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Niaz M, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Yan X, Yuan M, Cheng Y, Lv G, Fadlalla T, Zhao L, Sun C, Chen F. Genetic and molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism in cereals. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:63. [PMID: 36939900 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are vital pigments for higher plants and play a crucial function in photosynthesis and photoprotection. Carotenoids are precursors of vitamin A synthesis and contribute to human nutrition and health. However, cereal grain endosperm contains a minor carotenoid measure and a scarce supply of provitamin A content. Therefore, improving the carotenoids in cereal grain is of major importance. Carotenoid content is governed by multiple candidate genes with their additive effects. Studies on genes related to carotenoid metabolism in cereals would increase the knowledge of potential metabolic steps of carotenoids and enhance the quality of crop plants. Recognizing the metabolism and carotenoid accumulation in various staple cereal crops over the last few decades has broadened our perspective on the interdisciplinary regulation of carotenogenesis. Meanwhile, the amelioration in metabolic engineering approaches has been exploited to step up the level of carotenoid and valuable industrial metabolites in many crops, but wheat is still considerable in this matter. In this study, we present a comprehensive overview of the consequences of biosynthetic and catabolic genes on carotenoid biosynthesis, current improvements in regulatory disciplines of carotenogenesis, and metabolic engineering of carotenoids. A panoptic and deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of carotenoid metabolism and genetic manipulation (genome selection and gene editing) will be useful in improving the carotenoid content of cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin Niaz
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Bingyang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangning Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Minjie Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - YongZhen Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guoguo Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Tarig Fadlalla
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Faculty of Agriculture, Nile valley University, Atbara, 346, Sudan
| | - Lei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Congwei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Feng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science / CIMMYT-China Wheat and Maize Joint Research Center /Agronomy College, Henan Agricultural University, 15 Longzihu College District, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
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Simkin AJ, Kapoor L, Doss CGP, Hofmann TA, Lawson T, Ramamoorthy S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:23-42. [PMID: 35064531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leepica Kapoor
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanja A Hofmann
- OSFC, Scrivener Drive, Pinewood, Ipswich, IP8 3SU, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kapoor L, Simkin AJ, George Priya Doss C, Siva R. Fruit ripening: dynamics and integrated analysis of carotenoids and anthocyanins. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:27. [PMID: 35016620 PMCID: PMC8750800 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fruits are vital food resources as they are loaded with bioactive compounds varying with different stages of ripening. As the fruit ripens, a dynamic color change is observed from green to yellow to red due to the biosynthesis of pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. Apart from making the fruit attractive and being a visual indicator of the ripening status, pigments add value to a ripened fruit by making them a source of nutraceuticals and industrial products. As the fruit matures, it undergoes biochemical changes which alter the pigment composition of fruits. RESULTS The synthesis, degradation and retention pathways of fruit pigments are mediated by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors. Manipulation of the underlying regulatory mechanisms during fruit ripening suggests ways to enhance the desired pigments in fruits by biotechnological interventions. Here we report, in-depth insight into the dynamics of a pigment change in ripening and the regulatory mechanisms in action. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the role of pigments as an asset to a ripened fruit as they augment the nutritive value, antioxidant levels and the net carbon gain of fruits; pigments are a source for fruit biofortification have tremendous industrial value along with being a tool to predict the harvest. This report will be of great utility to the harvesters, traders, consumers, and natural product divisions to extract the leading nutraceutical and industrial potential of preferred pigments biosynthesized at different fruit ripening stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leepica Kapoor
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - C George Priya Doss
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Simkin AJ. Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Planta: Their Role in Plant Development, Contribution to the Flavour and Aroma of Fruits and Flowers, and Their Nutraceutical Benefits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10112321. [PMID: 34834683 PMCID: PMC8624010 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids and apocarotenoids are diverse classes of compounds found in nature and are important natural pigments, nutraceuticals and flavour/aroma molecules. Improving the quality of crops is important for providing micronutrients to remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. Carotenoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on a number of human diseases, improving the survival rates of some cancers and slowing the progression of neurological illnesses. Furthermore, carotenoid-derived compounds can impact the flavour and aroma of crops and vegetables and are the origin of important developmental, as well as plant resistance compounds required for defence. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to increase carotenoid content in plants and research the benefits to human health and the role of carotenoid derived volatiles on flavour and aroma of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; or
- Crop Science and Production Systems, NIAB-EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent ME19 6BJ, UK
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Nawaz R, Abbasi NA, Hafiz IA, Khan MF, Khalid A. Environmental variables influence the developmental stages of the citrus leafminer, infestation level and mined leaves physiological response of Kinnow mandarin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7720. [PMID: 33833311 PMCID: PMC8032831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change has not only exacerbated abiotic stress, but has also rendered external conditions more feasible for pests to spread and infest citrus fruit. Citrus leafminer (Phyllocnistis citrella) is a potential pest that directly feeds the newly sprouted leaves and twigs of all three spring, summer and autumn flushes. Increasing temperatures in spring and autumn, leafminer accrued more heat units or developmental degree days to accelerate the biological stages of its life-cycle, thereby increasing the pressure of infestation. Present work was conducted at three different environmental conditions in Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari districts of the Punjab province, Pakistan; all three experimental sites were located in different agro-ecological zones. More infestation was recorded in all three flushes at TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. Overall, more damage was observed due to higher temperatures in TTS and Vehari than in Sargodha. After May-June heat stress, spontaneous vegetative growth continued from July to November, produced newly spouted tender leaves for feeding the leafminer larvae, and was seen more in TTS and Vehari. Leafminer larva prefers to enter young and tender leaves with a maximum entrance in leaves up to 1 cm2 in size while observing no entrance above 3 cm2 of leaf size. Physiological response of leaves primarily attributed to chlorophyll and carotenoid contents, both of which were recorded lower in the mined leaves, thereby reducing leaf photosynthetic activity. Similarly, lower levels of polyphenols and antioxidant activity were also recorded in the mined leaves. The on-tree age of mined leaves of three vegetative flushes of Kinnow plant was also less counted than non-mined leaves. Climate change has affected vegetative phenology and become feasible for pests due to extemporaneous leaf growth, particularly leafminer, and eventually causes economic loss by supplying low carbohydrates either to hanging fruits or next-season crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rab Nawaz
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Khan
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Khalid
- grid.440552.20000 0000 9296 8318Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah- Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Yang S, Overlander M, Fiedler J. Genetic analysis of the barley variegation mutant, grandpa1.a. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:134. [PMID: 33711931 PMCID: PMC7955646 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02915-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Providing the photosynthesis factory for plants, chloroplasts are critical for crop biomass and economic yield. However, chloroplast development is a complicated process, coordinated by the cross-communication between the nucleus and plastids, and the underlying biogenesis mechanism has not been fully revealed. Variegation mutants have provided ideal models to identify genes or factors involved in chloroplast development. Well-developed chloroplasts are present in the green tissue areas, while the white areas contain undifferentiated plastids that are deficient in chlorophyll. Unlike albino plants, variegation mutants survive to maturity and enable investigation into the signaling pathways underlying chloroplast biogenesis. The allelic variegated mutants in barley, grandpa 1 (gpa1), have long been identified but have not been genetically characterized. RESULTS We characterized and genetically analyzed the grandpa1.a (gpa1.a) mutant. The chloroplast ultrastructure was evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and it was confirmed that chloroplast biogenesis was disrupted in the white sections of gpa1.a. To determine the precise position of Gpa1, a high-resolution genetic map was constructed. Segregating individuals were genotyped with the barley 50 k iSelect SNP Array, and the linked SNPs were converted to PCR-based markers for genetic mapping. The Gpa1 gene was mapped to chromosome 2H within a gene cluster functionally related to photosynthesis or chloroplast differentiation. In the variegated gpa1.a mutant, we identified a large deletion in this gene cluster that eliminates a putative plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX). CONCLUSIONS Here we characterized and genetically mapped the gpa1.a mutation causing a variegation phenotype in barley. The PTOX-encoding gene in the delimited region is a promising candidate for Gpa1. Therefore, the present study provides a foundation for the cloning of Gpa1, which will elevate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying chloroplast biogenesis, particularly in monocot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengming Yang
