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Hoffmann N, Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Disrupting cell wall integrity impacts endomembrane trafficking to promote secretion over endocytic trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3731-3747. [PMID: 38676707 PMCID: PMC11194303 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall provides a strong yet flexible barrier to protect cells from the external environment. Modifications of the cell wall, either during development or under stress conditions, can induce cell wall integrity responses and ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression, hormone production, and cell wall composition. These changes in cell wall composition presumably require remodelling of the secretory pathway to facilitate synthesis and secretion of cell wall components and cell wall synthesis/remodelling enzymes from the Golgi apparatus. Here, we used a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine the short-term and constitutive impact of isoxaben, which reduces cellulose biosynthesis, and Driselase, a cocktail of cell-wall-degrading fungal enzymes, on cellular processes during cell wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis. We show that both treatments altered organelle morphology and triggered rebalancing of the secretory pathway to promote secretion while reducing endocytic trafficking. The actin cytoskeleton was less dynamic following cell wall modification, and organelle movement was reduced. These results demonstrate active remodelling of the endomembrane system and actin cytoskeleton following changes to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
| | - Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
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2
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Li L, Wang G, Zhang Y, Wang W, Zhu Y, Lyu Y, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Hong N. The functions of triple gene block proteins and coat protein of apple stem pitting virus in viral cell-to-cell movement. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13392. [PMID: 37837244 PMCID: PMC10782654 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Apple stem pitting virus is a species in the genus Foveavirus in the family Betaflexiviridae. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV) commonly infects apple and pear plants grown worldwide. In this study, by integrating bimolecular fluorescence complementation, split-ubiquitin-based membrane yeast two-hybrid, and Agrobacterium-mediated expression assays, the interaction relationships and the subcellular locations of ASPV proteins TGBp1-3 and CP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells were determined. Proteins CP, TGBp1, TGBp2, and TGBp3 were self-interactable, and TGBp2 played a role in the formation of perinuclear viroplasm and enhanced the colocalization of TGBp3 with CP and TGBp1. We found that the plant microfilament and endoplasmic reticulum structures were involved in the production of TGBp3 and TGBp2 vesicles, and their disruption decreased the virus accumulation level in the systemic leaves. The TGBp3 motile vesicles functioned in delivering the viral ribonucleoprotein complexes to the plasma membrane. Two cysteine residues at sites 35 and 49 of the TGBp3 sorting signal were necessary for the diffusion of TGBp3-marked vesicles. Furthermore, our results revealed that TGBp1, TGBp2, and CP could increase plasmodesmal permeability and move to the adjacent cells. This study demonstrates an interaction network and a subcellular location map of four ASPV proteins and for the first time provides insight into the functions of these proteins in the movement of a foveavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Guoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yiting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuzhuo Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yongle Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ni Hong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural CropsHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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3
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Launhardt L, Uhlenberg J, Stellmach H, Schomburg M, Hause B, Heilmann I, Heilmann M. Association of the Arabidopsis oleoyl Δ12-desaturase FAD2 with pre-cis-Golgi stacks at endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi-exit sites. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:242-263. [PMID: 37805827 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The unsaturation of phospholipids influences the function of membranes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the oleoyl Δ12-desaturase FAD2 converts oleic (18:1Δ9 ) to linoleic acid (18:2Δ9,12 ) and influences phospholipid unsaturation in different cellular membranes. Despite its importance, the precise localization of Arabidopsis FAD2 has not been unambiguously described. As FAD2 is thought to modify phospholipid-associated fatty acids at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from where unsaturates are distributed to other cellular sites, we hypothesized that FAD2 locates to ER subdomains enabling trafficking of lipid intermediates through the secretory pathway. Fluorescent FAD2 fusions used to test this hypothesis were first assessed for functionality by heterologous expression in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), and in planta by Arabidopsis fad2 mutant rescue upon ectopic expression from an intrinsic FAD2 promoter fragment. Light sheet fluorescence, laser scanning confocal or spinning disc microscopy of roots, leaves, or mesophyll protoplasts showed the functional fluorescence-tagged FAD2 variants in flattened donut-shaped structures of ~0.5-1 μm diameter, in a pattern not resembling mere ER association. High-resolution imaging of coexpressed organellar markers showed fluorescence-tagged FAD2 in a ring-shaped pattern surrounding ER-proximal Golgi particles, colocalizing with pre-cis-Golgi markers. This localization required the unusual C-terminal retention signal of FAD2, and deletion or substitutions in this protein region resulted in relaxed distribution and diffuse association with the ER. The distinct association of FAD2 with pre-cis-Golgi stacks in Arabidopsis root and leaf tissue is consistent with a contribution of FAD2 to membrane lipid homeostasis through the secretory pathway, as verified by an increased plasma membrane liquid phase order in the fad2 mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Launhardt
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Johanna Uhlenberg
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Marie Schomburg
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Real N, Villar I, Serrano I, Guiu-Aragonés C, Martín-Hernández AM. Mutations in CmVPS41 controlling resistance to cucumber mosaic virus display specific subcellular localization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1596-1611. [PMID: 36527697 PMCID: PMC10022621 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in melon (Cucumis melo L.) has been described in several exotic accessions and is controlled by a recessive resistance gene, cmv1, that encodes a vacuolar protein sorting 41 (CmVPS41). cmv1 prevents systemic infection by restricting the virus to the bundle sheath cells, preventing viral phloem entry. CmVPS41 from different resistant accessions carries two causal mutations, either a G85E change, found in Pat-81 and Freeman's cucumber, or L348R, found in PI161375, cultivar Songwhan Charmi (SC). Here, we analyzed the subcellular localization of CmVPS41 in Nicotiana benthamiana and found differential structures in resistant and susceptible accessions. Susceptible accessions showed nuclear and membrane spots and many transvacuolar strands, whereas the resistant accessions showed many intravacuolar invaginations. These specific structures colocalized with late endosomes. Artificial CmVPS41 carrying individual mutations causing resistance in the genetic background of CmVPS41 from the susceptible variety Piel de Sapo (PS) revealed that the structure most correlated with resistance was the absence of transvacuolar strands. Coexpression of CmVPS41 with viral movement proteins, the determinant of virulence, did not change these localizations; however, infiltration of CmVPS41 from either SC or PS accessions in CMV-infected N. benthamiana leaves showed a localization pattern closer to each other, with up to 30% cells showing some membrane spots in the CmVPS41SC and fewer transvacuolar strands (reduced from a mean of 4 to 1-2) with CmVPS41PS. Our results suggest that the distribution of CmVPS41PS in late endosomes includes transvacuolar strands that facilitate CMV infection and that CmVPS41 re-localizes during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Real
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/Vall Moronta, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Villar
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/Vall Moronta, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Universidad de Zaragoza, Calle Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Irene Serrano
- Laboratoire des Interactions des Plantes et Microorganismes, CNRS, 31326 Toulouse, France
| | - Cèlia Guiu-Aragonés
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/Vall Moronta, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Montserrat Martín-Hernández
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/Vall Moronta, Edifici CRAG, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Edifici CRAG, C/ Vall Moronta, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Jiang M, Yang Q, Wang H, Luo Z, Guo Y, Shi J, Wang X, Qiang S, Strasser RJ, Chen S. Effect of Mycotoxin Cytochalasin A on Photosystem II in Ageratina adenophora. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11202797. [PMID: 36297819 PMCID: PMC9609670 DOI: 10.3390/plants11202797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Biological herbicides have received much attention due to their abundant resources, low development cost, unique targets and environmental friendliness. This study reveals some interesting effects of mycotoxin cytochalasin A (CA) on photosystem II (PSII). Our results suggested that CA causes leaf lesions on Ageratina adenophora due to its multiple effects on PSII. At a half-inhibitory concentration of 58.5 μΜ (I50, 58.5 μΜ), the rate of O2 evolution of PSII was significantly inhibited by CA. This indicates that CA possesses excellent phytotoxicity and exhibits potential herbicidal activity. Based on the increase in the J-step of the chlorophyll fluorescence rise OJIP curve and the analysis of some JIP-test parameters, similar to the classical herbicide diuron, CA interrupted PSII electron transfer beyond QA at the acceptor side, leading to damage to the PSII antenna structure and inactivation of reaction centers. Molecular docking model of CA and D1 protein of A. adenophora further suggests that CA directly targets the QB site of D1 protein. The potential hydrogen bonds are formed between CA and residues D1-His215, D1-Ala263 and D1-Ser264, respectively. The binding of CA to residue D1-Ala263 is novel. Thus, CA is a new natural PSII inhibitor. These results clarify the mode of action of CA in photosynthesis, providing valuable information and potential implications for the design of novel bioherbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Jiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanjing Guo
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Reto Jörg Strasser
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Bioenergetics Laboratory, University of Geneva, CH-1254 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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Niu F, Ji C, Liang Z, Guo R, Chen Y, Zeng Y, Jiang L. ADP-ribosylation factor D1 modulates Golgi morphology, cell plate formation, and plant growth in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1199-1213. [PMID: 35876822 PMCID: PMC9516763 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF) family proteins, one type of small guanine-nucleotide-binding (G) proteins, play a central role in regulating vesicular traffic and organelle structures in eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome contains more than 21 ARF proteins, but relatively little is known about the functional heterogeneity of ARF homologs in plants. Here, we characterized the function of a unique ARF protein, ARFD1B, in Arabidopsis. ARFD1B exhibited both cytosol and punctate localization patterns, colocalizing with a Golgi marker in protoplasts and transgenic plants. Distinct from other ARF1 homologs, overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant form of ARFD1B did not alter the localization of the Golgi marker mannosidase I (ManI)-RFP in Arabidopsis cells. Interestingly, the ARFD1 artificial microRNA knockdown mutant arfd1 displayed a deleterious growth phenotype, while this phenotype was restored in complemented plants. Further, confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy analyses of the arfd1 mutant revealed defective cell plate formation and abnormal Golgi morphology. Pull-down and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses identified Coat Protein I (COPI) components as interacting partners of ARFD1B, and subsequent bimolecular fluorescence complementation, yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) two-hybrid, and co-immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed these interactions. These results demonstrate that ARFD1 is required for cell plate formation, maintenance of Golgi morphology, and plant growth in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zizhen Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Rongfang Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yixuan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yonglun Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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7
