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Yu J, Zhang Y, Cosgrove DJ. The nonlinear mechanics of highly extensible plant epidermal cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316396121. [PMID: 38165937 PMCID: PMC10786299 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316396121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant epidermal cell walls maintain the mechanical integrity of plants and restrict organ growth. Mechanical analyses can give insights into wall structure and are inputs for mechanobiology models of plant growth. To better understand the intrinsic mechanics of epidermal cell walls and how they may accommodate large deformations during growth, we analyzed a geometrically simple material, onion epidermal strips consisting of only the outer (periclinal) cell wall, ~7 μm thick. With uniaxial stretching by >40%, the wall showed complex three-phase stress-strain responses while cyclic stretching revealed reversible and irreversible deformations and elastic hysteresis. Stretching at varying strain rates and temperatures indicated the wall behaved more like a network of flexible cellulose fibers capable of sliding than a viscoelastic composite with pectin viscosity. We developed an analytic framework to quantify nonlinear wall mechanics in terms of stiffness, deformation, and energy dissipation, finding that the wall stretches by combined elastic and plastic deformation without compromising its stiffness. We also analyzed mechanical changes in slightly dehydrated walls. Their extension became stiffer and more irreversible, highlighting the influence of water on cellulose stiffness and sliding. This study offers insights into the structure and deformation modes of primary cell walls and presents a framework that is also applicable to tissues and whole organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
| | - Yao Zhang
- Department of Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan430074, China
- China Hubei Key Laboratory of Engineering Structural Analysis and Safety Assessment, Wuhan430074, China
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA16802
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2
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Takayama G, Kondo T. Quantitative evaluation of fiber network structure-property relationships in bacterial cellulose hydrogels. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121311. [PMID: 37739508 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study attempts to elucidate the network structure-property relationships of bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels comprising cellulose nanofibrils with favorable mechanical properties. To achieve this, it is necessary to establish a method based on quantitative evaluation of nanofibril network structure, rather than a simple application of classical polymer network theory. BC hydrogels with various network structures related to their mechanical properties were prepared from seven bacterial strains. The crosslink densities of the gels were determined quantitatively by a combination of fluorescence microscopy and image analysis. The tensile tests showed that the stress-strain curves of BC hydrogels exhibited strain hardening according to the power law for strain, and the power exponent had a linear relationship with the crosslink density. This result provides insight into the structure-property relationships of BC hydrogels, which could be used to inform quality control, process optimization, and high-throughput property prediction during manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Takayama
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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3
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Gkolemis K, Giannoutsou E, Adamakis IDS, Galatis B, Apostolakos P. Cell wall anisotropy plays a key role in Zea mays stomatal complex movement: the possible role of the cell wall matrix. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:331-351. [PMID: 38108950 PMCID: PMC10730690 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01393-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The opening of the stomatal pore in Zea mays is accomplished by the lateral displacement of the central canals of the dumbbell-shaped guard cells (GCs) towards their adjacent deflating subsidiary cells that retreat locally. During this process, the central canals swell, and their cell wall thickenings become thinner. The mechanical forces driving the outward displacement of the central canal are applied by the asymmetrically swollen bulbous ends of the GCs via the rigid terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal and the polar ventral cell wall (VW) ends. During stomatal pore closure, the shrinking bulbous GC ends no longer exert the mechanical forces on the central canals, allowing them to be pushed back inwards, towards their initial position, by the now swelling subsidiary cells. During this process, the cell walls of the central canal thicken. Examination of immunolabeled specimens revealed that important cell wall matrix materials are differentially distributed across the walls of Z. mays stomatal complexes. The cell walls of the bulbous ends and of the central canal of the GCs, as well as the cell walls of the subsidiary cells were shown to be rich in methylesterified homogalacturonans (HGs) and hemicelluloses. Demethylesterified HGs were, in turn, mainly located at the terminal cell wall thickenings of the central canal, at the polar ends of the VW, at the lateral walls of the GCs and at the periclinal cell walls of the central canal. During stomatal function, a spatiotemporal change on the distribution of some of the cell wall matrix materials is observed. The participation of the above cell wall matrix polysaccharides in the well-orchestrated response of the cell wall during the reversible movements of the stomatal complexes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gkolemis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - E Giannoutsou
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - I-D S Adamakis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - B Galatis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - P Apostolakos
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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4
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Zhang Y, Deng W, Wu M, Rahmaninia M, Xu C, Li B. Tailoring Functionality of Nanocellulose: Current Status and Critical Challenges. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091489. [PMID: 37177034 PMCID: PMC10179792 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) isolated from natural cellulose resources, which mainly includes cellulose nanofibril (CNF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), has garnered increased attention in recent decades due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties. Various chemical modifications have been developed with the aim of surface-modifying NC for highly sophisticated applications. This review comprehensively summarizes the chemical modifications applied to NC so far in order to introduce new functionalities to the material, such as silanization, esterification, oxidation, etherification, grafting, coating, and others. The new functionalities obtained through such surface-modification methods include hydrophobicity, conductivity, antibacterial properties, and absorbability. In addition, the incorporation of NC in some functional materials, such as films, wearable sensors, cellulose nanospheres, aerogel, hydrogels, and nanocomposites, is discussed in relation to the tailoring of the functionality of NC. It should be pointed out that some issues need to be addressed during the preparation of NC and NC-based materials, such as the low reactivity of these raw materials, the difficulties involved in their scale-up, and their high energy and water consumption. Over the past decades, some methods have been developed, such as the use of pretreatment methods, the adaptation of low-cost starting raw materials, and the use of environmentally friendly chemicals, which support the practical application of NC and NC-based materials. Overall, it is believed that as a green, sustainable, and renewable nanomaterial, NC is will be suitable for large-scale applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Zhang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wangfang Deng
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Meiyan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Mehdi Rahmaninia
- Wood and Paper Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor 46417-76489, Iran
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Bin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao 266101, China
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5
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Cosgrove DJ. Building an extensible cell wall. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1246-1277. [PMID: 35460252 PMCID: PMC9237729 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model's mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose-cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Chibrikov V, Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Tailor-Made Biosystems - Bacterial Cellulose-Based Films with Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2067869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadym Chibrikov
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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Yi H, Chen Y, Anderson CT. Turgor pressure change in stomatal guard cells arises from interactions between water influx and mechanical responses of their cell walls. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e12. [PMID: 37077969 PMCID: PMC10095868 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2022.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plants to absorb CO2 for photosynthesis and transport water from root to shoot depends on the reversible swelling of guard cells that open stomatal pores in the epidermis. Despite decades of experimental and theoretical work, the biomechanical drivers of stomatal opening and closure are still not clearly defined. We combined mechanical principles with a growing body of knowledge concerning water flux across the plant cell membrane and the biomechanical properties of plant cell walls to quantitatively test the long-standing hypothesis that increasing turgor pressure resulting from water uptake drives guard cell expansion during stomatal opening. To test the alternative hypothesis that water influx is the main motive force underlying guard cell expansion, we developed a system dynamics model accounting for water influx. This approach connects stomatal kinetics to whole plant physiology by including values for water flux arising from water status in the plant .