- USDA-ARS Cereals Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agriculture Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
| | - Megan Overlander
- USDA-ARS Cereals Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agriculture Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Jason Fiedler
- USDA-ARS Cereals Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agriculture Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
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Rödiger A, Agne B, Dobritzsch D, Helm S, Müller F, Pötzsch N, Baginsky S. Chromoplast differentiation in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:1431-1442. [PMID: 33258209 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here a detailed analysis of the proteome adjustments that accompany chromoplast differentiation from chloroplasts during bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruit ripening. While the two photosystems are disassembled and their constituents degraded, the cytochrome b6 f complex, the ATPase complex, and Calvin cycle enzymes are maintained at high levels up to fully mature chromoplasts. This is also true for ferredoxin (Fd) and Fd-dependent NADP reductase, suggesting that ferredoxin retains a central role in the chromoplasts' redox metabolism. There is a significant increase in the amount of enzymes of the typical metabolism of heterotrophic plastids, such as the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) and amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis. Enzymes of chlorophyll catabolism and carotenoid biosynthesis increase in abundance, supporting the pigment reorganization that goes together with chromoplast differentiation. The majority of plastid encoded proteins decline but constituents of the plastid ribosome and AccD increase in abundance. Furthermore, the amount of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) remains unchanged despite a significant increase in phytoene desaturase (PDS) levels, suggesting that the electrons from phytoene desaturation are consumed by another oxidase. This may be a particularity of non-climacteric fruits such as bell pepper that lack a respiratory burst at the onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Rödiger
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Birgit Agne
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Dobritzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan Helm
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Fränze Müller
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Pötzsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sacha Baginsky
- Plant Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Biochemistry of Plants, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Tan XLJ, Cheung CYM. A multiphase flux balance model reveals flexibility of central carbon metabolism in guard cells of C 3 plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1648-1656. [PMID: 33070390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Experimental research into guard cell metabolism has revealed the roles of the accumulation of various metabolites in guard cell function, but a comprehensive understanding of their metabolism over the diel cycle is still incomplete due to the limitations of current experimental methods. In this study we constructed a four-phase flux balance model of guard cell metabolism to investigate the changes in guard cell metabolism over the diel cycle, including the day and night and stomatal opening and closing. Our model predicted metabolic flexibility in guard cells of C3 plants, showing that multiple metabolic processes can contribute to the synthesis and metabolism of malate and sucrose as osmolytes during stomatal opening and closing. Our model showed the possibility of guard cells adapting to varying light availability and sucrose uptake from the apoplast during the day by operating in a mixotrophic mode with a switch between sucrose synthesis via the Calvin-Benson cycle and sucrose degradation via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. During stomatal opening, our model predicted an alternative flux mode of the Calvin-Benson cycle with all dephosphorylating steps diverted to diphosphate-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase to produce inorganic pyrophosphate, which is used to pump protons across the tonoplast for the accumulation of osmolytes. An analysis of the energetics of the use of different osmolytes in guard cells showed that malate and Cl- are similarly efficient as the counterion of K+ during stomatal opening.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Joshua Tan
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, 138527, Singapore
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Bolte S, Marcon E, Jaunario M, Moyet L, Paternostre M, Kuntz M, Krieger-Liszkay A. Dynamics of the localization of the plastid terminal oxidase inside the chloroplast. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2661-2669. [PMID: 32060533 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a plastohydroquinone:oxygen oxidoreductase that shares structural similarities with alternative oxidases (AOXs). Multiple roles have been attributed to PTOX, such as involvement in carotene desaturation, a safety valve function, participation in the processes of chlororespiration, and setting the redox poise for cyclic electron transport. PTOX activity has been previously shown to depend on its localization at the thylakoid membrane. Here we investigate the dynamics of PTOX localization dependent on the proton motive force. Infiltrating illuminated leaves with uncouplers led to a partial dissociation of PTOX from the thylakoid membrane. In vitro reconstitution experiments showed that the attachment of purified recombinant maltose-binding protein (MBP)-OsPTOX to liposomes and isolated thylakoid membranes was strongest at slightly alkaline pH values in the presence of lower millimolar concentrations of KCl or MgCl2. In Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-PTOX, confocal microscopy images showed that PTOX formed distinct spots in chloroplasts of dark-adapted or uncoupler-treated leaves, while the protein was more equally distributed in a network-like structure in the light. We propose a dynamic PTOX association with the thylakoid membrane depending on the presence of a proton motive force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bolte
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS-FRE 3631 - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Imaging Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Marcon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Jaunario
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Lucas Moyet
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Maité Paternostre
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Marcel Kuntz
- Cell & Plant Physiology Laboratory, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, Grenoble cedex, France
| | - Anja Krieger-Liszkay
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Nawaz R, Abbasi NA, Hafiz IA, Khalid A. Impact of varying agrometeorological indices on peel color and composition of Kinnow fruit (Citrus nobilis Lour x Citrus deliciosa Tenora) grown at different ecological zones. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:2688-2704. [PMID: 32002999 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinnow orchards were selected in different ecological zones in districts Sargodha, Toba Tek Singh (TTS) and Vehari of the Punjab province, Pakistan. Three biological replicates in block form were applied by using analysis of variance techniques to assess varying agrometeorological indices impact on fruit color-development and peel composition. RESULTS Fruit samples were randomly collected on each month's end starting from August up to February. Chromameter was used for measuring coloring parameters and its values a*, b*, C* and L* were increased from August till February with a rapid elevation started at color-break stage, while hue angle (h*) rotated from 120° to 60° of portraying green to yellow shade. An increasing level of chlorophyll contents were noted in August till color-break at the end of October and then diminished afterwards. Whereas, carotenoids increased rapidly upon yellow tinting peel of Kinnow fruits till fully attained deep orange color at the end of February. Ascorbic acid content and total phenolic content (TPC) showed a decreasing trend whereas anthocyanins and antioxidant activity were increased from August to February, with unchanged flavonoids and flavonols level. Fruit firmness was gradually reduced till color-break with rapid reduction noted subsequently. Maturity index represented internal ripening directly increased with color-development. CONCLUSION Color development has directly influenced on maturity index and both were increased rapidly after color-break to afterwards. More color development with rapid reduction in chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and TPC level were seen in warm districts namely TTS and Vehari after color-break stage due to accumulating more agrometeorological indices. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rab Nawaz
- Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem A Abbasi
- Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ishfaq A Hafiz
- Department of Horticulture, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Azeem Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