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Cai G. The legacy of kinesins in the pollen tube thirty years later. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2022; 79:8-19. [PMID: 35766009 PMCID: PMC9542081 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The pollen tube is fundamental in the reproduction of seed plants. Particularly in angiosperms, we now have much information about how it grows, how it senses extracellular signals, and how it converts them into a directional growth mechanism. The expansion of the pollen tube is also related to dynamic cytoplasmic processes based on the cytoskeleton (such as polymerization/depolymerization of microtubules and actin filaments) or motor activity along with the two cytoskeletal systems and is dependent on motor proteins. While a considerable amount of information is available for the actomyosin system in the pollen tube, the role of microtubules in the transport of organelles or macromolecular structures is still quite uncertain despite that 30 years ago the first work on the presence of kinesins in the pollen tube was published. Since then, progress has been made in elucidating the role of kinesins in plant cells. However, their role within the pollen tube is still enigmatic. In this review, I will postulate some roles of kinesins in the pollen tube 30 years after their initial discovery based on information obtained in other plant cells in the meantime. The most concrete hypotheses predict that kinesins in the pollen tube enable the short movement of specific organelles or contribute to generative cell or sperm cell transport, as well as mediate specific steps in the process of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampiero Cai
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, via Mattioli 4, Siena, Italy
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9
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Cao Q, Zhang W, Liu X, Li Y. AtFTCD-L, a trans-Golgi network localized protein, modulates root growth of Arabidopsis in high-concentration agar culture medium. PLANTA 2022; 256:3. [PMID: 35637390 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AtFTCD-L protein is localized on the TGN vesicles in Arabidopsis root cap cells. AtFTCD-L mutation resulted in slow root growth of Arabidopsis in high-concentration agar culture medium. Arabidopsis formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase-like protein (AtFTCD-L) in Arabidopsis is homologous to the formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase (FTCD) protein in animal cells. However, the localization and function of AtFTCD-L remain unknown in Arabidopsis. In this study, we generated and analyzed a deletion mutant of AtFTCD-L with a T-DNA insertion. We found that the growth of Arabidopsis roots with the T-DNA insertion mutation in AtFTCD-L was slower than that of wild-type roots when grown in high-concentration 1/2 MS agar culture medium. AtFTCD-L-GFP could restore the ftcd-l mutant phenotype. In addition, the AtFTCD-L protein was localized on the trans-Golgi network (TGN) vesicles in Arabidopsis root cap cells. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiment using Arabidopsis pollen-specific receptor-like kinase-GFP (AtPRK1-GFP) stably transformed plants showed that the deficiency of AtFTCD-L protein in Arabidopsis led to slower secretion in the root cap peripheral cells. The AtFTCD-L protein deficiency also resulted in a significantly reduced monosaccharides content in the culture medium. Based on the above results, we speculate that the AtFTCD-L protein may be involved in sorting and/or transportation of TGN vesicles in root cap peripheral cells, thereby regulating the extracellular secretion of mucilage components in the root cap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Liaoning, 110044, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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10
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Mathur J, Kroeker OF, Lobbezoo M, Mathur N. The ER Is a Common Mediator for the Behavior and Interactions of Other Organelles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:846970. [PMID: 35401583 PMCID: PMC8990311 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.846970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Optimal functioning of a plant cell depends upon the efficient exchange of genetic information, ions, proteins and metabolites between the different organelles. Intuitively, increased proximity between organelles would be expected to play an important role in facilitating exchanges between them. However, it remains to be seen whether under normal, relatively non-stressed conditions organelles maintain close proximity at all. Moreover, does interactivity involve direct and frequent physical contact between the different organelles? Further, many organelles transition between spherical and tubular forms or sporadically produce thin tubular extensions, but it remains unclear whether changes in organelle morphology play a role in increasing their interactivity. Here, using targeted multicolored fluorescent fusion proteins, we report observations on the spatiotemporal relationship between plastids, mitochondria, peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in living plant cells. Under normal conditions of growth, we observe that the smaller organelles do not establish direct, physical contacts with each other but, irrespective of their individual form they all maintain intimate connectivity with the ER. Proximity between organelles does increase in response to stress through concomitant alterations in ER dynamics. Significantly, even under increased proximity the ER still remains sandwiched between the different organelles. Our observations provide strong live-imaging-based evidence for the ER acting as a common mediator in interactions between other organelles.
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11
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Bernat-Silvestre C, Ma Y, Johnson K, Ferrando A, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. Characterization of Arabidopsis Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins Phospholipase 3 Like Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:817915. [PMID: 35222477 PMCID: PMC8874281 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.817915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lipid remodeling of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors is required for their maturation and may influence the localization and function of GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). Maturation of GPI-anchors is well characterized in animals and fungi but very little is known about this process in plants. In yeast, the GPI-lipid remodeling occurs entirely at the ER and is initiated by the remodeling enzyme Bst1p (Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins inositol deacylase 1 -PGAP1- in mammals and Arabidopsis). Next, the remodeling enzyme Per1p (Post-Glycosylphosphatidylinositol Attachment to Proteins phospholipase 3 -PGAP3- in mammals) removes a short, unsaturated fatty acid of phosphatidylinositol (PI) that is replaced with a very long-chain saturated fatty acid or ceramide to complete lipid remodeling. In mammals, lipid remodeling starts at the ER and is completed at the Golgi apparatus. Studies of the Arabidopsis PGAP1 gene showed that the lipid remodeling of the GPI anchor is critical for the final localization of GPI-APs. Here we characterized loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis Per1/PGAP3 like genes (AtPGAP3A and AtPGAP3B). Our results suggest that PGAP3A function is required for the efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins from the ER to the plasma membrane/cell wall. In addition, loss of function of PGAP3A increases susceptibility to salt and osmotic stresses that may be due to the altered localization of GPI-APs in this mutant. Furthermore, PGAP3B complements a yeast strain lacking PER1 gene suggesting that PGAP3B and Per1p are functional orthologs. Finally, subcellular localization studies suggest that PGAP3A and PGAP3B cycle between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Johnson
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Agriculture and Food, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Yang L, Gao C, Jiang L. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase AtORPK1 promotes oxidative stress resistance in an AtORPK1-AtKAPP mediated module in Arabidopsis. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 315:111147. [PMID: 35067310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Signal perception and transduction by the cell surface receptors are essential for cell-cell communication and plant response to abiotic stress. In this work, a previously uncharacterized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), Oxidative-stress Related Protein Kinase 1 (AtORPK1), was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, and its biological function was investigated in protoplasts, BY-2 cells and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. AtORPK1 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and organs of Arabidopsis at different developmental stages. Loss-of-function of AtORPK1 reduced, whereas overexpression of AtORPK1 increased, the oxidative stress resistance and oxidative stress responsive gene expression in orpk1 mutant and AtORPK1 transgenic Arabidopsis. Sub-cellular localization analyses revealed that AtORPK1 is localized to plasma membrane and endosomes, and the specific localization was significantly affected by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Further GFP, CFP, YFP and RFP fusion protein co-localization and FRET analyses demonstrated that AtORPK1 interacted and co-localized with AtKAPP, a common downstream phosphatase, in the enlarged endosomes such as prevacuolar compartments. Our results indicate that AtORPK1 functions as a positive molecular link between the oxidative stress signaling and antioxidant stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
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13
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Cheung AY, Cosgrove DJ, Hara-Nishimura I, Jürgens G, Lloyd C, Robinson DG, Staehelin LA, Weijers D. A rich and bountiful harvest: Key discoveries in plant cell biology. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:53-71. [PMID: 34524464 PMCID: PMC8773953 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The field of plant cell biology has a rich history of discovery, going back to Robert Hooke's discovery of cells themselves. The development of microscopes and preparation techniques has allowed for the visualization of subcellular structures, and the use of protein biochemistry, genetics, and molecular biology has enabled the identification of proteins and mechanisms that regulate key cellular processes. In this review, seven senior plant cell biologists reflect on the development of this research field in the past decades, including the foundational contributions that their teams have made to our rich, current insights into cell biology. Topics covered include signaling and cell morphogenesis, membrane trafficking, cytokinesis, cytoskeletal regulation, and cell wall biology. In addition, these scientists illustrate the pathways to discovery in this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Y Cheung
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | | | - Gerd Jürgens
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Clive Lloyd
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - David G Robinson
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - L Andrew Staehelin
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Author for correspondence: (A.Y.C.), (D.J.C.), (I.H.N.), (G.J.), (C.L.), (D.G.R.), (L.A.S.) (D.W.)