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Author for correspondence: H. Yi, E-mail:
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology and Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Short-term high temperature with shear produces tomato suspensions with desirable rheological properties. J FOOD ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2021.110736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Felhofer M, Mayr K, Lütz-Meindl U, Gierlinger N. Raman imaging of Micrasterias: new insights into shape formation. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1323-1334. [PMID: 34292402 PMCID: PMC8523415 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The algae Micrasterias with its star-shaped cell pattern is a perfect unicellular model system to study morphogenesis. How the indentations are formed in the primary cell wall at exactly defined areas puzzled scientists for decades, and they searched for chemical differences in the primary wall of the extending tips compared to the resting indents. We now tackled the question by Raman imaging and scanned in situ Micrasterias cells at different stages of development. Thousands of Raman spectra were acquired from the mother cell and the developing semicell to calculate chemical images based on an algorithm finding the most different Raman spectra. Each of those spectra had characteristic Raman bands, which were assigned to molecular vibrations of BaSO4, proteins, lipids, starch, and plant cell wall carbohydrates. Visualizing the cell wall carbohydrates revealed a cell wall thickening at the indentations of the primary cell wall of the growing semicell and uniplanar orientation of the cellulose microfibrils to the cell surface in the secondary cell wall. Crystalline cellulose dominated in the secondary cell wall spectra, while in the primary cell wall spectra, also xyloglucan and pectin were reflected. Spectral differences between the indent and tip region of the primary cell wall were scarce, but a spectral mixing approach pointed to more cellulose fibrils deposited in the indent region. Therefore, we suggest that cell wall thickening together with a denser network of cellulose microfibrils stiffens the cell wall at the indent and induces different cell wall extensibility to shape the lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felhofer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Mayr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Chen L, Pan Y, Jia X, Wang X, Yuan J, Li X. Constant storage temperature delays firmness decreasing and pectin solubilization of apple during post‐harvest storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
- Tianjin Gasin‐DH Preservation Technologies Co., Ltd. Tianjin China
| | - Yanfang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Agro‐products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology Chinese Academic of Agricultural Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Postharvest Physiology and Storage of Agricultural Products National Engineering and Technology Research Center for Preservation of Agricultural Products Tianjin China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
- Tianjin Liyuan Jieneng Gas Equipment Co., Ltd. Tianjin China
| | - Junwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xihong Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety Ministry of Education Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
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11
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Ray U, Zhu S, Pang Z, Li T. Mechanics Design in Cellulose-Enabled High-Performance Functional Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002504. [PMID: 32794349 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of cellulose found in natural resources such as wood, and the wide spectrum of structural diversity of cellulose nanomaterials in the form of micro-nano-sized particles and fibers, have sparked a tremendous interest to utilize cellulose's intriguing mechanical properties in designing high-performance functional materials, where cellulose's structure-mechanics relationships are pivotal. In this progress report, multiscale mechanics understanding of cellulose, including the key role of hydrogen bonding, the dependence of structural interfaces on the spatial hydrogen bond density, the effect of nanofiber size and orientation on the fracture toughness, are discussed along with recent development on enabling experimental design techniques such as structural alteration, manipulation of anisotropy, interface and topology engineering. Progress in these fronts renders cellulose a prospect of being effectuated in an array of emerging sustainable applications and being fabricated into high-performance structural materials that are both strong and tough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upamanyu Ray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Shuze Zhu
- Center for X-Mechanics, Key Laboratory of Soft Machines and Smart Devices of Zhejiang Province, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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Li Z, Chen SQ, Cao X, Li L, Zhu J, Yu H. Effect of pH Buffer and Carbon Metabolism on the Yield and Mechanical Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 53582. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:429-438. [PMID: 33323677 PMCID: PMC9705897 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2010.10054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) is widely used in the food industry for products such as nata de coco. The mechanical properties of BC hydrogels, including stiffness and viscoelasticity, are determined by the hydrated fibril network. Generally, Komagataeibacter bacteria produce gluconic acids in a glucose medium, which may affect the pH, structure and mechanical properties of BC. In this work, the effect of pH buffer on the yields of Komagataeibacter hansenii strain ATCC 53582 was studied. The bacterium in a phosphate and phthalate buffer with low ionic strength produced a good BC yield (5.16 and 4.63 g/l respectively), but there was a substantial reduction in pH due to the accumulation of gluconic acid. However, the addition of gluconic acid enhanced the polymer density and mechanical properties of BC hydrogels. The effect was similar to that of the bacteria using glycerol in another carbon metabolism circuit, which provided good pH stability and a higher conversion rate of carbon. This study may broaden the understanding of how carbon sources affect BC biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China,School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Si-Qian Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Cao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Key Laboratory of Healthy Food Development and Nutrition Regulation of China National Light Industry, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Institute of Science and Technology Innovation, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, P.R. China,Corresponding authors J. Zhu Phone: +86-769-22862195 Fax: +86-769-22861680 E-mail:
| | - Hongpeng Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China,H. Yu E-mail:
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Leszczuk A, Kalaitzis P, Blazakis KN, Zdunek A. The role of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) in fruit ripening-a review. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:176. [PMID: 33328442 PMCID: PMC7603502 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00397-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are proteoglycans challenging researchers for decades. However, despite the extremely interesting polydispersity of their structure and essential application potential, studies of AGPs in fruit are limited, and only a few groups deal with this scientific subject. Here, we summarise the results of pioneering studies on AGPs in fruit tissue with their structure, specific localization pattern, stress factors influencing their presence, and a focus on recent advances. We discuss the properties of AGPs, i.e., binding calcium ions, ability to aggregate, adhesive nature, and crosslinking with other cell wall components that may also be implicated in fruit metabolism. The aim of this review is an attempt to associate well-known features and properties of AGPs with their putative roles in fruit ripening. The putative physiological significance of AGPs might provide additional targets of regulation for fruit developmental programme. A comprehensive understanding of the AGP expression, structure, and untypical features may give new information for agronomic, horticulture, and renewable biomaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Panagiotis Kalaitzis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Konstantinos N Blazakis