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Ahmad N, Khan MO, Islam E, Wei ZY, McAusland L, Lawson T, Johnson GN, Nixon PJ. Contrasting Responses to Stress Displayed by Tobacco Overexpressing an Algal Plastid Terminal Oxidase in the Chloroplast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:501. [PMID: 32411169 PMCID: PMC7199157 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) - an interfacial diiron carboxylate protein found in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts - oxidizes plastoquinol and reduces molecular oxygen to water. It is believed to play a physiologically important role in the response of some plant species to light and salt (NaCl) stress by diverting excess electrons to oxygen thereby protecting photosystem II (PSII) from photodamage. PTOX is therefore a candidate for engineering stress tolerance in crop plants. Previously, we used chloroplast transformation technology to over express PTOX1 from the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in tobacco (generating line Nt-PTOX-OE). Contrary to expectation, growth of Nt-PTOX-OE plants was more sensitive to light stress. Here we have examined in detail the effects of PTOX1 on photosynthesis in Nt-PTOX-OE tobacco plants grown at two different light intensities. Under 'low light' (50 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE and WT plants showed similar photosynthetic activities. In contrast, under 'high light' (125 μmol photons m-2 s-1) conditions, Nt-PTOX-OE showed less PSII activity than WT while photosystem I (PSI) activity was unaffected. Nt-PTOX-OE grown under high light also failed to increase the chlorophyll a/b ratio and the maximum rate of CO2 assimilation compared to low-light grown plants, suggesting a defect in acclimation. In contrast, Nt-PTOX-OE plants showed much better germination, root length, and shoot biomass accumulation than WT when exposed to high levels of NaCl and showed better recovery and less chlorophyll bleaching after NaCl stress when grown hydroponically. Overall, our results strengthen the link between PTOX and the resistance of plants to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Niaz Ahmad, ;
| | - Muhammad Omar Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ejazul Islam
- Soil and Environmental Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zheng-Yi Wei
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Science, Changchun, China
| | - Lorna McAusland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Essex, United Kingdom
| | - Giles N. Johnson
- School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Sir Ernst Chain Building–Wolfson Laboratories, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Simkin AJ. Genetic Engineering for Global Food Security: Photosynthesis and Biofortification. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E586. [PMID: 31835394 PMCID: PMC6963231 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing demands for food and resources are challenging existing markets, driving a need to continually investigate and establish crop varieties with improved yields and health benefits. By the later part of the century, current estimates indicate that a >50% increase in the yield of most of the important food crops including wheat, rice and barley will be needed to maintain food supplies and improve nutritional quality to tackle what has become known as 'hidden hunger'. Improving the nutritional quality of crops has become a target for providing the micronutrients required in remote communities where dietary variation is often limited. A number of methods to achieve this have been investigated over recent years, from improving photosynthesis through genetic engineering, to breeding new higher yielding varieties. Recent research has shown that growing plants under elevated [CO2] can lead to an increase in Vitamin C due to changes in gene expression, demonstrating one potential route for plant biofortification. In this review, we discuss the current research being undertaken to improve photosynthesis and biofortify key crops to secure future food supplies and the potential links between improved photosynthesis and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Simkin
- Genetics, Genomics and Breeding, NIAB EMR, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
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13
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Blätke MA, Bräutigam A. Evolution of C4 photosynthesis predicted by constraint-based modelling. eLife 2019; 8:e49305. [PMID: 31799932 PMCID: PMC6905489 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Constraint-based modelling (CBM) is a powerful tool for the analysis of evolutionary trajectories. Evolution, especially evolution in the distant past, is not easily accessible to laboratory experimentation. Modelling can provide a window into evolutionary processes by allowing the examination of selective pressures which lead to particular optimal solutions in the model. To study the evolution of C4 photosynthesis from a ground state of C3 photosynthesis, we initially construct a C3 model. After duplication into two cells to reflect typical C4 leaf architecture, we allow the model to predict the optimal metabolic solution under various conditions. The model thus identifies resource limitation in conjunction with high photorespiratory flux as a selective pressure relevant to the evolution of C4. It also predicts that light availability and distribution play a role in guiding the evolutionary choice of possible decarboxylation enzymes. The data shows evolutionary CBM in eukaryotes predicts molecular evolution with precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Ann Blätke
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK)GaterslebenGermany
- Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, UniversitätsstraßeBielefeldGermany
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14
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Hao Z, Zong Y, Liu H, Tu Z, Li H. Cloning, Characterization and Functional Analysis of the LtuPTOX Gene, a Homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana IMMUTANS Derived from Liriodendron tulipifera. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110878. [PMID: 31683912 PMCID: PMC6896000 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flower colour and colour patterns are crucial traits for ornamental species; thus, a comprehensive understanding of their genetic basis is extremely significant for plant breeders. The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.) is well known for its flowers, odd leave shape and tree form. However, the genetic basis of its colour inheritance remains unknown. In this study, a putative plastid terminal oxidase gene (LtuPTOX) was identified from L. tulipifera based on multiple databases of differentially expressed genes at various developmental stages. Then, the full-length cDNA of LtuPTOX was derived from tepals and leaves using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) approaches. Furthermore, gene structure and phylogenetic analyses of PTOX as well as AOXs (alternative oxidases), another highly similar homologue in the AOX family, were used to distinguish between the two subfamilies of genes. In addition, transient transformation and qPCR methods were used to determine the subcellular localization and tissue expression pattern of the LtuPTOX gene. Moreover, the expression of LtuPTOX as well as pigment contents was investigated to illustrate the function of this gene during the formation of orange bands on petals. The results showed that the LtuPTOX gene encodes a 358-aa protein that contains a complete AOX domain (PF01786). Accordingly, the LiriodendronPTOX and AOX genes were identified as only paralogs since they were rather similar in sequence. LtuPTOX showed chloroplast localization and was expressed in coloured organs such as petals and leaves. Additionally, an increasing pattern of LtuPTOX transcripts leads to carotenoid accumulation on the orange-band during flower bud development. Taken together, our results suggest that LtuPTOX is involved in petal carotenoid metabolism and orange band formation in L. tulipifera. The identification of this potentially involved gene will lay a foundation for further uncovering the genetic basis of flower colour in L. tulipifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yaxian Zong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Zhonghua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Huogen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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15
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Maia RA, da Cruz Saraiva KD, Roque ALM, Thiers KLL, Dos Santos CP, da Silva JHM, Feijó DF, Arnholdt-Schmitt B, Costa JH. Differential expression of recently duplicated PTOX genes in Glycine max during plant development and stress conditions. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:355-370. [PMID: 31506801 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-019-09810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) is a chloroplast enzyme that catalyzes oxidation of plastoquinol (PQH2) and reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Its function has been associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, chlororespiration and environmental stress responses in plants. In the majority of plant species, a single gene encodes the protein and little is known about events of PTOX gene duplication and their implication to plant metabolism. Previously, two putative PTOX (PTOX1 and 2) genes were identified in Glycine max, but the evolutionary origin and the specific function of each gene was not explored. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that this gene duplication occurred apparently during speciation involving the Glycine genus ancestor, an event absent in all other available plant leguminous genomes. Gene expression evaluated by RT-qPCR and RNA-seq data revealed that both PTOX genes are ubiquitously expressed in G. max tissues, but their mRNA levels varied during development and stress conditions. In development, PTOX1 was predominant in young tissues, while PTOX2 was more expressed in aged tissues. Under stress conditions, the PTOX transcripts varied according to stress severity, i.e., PTOX1 mRNA was prevalent under mild or moderate stresses while PTOX2 was predominant in drastic stresses. Despite the high identity between proteins (97%), molecular docking revealed that PTOX1 has higher affinity to substrate plastoquinol than PTOX2. Overall, our results indicate a functional relevance of this gene duplication in G. max metabolism, whereas PTOX1 could be associated with chloroplast effectiveness and PTOX2 to senescence and/or apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Alves Maia
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Kátia Daniella da Cruz Saraiva
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Paraíba - IFPB, Campus Princesa Isabel, 58755-000, BR-426, S/N - Rural Zone, Princesa Isabel, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Maia Roque
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Karine Leitão Lima Thiers
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Clesivan Pereira Dos Santos
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Ferreira Feijó
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
| | - Birgit Arnholdt-Schmitt
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
- Science and Technology Park Alentejo (PACT), 7005-841, Évora, Portugal
| | - José Hélio Costa
- Functional Genomics and Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, 60451-970, Brazil.
- Functional Cell Reprogramming and Organism Plasticity (FunCrop - virtual network), EU Marie Curie Chair, ICAAM, University of Évora, Apartado 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal.
