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Islam SNU, Kouser S, Hassan P, Asgher M, Shah AA, Khan NA. Gamma-aminobutyric acid interactions with phytohormones and its role in modulating abiotic and biotic stress in plants. STRESS BIOLOGY 2024; 4:36. [PMID: 39158750 PMCID: PMC11333426 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-024-00180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a ubiquitous non-protein 4-carbon amino acid present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. It is conventionally recognized as a neurotransmitter in mammals and plays a crucial role in plants. The context of this review centers on the impact of GABA in mitigating abiotic stresses induced by climate change, such as drought, salinity, heat, and heavy metal exposure. Beyond its neurotransmitter role, GABA emerges as a key player in diverse metabolic processes, safeguarding plants against multifaceted abiotic as well as biotic challenges. This comprehensive exploration delves into the GABA biosynthetic pathway, its transport mechanisms, and its intricate interplay with various abiotic stresses. The discussion extends to the nuanced relationship between GABA and phytohormones during abiotic stress acclimation, offering insights into the strategic development of mitigation strategies against these stresses. The delineation of GABA's crosstalk with phytohormones underscores its pivotal role in formulating crucial strategies for abiotic stress alleviation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Nazar Ul Islam
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Shaista Kouser
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Parveena Hassan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Mohd Asgher
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India.
| | - Ali Asghar Shah
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, 185234, India
| | - Nafees A Khan
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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Wang M, Li G, Zhou L, Hao Y, Wang L, Mao X, Zhang G, Zhao C. Design, synthesis and bioactivity of a new class of antifungal amino acid-directed phthalide compounds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:3182-3193. [PMID: 38358013 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut southern blight disease, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, is a destructive soil-borne fungal disease. The current control measures, which mainly employ succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, are prone to resistance and toxicity to non-target organisms. As a result, it is necessary to explore the potential of eco-friendly fungicides for this disease. RESULTS Fourteen novel phthalide compounds incorporating amino acid moieties were designed and synthesized. The in vitro activity of analog A1 [half maximal effective concentration (EC50) = 332.21 mg L-1] was slightly lower than that of polyoxin (EC50 = 284.32 mg L-1). It was observed that on the seventh day, the curative activity of A1 at a concentration of 600.00 mg L-1 was 57.75%, while the curative activity of polyoxin at a concentration of 300.00 mg L-1 was 42.55%. These results suggested that our compound exhibited in vivo activity. Peanut plants treated with A1 showed significant agronomic improvements compared to the untreated control. Several compounds in this series exhibited superior root absorption and conduction in comparison to the endothermic fungicide thifluzamide. The growth promotion and absorption-conduction experiments demonstrated the reason for the superior in vivo activity of the target compound. Cytotoxic assays have demonstrated that this series of targeted compounds exhibit low toxicity levels toward human lo2 liver cells. CONCLUSION Our results provide a new strategy for the design and synthesis of novel green compounds. Furthermore, the target compound A1 can serve as a lead for further development of green fungicides. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizi Wang
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangyao Li
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youwu Hao
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Longfei Wang
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Mao
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Creation and Application of New Pesticide, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Research Center of Green Pesticide Engineering and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenxiang Zhao
- Department of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Nanjareddy K, Guerrero-Carrillo MF, Lara M, Arthikala MK. Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of the Amino Acid Transporter (AAT) gene family and their roles during Phaseolus vulgaris symbioses. Funct Integr Genomics 2024; 24:47. [PMID: 38430379 PMCID: PMC10908646 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-024-01331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are essential integral membrane proteins that serve multiple roles, such as facilitating the transport of amino acids across cell membranes. They play a crucial role in the growth and development of plants. Phaseolus vulgaris, a significant legume crop, serves as a valuable model for studying root symbiosis. In this study, we have conducted an exploration of the AAT gene family in P. vulgaris. In this research, we identified 84 AAT genes within the P. vulgaris genome sequence and categorized them into 12 subfamilies based on their similarity and phylogenetic relationships with AATs found in Arabidopsis and rice. Interestingly, these AAT genes were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes of P. vulgaris . Instead, there was an unusual concentration of these genes located toward the outer edges of chromosomal arms. Upon conducting motif analysis and gene structural analysis, we observed a consistent presence of similar motifs and an intron-exon distribution pattern among the subfamilies. When we analyzed the expression profiles of PvAAT genes, we noted tissue-specific expression patterns. Furthermore, our investigation into AAT gene expression under rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiotic conditions revealed that certain genes exhibited high levels of expression. Specifically, ATLa5 and LHT2 was notably upregulated under both symbiotic conditions. These findings point towards a potential role of AATs in the context of rhizobial and mycorrhizal symbiosis in P. vulgaris, in addition to their well-established regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Nanjareddy
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México.