- Department of Horticultural Genetics and Biotechnology, Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Chania, P.O. Box 85, Chania, 73100, Greece
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland
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Wood hemicelluloses exert distinct biomechanical contributions to cellulose fibrillar networks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4692. [PMID: 32943624 PMCID: PMC7499266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicelluloses, a family of heterogeneous polysaccharides with complex molecular structures, constitute a fundamental component of lignocellulosic biomass. However, the contribution of each hemicellulose type to the mechanical properties of secondary plant cell walls remains elusive. Here we homogeneously incorporate different combinations of extracted and purified hemicelluloses (xylans and glucomannans) from softwood and hardwood species into self-assembled networks during cellulose biosynthesis in a bacterial model, without altering the morphology and the crystallinity of the cellulose bundles. These composite hydrogels can be therefore envisioned as models of secondary plant cell walls prior to lignification. The incorporated hemicelluloses exhibit both a rigid phase having close interactions with cellulose, together with a flexible phase contributing to the multiscale architecture of the bacterial cellulose hydrogels. The wood hemicelluloses exhibit distinct biomechanical contributions, with glucomannans increasing the elastic modulus in compression, and xylans contributing to a dramatic increase of the elongation at break under tension. These diverging effects cannot be explained solely from the nature of their direct interactions with cellulose, but can be related to the distinct molecular structure of wood xylans and mannans, the multiphase architecture of the hydrogels and the aggregative effects amongst hemicellulose-coated fibrils. Our study contributes to understanding the specific roles of wood xylans and glucomannans in the biomechanical integrity of secondary cell walls in tension and compression and has significance for the development of lignocellulosic materials with controlled assembly and tailored mechanical properties. Hemicelluloses are an essential constituent of plant cell walls, but the individual biomechanical roles remain elusive. Here the authors report on the interaction of wood hemicellulose with bacterial cellulose during deposition and explore the resultant fibrillar architecture and mechanical properties.
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15
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Ren Y, Linter BR, Foster TJ. Cellulose fibrillation and interaction with psyllium seed husk heteroxylan. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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16
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Xia X, Lan B, Tao X, Lin J, You M. Characterization of Spodoptera litura Gut Bacteria and Their Role in Feeding and Growth of the Host. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1492. [PMID: 32714311 PMCID: PMC7344319 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect gut microbes play important roles in host feeding, digestion, immunity, growth and development. Spodoptera litura is an important agricultural pest distributed of global importance. In the present study, diversity and functions of the gut bacteria in S. litura are investigated based on the approaches of metagenomics and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The results showed that the gut bacterial diversity of S. litura reared on taro leaves or an artificial diet, were similar at the phylum level, as both were mainly composed of Proteobacteria, but differed significantly at the order level. Spodoptera litura reared on taro leaves (Sl-tar) had gut biota mainly comprised of Enterobacteriales and Lactobacillales, while those reared on artificial diet (Sl-art) predominantly contained Pseudomonadales and Enterobacteriales, suggesting that gut bacteria composition was closely related to the insect's diet. We found that feeding and growth of S. litura were significantly reduced when individuals were treated with antibiotics, but could be both restored to a certain extent after reimporting gut bacteria, indicating that gut bacteria are important for feeding, digestion, and utilization of food in S. litura. Metagenomic sequencing of gut microbes revealed that the gut bacteria encode a large number of enzymes involved in digestion, detoxification, and nutrient supply, implying that the gut microbes may be essential for improving the efficiency of food utilization in S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bomiao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Quanzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xinping Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
| | - Junhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control, Ministry of Education, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, China
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Zhong R, Cui D, Phillips DR, Richardson EA, Ye ZH. A Group of O-Acetyltransferases Catalyze Xyloglucan Backbone Acetylation and Can Alter Xyloglucan Xylosylation Pattern and Plant Growth When Expressed in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1064-1079. [PMID: 32167545 PMCID: PMC7295396 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan is a major hemicellulose in plant cell walls and exists in two distinct types, XXXG and XXGG. While the XXXG-type xyloglucan from dicot species only contains O-acetyl groups on side-chain galactose (Gal) residues, the XXGG-type xyloglucan from Poaceae (grasses) and Solanaceae bears O-acetyl groups on backbone glucosyl (Glc) residues. Although O-acetyltransferases responsible for xyloglucan Gal acetylation have been characterized, the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan backbone acetylation remains to be elucidated. In this study, we showed that recombinant proteins of a group of DUF231 members from rice and tomato were capable of transferring acetyl groups onto O-6 of Glc residues in cello-oligomer acceptors, indicating that they are xyloglucan backbone 6-O-acetyltransferases (XyBATs). We further demonstrated that XyBAT-acetylated cellohexaose oligomers could be readily xylosylated by AtXXT1 (Arabidopsis xyloglucan xylosyltransferase 1) to generate acetylated, xylosylated cello-oligomers, whereas AtXXT1-xylosylated cellohexaose oligomers were much less effectively acetylated by XyBATs. Heterologous expression of a rice XyBAT in Arabidopsis led to a severe reduction in cell expansion and plant growth and a drastic alteration in xyloglucan xylosylation pattern with the formation of acetylated XXGG-type units, including XGG, XGGG, XXGG, XXGG,XXGGG and XXGGG (G denotes acetylated Glc). In addition, recombinant proteins of two Arabidopsis XyBAT homologs also exhibited O-acetyltransferase activity toward cellohexaose, suggesting their possible role in mediating xyloglucan backbone acetylation in vivo. Our findings provide new insights into the biochemical mechanism underlying xyloglucan backbone acetylation and indicate the importance of maintaining the regular xyloglucan xylosylation pattern in cell wall function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dongtao Cui
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Dennis R Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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18