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16
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Sadali NM, Sowden RG, Ling Q, Jarvis RP. Differentiation of chromoplasts and other plastids in plants. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:803-818. [PMID: 31079194 PMCID: PMC6584231 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells are characterized by a unique group of interconvertible organelles called plastids, which are descended from prokaryotic endosymbionts. The most studied plastid type is the chloroplast, which carries out the ancestral plastid function of photosynthesis. During the course of evolution, plastid activities were increasingly integrated with cellular metabolism and functions, and plant developmental processes, and this led to the creation of new types of non-photosynthetic plastids. These include the chromoplast, a carotenoid-rich organelle typically found in flowers and fruits. Here, we provide an introduction to non-photosynthetic plastids, and then review the structures and functions of chromoplasts in detail. The role of chromoplast differentiation in fruit ripening in particular is explored, and the factors that govern plastid development are examined, including hormonal regulation, gene expression, and plastid protein import. In the latter process, nucleus-encoded preproteins must pass through two successive protein translocons in the outer and inner envelope membranes of the plastid; these are known as TOC and TIC (translocon at the outer/inner chloroplast envelope), respectively. The discovery of SP1 (suppressor of ppi1 locus1), which encodes a RING-type ubiquitin E3 ligase localized in the plastid outer envelope membrane, revealed that plastid protein import is regulated through the selective targeting of TOC complexes for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. This suggests the possibility of engineering plastid protein import in novel crop improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najiah M Sadali
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
- Centre for Research in Biotechnology for Agriculture (CEBAR), University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Robert G Sowden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Qihua Ling
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - R Paul Jarvis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
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17
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A mass and charge balanced metabolic model of Setaria viridis revealed mechanisms of proton balancing in C4 plants. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:357. [PMID: 31248364 PMCID: PMC6598292 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-2941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background C4 photosynthesis is a key domain of plant research with outcomes ranging from crop quality improvement, biofuel production and efficient use of water and nutrients. A metabolic network model of C4 “lab organism” Setaria viridis with extensive gene-reaction associations can accelerate target identification for desired metabolic manipulations and thereafter in vivo validation. Moreover, metabolic reconstructions have also been shown to be a significant tool to investigate fundamental metabolic traits. Results A mass and charge balance genome-scale metabolic model of Setaria viridis was constructed, which was tested to be able to produce all major biomass components in phototrophic and heterotrophic conditions. Our model predicted an important role of the utilization of NH\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$_{3}^{-}$\end{document}3− ratio in balancing charges in plants. A multi-tissue extension of the model representing C4 photosynthesis was able to utilize NADP-ME subtype of C4 carbon fixation for the production of lignocellulosic biomass in stem, providing a tool for identifying gene associations for cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin biosynthesis that could be potential target for improved lignocellulosic biomass production. Besides metabolic engineering, our modeling results uncovered a previously unrecognized role of the 3-PGA/triosephosphate shuttle in proton balancing. Conclusions A mass and charge balance model of Setaria viridis, a model C4 plant, provides the possibility of system-level investigation to identify metabolic characteristics based on stoichiometric constraints. This study demonstrated the use of metabolic modeling in identifying genes associated with the synthesis of particular biomass components, and elucidating new role of previously known metabolic processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-019-2941-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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18
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Polymorphisms in plastoquinol oxidase (PTOX) from Arabidopsis accessions indicate SNP-induced structural variants associated with altitude and rainfall. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2019; 51:151-164. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-018-9784-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Plastid terminal oxidase requires translocation to the grana stacks to act as a sink for electron transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9634-9639. [PMID: 30181278 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719070115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) has been shown to be an important sink for photosynthetic electron transport in stress-tolerant plants. However, overexpression studies in stress-sensitive species have previously failed to induce significant activity of this protein. Here we show that overexpression of PTOX from the salt-tolerant brassica species Eutrema salsugineum does not, alone, result in activity, but that overexpressing plants show faster induction and a greater final level of PTOX activity once exposed to salt stress. This implies that an additional activation step is required before activity is induced. We show that that activation involves the translocation of the protein from the unstacked stromal lamellae to the thylakoid grana and a protection of the protein from trypsin digestion. This represents an important activation step and opens up possibilities in the search for stress-tolerant crops.
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20
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McCormick S. Surprise: The classic white seedling 3 mutant in maize lacks plastoquinone-9 but can still make carotenoids. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:797-798. [PMID: 29446173 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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21
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Hunter CT, Saunders JW, Magallanes-Lundback M, Christensen SA, Willett D, Stinard PS, Li QB, Lee K, DellaPenna D, Koch KE. Maize w3 disrupts homogentisate solanesyl transferase (ZmHst) and reveals a plastoquinone-9 independent path for phytoene desaturation and tocopherol accumulation in kernels. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:799-813. [PMID: 29315977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Maize white seedling 3 (w3) has been used to study carotenoid deficiency for almost 100 years, although the molecular basis of the mutation has remained unknown. Here we show that the w3 phenotype is caused by disruption of the maize gene for homogentisate solanesyl transferase (HST), which catalyzes the first and committed step in plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9) biosynthesis in the plastid. The resulting PQ-9 deficiency prohibits photosynthetic electron transfer and eliminates PQ-9 as an oxidant in the enzymatic desaturation of phytoene during carotenoid synthesis. As a result, light-grown w3 seedlings are albino, deficient in colored carotenoids and accumulate high levels of phytoene. However, despite the absence of PQ-9 for phytoene desaturation, dark-grown w3 seedlings can produce abscisic acid (ABA) and homozygous w3 kernels accumulate sufficient carotenoids to generate ABA needed for seed maturation. The presence of ABA and low levels of carotenoids in w3 nulls indicates that phytoene desaturase is able to use an alternate oxidant cofactor, albeit less efficiently than PQ-9. The observation that tocopherols and tocotrienols are modestly affected in w3 embryos and unaffected in w3 endosperm indicates that, unlike leaves, grain tissues deficient in PQ-9 are not subject to severe photo-oxidative stress. In addition to identifying the molecular basis for the maize w3 mutant, we: (1) show that low levels of phytoene desaturation can occur in w3 seedlings in the absence of PQ-9; and (2) demonstrate that PQ-9 and carotenoids are not required for vitamin E accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles T Hunter
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Jonathan W Saunders
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Maria Magallanes-Lundback
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Denis Willett
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Philip S Stinard
- USDA-ARS, Maize Genetics Stock Center, 1102 S. Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qin-Bao Li
- USDA-ARS, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- University of Connecticut, Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Dean DellaPenna
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Karen E Koch
- University of Florida, Horticultural Sciences, 2550 Hull Rd, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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22
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Non-photosynthetic plastids as hosts for metabolic engineering. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:41-50. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Using plants as hosts for production of complex, high-value compounds and therapeutic proteins has gained increasing momentum over the past decade. Recent advances in metabolic engineering techniques using synthetic biology have set the stage for production yields to become economically attractive, but more refined design strategies are required to increase product yields without compromising development and growth of the host system. The ability of plant cells to differentiate into various tissues in combination with a high level of cellular compartmentalization represents so far the most unexploited plant-specific resource. Plant cells contain organelles called plastids that retain their own genome, harbour unique biosynthetic pathways and differentiate into distinct plastid types upon environmental and developmental cues. Chloroplasts, the plastid type hosting the photosynthetic processes in green tissues, have proven to be suitable for high yield protein and bio-compound production. Unfortunately, chloroplast manipulation often affects photosynthetic efficiency and therefore plant fitness. In this respect, plastids of non-photosynthetic tissues, which have focused metabolisms for synthesis and storage of particular classes of compounds, might prove more suitable for engineering the production and storage of non-native metabolites without affecting plant fitness. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the molecular mechanisms involved in plastid differentiation and focuses on non-photosynthetic plastids as alternative biotechnological platforms for metabolic engineering.
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Zegaoui Z, Planchais S, Cabassa C, Djebbar R, Belbachir OA, Carol P. Variation in relative water content, proline accumulation and stress gene expression in two cowpea landraces under drought. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 218:26-34. [PMID: 28763706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Many landraces of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] are adapted to particular geographical and climatic conditions. Here we describe two landraces grown respectively in arid and temperate areas of Algeria and assess their physiological and molecular responses to drought stress. As expected, when deprived of water cowpea plants lose water over time with a gradual reduction in transpiration rate. The landraces differed in their relative water content (RWC) and whole plant transpiration rate. The landrace from Menia, an arid area, retained more water in adult leaves. Both landraces responded to drought stress at the molecular level by increasing expression of stress-related genes in aerial parts, including proline metabolism genes. Expression of gene(s) encoding proline synthesis enzyme P5CS was up regulated and gene expression of ProDH, a proline catabolism enzyme, was down regulated. Relatively low amounts of proline accumulated in adult leaves with slight differences between the two landraces. During drought stress the most apical part of plants stayed relatively turgid with a high RWC compared to distal parts that wilted. Expression of key stress genes was higher and more proline accumulated at the apex than in distal leaves indicating that cowpea has a non-uniform stress response at the whole plant level. Our study reveals a developmental control of water stress through preferential proline accumulation in the upper tier of the cowpea plant. We also conclude that cowpea landraces display physiological adaptations to water stress suited to the arid and temperate climates in which they are cultivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahia Zegaoui
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France; Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Séverine Planchais
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Cécile Cabassa
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
| | - Reda Djebbar
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Ouzna Abrous Belbachir
- Laboratory of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Houari Boumediene University of Sciences and Technology, BP 32, El Alia 16111, Algeria
| | - Pierre Carol
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, iEES, UMR 7618, (UPEC, UPMC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Paris Diderot), case 237, 4 place Jussieu, F-75252, Paris cedex 05, France
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Alric J, Johnson X. Alternative electron transport pathways in photosynthesis: a confluence of regulation. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 37:78-86. [PMID: 28426976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic reactions proceed along a linear electron transfer chain linking water oxidation at photosystem II (PSII) to CO2 reduction in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. Alternative pathways poise the electron carriers along the chain in response to changing light, temperature and CO2 inputs, under prolonged hydration stress and during development. We describe recent literature that reports the physiological functions of new molecular players. Such highlights include the flavodiiron proteins and their important role in the green lineage. The parsing of the proton-motive force between ΔpH and Δψ, regulated in many different ways (cyclic electron flow, ATPsynthase conductivity, ion/H+ transporters), is comprehensively reported. This review focuses on an integrated description of alternative electron transfer pathways and how they contribute to photosynthetic productivity in the context of plant fitness to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Alric
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France
| | - Xenie Johnson
- CEA, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies Aix-Marseille, UMR 7265, Laboratoire de Bioénergétique et Biotechnologie des Bactéries et Microalgues, CEA Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance F-13108, France.