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14
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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15
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Bernat-Silvestre C, Sánchez-Simarro J, Ma Y, Montero-Pau J, Johnson K, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. AtPGAP1 functions as a GPI inositol-deacylase required for efficient transport of GPI-anchored proteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:2156-2173. [PMID: 34618080 PMCID: PMC8644293 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) play an important role in a variety of plant biological processes including growth, stress response, morphogenesis, signaling, and cell wall biosynthesis. The GPI anchor contains a lipid-linked glycan backbone that is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) where it is subsequently transferred to the C-terminus of proteins containing a GPI signal peptide by a GPI transamidase. Once the GPI anchor is attached to the protein, the glycan and lipid moieties are remodeled. In mammals and yeast, this remodeling is required for GPI-APs to be included in Coat Protein II-coated vesicles for their ER export and subsequent transport to the cell surface. The first reaction of lipid remodeling is the removal of the acyl chain from the inositol group by Bst1p (yeast) and Post-GPI Attachment to Proteins Inositol Deacylase 1 (PGAP1, mammals). In this work, we have used a loss-of-function approach to study the role of PGAP1/Bst1 like genes in plants. We have found that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PGAP1 localizes to the ER and likely functions as the GPI inositol-deacylase that cleaves the acyl chain from the inositol ring of the GPI anchor. In addition, we show that PGAP1 function is required for efficient ER export and transport to the cell surface of GPI-APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Judit Sánchez-Simarro
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Yingxuan Ma
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Javier Montero-Pau
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Kim Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Spain
- Author for communication: (M.J.M), (F.A)
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16
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Arabidopsis thaliana myosin XIK is recruited to the Golgi through interaction with a MyoB receptor. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1182. [PMID: 34645991 PMCID: PMC8514473 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02700-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell organelles are highly mobile and their positioning play key roles in plant growth, development and responses to changing environmental conditions. Movement is acto-myosin dependent. Despite controlling the dynamics of several organelles, myosin and myosin receptors identified so far in Arabidopsis thaliana generally do not localise to the organelles whose movement they control, raising the issue of how specificity is determined. Here we show that a MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, specifically localises to the Golgi membrane and affects its movement. Myosin XI-K was identified as a putative MRF7 interactor through mass spectrometry analysis. Co-expression of MRF7 and XI-K tail triggers the relocation of XI-K to the Golgi, linking a MyoB/myosin complex to a specific organelle in Arabidopsis. FRET-FLIM confirmed the in vivo interaction between MRF7 and XI-K tail on the Golgi and in the cytosol, suggesting that myosin/myosin receptor complexes perhaps cycle on and off organelle membranes. This work supports a traditional mechanism for organelle movement where myosins bind to receptors and adaptors on the organelle membranes, allowing them to actively move on the actin cytoskeleton, rather than passively in the recently proposed cytoplasmic streaming model. Perico et al. use co-expression analysis and a FRET-FLIM approach to show that the Arabidopsis MyoB myosin receptor, MRF7, triggers the relocation of Myosin XI-K to the Golgi. As such, this study provides evidence for plant myosin recruitment and control of organelle movement.
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17
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Strasser R, Seifert G, Doblin MS, Johnson KL, Ruprecht C, Pfrengle F, Bacic A, Estevez JM. Cracking the "Sugar Code": A Snapshot of N- and O-Glycosylation Pathways and Functions in Plants Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:640919. [PMID: 33679857 PMCID: PMC7933510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.640919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation is a fundamental co-translational and/or post-translational modification process where an attachment of sugars onto either proteins or lipids can alter their biological function, subcellular location and modulate the development and physiology of an organism. Glycosylation is not a template driven process and as such produces a vastly larger array of glycan structures through combinatorial use of enzymes and of repeated common scaffolds and as a consequence it provides a huge expansion of both the proteome and lipidome. While the essential role of N- and O-glycan modifications on mammalian glycoproteins is already well documented, we are just starting to decode their biological functions in plants. Although significant advances have been made in plant glycobiology in the last decades, there are still key challenges impeding progress in the field and, as such, holistic modern high throughput approaches may help to address these conceptual gaps. In this snapshot, we present an update of the most common O- and N-glycan structures present on plant glycoproteins as well as (1) the plant glycosyltransferases (GTs) and glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) responsible for their biosynthesis; (2) a summary of microorganism-derived GHs characterized to cleave specific glycosidic linkages; (3) a summary of the available tools ranging from monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), lectins to chemical probes for the detection of specific sugar moieties within these complex macromolecules; (4) selected examples of N- and O-glycoproteins as well as in their related GTs to illustrate the complexity on their mode of action in plant cell growth and stress responses processes, and finally (5) we present the carbohydrate microarray approach that could revolutionize the way in which unknown plant GTs and GHs are identified and their specificities characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Seifert
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kim L. Johnson
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Pfrengle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antony Bacic
- La Trobe Institute for Agriculture & Food, Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- The Sino-Australia Plant Cell Wall Research Centre, Zhejiang Agriculture & Forestry University, Hangzhou, China
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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18
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van de Meene A, McAloney L, Wilson SM, Zhou J, Zeng W, McMillan P, Bacic A, Doblin MS. Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010127. [PMID: 33440743 PMCID: PMC7828102 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison van de Meene
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Lauren McAloney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Sarah M. Wilson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - JiZhi Zhou
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
| | - Wei Zeng
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Paul McMillan
- Biological Optical Microscopy Platform, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Monika S. Doblin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (A.v.d.M.); (L.M.); (S.M.W.); (J.Z.); (W.Z.); (A.B.)