| | - María Fernanda Guerrero-Carrillo
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México
| | - Miguel Lara
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, 62210, Morelos, México
| | - Manoj-Kumar Arthikala
- Ciencias Agrogenómicas, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Leon, Guanajuato, C.P. 37689, México.
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Wang H, Li Y, Guo Z, Zhou X, Zhao Y, Han Y, Lin X. Genome-wide identification of AAAP gene family and expression analysis in response to saline-alkali stress in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.). Sci Rep 2024; 14:3106. [PMID: 38326447 PMCID: PMC10850487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) genes encode a large family of protein transporters that play important roles in various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we performed genome-wide identification of members in the foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) AAAP family (SiAAAP) and their saline-alkali stress-induced expression patterns, resulting in the identification of 65 SiAAAP genes, which could be divided into eight subfamilies. Except for SiAAAP65, the remaining 64 genes were located on nine chromosomes of foxtail millet. Gene structure and conserved motif analyses indicated that the members in the same subfamily are highly conserved. Gene duplication event analysis suggested that tandem duplication may be the main factor driving the expansion of this gene family, and Ka/Ks analysis indicated that all the duplicated genes have undergone purifying selection. Transcriptome analysis showed differential expression of SiAAAPs in roots, stems, leaves, and tassel inflorescence. Analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter indicated that SiAAAPs contain stress-responsive cis-acting elements. Under saline-alkali stress, qRT-PCR analysis showed that SiAAP3, SiLHT2, and SiAAP16 were differentially expressed between salt-alkali tolerant millet variety JK3 and salt-alkali sensitive millet variety B175. These results suggest that these genes may be involved in or regulate the response to saline-alkali stress, providing a theoretical basis for further studying the function of SiAAAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yun Li
- Research Center of Rural Vitalization, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Zhenqing Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Xiaoke Zhou
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yuxue Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China
| | - Yucui Han
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
| | - Xiaohu Lin
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology/Hebei Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066000, China.
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Xiao Y, Wei X, Hu C, Hsiang T, Yin J, Li J. Multiple amino acid transporters as carriers load L-valine-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid conjugate into Ricinus sieve tubes for the phloem translocation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128730. [PMID: 38081490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Some transporters play important roles in the uptake and acropetal xylem translocation of vectorized agrochemicals. However, it is poorly understood the basipetally phloem-loading functions of transporters toward vectorized agrochemicals. Here, L-Val-PCA (L-valine-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid conjugate) uptake was demonstrated carrier-mediated. RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 showed a similarly up-regulated expression pattern from 62 transporter coding genes in Ricinus at 1 h after L-Val or L-Val-PCA treatment. Subcellular localization revealed that fusion RcAAP2-eGFP, RcANT7-eGFP and RcLHT1-eGFP proteins were expressed in the plasma membrane of mesophyll and phloem cells. Yeast assays found that RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 facilitated L-Val-PCA uptake. To further demonstrate the phloem-loading functions, using vacuum infiltration strategy, an Agrobacterium-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) protocol was constructed in seedlings. HPLC detection indicated that L-Val-PCA phloem sap concentrations were significantly decreased 54.5 %, 27.6 %, and 41.6 % after silencing for 72 h and increased 48.3 %, 52.6 %, and 52.4 % after overexpression, respectively. In conclusion, the plasma membrane-located RcAAP2, RcANT7, and RcLHT1 can loaded L-Val-PCA into Ricinus sieve tubes for the phloem translocation, which may aid in the utilization of transporters and molecular design of phloem-mobile fungicides target root or vascular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Xiao
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Xuehua Wei
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Ciyin Hu