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25
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Perrin F, Hartmann L, Dubois-Laurent C, Welsch R, Huet S, Hamama L, Briard M, Peltier D, Gagné S, Geoffriau E. Carotenoid gene expression explains the difference of carotenoid accumulation in carrot root tissues. PLANTA 2017; 245:737-747. [PMID: 27999990 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Main conclusion Variations in gene expression can partially explain the difference of carotenoid accumulation in secondary phloem and xylem of fleshy carrot roots. The carrot root is well divided into two different tissues separated by vascular cambium: the secondary phloem and xylem. The equilibrium between these two tissues represents an important issue for carrot quality, but the knowledge about the respective carotenoid accumulation is sparse. The aim of this work was (i) to investigate if variation in carotenoid biosynthesis gene expression could explain differences in carotenoid content in phloem and xylem tissues and (ii) to investigate if this regulation is differentially modulated in the respective tissues by water-restricted growing conditions. In this work, five carrot genotypes contrasting by their root color were studied in control and water-restricted conditions. Carotenoid content and the relative expression of 13 genes along the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway were measured in the respective tissues. Results showed that in orange genotypes and the purple one, carotenoid content was higher in phloem compared to xylem. For the red one, no differences were observed. Moreover, in control condition, variations in gene expression explained the different carotenoid accumulations in both tissues, while in water-restricted condition, no clear association between gene expression pattern and variations in carotenoid content could be detected except in orange-rooted genotypes. This work shows that the structural aspect of carrot root is more important for carotenoid accumulation in relation with gene expression levels than the consequences of expression changes upon water restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Perrin
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Laura Hartmann
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Cécile Dubois-Laurent
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Ralf Welsch
- Faculty of Biology II, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sébastien Huet
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Didier Peltier
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Séverine Gagné
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuel Geoffriau
- IRHS, Agrocampus Ouest, INRA, SFR QuaSaV, Université d'Angers, 49071, Beaucouzé, France.
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26
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Mortimer CL, Misawa N, Perez-Fons L, Robertson FP, Harada H, Bramley PM, Fraser PD. The Formation and Sequestration of Nonendogenous Ketocarotenoids in Transgenic Nicotiana glauca. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1617-1635. [PMID: 28153925 PMCID: PMC5338661 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketolated and hydroxylated carotenoids are high-value compounds with industrial, food, and feed applications. Chemical synthesis is currently the production method of choice for these compounds, with no amenable plant sources readily available. In this study, the 4,4' β-oxygenase (crtW) and 3,3' β-hydroxylase (crtZ) genes from Brevundimonas sp. SD-212 were expressed under constitutive transcriptional control in Nicotiana glauca, which has an emerging potential as a biofuel and biorefining feedstock. The transgenic lines produced significant levels of nonendogenous carotenoids in all tissues. In leaf and flower, the carotenoids (∼0.5% dry weight) included 0.3% and 0.48%, respectively, of nonendogenous ketolated and hydroxylated carotenoids. These were 4-ketolutein, echinenone (and its 3-hydroxy derivatives), canthaxanthin, phoenicoxanthin, 4-ketozeaxanthin, and astaxanthin. Stable, homozygous genotypes expressing both transgenes inherited the chemotype. Subcellular fractionation of vegetative tissues and microscopic analysis revealed the presence of ketocarotenoids in thylakoid membranes, not predominantly in the photosynthetic complexes but in plastoglobules. Despite ketocarotenoid production and changes in cellular ultrastructure, intermediary metabolite levels were not dramatically affected. The study illustrates the utility of Brevundimonas sp. SD-212 CRTZ and CRTW to produce ketocarotenoids in a plant species that is being evaluated as a biorefining feedstock, the adaptation of the plastid to sequester nonendogenous carotenoids, and the robustness of plant metabolism to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara L Mortimer
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Laura Perez-Fons
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Francesca P Robertson
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Hisashi Harada
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Peter M Bramley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
| | - Paul D Fraser
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom (C.L.M., L.P.-F., F.P.R., P.M.B., P.D.F.); and
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-machi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan (N.M., H.H.)
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27
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Tang Y, Sun X, Wen T, Liu M, Yang M, Chen X. Implications of terminal oxidase function in regulation of salicylic acid on soybean seedling photosynthetic performance under water stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 112:19-28. [PMID: 28024235 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate whether exogenous application of salicylic acid (SA) could modulate the photosynthetic capacity of soybean seedlings in water stress tolerance, and to clarify the potential functions of terminal oxidase (plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) and alternative oxidase (AOX)) in SA' s regulation on photosynthesis. The effects of SA and water stress on gas exchange, pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence, enzymes (guaiacol peroxidase (POD; EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11) and NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH; EC1.1.1.82)) activity and transcript levels of PTOX, AOX1, AOX2a, AOX2b were examined in a hydroponic cultivation system. Results indicate that water stress significantly decreased the photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E), pigment contents (Chla + b, Chla/b, Car), maximum quantum yield of PSⅡphotochemistry (Fv/Fm), efficiency of excitation capture of open PSⅡcenter (Fv'/Fm'), quantum efficiency of PSⅡphotochemistry (ΦPSⅡ), photochemical quenching (qP), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the activity of all the enzymes. SA pretreatment led to significant decreases in Ci and MDA content, and increases in Pn, Gs, E, pigment contents, Fv/Fm, Fv'/Fm', ΦPSⅡ, qP, and the activity of all the enzymes. SA treatment and water stress alone significantly up-regulated the expression of PTOX, AOX1 and AOX2b. SA pretreatment further increased the transcript levels of PTOX and AOX2b of soybean seedling under water stress. These results indicate that SA application alleviates the water stress-induced decrease in photosynthesis may mainly through maintaining a lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, a greater PSⅡefficiency, and an enhanced alternative respiration and chlororespiration. PTOX and AOX may play important roles in SA-mediated resistance to water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Tang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China; Agrotechnical Extension Station, Agricultural Bureau of Dazhou City, No.52, Heye Street, Tongchuan District, Dazhou, 635000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Sun
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Tao Wen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Mingjie Liu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefei Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, No.211, Huimin Road, Gongping Town, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
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28
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Wang D, Fu A. The Plastid Terminal Oxidase is a Key Factor Balancing the Redox State of Thylakoid Membrane. Enzymes 2016; 40:143-171. [PMID: 27776780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria possess oxygen-consuming respiratory electron transfer chains (RETCs), and the oxygen-evolving photosynthetic electron transfer chain (PETC) resides in chloroplasts. Evolutionarily mitochondria and chloroplasts are derived from ancient α-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively. However, cyanobacteria harbor both RETC and PETC on their thylakoid membranes. It is proposed that chloroplasts could possess a RETC on the thylakoid membrane, in addition to PETC. Identification of a plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in the chloroplast from the Arabidopsis variegation mutant immutans (im) demonstrated the presence of a RETC in chloroplasts, and the PTOX is the committed oxidase. PTOX is distantly related to the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX), which is responsible for the CN-insensitive alternative RETC. Similar to AOX, an ubiquinol (UQH2) oxidase, PTOX is a plastoquinol (PQH2) oxidase on the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Lack of PTOX, Arabidopsis im showed a light-dependent variegation phenotype; and mutant plants will not survive the mediocre light intensity during its early development stage. PTOX is very important for carotenoid biosynthesis, since the phytoene desaturation, a key step in the carotenoid biosynthesis, is blocked in the white sectors of Arabidopsis im mutant. PTOX is found to be a stress-related protein in numerous research instances. It is generally believed that PTOX can protect plants from various environmental stresses, especially high light stress. PTOX also plays significant roles in chloroplast development and plant morphogenesis. Global physiological roles played by PTOX could be a direct or indirect consequence of its PQH2 oxidase activity to maintain the PQ pool redox state on the thylakoid membrane. The PTOX-dependent chloroplast RETC (so-called chlororespiration) does not contribute significantly when chloroplast PETC is normally developed and functions well. However, PTOX-mediated RETC could be the major force to regulate the PQ pool redox balance in the darkness, under conditions of stress, in nonphotosynthetic plastids, especially in the early development from proplastids to chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China
| | - A Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Western Resources Biology and Biological Technology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China; Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xian, China.