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Ganguly K, Patel DK, Dutta SD, Shin WC, Lim KT. Stimuli-responsive self-assembly of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs): Structures, functions, and biomedical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:456-469. [PMID: 32222290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have received a significant amount of attention from the researchers. It is used as a nanomaterial for various applications due to its excellent physiochemical properties for the last few decades. Self-assembly is a phenomenon where autonomous reorganization of randomly oriented species occurs elegantly. Self-assembly is responsible for the formation of the hierarchical cholesteric structure of CNCs. This process is highly influenced by several factors, such as the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles, intermolecular forces, and the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. Various conventional experimental designs and molecular dynamics (MD) studies have been applied to determine the possible mechanism of self-assembly in CNCs. Different external factors, like pH, temperature, magnetic/electric fields, vacuum, also influence the self-assembly process in CNCs. Notably, better responses have been observed in CNCs-grafted polymer nanocomposites. These functionalized CNCs with stimuli-responsive self-assembly have immense practical applications in modern biotechnology and medicine. Herein, we have concisely discussed the mechanism of the self-assembled CNCs in the presence of different external factors such as pH, temperature, electric/magnetic fields, and their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keya Ganguly
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dinesh K Patel
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayan Deb Dutta
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Chul Shin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Taek Lim
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Vilaseca F, Serra A, Kochumalayil JJ. Xyloglucan coating for enhanced strength and toughness in wood fibre networks. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Mikkelsen D, Lopez-Sanchez P, Wang D, Gidley MJ. Formation of Cellulose-Based Composites with Hemicelluloses and Pectins Using Komagataeibacter Fermentation. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:73-87. [PMID: 32617930 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Komagataeibacter xylinus synthesizes cellulose in an analogous fashion to plants. Through fermentation of K. xylinus in media containing cell wall polysaccharides from the hemicellulose and/or pectin families, composites with cellulose can be produced. These serve as general models for the assembly, structure, and properties of plant cell walls. By studying structure/property relationships of cellulose composites, the effects of defined hemicellulose and/or pectin polysaccharide structures can be investigated. The macroscopic nature of the composites also allows composite mechanical properties to be characterized.The method for producing cellulose-based composites involves reviving and then culturing K. xylinus in the presence of desired hemicelluloses and/or pectins. Different conditions are required for construction of hemicellulose- and pectin-containing composites. Fermentation results in a floating mat or pellicle of cellulose-based composite that can be recovered, washed, and then studied under hydrated conditions without any need for intermediate drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Mikkelsen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Patricia Lopez-Sanchez
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Product Design, Agrifood, Bioeconomy and Health, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dongjie Wang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,College of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, TEDA, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Torres F, Arroyo J, Troncoso O. Bacterial cellulose nanocomposites: An all-nano type of material. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:1277-1293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Direct Cryo Writing of Aerogels Via 3D Printing of Aligned Cellulose Nanocrystals Inspired by the Plant Cell Wall. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids3020046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerogel objects inspired by plant cell wall components and structures were fabricated using extrusion-based 3D printing at cryogenic temperatures. The printing process combines 3D printing with the alignment of rod-shaped nanoparticles through the freeze-casting of aqueous inks. We have named this method direct cryo writing (DCW) as it encompasses in a single processing step traditional directional freeze casting and the spatial fidelity of 3D printing. DCW is demonstrated with inks that are composed of an aqueous mixture of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and xyloglucan (XG), which are the major building blocks of plant cell walls. Rapid fixation of the inks is achieved through tailored rheological properties and controlled directional freezing. Morphological evaluation revealed the role of ice crystal growth in the alignment of CNCs and XG. The structure of the aerogels changed from organized and tubular to disordered and flakey pores with an increase in XG content. The internal structure of the printed objects mimics the structure of various wood species and can therefore be used to create wood-like structures via additive manufacturing technologies using only renewable wood-based materials.
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23
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Probing adhesion between nanoscale cellulose fibres using AFM lateral force spectroscopy: The effect of hemicelluloses on hydrogen bonding. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 208:97-107. [PMID: 30658836 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inter-fibre adhesion is a key contributing factor to the mechanical response and functionality of cellulose-based biomaterials. 'Dip-and-Drag' lateral force atomic force microscopy technique is used here to evaluate the influence of arabinoxylan and xyloglucan on interactions between nanoscale cellulose fibres within a hydrated network of bacterial cellulose. A cohesive zone model of the detachment event between two nano-fibres is used to interpret the experimental data and evaluate inter-fibre adhesion energy. The presence of xyloglucan or arabinoxylan is found to increase the adhesive energy by a factor of 4.3 and 1.3, respectively, which is consistent with these two hemicellulose polysaccharides having different specificity of hydrogen bonding with cellulose. Importantly, xyloglucan's ability to strengthen adhesion between cellulose nano-fibres supports emergent models of the primary plant cell walls (Park & Cosgrove, 2012b), which suggest that xyloglucan chains confined within cellulose-cellulose junctions play a key role in cell wall's mechanical response.
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Transcriptome-based gene expression profiling of diploid radish (Raphanus sativus L.) and the corresponding autotetraploid. Mol Biol Rep 2018; 46:933-945. [PMID: 30560406 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyploidy is an important evolutionary factor in most land plant lineages which possess more than two complete sets of chromosomes. Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an economically annual/biennial root vegetable crop worldwide. However, the expression patterns of duplicated homologs involved in the autopolyploidization remains unclear. In present study, the autotetraploid radish plants (2n = 4x = 36) were produced with colchicine and exhibited an increase in the size of flowers, leaves, stomata and pollen grains. The differential gene expression (DGE) profiling was performed to investigate the differences in gene expression patterns between diploid and its corresponding autotetraploid by RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq). Totally, 483 up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 408 down-regulated DEGs were detected in diploid and autotetraploid radishes, which majorly involved in the pathways of hormones, photosynthesis and stress response. Moreover, the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) and pectin methylesterases (PME) family members related to cell enlargement and cell wall construction were found to be enriched in GO enrichment analysis, of which XTH family members enriched in "apoplast" and "cell wall" terms, while PME family members enriched in "cell wall" term. Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that the expression profile of DEGs were consistent with results from the RNA-Seq analysis. The DEGs involved in cell wall construction and auxin metabolism were predicted to be associated with organs size increase of autotetraploid radishes in the present study. These results could provide valuable information for elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying polyploidization and facilitating further genetic improvements of important traits in radish breeding programs.