- Sino-Australia Plant Wall Research Centre, State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an 311300, China
- Department of Animal, Plant & Soil Sciences, Latrobe Institute for Agriculture & Food (LIAF), Latrobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Correspondence:
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19
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Zhang M, Hu S, Yi F, Gao Y, Zhu D, Wang Y, Cai Y, Hou D, Lin X, Shen J. Organelle Visualization With Multicolored Fluorescent Markers in Bamboo. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:658836. [PMID: 33936145 PMCID: PMC8081836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.658836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is an important model plant to study the molecular mechanisms of rapid shoot growth and flowering once in a lifetime. However, bamboo research about protein functional characterization is largely lagged behind, mainly due to the lack of gene transformation platforms. In this study, a protoplast transient gene expression system in moso bamboo has been first established. Using this reliable and efficient system, we have generated a set of multicolored fluorescent markers based on the targeting sequences from endogenous proteins, which have been validated by their comparative localization with Arabidopsis organelle markers, in a combination with pharmaceutical treatments. Moreover, we further demonstrated the power of this multicolor marker set for rapid, combinatorial analysis of the subcellular localization of uncharacterized proteins, which may play potential functions in moso bamboo flowering and fast growth of shoots. Finally, this protoplast transient gene expression system has been elucidated for functional analysis in protein-protein interaction by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Taken together, in combination with the set of moso bamboo organelle markers, the protoplast transient gene expression system could be used for subcellular localization and functional study of unknown proteins in bamboo and will definitely promote rapid progress in diverse areas of research in bamboo plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhu Wang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yi Cai
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinbo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Peña EJ, Robles Luna G, Heinlein M. In vivo imaging of tagged mRNA in plant tissues using the bacterial transcriptional antiterminator BglG. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:271-282. [PMID: 33098198 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RNA transport and localization represent important post-transcriptional mechanisms to determine the subcellular localization of protein synthesis. Plants have the capacity to transport messenger (m)RNA molecules beyond the cell boundaries through plasmodesmata and over long distances in the phloem. RNA viruses exploit these transport pathways to disseminate their infections and represent important model systems to investigate RNA transport in plants. Here, we present an in vivo plant RNA-labeling system based on the Escherichia coli RNA-binding protein BglG. Using the detection of RNA in mobile RNA particles formed by viral movement protein (MP) as a model, we demonstrate the efficiency and specificity of mRNA detection by the BglG system as compared with MS2 and λN systems. Our observations show that MP mRNA is specifically associated with MP in mobile MP particles but hardly with MP localized at plasmodesmata. MP mRNA is clearly absent from MP accumulating along microtubules. We show that the in vivo BglG labeling of the MP particles depends on the presence of the BglG-binding stem-loop aptamers within the MP mRNA and that the aptamers enhance the coprecipitation of BglG by MP, thus demonstrating the presence of an MP:MP mRNA complex. The BglG system also allowed us to monitor the cell-to-cell transport of the MP mRNA, thus linking the observation of mobile MP mRNA granules with intercellular MP mRNA transport. Given its specificity demonstrated here, the BglG system may be widely applicable for studying mRNA transport and localization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Peña
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Robles Luna
- Instituto de Biotecnología y Biología Molecular (IBBM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, CONICET UNLP, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IBMP UPR 2357, Strasbourg, F-67000, France
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21
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López‐González S, Navarro JA, Pacios LF, Sardaru P, Pallás V, Sánchez F, Ponz F. Association between flower stalk elongation, an Arabidopsis developmental trait, and the subcellular location and movement dynamics of the nonstructural protein P3 of Turnip mosaic virus. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1271-1286. [PMID: 32737952 PMCID: PMC7488469 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Virus infections affect plant developmental traits but this aspect of the interaction has not been extensively studied so far. Two strains of Turnip mosaic virus differentially affect Arabidopsis development, especially flower stalk elongation, which allowed phenotypical, cellular, and molecular characterization of the viral determinant, the P3 protein. Transiently expressed wild-type green fluorescent protein-tagged P3 proteins of both strains and selected mutants of them revealed important differences in their behaviour as endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated peripheral proteins flowing along the reticulum, forming punctate accumulations. Three-dimensional (3D) model structures of all expressed P3 proteins were computationally constructed through I-TASSER protein structure predictions, which were used to compute protein surfaces and map electrostatic potentials to characterize the effect of amino acid changes on features related to protein interactions and to phenotypical and subcellular results. The amino acid at position 279 was the main determinant affecting stalk development. It also determined the speed of ER-flow of the expressed proteins and their final location. A marked change in the protein surface electrostatic potential correlated with changes in subcellular location. One single amino acid in the P3 viral protein determines all the analysed differential characteristics between strains differentially affecting flower stalk development. A model proposing a role of the protein in the intracellular movement of the viral replication complex, in association with the viral 6K2 protein, is proposed. The type of association between both viral proteins could differ between the strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Antonio Navarro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Luis F. Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Papaiah Sardaru
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Vicente Pallás
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (UPV‐CSIC), IBMCPValenciaSpain
| | - Flora Sánchez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
| | - Fernando Ponz
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM‐INIA)Pozuelo de AlarcónSpain
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22
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Islam MS, Van Nguyen T, Sakamoto W, Takagi S. Phototropin- and photosynthesis-dependent mitochondrial positioning in Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:1352-1371. [PMID: 31961050 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are frequently observed in the vicinity of chloroplasts in photosynthesizing cells, and this association is considered necessary for their metabolic interactions. We previously reported that, in leaf palisade cells of Arabidopsis thaliana, mitochondria exhibit blue-light-dependent redistribution together with chloroplasts, which conduct accumulation and avoidance responses under the control of blue-light receptor phototropins. In this study, precise motility analyses by fluorescent microscopy revealed that the individual mitochondria in palisade cells, labeled with green fluorescent protein, exhibit typical stop-and-go movement. When exposed to blue light, the velocity of moving mitochondria increased in 30 min, whereas after 4 h, the frequency of stoppage of mitochondrial movement markedly increased. Using different mutant plants, we concluded that the presence of both phototropin1 and phototropin2 is necessary for the early acceleration of mitochondrial movement. On the contrary, the late enhancement of stoppage of mitochondrial movement occurs only in the presence of phototropin2 and only when intact photosynthesis takes place. A plasma-membrane ghost assay suggested that the stopped mitochondria are firmly adhered to chloroplasts. These results indicate that the physical interaction between mitochondria and chloroplasts is cooperatively mediated by phototropin2- and photosynthesis-dependent signals. The present study might add novel regulatory mechanism for light-dependent plant organelle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sayeedul Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Toan Van Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, National Key Laboratory for Plant Cell Biotechnology, Pham Van Dong road, Bac Tu Liem district, Ha Noi, Vietnam
| | - Wataru Sakamoto
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Shingo Takagi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama-cho 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
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23
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Takagi J, Kimori Y, Shimada T, Hara-Nishimura I. Dynamic Capture and Release of Endoplasmic Reticulum Exit Sites by Golgi Stacks in Arabidopsis. iScience 2020; 23:101265. [PMID: 32585594 PMCID: PMC7322076 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi stacks is mediated by the coat protein complex COPII, which is assembled at an ER subdomain called ER exit site (ERES). However, the dynamic relationship between ERESs and Golgi stacks is unknown. Here, we propose a dynamic capture-and-release model of ERESs by Golgi stacks in Arabidopsis thaliana. Using variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy with high-temporal-resolution imaging, COPII-component-bound ERESs were detected as punctate structures with sizes of 300–500 nm. Some punctate ERESs are distributed on ER tubules and sheet rims, whereas others gather around a Golgi stack in an ER-network cavity to form a beaded-ring structure. Free ERESs that wander into an ER cavity are captured by a Golgi stack in a cytoskeleton-independent manner. Then, they are released by the Golgi stack for recycling. The dynamic ERES cycling might contribute to efficient transfer of de novo synthesized cargo proteins from the ER to Golgi stacks. VAEM images show dynamic behavior of minimal punctate ERESs Most of punctate ERESs are distributed on the ER network tubes Several punctate ERESs contact with a Golgi stack in an ER network cavity ERESs are dynamically captured and released by Golgi stacks
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Affiliation(s)
- Junpei Takagi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kimori
- Faculty of Environmental and Information Sciences, Fukui University of Technology, Fukui 910-8505, Japan
| | - Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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24
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Xu Y, Hu D, Hou X, Shen J, Liu J, Cen X, Fu J, Li X, Hu H, Xiong L. OsTMF attenuates cold tolerance by affecting cell wall properties in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:498-512. [PMID: 32176820 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall composition and structure can be modified as plants adapt to environmental stresses; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that OsTMF, a homologue of the human TATA modulatory factor (TMF) in rice (Oryza sativa) and highly conserved in plants, negatively regulates cold tolerance through modification of cell wall properties. Cold stress increased the expression of OsTMF and accumulation of OsTMF in the nucleus, where OsTMF acts as a transcription activator and modulates the expression of genes involved in pectin degradation (OsBURP16), cellulose biosynthesis (OsCesA4 and OsCesA9), and cell wall structural maintenance (genes encoding proline-rich proteins and peroxidases). OsTMF directly activated the expression of OsBURP16, OsCesA4, and OsCesA9 through binding to the TATA cis-elements in their promoters. Under cold stress conditions, OsTMF negatively regulated pectin content and peroxidase activity and positively regulated cellulose content, causing corresponding alterations to cell wall properties, all of which collectively contribute to the negative effect of OsTMF on cold tolerance. Our findings unravel a previously unreported molecular mechanism of a conserved plant TMF protein in the regulation of cell wall changes under cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Engineering Research Center of Biomass Resources and Environment, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Dan Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jianqiang Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Juhong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiang Cen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Honghong Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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25