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Junliang Yin
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Junkai Li
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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Chen P, Li L, Xia S, Zhang R, Zhang R, Zeng XM, Shuai D, Liu Y, Li ZG. Enhancement patterns of potassium on nitrogen transport and functional genes in cotton vary with nitrogen levels. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 335:111824. [PMID: 37572966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of potassium (K) in conjunction with nitrogen (N) has been shown to enhance N use efficiency. However, there is still a need for further understanding of the optimal ratios and molecular regulatory mechanisms, particularly in soil-cotton systems. Here, a field trial was conducted, involving varying rates of N and K, alongside pot and hydroponic experiments. The objective was to assess the impact of N-K interaction on the absorption, transport and distribution of N in cotton. The results showed that K supply at 90 and 240 kg ha-1 had a beneficial impact on N uptake and distribution to both seed and lint, resulting in the highest N use efficiency ranging from 22% to 62% and yield improvements from 20% to 123%. The increase in stem and root diameters, rather than the quantify of xylem vessels and phloem sieve tubes, facilitated the uptake and transport of N due to the provision of K. At the molecular level, K supply upregulated the expression levels of genes encoding GhNRT2.1 transporter and GhSLAH3 channel in cotton roots to promote N uptake and GhNRT1.5/NPF7.3 genes to transport N to shoot under low-N conditions. However, under high-N conditions, K supply induced anion channel genes (GhSLAH4) of roots to promote N uptake and genes encoding GhNRT1.5/NPF7.3 and GhNRT1.8/NPF7.2 transporters to facilitate NO3- unloading from xylem to mesophyll cell in high-N plants. Furthermore, K supply resulted in the upregulation of gene expression for GhGS2 in leaves, while simultaneously downregulating the expression of GhNADH-GOGAT, GhGDH1 and GhGDH3 genes in high-N roots. The enzyme activities of nitrite reductase and glutamine synthetase increased and glutamate dehydrogenase decreased, but the concentration of NO3- and soluble protein exhibited a significant increase and free amino acid decreased in the shoots subsequent to K supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Linyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shujie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Runhua Zhang
- Wuhan Academy of Agriculture Science and Technology, Vegetable Research Institute, Wuhan 430345, China
| | - Runqin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao-Min Zeng
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Du Shuai
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China; Center of Conservation Biology / Economic Botany / Plant Ecology, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Zhi-Guo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Fan T, Wu C, Yang W, Lv T, Zhou Y, Tian C. The LHT Gene Family in Rice: Molecular Characterization, Transport Functions and Expression Analysis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:817. [PMID: 36840165 PMCID: PMC9958582 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are integral membrane proteins and play important roles in plant growth and development as well as environmental responses. In contrast to the amino acid permease (AAP) subfamily, functional studies of the lysine and histidine transporter (LHT) subfamily have not been made in rice. In the current study, six LHT genes were found in the rice genome. To further investigate the functions of these genes, analyses were performed regarding gene and protein structures, chromosomal locations, evolutionary relationships, cis-acting elements of promoters, gene expression, and yeast complementation. We found that the six OsLHT genes are distributed on 4 out of the 12 chromosomes and that the six OsLHT genes were grouped into two clusters based on the phylogenetic analysis. Protein structure analyses showed that each OsLHT protein has 11 helical transmembrane domains. Yeast complementation assays showed that these OsLHT genes have conserved transport substrates within each cluster. The four members from cluster 1 showed broad amino acid selectivity, while OsLHT5 and OsLHT6 may transport other substrates besides amino acids. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR analysis of the six OsLHT genes revealed that they have different expression patterns at different developmental stages and in different tissues. It also revealed that some OsLHT genes were responsive to PEG, NaCl and cold treatments, indicating their critical roles in abiotic stress response. Our results will be useful for further characterizing the crucial biological functions of rice LHT genes.