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25
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Arola S, Ansari M, Oksanen A, Retulainen E, Hatzikiriakos SG, Brumer H. The sol-gel transition of ultra-low solid content TEMPO-cellulose nanofibril/mixed-linkage β-glucan bionanocomposite gels. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:9393-9401. [PMID: 30420978 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01878b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present the preparation, morphological analysis, and rheological characterization of ultra-low solid content gels prepared by physically cross-linking TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TEMPO-CNF) with the soluble plant-cell-wall polysaccharide, mixed-linkage β-glucan (MLG). Of particular note, gel formation was rapidly induced by very small amounts of MLG (e.g. 0.125% w/v) at extremely low TEMPO-CNF concentration (0.05% w/v), which independently were otherwise fluid and thus easily handled. Rheology of these bionanocomposite gel systems as a function of MLG and TEMPO-CNF concentrations revealed that the critical gel concentration of MLG and TEMPO-CNF followed a power-law relation of the concentration of the other component. Surprisingly, these systems also exhibited an additional transition to thick gels at high TEMPO-CNF and MLG concentrations that was visible only at low frequencies. Cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) imaging of admixture solutions and gels revealed increased network crowding with increasing MLG amounts. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that non-covalent cellulose-MLG interactions, analogous to those occurring within plant cell walls, drive gel formation. The ability to tune gel physical properties simply by controlling CNF (a promising forest bioproduct) and MLG (a readily available agricultural polysaccharide) fractions at very low solid and polymer content opens new possibilities for material applications in diverse industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Arola
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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26
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Wróbel-Kwiatkowska M, Kropiwnicki M, Żebrowski J, Beopoulos A, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Rymowicz W. Effect of mcl-PHA synthesis in flax on plant mechanical properties and cell wall composition. Transgenic Res 2018; 28:77-90. [PMID: 30484148 PMCID: PMC6353814 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The high demand for new biomaterials makes synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) in plants an interesting and desirable achievement. Production of polymers in plants is an example of application of biotechnology for improving the properties of plants, e.g. industrial properties, but it can also provide knowledge about plant physiology and metabolism. The subject of the present study was an industrially important plant: flax, Linum usitatissimum L., of a fibre cultivar (cv Nike). In the study the gene encoding PHA synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fused to a peroxisomal targeting signal, was expressed in flax plants with the aim of modifying the mechanical properties of plants. Medium-chain-length (mcl) hydroxy acids in flax plants from tissue cultures were detected by GC-FID and FTIR method. The introduced changes did not affect fatty acid content and composition in generated flax plants. Since mcl-PHA are known as elastomers, the mechanical properties of created plants were examined. Modified plants showed increases in the values of all measured parameters (except strain at break evaluated for one modified line). The largest increase was noted for tensile stiffness, which was 2- to 3-fold higher than in wild-type plants. The values estimated for another parameter, Young's modulus, was almost at the same level in generated flax plants, and they were about 2.7-fold higher when compared to unmodified plants. The created plants also exhibited up to about 2.4-fold higher tensile strength. The observed changes were accompanied by alterations in the expression of selected genes, related to cell wall metabolism in line with the highest expression of phaC1 gene. Biochemical data were confirmed by spectroscopic methods, which also revealed that crystallinity index values of cellulose in modified flax plants were increased in comparison to wild-type flax plants and correlated with biomechanical properties of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wróbel-Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Kropiwnicki
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Żebrowski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Athanasios Beopoulos
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Food Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Economics, Wrocław University of Economics, Komandorska Str. 118/120, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperatures and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Okólna Str.2, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Waldemar Rymowicz
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego St. 37, 51-630, Wrocław, Poland
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27
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Chen SQ, Lopez-Sanchez P, Wang D, Mikkelsen D, Gidley MJ. Mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose synthesised by diverse strains of the genus Komagataeibacter. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Lin D, Lopez-Sanchez P, Selway N, Gidley MJ. Viscoelastic properties of pectin/cellulose composites studied by QCM-D and oscillatory shear rheology. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Martínez-Abad A, Berglund J, Toriz G, Gatenholm P, Henriksson G, Lindström M, Wohlert J, Vilaplana F. Regular Motifs in Xylan Modulate Molecular Flexibility and Interactions with Cellulose Surfaces. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1579-1592. [PMID: 29070516 PMCID: PMC5717736 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is tightly associated with cellulose and lignin in secondary plant cell walls, contributing to its rigidity and structural integrity in vascular plants. However, the molecular features and the nanoscale forces that control the interactions among cellulose microfibrils, hemicelluloses, and lignin are still not well understood. Here, we combine comprehensive mass spectrometric glycan sequencing and molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate the substitution pattern in softwood xylans and to investigate the effect of distinct intramolecular motifs on xylan conformation and on the interaction with cellulose surfaces in Norway spruce (Picea abies). We confirm the presence of motifs with evenly spaced glycosyl decorations on the xylan backbone, together with minor motifs with consecutive glucuronation. These domains are differently enriched in xylan fractions extracted by alkali and subcritical water, which indicates their preferential positioning in the secondary plant cell wall ultrastructure. The flexibility of the 3-fold screw conformation of xylan in solution is enhanced by the presence of arabinofuranosyl decorations. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations suggest that the glycosyl substitutions in xylan are not only sterically tolerated by the cellulose surfaces but that they increase the affinity for cellulose and favor the stabilization of the 2-fold screw conformation. This effect is more significant for the hydrophobic surface compared with the hydrophilic ones, which demonstrates the importance of nonpolar driving forces on the structural integrity of secondary plant cell walls. These novel molecular insights contribute to an improved understanding of the supramolecular architecture of plant secondary cell walls and have fundamental implications for overcoming lignocellulose recalcitrance and for the design of advanced wood-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Abad
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennie Berglund
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Toriz
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wood Cellulose and Paper Research Department, University of Guadalajara, 44100 Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Paul Gatenholm
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Henriksson
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lindström
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jakob Wohlert
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francisco Vilaplana
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, Department of Fiber and Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Simultaneous influence of pectin and xyloglucan on structure and mechanical properties of bacterial cellulose composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 174:970-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Kinnaert C, Daugaard M, Nami F, Clausen MH. Chemical Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Related to the Cell Walls of Plants and Algae. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11337-11405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Kinnaert
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Daugaard
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Faranak Nami
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and
Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 207, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Martínez-Sanz M, Mikkelsen D, Flanagan BM, Gidley MJ, Gilbert EP. Multi-scale characterisation of deuterated cellulose composite hydrogels reveals evidence for different interaction mechanisms with arabinoxylan, mixed-linkage glucan and xyloglucan. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prakash R, Hallett IC, Wong SF, Johnston SL, O’Donoghue EM, McAtee PA, Seal AG, Atkinson RG, Schröder R. Cell separation in kiwifruit without development of a specialised detachment zone. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:86. [PMID: 28486974 PMCID: PMC5424339 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1034-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unlike in abscission or dehiscence, fruit of kiwifruit Actinidia eriantha develop the ability for peel detachment when they are ripe and soft in the absence of a morphologically identifiable abscission zone. Two closely-related genotypes with contrasting detachment behaviour have been identified. The 'good-peeling' genotype has detachment with clean debonding of cells, and a peel tissue that does not tear. The 'poor-peeling' genotype has poor detachability, with cells that rupture upon debonding, and peel tissue that fragments easily. RESULTS Structural studies indicated that peel detachability in both genotypes occurred in the outer pericarp beneath the hypodermis. Immunolabelling showed differences in methylesterification of pectin, where the interface of labelling coincided with the location of detachment in the good-peeling genotype, whereas in the poor-peeling genotype, no such interface existed. This zone of difference in methylesterification was enhanced by differential cell wall changes between the peel and outer pericarp tissue. Although both genotypes expressed two polygalacturonase genes, no enzyme activity was detected in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting limited pectin breakdown, keeping cell walls strong without tearing or fragmentation of the peel and flesh upon detachment. Differences in location and amounts of wall-stiffening galactan in the peel of the good-peeling genotype possibly contributed to this phenotype. Hemicellulose-acting transglycosylases were more active in the good-peeling genotype, suggesting an influence on peel flexibility by remodelling their substrates during development of detachability. High xyloglucanase activity in the peel of the good-peeling genotype may contribute by having a strengthening effect on the cellulose-xyloglucan network. CONCLUSIONS In fruit of A. eriantha, peel detachability is due to the establishment of a zone of discontinuity created by differential cell wall changes in peel and outer pericarp tissues that lead to changes in mechanical properties of the peel. During ripening, the peel becomes flexible and the cells continue to adhere strongly to each other, preventing breakage, whereas the underlying outer pericarp loses cell wall strength as softening proceeds. Together these results reveal a novel and interesting mechanism for enabling cell separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Ian C. Hallett
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sally F. Wong
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Sarah L. Johnston
- PFR, Hawke’s Bay Research Centre, Cnr Crosses and St George’s Roads, Havelock North, 4130 New Zealand
| | - Erin M. O’Donoghue
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Fitzherbert Science Centre, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Peter A. McAtee
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Alan G. Seal
- PFR, Te Puke Research Centre, 412 No 1 Road RD 2, Te Puke, 3182 New Zealand
| | - Ross G. Atkinson
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- PFR, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Kozioł A, Cybulska J, Pieczywek PM, Zdunek A. Changes of pectin nanostructure and cell wall stiffness induced in vitro by pectinase. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 161:197-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Xiao C, Barnes WJ, Zamil MS, Yi H, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Activation tagging of Arabidopsis POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 promotes hypocotyl elongation, leaf expansion, stem lignification, mechanical stiffening, and lodging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1159-1173. [PMID: 28004869 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pectin is the most abundant component of primary cell walls in eudicot plants. The modification and degradation of pectin affects multiple processes during plant development, including cell expansion, organ initiation, and cell separation. However, the extent to which pectin degradation by polygalacturonases affects stem development and secondary wall formation remains unclear. Using an activation tag screen, we identified a transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana line with longer etiolated hypocotyls, which overexpresses a gene encoding a polygalacturonase. We designated this gene as POLYGALACTURONASE INVOLVED IN EXPANSION2 (PGX2), and the corresponding activation tagged line as PGX2AT . PGX2 is widely expressed in young seedlings and in roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and siliques of adult plants. PGX2-GFP localizes to the cell wall, and PGX2AT plants show higher total polygalacturonase activity and smaller pectin molecular masses than wild-type controls, supporting a function for this protein in apoplastic pectin degradation. A heterologously expressed, truncated version of PGX2 also displays polygalacturonase activity in vitro. Like previously identified PGX1AT plants, PGX2AT plants have longer hypocotyls and larger rosette leaves, but they also uniquely display early flowering, earlier stem lignification, and lodging stems with enhanced mechanical stiffness that is possibly due to decreased stem thickness. Together, these results indicate that PGX2 both functions in cell expansion and influences secondary wall formation, providing a possible link between these two developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaowen Xiao
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - William J Barnes
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - M Shafayet Zamil
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Virendra M Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Murillo JD, Biernacki JJ, Northrup S, Mohammad AS. BIOMASS PYROLYSIS KINETICS: A REVIEW OF MOLECULAR-SCALE MODELING CONTRIBUTIONS. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20160086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. D. Murillo
- Tennessee Technological University, USA; Tennessee Technological University, USA
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37
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Dolan GK, Yakubov GE, Greene GW, Amiralian N, Annamalai PK, Martin DJ, Stokes JR. Dip-and-Drag Lateral Force Spectroscopy for Measuring Adhesive Forces between Nanofibers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:13340-13348. [PMID: 27993025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Adhesive interactions between nanofibers strongly influence the mechanical behavior of soft materials composed of fibrous networks. We use atomic force microscopy in lateral force mode to drag a cantilever tip through fibrous networks, and use the measured lateral force response to determine the adhesive forces between fibers of the order of 100 nm diameter. The peaks in lateral force curves are directly related to the detachment energy between two fibers; the data is analyzed using the Jarzynski equality to yield the average adhesion energy of the weakest links. The method is successfully used to measure adhesion forces arising from van der Waals interactions between electrospun polymer fibers in networks of varying density. This approach overcomes the need to isolate and handle individual fibers, and can be readily employed in the design and evaluation of advanced materials and biomaterials which, through inspiration from nature, are increasingly incorporating nanofibers. The data obtained with this technique may also be of critical importance in the development of network models capable of predicting the mechanics of fibrous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - George W Greene
- The Institute for Frontier Materials and The Australian Center for Excellence in Electromaterials Science, Deakin University , Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
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Fava J, Alzamora SM, Castro MA. Structure and Nanostructure of the Outer Tangential Epidermal Cell Wall in Vaccinium corymbosum L. (Blueberry) Fruits by Blanching, Freezing-Thawing and Ultrasound. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013206065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The design of minimal technologies for blueberries preservation requires, among others, the knowledge of structural and ultrastructural cell changes during the processing. This work examined the main structural alterations that occurred in the outer tangential epidermal cell wall of fruits of Vaccinium corymbosum L. (blueberries) due to blanching, freezing-thawing and ultrasound. Light microscope (LM), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) observations were analysed and discussed. Each treatment produced specific effects on the outer tangential epidermal cell wall of the epicarp: swelling and rupture of the inner and outer tangential cell wall by blanching; and cell wall shrinkage and rupture by ultrasound; and folding and compression of the epicarp by freezing-thawing. After treatments, a delimited transition between the cuticle, the cutinised layer and the cellulosic layer on the outer tangential epidermal cell wall was observed in all treated fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fava
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Vegetal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental
| | - S. M. Alzamora
- Departamento de Industrias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428 EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas
| | - M. A. Castro
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Vegetal, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental,
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39
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Sze-Fan Tan M, Rahman S, Dykes GA. Relationship between cell concentration and Salmonella attachment to plant cell walls. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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40