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ROBINSON DAVIDG. Plant Golgi ultrastructure. J Microsc 2020; 280:111-121. [DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- DAVID G. ROBINSON
- Centre for Organismal Studies University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
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26
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Anderson CT, Kieber JJ. Dynamic Construction, Perception, and Remodeling of Plant Cell Walls. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:39-69. [PMID: 32084323 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-081519-035846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are dynamic structures that are synthesized by plants to provide durable coverings for the delicate cells they encase. They are made of polysaccharides, proteins, and other biomolecules and have evolved to withstand large amounts of physical force and to resist external attack by herbivores and pathogens but can in many cases expand, contract, and undergo controlled degradation and reconstruction to facilitate developmental transitions and regulate plant physiology and reproduction. Recent advances in genetics, microscopy, biochemistry, structural biology, and physical characterization methods have revealed a diverse set of mechanisms by which plant cells dynamically monitor and regulate the composition and architecture of their cell walls, but much remains to be discovered about how the nanoscale assembly of these remarkable structures underpins the majestic forms and vital ecological functions achieved by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA;
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27
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Ren Y, Wang Y, Pan T, Wang Y, Wang Y, Gan L, Wei Z, Wang F, Wu M, Jing R, Wang J, Wan G, Bao X, Zhang B, Zhang P, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Lei C, Zhang X, Cheng Z, Lin Q, Zhu S, Zhao Z, Wang J, Wu C, Qiu L, Wang H, Wan J. GPA5 Encodes a Rab5a Effector Required for Post-Golgi Trafficking of Rice Storage Proteins. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:758-777. [PMID: 31949008 PMCID: PMC7054044 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dense vesicles (DVs) are vesicular carriers, unique to plants, that mediate post-Golgi trafficking of storage proteins to protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in seeds. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the directional targeting of DVs to PSVs remain elusive. Here, we show that the rice (Oryza sativa) glutelin precursor accumulation5 (gpa5) mutant is defective in directional targeting of DVs to PSVs, resulting in discharge of its cargo proteins into the extracellular space. Molecular cloning revealed that GPA5 encodes a plant-unique phox-homology domain-containing protein homologous to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ENDOSOMAL RAB EFFECTOR WITH PX-DOMAIN. We show that GPA5 is a membrane-associated protein capable of forming homodimers and that it is specifically localized to DVs in developing endosperm. Colocalization, biochemical, and genetic evidence demonstrates that GPA5 acts in concert with Rab5a and VPS9a to regulate DV-mediated post-Golgi trafficking to PSVs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that GPA5 physically interacts with a class C core vacuole/endosome tethering complex and a seed plant-specific VAMP727-containing R-soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor complex. Collectively, our results suggest that GPA5 functions as a plant-specific effector of Rab5a required for mediating tethering and membrane fusion of DVs with PSVs in rice endosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lu Gan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhongyan Wei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ruonan Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiachang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gexing Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhao Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Binglei Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yi Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chuanyin Wu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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28
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Sánchez-Simarro J, Bernat-Silvestre C, Gimeno-Ferrer F, Selvi-Martínez P, Montero-Pau J, Aniento F, Marcote MJ. Loss of Arabidopsis β-COP Function Affects Golgi Structure, Plant Growth and Tolerance to Salt Stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:430. [PMID: 32351533 PMCID: PMC7175232 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The early secretory pathway involves bidirectional transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus and is mediated by coat protein complex I (COPI)-coated and coat protein complex II (COPII)-coated vesicles. COPII vesicles are involved in ER to Golgi transport meanwhile COPI vesicles mediate intra-Golgi transport and retrograde transport from the Golgi apparatus to the ER. The key component of COPI vesicles is the coatomer complex, that is composed of seven subunits (α/β/β'/γ/δ/ε/ζ). In Arabidopsis two genes coding for the β-COP subunit have been identified, which are the result of recent tandem duplication. Here we have used a loss-of-function approach to study the function of β-COP. The results we have obtained suggest that β-COP is required for plant growth and salt tolerance. In addition, β-COP function seems to be required for maintaining the structure of the Golgi apparatus.
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29
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Madina MH, Rahman MS, Zheng H, Germain H. Vacuolar membrane structures and their roles in plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:343-354. [PMID: 31621005 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00921-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short review focussing on the role and targeting of vacuolar substructure in plant immunity and pathogenesis. Plants lack specialized immune cells, therefore each plant cell must defend itself against invading pathogens. A typical plant defense strategy is the hypersensitive response that results in host cell death at the site of infection, a process largely regulated by the vacuole. In plant cells, the vacuole is a vital organelle that plays a central role in numerous fundamental processes, such as development, reproduction, and cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli. It shows divergent membranous structures that are continuously transforming. Recent technical advances in visualization and live-cell imaging have significantly altered our view of the vacuolar structures and their dynamics. Understanding the active nature of the vacuolar structures and the mechanisms of vacuole-mediated defense responses is of great importance in understanding plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we present an overview of the current knowledge about the vacuole and its internal structures, as well as their role in plant-microbe interactions. There is so far limited information on the modulation of the vacuolar structures by pathogens, but recent research has identified the vacuole as a possible target of microbial interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mst Hur Madina
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Md Saifur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Huanquan Zheng
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Hugo Germain
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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30
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Meents MJ, Motani S, Mansfield SD, Samuels AL. Organization of Xylan Production in the Golgi During Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:527-546. [PMID: 31431513 PMCID: PMC6776863 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary cell wall (SCW) production during xylem development requires massive up-regulation of hemicellulose (e.g. glucuronoxylan) biosynthesis in the Golgi. Although mutant studies have revealed much of the xylan biosynthetic machinery, the precise arrangement of these proteins and their products in the Golgi apparatus is largely unknown. We used a fluorescently tagged xylan backbone biosynthetic protein (IRREGULAR XYLEM9; IRX9) as a marker of xylan production in the Golgi of developing protoxylem tracheary elements in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Both live-cell confocal and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed SCW deposition is accompanied by a significant proliferation of Golgi stacks. Furthermore, although Golgi stacks were randomly distributed, the organization of the cytoplasm ensured their close proximity to developing SCWs. Quantitative immuno-TEM revealed IRX9 is present in a specific subdomain of the Golgi stack and was most abundant in the ring of the inner margins of medial cisternae where fenestrations are abundant. Conversely, the xylan product accumulated in swollen trans cisternal margins and the Trans-Golgi network (TGN). The irx9 mutant lacked this expansion for both the cisternal margins and the TGN, whereas Golgi stack proliferation was unaffected. Golgi in irx9 also displayed dramatic changes in their structure, with increases in cisternal fenestration and tubulation. Our data support a new model where xylan biosynthesis and packaging into secretory vesicles are localized in distinct structural and functional domains of the Golgi. Rather than polysaccharide biosynthesis occurring in the center of the cisternae, IRX9 and the xylan product are arranged in successive concentric rings in Golgi cisternae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Meents
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - Sanya Motani
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4 British Columbia
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Zhu M, van Grinsven IL, Kormelink R, Tao X. Paving the Way to Tospovirus Infection: Multilined Interplays with Plant Innate Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:41-62. [PMID: 30893008 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tospoviruses are among the most important plant pathogens and cause serious crop losses worldwide. Tospoviruses have evolved to smartly utilize the host cellular machinery to accomplish their life cycle. Plants mount two layers of defense to combat their invasion. The first one involves the activation of an antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) defense response. However, tospoviruses encode an RNA silencing suppressor that enables them to counteract antiviral RNAi. To further combat viral invasion, plants also employ intracellular innate immune receptors (e.g., Sw-5b and Tsw) to recognize different viral effectors (e.g., NSm and NSs). This leads to the triggering of a much more robust defense against tospoviruses called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Tospoviruses have further evolved their effectors and can break Sw-5b-/Tsw-mediated resistance. The arms race between tospoviruses and both layers of innate immunity drives the coevolution of host defense and viral genes involved in counter defense. In this review, a state-of-the-art overview is presented on the tospoviral life cycle and the multilined interplays between tospoviruses and the distinct layers of defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Irene Louise van Grinsven
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Kormelink
