically silenced SlMIXTA-like tomato plants displayed defects in patterning of conical epidermal cells. They also showed altered postharvest water loss and resistance to pathogens. Transcriptome and cuticular lipids profiling coupled with comprehensive microscopy revealed significant modifications to cuticle assembly and suggested SlMIXTA-like to regulate cutin biosynthesis. Candidate genes likely acting downstream of SlMIXTA-like included cytochrome P450s (CYPs) of the CYP77A and CYP86A subfamilies, LONG-CHAIN ACYL-COA SYNTHETASE2, GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE SN-2-ACYLTRANSFERASE4, and the ATP-BINDING CASSETTE11 cuticular lipids transporter. As part of a larger regulatory network of epidermal cell patterning and L1-layer identity, we found that SlMIXTA-like acts downstream of SlSHINE3 and possibly cooperates with homeodomain Leu zipper IV transcription factors. Hence, SlMIXTA-like is a positive regulator of both cuticle and conical epidermal cell formation in tomato fruit, acting as a mediator of the tight association between fruit cutin polymer formation, cuticle assembly, and epidermal cell patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lashbrooke
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Avital Adato
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Orfa Lotan
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Noam Alkan
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Tatiana Tsimbalist
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Katya Rechav
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Josefina-Patricia Fernandez-Moreno
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Emilie Widemann
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Bernard Grausem
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Franck Pinot
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Antonio Granell
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Fabrizio Costa
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences (J.L., A.Ad., O.L., N.A., T.T., J.-P.F.-M., A.Ah.) andChemical Research Support (K.R.), Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;Research and Innovation Centre, Foundation Edmund Mach, I-38010 San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy (J.L., F.C.);Institute for Wine Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa (J.L.);Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Fruit, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel (N.A.);Department of Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (J.-P.F.-M., A.G.); andDépartement Réseaux Métaboliques chez les Végétaux, Institut de Biologie Molééculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67083 Strasbourg cedex, France (E.W., B.G., F.P.)
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37
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Giménez E, Dominguez E, Pineda B, Heredia A, Moreno V, Lozano R, Angosto T. Transcriptional Activity of the MADS Box ARLEQUIN/TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKE1 Gene Is Required for Cuticle Development of Tomato Fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1036-48. [PMID: 26019301 PMCID: PMC4741332 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fruit development and ripening entail key biological and agronomic events, which ensure the appropriate formation and dispersal of seeds and determine productivity and yield quality traits. The MADS box gene Arlequin/tomato Agamous-like1 (hereafter referred to as TAGL1) was reported as a key regulator of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) reproductive development, mainly involved in flower development, early fruit development, and ripening. It is shown here that silencing of the TAGL1 gene (RNA interference lines) promotes significant changes affecting cuticle development, mainly a reduction of thickness and stiffness, as well as a significant decrease in the content of cuticle components (cutin, waxes, polysaccharides, and phenolic compounds). Accordingly, overexpression of TAGL1 significantly increased the amount of cuticle and most of its components while rendering a mechanically weak cuticle. Expression of the genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis agreed with the biochemical and biomechanical features of cuticles isolated from transgenic fruits; it also indicated that TAGL1 participates in the transcriptional control of cuticle development mediating the biosynthesis of cuticle components. Furthermore, cell morphology and the arrangement of epidermal cell layers, on whose activity cuticle formation depends, were altered when TAGL1 was either silenced or constitutively expressed, indicating that this transcription factor regulates cuticle development, probably through the biosynthetic activity of epidermal cells. Our results also support cuticle development as an integrated event in the fruit expansion and ripening processes that characterize fleshy-fruited species such as tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Giménez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Eva Dominguez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Benito Pineda
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Vicente Moreno
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Rafael Lozano
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
| | - Trinidad Angosto
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad de Almería, 04120 Almeria, Spain (E.G., R.L., T.A.);Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Malaga, Spain (E.D., A.H.); andInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 46022 Valencia, Spain (B.P., V.M.)
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