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Tan MSF, White AP, Rahman S, Dykes GA. Role of Fimbriae, Flagella and Cellulose on the Attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 to Plant Cell Wall Models. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158311. [PMID: 27355584 PMCID: PMC4927157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of foodborne disease caused by Salmonella are frequently associated with the consumption of minimally processed produce. Bacterial cell surface components are known to be important for the attachment of bacterial pathogens to fresh produce. The role of these extracellular structures in Salmonella attachment to plant cell walls has not been investigated in detail. We investigated the role of flagella, fimbriae and cellulose on the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and a range of isogenic deletion mutants (ΔfliC fljB, ΔbcsA, ΔcsgA, ΔcsgA bcsA and ΔcsgD) to bacterial cellulose (BC)-based plant cell wall models [BC-Pectin (BCP), BC-Xyloglucan (BCX) and BC-Pectin-Xyloglucan (BCPX)] after growth at different temperatures (28°C and 37°C). We found that all three cell surface components were produced at 28°C but only the flagella was produced at 37°C. Flagella appeared to be most important for attachment (reduction of up to 1.5 log CFU/cm2) although both cellulose and fimbriae also aided in attachment. The csgD deletion mutant, which lacks both cellulose and fimbriae, showed significantly higher attachment as compared to wild type cells at 37°C. This may be due to the increased expression of flagella-related genes which are also indirectly regulated by the csgD gene. Our study suggests that bacterial attachment to plant cell walls is a complex process involving many factors. Although flagella, cellulose and fimbriae all aid in attachment, these structures are not the only mechanism as no strain was completely defective in its attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron P. White
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary A. Dykes
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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41
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Tanaka R, Saito T, Hänninen T, Ono Y, Hakalahti M, Tammelin T, Isogai A. Viscoelastic Properties of Core–Shell-Structured, Hemicellulose-Rich Nanofibrillated Cellulose in Dispersion and Wet-Film States. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2104-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Reina Tanaka
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tsuguyuki Saito
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tuomas Hänninen
- Department
of Forest Products Technology, School of Chemical Technology, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Yuko Ono
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Minna Hakalahti
- High
Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- High
Performance Fibre Products, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, FI-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Akira Isogai
- Department
of Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life
Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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42
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Li Z, Zhang Z, Thomas C. Viscoelastic-plastic behavior of single tomato mesocarp cells in high speed compression-holding tests. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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43
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Marriott PE, Gómez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ. Unlocking the potential of lignocellulosic biomass through plant science. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1366-81. [PMID: 26443261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of producing sustainable liquid biofuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass remains high on the sustainability agenda, but is challenged by the costs of producing fermentable sugars from these materials. Sugars from plant biomass can be fermented to alcohols or even alkanes, creating a liquid fuel in which carbon released on combustion is balanced by its photosynthetic capture. Large amounts of sugar are present in the woody, nonfood parts of crops and could be used for fuel production without compromising global food security. However, the sugar in woody biomass is locked up in the complex and recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant cell wall, making it difficult and expensive to extract. In this paper, we review what is known about the major polymeric components of woody plant biomass, with an emphasis on the molecular interactions that contribute to its recalcitrance to enzymatic digestion. In addition, we review the extensive research that has been carried out in order to understand and reduce lignocellulose recalcitrance and enable more cost-effective production of fuel from woody plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poppy E Marriott
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Leonardo D Gómez
- CNAP, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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44
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Tan MSF, Rahman S, Dykes GA. Pectin and Xyloglucan Influence the Attachment of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes to Bacterial Cellulose-Derived Plant Cell Wall Models. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:680-8. [PMID: 26567310 PMCID: PMC4711118 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02609-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Minimally processed fresh produce has been implicated as a major source of foodborne microbial pathogens globally. These pathogens must attach to the produce in order to be transmitted. Cut surfaces of produce that expose cell walls are particularly vulnerable. Little is known about the roles that different structural components (cellulose, pectin, and xyloglucan) of plant cell walls play in the attachment of foodborne bacterial pathogens. Using bacterial cellulose-derived plant cell wall models, we showed that the presence of pectin alone or xyloglucan alone affected the attachment of three Salmonella enterica strains (Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Salmonella enterica subsp. indica M4) and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644. In addition, we showed that this effect was modulated in the presence of both polysaccharides. Assays using pairwise combinations of S. Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 showed that bacterial attachment to all plant cell wall models was dependent on the characteristics of the individual bacterial strains and was not directly proportional to the initial concentration of the bacterial inoculum. This work showed that bacterial attachment was not determined directly by the plant cell wall model or bacterial physicochemical properties. We suggest that attachment of the Salmonella strains may be influenced by the effects of these polysaccharides on physical and structural properties of the plant cell wall model. Our findings improve the understanding of how Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes attach to plant cell walls, which may facilitate the development of better ways to prevent the attachment of these pathogens to such surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S F Tan
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sadequr Rahman
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gary A Dykes
- School of Science, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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45
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Cosgrove DJ. Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall-modifying enzymes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:463-76. [PMID: 26608646 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The advent of user-friendly instruments for measuring force/deflection curves of plant surfaces at high spatial resolution has resulted in a recent outpouring of reports of the 'Young's modulus' of plant cell walls. The stimulus for these mechanical measurements comes from biomechanical models of morphogenesis of meristems and other tissues, as well as single cells, in which cell wall stress feeds back to regulate microtubule organization, auxin transport, cellulose deposition, and future growth directionality. In this article I review the differences between elastic modulus and wall extensibility in the context of cell growth. Some of the inherent complexities, assumptions, and potential pitfalls in the interpretation of indentation force/deflection curves are discussed. Reported values of elastic moduli from surface indentation measurements appear to be 10- to >1000-fold smaller than realistic tensile elastic moduli in the plane of plant cell walls. Potential reasons for this disparity are discussed, but further work is needed to make sense of the huge range in reported values. The significance of wall stress relaxation for growth is reviewed and connected to recent advances and remaining enigmas in our concepts of how cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectins are assembled to make an extensible cell wall. A comparison of the loosening action of α-expansin and Cel12A endoglucanase is used to illustrate two different ways in which cell walls may be made more extensible and the divergent effects on wall mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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46
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Villares A, Moreau C, Dammak A, Capron I, Cathala B. Kinetic aspects of the adsorption of xyloglucan onto cellulose nanocrystals. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:6472-81. [PMID: 26179417 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the adsorption of a neutral flexible polysaccharide, xyloglucan (XG), onto thin cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) surfaces has been investigated to get more insight into the CNC-XG association. Gold-coated quartz crystals were spin-coated with one layer of CNC, and XG adsorption was monitored in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The adsorption of XG under flow at different concentrations did not result in the same surface concentration, which evidenced a kinetically controlled process. In an attempt to describe the binding of XG to CNCs, adsorption data were fitted to a kinetic model comprising a contribution from XG adsorption onto uncovered CNC surfaces and a contribution from XG adsorption after rearrangement. Kinetic studies evidenced the presence of two adsorption regimes as a function of XG concentration. For low XG concentrations, the kinetic constant for chain rearrangement is comparable to the kinetic constant for adsorption. This fact implies a rearrangement and alignment of XG molecules on CNCs. Differently, for higher XG concentrations, the kinetic constant related to the conformational rearrangement decreases, indicating that XG molecules have no time to laterally rearrange before new XG molecules adsorb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villares
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44316 Nantes, France.