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Plant Sciences, Wageningen University, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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Bapaume L, Laukamm S, Darbon G, Monney C, Meyenhofer F, Feddermann N, Chen M, Reinhardt D. VAPYRIN Marks an Endosomal Trafficking Compartment Involved in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 31231402 PMCID: PMC6558636 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a symbiosis between plants and AM fungi that requires the intracellular accommodation of the fungal partner in the host. For reciprocal nutrient exchange, AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules that are surrounded by the peri-arbuscular membrane. This membrane, together with the fungal plasma membrane, and the space in between, constitute the symbiotic interface, over which nutrients are exchanged. Intracellular establishment of AM fungi requires the VAPYRIN protein which is induced in colonized cells, and which localizes to numerous small mobile structures of unknown identity (Vapyrin-bodies). In order to characterize the identity and function of the Vapyrin-bodies we pursued a dual strategy. First, we co-expressed fluorescently tagged VAPYRIN with a range of subcellular marker proteins, and secondly, we employed biochemical tools to identify interacting partner proteins of VAPYRIN. As an important tool for the quantitative analysis of confocal microscopic data sets from co-expression of fluorescent proteins, we developed a semi-automated image analysis pipeline that allows for precise spatio-temporal quantification of protein co-localization and of the dynamics of organelle association from movies. Taken together, these experiments revealed that Vapyrin-bodies have an endosomal identity with trans-Golgi features, and that VAPYRIN interacts with a symbiotic R-SNARE of the VAMP721 family, that localizes to the same compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Didier Reinhardt
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Patwari P, Salewski V, Gutbrod K, Kreszies T, Dresen-Scholz B, Peisker H, Steiner U, Meyer AJ, Schreiber L, Dörmann P. Surface wax esters contribute to drought tolerance in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 98:727-744. [PMID: 30729606 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Waxes are components of the cuticle covering the aerial organs of plants. Accumulation of waxes has previously been associated with protection against water loss, therefore contributing to drought tolerance. However, not much information is known about the function of individual wax components during water deficit. We studied the role of wax ester synthesis during drought. The wax ester load on Arabidopsis leaves and stems was increased during water deficiency. Expression of three genes, WSD1, WSD6 and WSD7 of the wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT or WSD) family was induced during drought, salt stress and abscisic acid treatment. WSD1 has previously been identified as the major wax ester synthase of stems. wsd1 mutants have shown reduced wax ester coverage on leaves and stems during normal or drought condition, while wax ester loads of wsd6, wsd7 and of the wsd6wsd7 double mutant were unchanged. The growth and relative water content of wsd1 plants were compromised during drought, while leaf water loss of wsd1 was increased. Enzyme assays with recombinant proteins expressed in insect cells revealed that WSD6 and WSD7 contain wax ester synthase activity, albeit with different substrate specificity compared with WSD1. WSD6 and WSD7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi. These results demonstrated that WSD1 is involved in the accumulation of wax esters during drought, while WSD6 and WSD7 might play other specific roles in wax ester metabolism during stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Patwari
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Veronika Salewski
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tino Kreszies
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Dresen-Scholz
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Steiner
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Plant Diseases and Plant Protection, University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute for Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), Chemical Signalling, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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Zhang W, Cai C, Staiger CJ. Myosins XI Are Involved in Exocytosis of Cellulose Synthase Complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 179:1537-1555. [PMID: 30705068 PMCID: PMC6446754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cellulose is synthesized at the cell surface by plasma membrane (PM)-localized cellulose synthase (CESA) complexes (CSCs). The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin delivery of CSCs to the PM, however, are poorly understood. Cortical microtubules have been shown to interact with CESA-containing compartments and mark the site for CSC delivery, but are not required for the delivery itself. Here, we demonstrate that myosin XI and the actin cytoskeleton mediate CSC delivery to the PM by coordinating the exocytosis of CESA-containing compartments. Measurement of cellulose content indicated that cellulose biosynthesis was significantly reduced in a myosin xik xi1 xi2 triple-knockout mutant. By combining genetic and pharmacological disruption of myosin activity with quantitative live-cell imaging, we observed decreased abundance of PM-localized CSCs and reduced delivery rate of CSCs in myosin-deficient cells. These phenotypes correlated with a significant increase in failed vesicle secretion events at the PM as well as an abnormal accumulation of CESA-containing compartments at the cell cortex. Through high-resolution spatiotemporal assays of cortical vesicle behavior, we identified defects in CSC vesicle tethering and fusion at the PM. Furthermore, disruption of myosin activity reduced the delivery of several other secretory markers to the PM and reduced constitutive and receptor-mediated endocytosis. These findings reveal a previously undescribed role for myosin in vesicle secretion and cellulose production at the cytoskeleton-PM-cell wall nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2064
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Alberts ME, Chua G, Muench DG. Exposure to naphthenic acids and the acid extractable organic fraction from oil sands process-affected water alters the subcellular structure and dynamics of plant cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2830-2844. [PMID: 30463136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands surface mining generates vast quantities of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) as a by-product of bitumen extraction. The acid extractable organic (AEO) fraction of OSPW contains several contaminants, including naphthenic acids (NAs). While responses of living organisms to NA and AEO exposure have been described at the developmental, physiological, metabolic and gene expression levels, the effects of these compounds at the cellular and subcellular level are limited. Using live cell fluorescence microscopy and a suite of fluorescent marker proteins, we studied the intracellular responses of the plant cell cytoskeleton and several membrane-bound organelles to NA and AEO treatments. A rapid disassembly of cortical microtubules and a decrease in dynamics associated with actin filaments was observed in response to these treatments. Concomitantly, the integrity and dynamics of mitochondria, peroxisomes, Golgi stacks, and endoplasmic reticulum were also altered. AEO treatments were the most toxic to cells and resulted in the accumulation reactive oxygen species. This study provides foundational evidence for intracellular responses to NA and AEO exposure using two evolutionarily diverse model plant cell types. This cellular assay could be used to identify the most toxic components of AEO sub-fractions, and assist in determining the effectiveness of OSPW remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
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Yoro E, Nishida H, Ogawa-Ohnishi M, Yoshida C, Suzaki T, Matsubayashi Y, Kawaguchi M. PLENTY, a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase, negatively regulates root nodule symbiosis in Lotus japonicus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:507-517. [PMID: 30351431 PMCID: PMC6322572 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Legumes can survive in nitrogen-deficient environments by forming root-nodule symbioses with rhizobial bacteria; however, forming nodules consumes energy, and nodule numbers must thus be strictly controlled. Previous studies identified major negative regulators of nodulation in Lotus japonicus, including the small peptides CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE)-RELATED-ROOT SIGNAL1 (CLE-RS1), CLE-RS2, and CLE-RS3, and their putative major receptor HYPERNODULATION AND ABERRANT ROOT FORMATION1 (HAR1). CLE-RS2 is known to be expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots, and is predicted to be post-translationally arabinosylated, a modification essential for its activity. Moreover, all three CLE-RSs suppress nodulation in a HAR1-dependent manner. Here, we identified PLENTY as a gene responsible for the previously isolated hypernodulation mutant plenty. PLENTY encoded a hydroxyproline O-arabinosyltransferase orthologous to ROOT DETERMINED NODULATION1 in Medicago truncatula. PLENTY was localized to the Golgi, and an in vitro analysis of the recombinant protein demonstrated its arabinosylation activity, indicating that CLE-RS1/2/3 may be substrates for PLENTY. The constitutive expression experiments showed that CLE-RS3 was the major candidate substrate for PLENTY, suggesting the substrate preference of PLENTY for individual CLE-RS peptides. Furthermore, a genetic analysis of the plenty har1 double mutant indicated the existence of another PLENTY-dependent and HAR1-independent pathway negatively regulating nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Yoro
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hanna Nishida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Yoshida
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takuya Suzaki
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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Gergely ZR, Martinez DE, Donohoe BS, Mogelsvang S, Herder R, Staehelin LA. 3D electron tomographic and biochemical analysis of ER, Golgi and trans Golgi network membrane systems in stimulated Venus flytrap ( Dionaea muscipula) glandular cells. JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH (THESSALONIKE, GREECE) 2018; 25:15. [PMID: 30116723 PMCID: PMC6083566 DOI: 10.1186/s40709-018-0086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect-trapping leaves of Dionaea muscipula provide a model for studying the secretory pathway of an inducible plant secretory system. The leaf glands were induced with bovine serum albumin to secrete proteases that were characterized via zymogram activity gels over a 6-day period. The accompanying morphological changes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi were analyzed using 3D electron tomography of glands preserved by high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution methods. RESULTS Secretion of multiple cysteine and aspartic proteases occurred biphasically. The majority of the Golgi was organized in clusters consisting of 3-6 stacks surrounded by a cage-like system of ER cisternae. In these clusters, all Golgi stacks were oriented with their cis-most C1 cisterna facing an ER export site. The C1 Golgi cisternae varied in size and shape consistent with the hypothesis that they form de novo. Following induction, the number of ER-bound polysomes doubled, but no increase in COPII vesicles was observed. Golgi changes included a reduction in the number of cisternae per stack and a doubling of cisternal volume without increased surface area. Polysaccharide molecules that form the sticky slime cause swelling of the trans and trans Golgi network (TGN) cisternae. Peeling of the trans-most cisternae gives rise to free TGN cisternae. One day after gland stimulation, the free TGNs were frequently associated with loose groups of oriented actin-like filaments which were not seen in any other samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the secretory apparatus of resting gland cells is "overbuilt" to enable the cells to rapidly up-regulate lytic enzyme production and secretion in response to prey trapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Gergely
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
| | - Dana E. Martinez