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29
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Zheng M, Liu X, Liang S, Fu S, Qi Y, Zhao J, Shao J, An L, Yu F. Chloroplast Translation Initiation Factors Regulate Leaf Variegation and Development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:1117-1130. [PMID: 27535792 PMCID: PMC5047069 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast development requires the coordinated expressions of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, and both anterograde and retrograde signals exist and work together to facilitate this coordination. We have utilized the Arabidopsis yellow variegated (var2) mutant as a tool to dissect the genetic regulatory network of chloroplast development. Here, we report the isolation of a new (to our knowledge) var2 genetic suppressor locus, SUPPRESSOR OF VARIEGATION9 (SVR9). SVR9 encodes a chloroplast-localized prokaryotic type translation initiation factor 3 (IF3). svr9-1 mutant can be fully rescued by the Escherichia coli IF3 infC, suggesting that SVR9 functions as a bona fide IF3 in the chloroplast. Genetic and molecular evidence indicate that SVR9 and its close homolog SVR9-LIKE1 (SVR9L1) are functionally interchangeable and their combined activities are essential for chloroplast development and plant survival. Interestingly, we found that SVR9 and SVR9L1 are also involved in normal leaf development. Abnormalities in leaf anatomy, cotyledon venation patterns, and leaf margin development were identified in svr9-1 and mutants that are homozygous for svr9-1 and heterozygous for svr9l1-1 (svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+). Meanwhile, as indicated by the auxin response reporter DR5:GUS, auxin homeostasis was disturbed in svr9-1, svr9-1 svr9l1-1/+, and plants treated with inhibitors of chloroplast translation. Genetic analysis established that SVR9/SVR9L1-mediated leaf margin development is dependent on CUP-SHAPED COTYLEDON2 activities and is independent of their roles in chloroplast development. Together, our findings provide direct evidence that chloroplast IF3s are essential for chloroplast development and can also regulate leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Xiayan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Shiying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Yafei Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Jingxia Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People's Republic of China (M.Z., X.L., S.L., S.F., Y.Q., J.Z., J.S., L.A., F.Y.)
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30
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Kambakam S, Bhattacharjee U, Petrich J, Rodermel S. PTOX Mediates Novel Pathways of Electron Transport in Etioplasts of Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1240-1259. [PMID: 27353362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis defines the gene for PTOX (plastid terminal oxidase), a versatile plastoquinol oxidase in chloroplast membranes. In this report we used im to gain insight into the function of PTOX in etioplasts of dark-grown seedlings. We discovered that PTOX helps control the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in these organelles, and that it plays an essential role in etioplast metabolism by participating in the desaturation reactions of carotenogenesis and in one or more redox pathways mediated by PGR5 (PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5) and NDH (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase), both of which are central players in cyclic electron transport. We propose that these elements couple PTOX with electron flow from NAD(P)H to oxygen, and by analogy to chlororespiration (in chloroplasts) and chromorespiration (in chromoplasts), we suggest that they define a respiratory process in etioplasts that we have termed "etiorespiration". We further show that the redox state of the PQ pool in etioplasts might control chlorophyll biosynthesis, perhaps by participating in mechanisms of retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signaling that coordinate biosynthetic and photoprotective activities required to poise the etioplast for light development. We conclude that PTOX is an important component of metabolism and redox sensing in etioplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 445 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Jacob Petrich
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Steve Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 445 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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31
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Carrot plastid terminal oxidase gene ( DcPTOX ) responds early to chilling and harbors intronic pre-miRNAs related to plant disease defense. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shikanai T. Chloroplast NDH: A different enzyme with a structure similar to that of respiratory NADH dehydrogenase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2016; 1857:1015-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Johnson GN, Stepien P. Plastid Terminal Oxidase as a Route to Improving Plant Stress Tolerance: Known Knowns and Known Unknowns. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1387-1396. [PMID: 26936791 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A plastid-localized terminal oxidase, PTox, was first described due to its role in chloroplast development, with plants lacking PTox producing white sectors on their leaves. This phenotype is explained as being due to PTox playing a role in carotenoid biosynthesis, as a cofactor of phytoene desaturase. Co-occurrence of PTox with a chloroplast-localized NADPH dehydrogenase (NDH) has suggested the possibility of a functional respiratory pathway in plastids. Evidence has also been found that, in certain stress-tolerant plant species, PTox can act as an electron acceptor from PSII, making it a candidate for engineering stress-tolerant crops. However, attempts to induce such a pathway via overexpression of the PTox protein have failed to date. Here we review the current understanding of PTox function in higher plants and discuss possible barriers to inducing PTox activity to improve stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles N Johnson
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Piotr Stepien
- Department of Plant Nutrition, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, 50-357 Wroclaw, Poland
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34
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Yamori W. Photosynthetic response to fluctuating environments and photoprotective strategies under abiotic stress. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2016; 129:379-95. [PMID: 27023791 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0816-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plants in natural environments must cope with diverse, highly dynamic, and unpredictable conditions. They have mechanisms to enhance the capture of light energy when light intensity is low, but they can also slow down photosynthetic electron transport to prevent the production of reactive oxygen species and consequent damage to the photosynthetic machinery under excess light. Plants need a highly responsive regulatory system to balance the photosynthetic light reactions with downstream metabolism. Various mechanisms of regulation of photosynthetic electron transport under stress have been proposed, however the data have been obtained mainly under environmentally stable and controlled conditions. Thus, our understanding of dynamic modulation of photosynthesis under dramatically fluctuating natural environments remains limited. In this review, first I describe the magnitude of environmental fluctuations under natural conditions. Next, I examine the effects of fluctuations in light intensity, CO2 concentration, leaf temperature, and relative humidity on dynamic photosynthesis. Finally, I summarize photoprotective strategies that allow plants to maintain the photosynthesis under stressful fluctuating environments. The present work clearly showed that fluctuation in various environmental factors resulted in reductions in photosynthetic rate in a stepwise manner at every environmental fluctuation, leading to the conclusion that fluctuating environments would have a large impact on photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7‑3‑1 Hongo, Bunkyo‑ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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Yamori W, Shikanai T. Physiological Functions of Cyclic Electron Transport Around Photosystem I in Sustaining Photosynthesis and Plant Growth. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:81-106. [PMID: 26927905 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The light reactions in photosynthesis drive both linear and cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI). Linear electron transport generates both ATP and NADPH, whereas PSI cyclic electron transport produces ATP without producing NADPH. PSI cyclic electron transport is thought to be essential for balancing the ATP/NADPH production ratio and for protecting both photosystems from damage caused by stromal overreduction. Two distinct pathways of cyclic electron transport have been proposed in angiosperms: a major pathway that depends on the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-LIKE PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHENOTYPE 1 (PGRL1) proteins, which are the target site of antimycin A, and a minor pathway mediated by the chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex. Recently, the regulation of PSI cyclic electron transport has been recognized as essential for photosynthesis and plant growth. In this review, we summarize the possible functions and importance of the two pathways of PSI cyclic electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamori
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) and
| | - Toshiharu Shikanai
- Core Research for Evolutionary Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Botany, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Abstract
Carotenoids are the most important biocolor isoprenoids responsible for yellow, orange and red colors found in nature. In plants, they are synthesized in plastids of photosynthetic and sink organs and are essential molecules for photosynthesis, photo-oxidative damage protection and phytohormone synthesis. Carotenoids also play important roles in human health and nutrition acting as vitamin A precursors and antioxidants. Biochemical and biophysical approaches in different plants models have provided significant advances in understanding the structural and functional roles of carotenoids in plants as well as the key points of regulation in their biosynthesis. To date, different plant models have been used to characterize the key genes and their regulation, which has increased the knowledge of the carotenoid metabolic pathway in plants. In this chapter a description of each step in the carotenoid synthesis pathway is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudia Stange
- Centro de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago, Chile