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Xu W, Wang Q, Zhang W, Zhang H, Liu X, Song Q, Zhu Y, Cui X, Chen X, Chen H. Using transcriptomic and metabolomic data to investigate the molecular mechanisms that determine protein and oil contents during seed development in soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1012394. [PMID: 36247601 PMCID: PMC9557928 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1012394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merri.] is one of the most valuable global crops. And vegetable soybean, as a special type of soybean, provides rich nutrition in people's life. In order to investigate the gene expression networks and molecular regulatory mechanisms that regulate soybean seed oil and protein contents during seed development, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of soybean seeds during development in two soybean varieties that differ in protein and oil contents. We identified a total of 41,036 genes and 392 metabolites, of which 12,712 DEGs and 315 DAMs were identified. Analysis of KEGG enrichment demonstrated that DEGs were primarily enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, glycerolipid metabolism, carbon metabolism, plant hormone signal transduction, linoleic acid metabolism, and the biosynthesis of amino acids and secondary metabolites. K-means analysis divided the DEGs into 12 distinct clusters. We identified candidate gene sets that regulate the biosynthesis of protein and oil in soybean seeds, and present potential regulatory patterns that high seed-protein varieties may be more sensitive to desiccation, show earlier photomorphogenesis and delayed leaf senescence, and thus accumulate higher protein contents than high-oil varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoqing Liu
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, National Center for Soybean Improvement, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuelin Zhu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huatao Chen
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Smoczynska A, Pacak A, Grabowska A, Bielewicz D, Zadworny M, Singh K, Dolata J, Bajczyk M, Nuc P, Kesy J, Wozniak M, Ratajczak I, Harwood W, Karlowski WM, Jarmolowski A, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z. Excess nitrogen responsive HvMADS27 transcription factor controls barley root architecture by regulating abscisic acid level. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:950796. [PMID: 36172555 PMCID: PMC9511987 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.950796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an important element for plant growth and development. Although several studies have examined plants' response to N deficiency, studies on plants' response to excess N, which is common in fertilizer-based agrosystems, are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the response of barley to excess N conditions, specifically the root response. Additionally, genomic mechanism of excess N response in barley was elucidated using transcriptomic technologies. The results of the study showed that barley MADS27 transcription factor was mainly expressed in the roots and its gene contained N-responsive cis-regulatory elements in the promoter region. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in HvMADS27 expression under excess N condition; however, its expression was not significantly affected under low N condition. Phenotypic analysis of the root system of HvMADS27 knockdown and overexpressing barley plants revealed that HvMADS27 regulates barley root architecture under excess N stress. Further analysis of wild-type (WT) and transgenic barley plants (hvmads27 kd and hvmads27 c-Myc OE) revealed that HvMADS27 regulates the expression of HvBG1 β-glucosidase, which in turn regulates abscisic acid (ABA) level in roots. Overall, the findings of this study showed that HvMADS27 expression is downregulated in barley roots under excess N stress, which induces HvBG1 expression, leading to the release of ABA from ABA-glucose conjugate, and consequent shortening of the roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Smoczynska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pacak
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grabowska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dawid Bielewicz
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- Center for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marcin Zadworny
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland
| | - Kashmir Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Bajczyk
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Nuc
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Kesy
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wozniak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Izabela Ratajczak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wendy Harwood
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, United Kingdom
| | - Wojciech M. Karlowski
- Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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Feng ZQ, Wang X, Li T, Wang XF, Li HF, You CX. Genome-wide identification and comparative analysis of genes encoding AAPs in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Gene X 2022; 832:146558. [PMID: 35569773 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid permeases (AAPs) play important roles in plant amino acid transport and nitrogen metabolism. In this study, we carried a comprehensive analysis for apple genes encoding AAPs using bioinformatics and molecular biology. Eleven MdAAPs were identified by a genome-wide search and comparative genomic analysis revealed relatively conserved gene composition, transmembrane characteristics, and protein structures. Phylogenetic tree construction and analysis of the conserved motifs of MdAAPs and AtAAPs showed that AAPs can be classified into three groups (I, II, and III). We compared the promoters of the identified genes and did gene functional annotation and qRT-PCR and found a relationship between apple AAPs and nitrogen deficiency. The expression profile data implied that MdAAPs exhibit diversified distributions and functions in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Quan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hui-Feng Li
- Shandong Institue of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, Shandong, China.