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47
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Prakobna K, Terenzi C, Zhou Q, Furó I, Berglund LA. Core–shell cellulose nanofibers for biocomposites – Nanostructural effects in hydrated state. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 125:92-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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48
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Lopez-Sanchez P, Schuster E, Wang D, Gidley MJ, Strom A. Diffusion of macromolecules in self-assembled cellulose/hemicellulose hydrogels. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:4002-10. [PMID: 25898947 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00103j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose hydrogels are extensively applied in many biotechnological fields and are also used as models for plant cell walls. We synthesised model cellulosic hydrogels containing hemicelluloses, as a biomimetic of plant cell walls, in order to study the role of hemicelluloses on their mass transport properties. Microbial cellulose is able to self-assemble into composites when hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucan and arabinoxylan, are present in the incubation media, leading to hydrogels with different nano and microstructures. We investigated the diffusivities of a series of fluorescently labelled dextrans, of different molecular weight, and proteins, including a plant pectin methyl esterase (PME), using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The presence of xyloglucan, known to be able to crosslink cellulose fibres, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and (13)C NMR, reduced mobility of macromolecules of molecular weight higher than 10 kDa, reflected in lower diffusion coefficients. Furthermore PME diffusion was reduced in composites containing xyloglucan, despite the lack of a particular binding motif in PME for this polysaccharide, suggesting possible non-specific interactions between PME and this hemicellulose. In contrast, hydrogels containing arabinoxylan coating cellulose fibres showed enhanced diffusivity of the molecules studied. The different diffusivities were related to the architectural features found in the composites as a function of polysaccharide composition. Our results show the effect of model hemicelluloses in the mass transport properties of cellulose networks in highly hydrated environments relevant to understanding the role of hemicelluloses in the permeability of plant cell walls and aiding design of plant based materials with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lopez-Sanchez
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia. au
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Shi YZ, Zhu XF, Miller JG, Gregson T, Zheng SJ, Fry SC. Distinct catalytic capacities of two aluminium-repressed Arabidopsis thaliana xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases, XTH15 and XTH31, heterologously produced in Pichia. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:160-169. [PMID: 25446234 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Xyloglucan plays an important structural role in primary cell walls, possibly tethering adjacent microfibrils and restraining cell expansion. There is therefore considerable interest in understanding the role of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs), which are encoded in Arabidopsis by a 33-member gene family. We compared the key catalytic properties of two very different Arabidopsis XTHs (heterologously produced in Pichia), both of which are aluminium-repressed. Reductively tritiated oligosaccharides of xyloglucan were used as model acceptor substrates. Untransformed Pichia produced no xyloglucan-acting enzymes; therefore purification of the XTHs was unnecessary. XTH15, a classical group-I/II XTH, had high XET and undetectable XEH activity in vitro; its XET Km values were 31 μM XXXGol (acceptor substrate) and 2.9 mg/ml xyloglucan (donor substrate). In contrast, XTH31, a group-III-A XTH, showed predominant XEH activity and only slight XET activity in vitro; its XET Km was 86μM XXXGol (acceptor), indicating a low affinity of this predominantly hydrolytic protein for a transglycosylation acceptor substrate. The Km of XTH31's XEH activity was 1.6 mg/ml xyloglucan. For both proteins, the preferred XET acceptor substrate, among five cellotetraitol-based oligosaccharides tested, was XXXGol. XTH31's XET activity was strongly compromised when the second Xyl residue was galactosylated. XTH15's XET activity, in contrast, tolerated substitution at the second Xyl residue. The two enzymes also showed different pH preferences, XTH31 exhibiting an unusually low pH optimum and XTH15 an unusually broad optimum. XTH31's hydrolase activity increased almost linearly with decreasing pH in the apoplastic range, 6.2-4.5, consistent with a possible role in 'acid growth'. In conclusion, these two Al(3+)-repressed XTHs differ, in several important enzymic features, from other members of the Arabidopsis XTH family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhi Shi
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK; Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiao Fang Zhu
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Janice G Miller
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Timothy Gregson
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Stephen C Fry
- Edinburgh Cell Wall Group, Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK.
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Lopez-Sanchez P, Cersosimo J, Wang D, Flanagan B, Stokes JR, Gidley MJ. Poroelastic mechanical effects of hemicelluloses on cellulosic hydrogels under compression. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122132. [PMID: 25794048 PMCID: PMC4368770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemicelluloses exhibit a range of interactions with cellulose, the mechanical consequences of which in plant cell walls are incompletely understood. We report the mechanical properties of cell wall analogues based on cellulose hydrogels to elucidate the contribution of xyloglucan or arabinoxylan as examples of two hemicelluloses displaying different interactions with cellulose. We subjected the hydrogels to mechanical pressures to emulate the compressive stresses experienced by cell walls in planta. Our results revealed that the presence of either hemicellulose increased the resistance to compression at fast strain rates. However, at slow strain rates, only xyloglucan increased composite strength. This behaviour could be explained considering the microstructure and the flow of water through the composites confirming their poroelastic nature. In contrast, small deformation oscillatory rheology showed that only xyloglucan decreased the elastic moduli. These results provide evidence for contrasting roles of different hemicelluloses in plant cell wall mechanics and man-made cellulose-based composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Lopez-Sanchez
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie Cersosimo
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dongjie Wang
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bernadine Flanagan
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jason R. Stokes
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael J. Gidley
- Australian Research Centre, Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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