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Laisk A, Eichelmann H, Oja V. Oxidation of plastohydroquinone by photosystem II and by dioxygen in leaves. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:565-75. [PMID: 25800682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In sunflower leaves linear electron flow LEF=4O2 evolution rate was measured at 20 ppm O2 in N2. PSII charge separation rate CSRII=aII∙PAD∙(Fm-F)/Fm, where aII is excitation partitioning to PSII, PAD is photon absorption density, Fm and F are maximum and actual fluorescence yields. Under 630 nm LED+720 nm far-red light (FRL), LEF was equal to CSRII with aII=0.51 to 0.58. After FRL was turned off, plastoquinol (PQH2) accumulated, but LEF decreased more than accountable by F increase, indicating PQH2-oxidizing cyclic electron flow in PSII (CEFII). CEFII was faster under conditions requiring more ATP, consistent with CEFII being coupled with proton translocation. We propose that PQH2 bound to the QC site is oxidized, one e- moving to P680+, the other e- to Cyt b559. From Cyt b559 the e- reduces QB- at the QB site, forming PQH2. About 10-15% electrons may cycle, causing misses in the period-4 flash O2 evolution and lower quantum yield of photosynthesis under stress. We also measured concentration dependence of PQH2 oxidation by dioxygen, as indicated by post-illumination decrease of Chl fluorescence yield. After light was turned off, F rapidly decreased from Fm to 0.2 Fv, but further decrease to F0 was slow and O2 concentration dependent. The rate constant of PQH2 oxidation, determined from this slow phase, was 0.054 s(-1) at 270 μM (21%) O2, decreasing with Km(O2) of 60 μM (4.6%) O2. This eliminates the interference of O2 in the measurements of CEFII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agu Laisk
- Tartu Ülikooli Tehnoloogia Instituut, Nooruse tn. 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
| | - Hillar Eichelmann
- Tartu Ülikooli Tehnoloogia Instituut, Nooruse tn. 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Vello Oja
- Tartu Ülikooli Tehnoloogia Instituut, Nooruse tn. 1, Tartu 50411, Estonia
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Jourdan M, Gagné S, Dubois-Laurent C, Maghraoui M, Huet S, Suel A, Hamama L, Briard M, Peltier D, Geoffriau E. Carotenoid content and root color of cultivated carrot: a candidate-gene association study using an original broad unstructured population. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116674. [PMID: 25614987 PMCID: PMC4304819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated in large amounts in carrot, carotenoids are an important product quality attribute and therefore a major breeding trait. However, the knowledge of carotenoid accumulation genetic control in this root vegetable is still limited. In order to identify the genetic variants linked to this character, we performed an association mapping study with a candidate gene approach. We developed an original unstructured population with a broad genetic basis to avoid the pitfall of false positive detection due to population stratification. We genotyped 109 SNPs located in 17 candidate genes – mostly carotenoid biosynthesis genes – on 380 individuals, and tested the association with carotenoid contents and color components. Total carotenoids and β-carotene contents were significantly associated with genes zeaxanthin epoxydase (ZEP), phytoene desaturase (PDS) and carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) while α-carotene was associated with CRTISO and plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) genes. Color components were associated most significantly with ZEP. Our results suggest the involvement of the couple PDS/PTOX and ZEP in carotenoid accumulation, as the result of the metabolic and catabolic activities respectively. This study brings new insights in the understanding of the carotenoid pathway in non-photosynthetic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Jourdan
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Séverine Gagné
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Cécile Dubois-Laurent
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mohamed Maghraoui
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sébastien Huet
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Anita Suel
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Latifa Hamama
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Mathilde Briard
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Didier Peltier
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Emmanuel Geoffriau
- Agrocampus Ouest, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- Université d’Angers, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Angers, France
- INRA, UMR1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, Beaucouzé, France
- * E-mail:
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Nawrocki WJ, Tourasse NJ, Taly A, Rappaport F, Wollman FA. The plastid terminal oxidase: its elusive function points to multiple contributions to plastid physiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 66:49-74. [PMID: 25580838 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043014-114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plastids have retained from their cyanobacterial ancestor a fragment of the respiratory electron chain comprising an NADPH dehydrogenase and a diiron oxidase, which sustain the so-called chlororespiration pathway. Despite its very low turnover rates compared with photosynthetic electron flow, knocking out the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in plants or microalgae leads to severe phenotypes that encompass developmental and growth defects together with increased photosensitivity. On the basis of a phylogenetic and structural analysis of the enzyme, we discuss its physiological contribution to chloroplast metabolism, with an emphasis on its critical function in setting the redox poise of the chloroplast stroma in darkness. The emerging picture of PTOX is that of an enzyme at the crossroads of a variety of metabolic processes, such as, among others, the regulation of cyclic electron transfer and carotenoid biosynthesis, which have in common their dependence on the redox state of the plastoquinone pool, set largely by the activity of PTOX in darkness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech J Nawrocki
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Membranaire et Moléculaire du Chloroplaste, UMR 7141, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie
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Renato M, Boronat A, Azcón-Bieto J. Respiratory processes in non-photosynthetic plastids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:496. [PMID: 26236317 PMCID: PMC4505080 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlororespiration is a respiratory process located in chloroplast thylakoids which consists in an electron transport chain from NAD(P)H to oxygen. This respiratory chain involves the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex, the plastoquinone pool and the plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), and it probably acts as a safety valve to prevent the over-reduction of the photosynthetic machinery in stress conditions. The existence of a similar respiratory activity in non-photosynthetic plastids has been less studied. Recently, it has been reported that tomato fruit chromoplasts present an oxygen consumption activity linked to ATP synthesis. Etioplasts and amyloplasts contain several electron carriers and some subunits of the ATP synthase, so they could harbor a similar respiratory process. This review provides an update on the study about respiratory processes in chromoplasts, identifying the major gaps that need to be addressed in future research. It also reviews the proteomic data of etioplasts and amyloplasts, which suggest the presence of a respiratory electron transport chain in these plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Renato
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Azcón-Bieto
- Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joaquín Azcón-Bieto, Departament de Biologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain,
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Nisar N, Li L, Lu S, Khin NC, Pogson BJ. Carotenoid metabolism in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:68-82. [PMID: 25578273 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are mostly C40 terpenoids, a class of hydrocarbons that participate in various biological processes in plants, such as photosynthesis, photomorphogenesis, photoprotection, and development. Carotenoids also serve as precursors for two plant hormones and a diverse set of apocarotenoids. They are colorants and critical components of the human diet as antioxidants and provitamin A. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of the genes and enzymes involved in carotenoid metabolism and describe recent progress in understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying carotenoid accumulation. The importance of the specific location of carotenoid enzyme metabolons and plastid types as well as of carotenoid-derived signals is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nisar
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Li Li
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 2100923, China
| | - Nay Chi Khin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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Renato M, Pateraki I, Boronat A, Azcón-Bieto J. Tomato fruit chromoplasts behave as respiratory bioenergetic organelles during ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 166:920-33. [PMID: 25125503 PMCID: PMC4213118 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.243931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
During tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening, chloroplasts differentiate into photosynthetically inactive chromoplasts. It was recently reported that tomato chromoplasts can synthesize ATP through a respiratory process called chromorespiration. Here we show that chromoplast oxygen consumption is stimulated by the electron donors NADH and NADPH and is sensitive to octyl gallate (Ogal), a plastidial terminal oxidase inhibitor. The ATP synthesis rate of isolated chromoplasts was dependent on the supply of NAD(P)H and was fully inhibited by Ogal. It was also inhibited by the proton uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, suggesting the involvement of a chemiosmotic gradient. In addition, ATP synthesis was sensitive to 2,5-dibromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-p-benzoquinone, a cytochrome b6f complex inhibitor. The possible participation of this complex in chromorespiration was supported by the detection of one of its components (cytochrome f) in chromoplasts using immunoblot and immunocytochemical techniques. The observed increased expression of cytochrome c6 during ripening suggests that it could act as electron acceptor of the cytochrome b6f complex in chromorespiration. The effects of Ogal on respiration and ATP levels were also studied in tissue samples. Oxygen uptake of mature green fruit and leaf tissues was not affected by Ogal, but was inhibited increasingly in fruit pericarp throughout ripening (up to 26% in red fruit). Similarly, Ogal caused a significant decrease in ATP content of red fruit pericarp. The number of energized mitochondria, as determined by confocal microscopy, strongly decreased in fruit tissue during ripening. Therefore, the contribution of chromoplasts to total fruit respiration appears to increase in late ripening stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Renato
- Departaments de Biologia Vegetal (M.R., J.A.-B.) and Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular (I.P., A.B.), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; andCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (M.R., I.P., A.B.)
| | - Irini Pateraki
- Departaments de Biologia Vegetal (M.R., J.A.-B.) and Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular (I.P., A.B.), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; andCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (M.R., I.P., A.B.)
| | - Albert Boronat
- Departaments de Biologia Vegetal (M.R., J.A.-B.) and Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular (I.P., A.B.), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; andCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (M.R., I.P., A.B.)
| | - Joaquín Azcón-Bieto
- Departaments de Biologia Vegetal (M.R., J.A.-B.) and Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular (I.P., A.B.), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; andCentre de Recerca en Agrigenòmica, Consorci CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain (M.R., I.P., A.B.)