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata–CONICET CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Bryon S. Donohoe
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Soren Mogelsvang
- Exxel Pharma, Inc, 12635 E Montview Blvd, Suite 100, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Rachel Herder
- Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, One Market Plaza, Spear Tower, Ste 3300, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA
| | - L. Andrew Staehelin
- MCD Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 347, Boulder, CO 80309 USA
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Perico C, Sparkes I. Plant organelle dynamics: cytoskeletal control and membrane contact sites. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:381-394. [PMID: 30078196 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 381 I. Introduction 381 II. Basic movement characteristics 382 III. Actin and associated motors, myosins, play a primary role in plant organelle movement and positioning 382 IV. Mechanisms of myosin recruitment: a tightly regulated system? 384 V. Microtubules, associated motors and interplay with actin 386 VI. Role of organelle interactions: tales of tethers 387 VII. Summary model to describe organelle movement in higher plants 390 VIII. Why is organelle movement important? 390 IX. Conclusions and future perspectives 391 Acknowledgements 391 References 391 SUMMARY: Organelle movement and positioning are correlated with plant growth and development. Movement characteristics are seemingly erratic yet respond to external stimuli including pathogens and light. Given these clear correlations, we still do not understand the specific roles that movement plays in these processes. There are few exceptions including organelle inheritance during cell division and photorelocation of chloroplasts to prevent photodamage. The molecular and biophysical components that drive movement can be broken down into cytoskeletal components, motor proteins and tethers, which allow organelles to physically interact with one another. Our understanding of these components and concepts has exploded over the past decade, with recent technological advances allowing an even more in-depth profiling. Here, we provide an overview of the cytoskeletal and tethering components and discuss the mechanisms behind organelle movement in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Perico
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
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Ebert B, Rautengarten C, McFarlane HE, Rupasinghe T, Zeng W, Ford K, Scheller HV, Bacic A, Roessner U, Persson S, Heazlewood JL. A Golgi UDP-GlcNAc transporter delivers substrates for N-linked glycans and sphingolipids. NATURE PLANTS 2018; 4:792-801. [PMID: 30224661 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0235-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylation requires activated glycosyl donors in the form of nucleotide sugars to drive processes such as post-translational protein modifications and glycolipid and polysaccharide biosynthesis. Most of these reactions occur in the Golgi, requiring cytosolic-derived nucleotide sugars, which need to be actively transferred into the Golgi lumen by nucleotide sugar transporters. We identified a Golgi-localized nucleotide sugar transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana with affinity for UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) and assigned it UDP-GlcNAc transporter 1 (UGNT1). Profiles of N-glycopeptides revealed that plants carrying the ugnt1 loss-of-function allele are virtually devoid of complex and hybrid N-glycans. Instead, the N-glycopeptide population from these alleles exhibited high-mannose structures, representing structures prior to the addition of the first GlcNAc in the Golgi. Concomitantly, sphingolipid profiling revealed that the biosynthesis of GlcNAc-containing glycosyl inositol phosphorylceramides (GIPCs) is also reliant on this transporter. By contrast, plants carrying the loss-of-function alleles affecting ROCK1, which has been reported to transport UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine, exhibit no changes in N-glycan or GIPC profiles. Our findings reveal that plants contain a single UDP-GlcNAc transporter that delivers an essential substrate for the maturation of N-glycans and the GIPC class of sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berit Ebert
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Heather E McFarlane
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thusitha Rupasinghe
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Zeng
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristina Ford
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik V Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Antony Bacic
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua L Heazlewood
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Hamada T, Yako M, Minegishi M, Sato M, Kamei Y, Yanagawa Y, Toyooka K, Watanabe Y, Hara-Nishimura I. Stress granule formation is induced by a threshold temperature rather than a temperature difference in Arabidopsis. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.216051. [PMID: 30030372 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules, a type of cytoplasmic RNA granule in eukaryotic cells, are induced in response to various environmental stresses, including high temperature. However, how high temperatures induce the formation of these stress granules in plant cells is largely unknown. Here, we characterized the process of stress granule formation in Arabidopsis thaliana by combining live imaging and electron microscopy analysis. In seedlings grown at 22°C, stress granule formation was induced at temperatures above a critical threshold level of 34°C in the absence of transpiration. The threshold temperature was the same, regardless of whether the seedlings were grown at 22°C or 4°C. High-resolution live imaging microscopy revealed that stress granule formation is not correlated with the sizes of pre-existing RNA processing bodies (P-bodies) but that the two structures often associated rapidly. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed a previously unidentified characteristic of the fine structures of Arabidopsis stress granules and P-bodies: the lack of ribosomes and the presence of characteristic electron-dense globular and filamentous structures. These results provide new insights into the universal nature of stress granules in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hamada
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mako Yako
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Marina Minegishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Mayuko Sato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kamei
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuki Yanagawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba 305-8602, Japan
| | - Kiminori Toyooka
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Watanabe
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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Panteris E, Achlati T, Daras G, Rigas S. Stomatal Complex Development and F-Actin Organization in Maize Leaf Epidermis Depend on Cellulose Synthesis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061365. [PMID: 29882773 PMCID: PMC6099634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils reinforce the cell wall for morphogenesis in plants. Herein, we provide evidence on a series of defects regarding stomatal complex development and F-actin organization in Zea mays leaf epidermis, due to inhibition of cellulose synthesis. Formative cell divisions of stomatal complex ontogenesis were delayed or inhibited, resulting in lack of subsidiary cells and frequently in unicellular stomata, with an atypical stomatal pore. Guard cells failed to acquire a dumbbell shape, becoming rounded, while subsidiary cells, whenever present, exhibited aberrant morphogenesis. F-actin organization was also affected, since the stomatal complex-specific arrays were scarcely observed. At late developmental stages, the overall F-actin network was diminished in all epidermal cells, although thick actin bundles persisted. Taken together, stomatal complex development strongly depends on cell wall mechanical properties. Moreover, F-actin organization exhibits a tight relationship with the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Theonymphi Achlati
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Gerasimos Daras
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | - Stamatis Rigas
- Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece.
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Luo KR, Huang NC, Yu TS. Selective Targeting of Mobile mRNAs to Plasmodesmata for Cell-to-Cell Movement. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:604-614. [PMID: 29581179 PMCID: PMC6001314 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Many plant mRNAs move from cell to cell or long distance to execute non-cell-autonomous functions. These mobile mRNAs traffic through the phloem to regulate many developmental processes, but despite the burgeoning discovery of mobile mRNAs, little is known about the mechanism underlying the intracellular sorting of these mRNAs. Here, we exploited a fluorescence-based mRNA labeling system, using the bacteriophage coat protein MS2, fused to GFP (MS2-GFP) and an MS2 recognition site in the RNA of interest, to visualize the intracellular trafficking of mobile mRNAs in living plant cells of Nicotiana benthamiana We first improved this system by using the nuclear localization sequence from FD, which substantially reduced the fluorescent background of MS2-GFP in the cytoplasm. The modified system allowed us to observe the cytoplasmic fluorescent foci dependent on MS2-binding sites. Coexpressing the MS2-GFP system with a virus movement protein, which is a plasmodesmata (PD)-localized nonspecific RNA-binding protein, targeted cytoplasmic fluorescent foci to the PD, suggesting that the cytoplasmic fluorescent foci contain mRNA and MS2-GFP. Our ex vivo RNA imaging revealed that mobile but not nonmobile mRNAs were selectively targeted to PD. Real-time images of intracellular translocation revealed that the translocation of mRNA and organelles in the transvacuolar strands may be governed by the same mechanism. Our study suggests that PD targeting of mRNA is a selective step in determining mRNA cell-to-cell movement of mRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ren Luo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Nien-Chen Huang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shin Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Abu-Abied M, Belausov E, Hagay S, Peremyslov V, Dolja V, Sadot E. Myosin XI-K is involved in root organogenesis, polar auxin transport, and cell division. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:2869-2881. [PMID: 29579267 PMCID: PMC5972647 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between myosin- and auxin-mediated processes was investigated by following root development in the triple myosin knockout mutant xi-k xi-1 xi-2 (3KO). It was found that the 3KO plants generated significantly more lateral and adventitious roots than the wild-type plants or the rescued plant line expressing functional myosin XI-K:yellow fluorescent protein (YFP; 3KOR). Using the auxin-dependent reporter DR5:venus, a significant change in the auxin gradient toward the root tip was found in 3KO plants, which correlated with the loss of polar localization of the auxin transporter PIN1 in the stele and with the increased number of stele cells with oblique cell walls. Interestingly, myosin XI-K:YFP was localized to the cell division apparatus in the root and shoot meristems. In anaphase and early telophase, XI-K:YFP was concentrated in the midzone and the forming cell plate. In late telophase, XI-K:YFP formed a ring that overlapped with the growing phragmoplast. Myosin receptors MyoB1 and MyoB2 that are highly expressed throughout the plant were undetectable in dividing cells, suggesting that the myosin function in cell division relies on distinct adaptor proteins. These results suggest that myosin XIs are involved in orchestrating root organogenesis via effects on polar distribution of auxin responses and on cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Abu-Abied
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sapir Hagay
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Valera Peremyslov
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Valerian Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Einat Sadot