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Cheung CYM, Poolman MG, Fell DA, Ratcliffe RG, Sweetlove LJ. A Diel Flux Balance Model Captures Interactions between Light and Dark Metabolism during Day-Night Cycles in C3 and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism Leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:917-929. [PMID: 24596328 PMCID: PMC4044858 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.234468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Although leaves have to accommodate markedly different metabolic flux patterns in the light and the dark, models of leaf metabolism based on flux-balance analysis (FBA) have so far been confined to consideration of the network under continuous light. An FBA framework is presented that solves the two phases of the diel cycle as a single optimization problem and, thus, provides a more representative model of leaf metabolism. The requirement to support continued export of sugar and amino acids from the leaf during the night and to meet overnight cellular maintenance costs forces the model to set aside stores of both carbon and nitrogen during the day. With only minimal constraints, the model successfully captures many of the known features of C3 leaf metabolism, including the recently discovered role of citrate synthesis and accumulation in the night as a precursor for the provision of carbon skeletons for amino acid synthesis during the day. The diel FBA model can be applied to other temporal separations, such as that which occurs in Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, allowing a system-level analysis of the energetics of CAM. The diel model predicts that there is no overall energetic advantage to CAM, despite the potential for suppression of photorespiration through CO2 concentration. Moreover, any savings in enzyme machinery costs through suppression of photorespiration are likely to be offset by the higher flux demand of the CAM cycle. It is concluded that energetic or nitrogen use considerations are unlikely to be evolutionary drivers for CAM photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Maurice Cheung
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (C.Y.M.C., R.G.R., L.J.S.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (M.G.P., D.A.F.)
| | - Mark G Poolman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (C.Y.M.C., R.G.R., L.J.S.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (M.G.P., D.A.F.)
| | - David A Fell
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (C.Y.M.C., R.G.R., L.J.S.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (M.G.P., D.A.F.)
| | - R George Ratcliffe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (C.Y.M.C., R.G.R., L.J.S.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (M.G.P., D.A.F.)
| | - Lee J Sweetlove
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom (C.Y.M.C., R.G.R., L.J.S.); andSchool of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (M.G.P., D.A.F.)
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John CR, Smith-Unna RD, Woodfield H, Covshoff S, Hibberd JM. Evolutionary convergence of cell-specific gene expression in independent lineages of C4 grasses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:62-75. [PMID: 24676859 PMCID: PMC4012605 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.238667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Leaves of almost all C4 lineages separate the reactions of photosynthesis into the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS). The extent to which messenger RNA profiles of M and BS cells from independent C4 lineages resemble each other is not known. To address this, we conducted deep sequencing of RNA isolated from the M and BS of Setaria viridis and compared these data with publicly available information from maize (Zea mays). This revealed a high correlation (r=0.89) between the relative abundance of transcripts encoding proteins of the core C4 pathway in M and BS cells in these species, indicating significant convergence in transcript accumulation in these evolutionarily independent C4 lineages. We also found that the vast majority of genes encoding proteins of the C4 cycle in S. viridis are syntenic to homologs used by maize. In both lineages, 122 and 212 homologous transcription factors were preferentially expressed in the M and BS, respectively. Sixteen shared regulators of chloroplast biogenesis were identified, 14 of which were syntenic homologs in maize and S. viridis. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), a third C4 grass, we found that 82% of these trans-factors were also differentially expressed in either M or BS cells. Taken together, these data provide, to our knowledge, the first quantification of convergence in transcript abundance in the M and BS cells from independent lineages of C4 grasses. Furthermore, the repeated recruitment of syntenic homologs from large gene families strongly implies that parallel evolution of both structural genes and trans-factors underpins the polyphyletic evolution of this highly complex trait in the monocotyledons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. John
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard D. Smith-Unna
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Woodfield
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Covshoff
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, United Kingdom
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Tamiru M, Abe A, Utsushi H, Yoshida K, Takagi H, Fujisaki K, Undan JR, Rakshit S, Takaichi S, Jikumaru Y, Yokota T, Terry MJ, Terauchi R. The tillering phenotype of the rice plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) loss-of-function mutant is associated with strigolactone deficiency. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 202:116-131. [PMID: 24350905 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The significance of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) in phytoene desaturation and chloroplast function has been demonstrated using PTOX-deficient mutants, particularly in Arabidopsis. However, studies on its role in monocots are lacking. Here, we report cloning and characterization of the rice (Oryza sativa) PTOX1 gene. Using Ecotype Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes (EcoTILLING) and TILLING as forward genetic tools, we identified the causative mutation of an EMS mutant characterized by excessive tillering, semi-dwarfism and leaf variegation that corresponded to the PTOX1 gene. The tillering and semi-dwarf phenotypes of the ptox1 mutant are similar to phenotypes of known strigolactone (SL)-related rice mutants, and both phenotypic traits could be rescued by application of the synthetic SL GR24. The ptox1 mutant accumulated phytoene in white leaf sectors with a corresponding deficiency in β-carotene, consistent with the expected function of PTOX1 in promoting phytoene desaturase activity. There was also no accumulation of the carotenoid-derived SL ent-2'-epi-5-deoxystrigol in root exudates. Elevated concentrations of auxin were detected in the mutant, supporting previous observations that SL interaction with auxin is important in shoot branching control. Our results demonstrate that PTOX1 is required for both carotenoid and SL synthesis resulting in SL-deficient phenotypes in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Tamiru
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Akira Abe
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Iwate Agricultural Research Center, Narita 20-1, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroe Utsushi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Kakoto Yoshida
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takagi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Koki Fujisaki
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Jerwin R Undan
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
| | - Shinichi Takaichi
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 211-0063, Japan
| | - Yusuke Jikumaru
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8851, Japan
| | - Takao Yokota
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Teikyo University, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-8851, Japan
| | - Matthew J Terry
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ryohei Terauchi
- Iwate Biotechnology Research Center, Narita 22-174-4, Kitakami, Iwate, 024-0003, Japan
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Fanciullino AL, Bidel LPR, Urban L. Carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli: integrating redox and carbon controls into a fruit model. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:273-89. [PMID: 23777240 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids play an important role in plant adaptation to fluctuating environments as well as in the human diet by contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases. Insights have been gained recently into the way individual factors, genetic, environmental or developmental, control the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway at the molecular level. The identification of the rate-limiting steps of carotenogenesis has paved the way for programmes of breeding, and metabolic engineering, aimed at increasing the concentration of carotenoids in different crop species. However, the complexity that arises from the interactions between the different factors as well as from the coordination between organs remains poorly understood. This review focuses on recent advances in carotenoid responses to environmental stimuli and discusses how the interactions between the modulation factors and between organs affect carotenoid build-up. We develop the idea that reactive oxygen species/redox status and sugars/carbon status can be considered as integrated factors that account for most effects of the major environmental factors influencing carotenoid biosynthesis. The discussion highlights the concept of carotenoids or carotenoid-derivatives as stress signals that may be involved in feedback controls. We propose a conceptual model of the effects of environmental and developmental factors on carotenoid build-up in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fanciullino
- UR 1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles, INRA, Avignon, Cedex, 9, France
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Eleanore T. Wurtzel
- The Graduate School and University Center, The City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, New York, USA
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