- The Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, ARO, HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Correspondence:
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44
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Nebenführ A, Dixit R. Kinesins and Myosins: Molecular Motors that Coordinate Cellular Functions in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:329-361. [PMID: 29489391 PMCID: PMC6653565 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Kinesins and myosins are motor proteins that can move actively along microtubules and actin filaments, respectively. Plants have evolved a unique set of motors that function as regulators and organizers of the cytoskeleton and as drivers of long-distance transport of various cellular components. Recent progress has established the full complement of motors encoded in plant genomes and has revealed valuable insights into the cellular functions of many kinesin and myosin isoforms. Interestingly, several of the motors were found to functionally connect the two cytoskeletal systems and thereby to coordinate their activities. In this review, we discuss the available genetic, cell biological, and biochemical data for each of the plant kinesin and myosin families from the context of their subcellular mechanism of action as well as their physiological function in the whole plant. We particularly emphasize work that illustrates mechanisms by which kinesins and myosins coordinate the activities of the cytoskeletal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Nebenführ
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-0840, USA;
| | - Ram Dixit
- Department of Biology and Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA;
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45
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Abstract
Plant vacuoles are multifunctional organelles. On the one hand, most vegetative tissues develop lytic vacuoles that have a role in degradation. On the other hand, seed cells have two types of storage vacuoles: protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) in endosperm and embryonic cells and metabolite storage vacuoles in seed coats. Vacuolar proteins and metabolites are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuoles via Golgi-dependent and Golgi-independent pathways. Proprotein precursors delivered to the vacuoles are converted into their respective mature forms by vacuolar processing enzyme, which also regulates various kinds of programmed cell death in plants. We summarize two types of vacuolar membrane dynamics that occur during defense responses: vacuolar membrane collapse to attack viral pathogens and fusion of vacuolar and plasma membranes to attack bacterial pathogens. We also describe the chemical defense against herbivores brought about by the presence of PSVs in the idioblast myrosin cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoo Shimada
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
| | - Junpei Takagi
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Ichino
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Makoto Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan;
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe 658-8501, Japan
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Pastor-Cantizano N, Bernat-Silvestre C, Marcote MJ, Aniento F. Loss of Arabidopsis p24 function affects ERD2 trafficking and Golgi structure, and activates the unfolded protein response. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.203802. [PMID: 28871045 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.203802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The p24 family of proteins (also known as the TMED family) are key regulators of protein trafficking along the secretory pathway, but very little is known about their functions in plants. A quadruple loss-of-function mutant affecting the p24 genes from the δ-1 subclass of the p24δ subfamily (p24δ3δ4δ5δ6) showed alterations in the Golgi, suggesting that these p24 proteins play a role in the organization of the compartments of the early secretory pathway in Arabidopsis Loss of p24δ-1 proteins also induced the accumulation of the K/HDEL receptor ERD2a (ER lumen protein-retaining receptor A) at the Golgi and increased secretion of BiP family proteins, ER chaperones containing an HDEL signal, probably due to an inhibition of COPI-dependent Golgi-to-ER transport of ERD2a and thus retrieval of K/HDEL ligands. Although the p24δ3δ4δ5δ6 mutant showed enhanced sensitivity to salt stress, it did not show obvious phenotypic alterations under standard growth conditions. Interestingly, this mutant showed a constitutive activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the transcriptional upregulation of the COPII subunit gene SEC31A, which may help the plant to cope with the transport defects seen in the absence of p24 proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pastor-Cantizano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Cesar Bernat-Silvestre
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - María Jesús Marcote
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Fernando Aniento
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnología i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de València, E-46100 Burjassot (Valencia), Spain
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47
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Stefano G, Brandizzi F. Advances in Plant ER Architecture and Dynamics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:178-186. [PMID: 28986423 PMCID: PMC5761816 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances highlight mechanisms that enable the morphological integrity of the plant ER in relation to the other organelles and the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stefano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab and Plant Biology Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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48
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Veit C, König J, Altmann F, Strasser R. Processing of the Terminal Alpha-1,2-Linked Mannose Residues From Oligomannosidic N-Glycans Is Critical for Proper Root Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1807. [PMID: 30574158 PMCID: PMC6291467 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
N-glycosylation is an essential protein modification that plays roles in many diverse biological processes including protein folding, quality control and protein interactions. Despite recent advances in characterization of the N-glycosylation and N-glycan processing machinery our understanding of N-glycosylation related processes in plant development is limited. In Arabidopsis thaliana, failure of mannose trimming from oligomannosidic N-glycans in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and cis/medial-Golgi leads to a defect in root development in the mns123 triple mutant. Here, we show that the severe root phenotype of mns123 is restored in asparagine-linked glycosylation (ALG)-deficient plants with distinct defects in the biosynthesis of the lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor. The root growth of these ALG-deficient plants is not affected by the α-mannosidase inhibitor kifunensine. Genetic evidence shows that the defect is uncoupled from the glycan-dependent ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway that removes misfolded glycoproteins with oligomannosidic N-glycans from the ER. Restoration of mannose trimming using a trans-Golgi targeted α-mannosidase suppresses the defect of mns123 roots. These data suggest that processing of terminal mannose residues from oligomannosidic N-glycans is important for an unknown late-Golgi or post-Golgi process that is implicated in proper root formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Veit
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia König
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Richard Strasser,
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49
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Wang P, Chen X, Goldbeck C, Chung E, Kang BH. A distinct class of vesicles derived from the trans-Golgi mediates secretion of xylogalacturonan in the root border cell. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:596-610. [PMID: 28865155 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Root border cells lie on the surface of the root cap and secrete massive amounts of mucilage that contains polysaccharides and proteoglycans. Golgi stacks in the border cells have hypertrophied margins, reflecting elevated biosynthetic activity to produce the polysaccharide components of the mucilage. To investigate the three-dimensional structures and macromolecular compositions of these Golgi stacks, we examined high-pressure frozen/freeze-substituted alfalfa root cap cells with electron microscopy/tomography. Golgi stacks in border cells and peripheral cells, precursor cells of border cells, displayed similar morphological features, such as proliferation of trans cisternae and swelling of the trans cisternae and trans-Golgi network (TGN) compartments. These swollen margins give rise to two types of vesicles larger than other Golgi-associated vesicles. Margins of trans-Golgi cisternae accumulate the LM8 xylogalacturonan (XGA) epitope, and they become darkly stained large vesicles (LVs) after release from the Golgi. Epitopes for xyloglucan (XG), polygalacturonic acid/rhamnogalacturonan-I (PGA/RG-I) are detected in the trans-most cisternae and TGN compartments. LVs produced from TGN compartments (TGN-LVs) stained lighter than LVs and contained the cell wall polysaccharide epitopes seen in the TGN. LVs carrying the XGA epitope fuse with the plasma membrane only in border cells, whereas TGN-LVs containing the XG and PGA/RG-I epitopes fuse with the plasma membrane of both peripheral cells and border cells. Taken together, these results indicate that XGA is secreted by a novel type of secretory vesicles derived from trans-Golgi cisternae. Furthermore, we simulated the collapse in the central domain of the trans-cisternae accompanying polysaccharide synthesis with a mathematical model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xinshi Chen
- Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cameron Goldbeck
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Eric Chung
- Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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50
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Malgaretti P, Pagonabarraga I, Joanny JF. Bistability, Oscillations, and Bidirectional Motion of Ensemble of Hydrodynamically Coupled Molecular Motors. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 119:168101. [PMID: 29099219 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.168101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the collective behavior of hydrodynamically coupled molecular motors. We show that the local fluxes induced by motor displacement can induce the experimentally observed bidirectional motion of cargoes and vesicles. By means of a mean-field approach we show that sustained oscillations as well as bistable collective motor motion arise even for very large collection of motors, when thermal noise is irrelevant. The analysis clarifies the physical mechanisms responsible for such dynamics by identifying the relevant coupling parameter and its dependence on the geometry of the hydrodynamic coupling as well as on system size. We quantify the phase diagram for the different phases that characterize the collective motion of hydrodynamically coupled motors and show that sustained oscillations can be reached for biologically relevant parameters, hence, demonstrating the relevance of hydrodynamic interactions in intracellular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Malgaretti
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - I Pagonabarraga
- Departament de Fisica de la Matèria Condensada, Facultat de Fisica, Universitat de Barcelona, Carre Martí i Franques 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- UBICS, Institute of Complex Systems, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- CECAM, Centre Européen de Calcul Atomique et Moléculaire, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lasuanne, Batochime, Avenue Forel 2, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-F Joanny
- Physicochiemie Curie (Institut Curie/CNRS-UMR168/UPMC), Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, PSL Reseach University, 26 rue d'Ulm 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
- ESPCI 10 rue Vauquelin 75005 Paris, France
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