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11
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Dhatterwal P, Mehrotra S, Miller AJ, Mehrotra R. Promoter profiling of Arabidopsis amino acid transporters: clues for improving crops. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:451-475. [PMID: 34674117 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01193-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The review describes the importance of amino acid transporters in plant growth, development, stress tolerance, and productivity. The promoter analysis provides valuable insights into their functionality leading to agricultural benefits. Arabidopsis thaliana genome is speculated to possess more than 100 amino acid transporter genes. This large number suggests the functional significance of amino acid transporters in plant growth and development. The current article summarizes the substrate specificity, cellular localization, tissue-specific expression, and expression of the amino acid transporter genes in response to environmental cues. However, till date functionality of a majority of amino acid transporter genes in plant development and stress tolerance is unexplored. Considering, that gene expression is mainly regulated by the regulatory motifs localized in their promoter regions at the transcriptional levels. The promoter regions ( ~ 1-kbp) of these amino acid transporter genes were analysed for the presence of cis-regulatory motifs responsive to developmental and external cues. This analysis can help predict the functionality of known and unexplored amino acid transporters in different tissues, organs, and various growth and development stages and responses to external stimuli. Furthermore, based on the promoter analysis and utilizing the microarray expression data we have attempted to identify plausible candidates (listed below) that might be targeted for agricultural benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Dhatterwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Sandhya Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Department of Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Rajesh Mehrotra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.
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Yang D, Liu Y, Cheng H, Wang Q, Lv L, Zhang Y, Zuo D, Song G. Genome-Wide Analysis of AAT Genes and Their Expression Profiling during Fiber Development in Cotton. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112461. [PMID: 34834823 PMCID: PMC8619630 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are a kind of membrane proteins that mediate the transport of amino acids across cell membranes in higher plants. The AAT proteins are involved in regulating plant cell growth and various developmental processes. However, the biological function of this gene family in cotton fiber development is not clear. In this study, 190, 190, 101, and 94 full-length AAT genes were identified from Gossypiumhirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii. A total of 575 AAT genes from the four cotton species were divided into two subfamilies and 12 clades based on phylogenetic analysis. The AAT genes in the four cotton species were distributed on all the chromosomes. All GhAAT genes contain multiple exons, and each GhAAT protein has multiple conserved motifs. Transcriptional profiling and RT qPCR analysis showed that four GhATT genes tend to express specifically at the fiber initiation stage. Eight genes tend to express specifically at the fiber elongation and maturity stage, and four genes tend to express specifically at the fiber initiation and elongation stages. Our results provide a solid basis for further elucidating the biological function of AAT genes related to cotton fiber development and offer valuable genetic resources for crop improvement in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Yang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hailiang Cheng
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiaolian Wang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Limin Lv
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Youping Zhang
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dongyun Zuo
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-037-2256-2375 (D.Z.); +86-037-2256-2377 (G.S.)
| | - Guoli Song
- Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, China; (D.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.C.); (Q.W.); (L.L.); (Y.Z.)
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (G.S.); Tel.: +86-037-2256-2375 (D.Z.); +86-037-2256-2377 (G.S.)
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Yang Y, Chai Y, Liu J, Zheng J, Zhao Z, Amo A, Cui C, Lu Q, Chen L, Hu YG. Amino acid transporter (AAT) gene family in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.): widespread family expansion, functional differentiation, roles in quality formation and response to abiotic stresses. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:519. [PMID: 34238217 PMCID: PMC8268433 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid transporters (AATs) plays an essential roles in growth and development of plants, including amino acids long-range transport, seed germination, quality formation, responsiveness to pathogenic bacteria and abiotic stress by modulating the transmembrane transfer of amino acids. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening to analyze the AAT genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), especially those associated with quality formation and abiotic stresses response. Results A total number of 94 AAT genes were identified and divided into 12 subfamilies by their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. A large number (58/94, 62%) of AAT genes in foxtail millet were expanded via gene duplication, involving 13 tandem and 12 segmental duplication events. Tandemly duplicated genes had a significant impact on their functional differentiation via sequence variation, structural variation and expression variation. Further comparison in multiple species showed that in addition to paralogous genes, the expression variations of the orthologous AAT genes also contributed to their functional differentiation. The transcriptomic comparison of two millet cultivars verified the direct contribution of the AAT genes such as SiAAP1, SiAAP8, and SiAUX2 in the formation of grain quality. In addition, the qRT-PCR analysis suggested that several AAT genes continuously responded to diverse abiotic stresses, such as SiATLb1, SiANT1. Finally, combined with the previous studies and analysis on sequence characteristics and expression patterns of AAT genes, the possible functions of the foxtail millet AAT genes were predicted. Conclusion This study for the first time reported the evolutionary features, functional differentiation, roles in the quality formation and response to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet AAT gene family, thus providing a framework for further functional analysis of SiAAT genes, and also contributing to the applications of AAT genes in improving the quality and resistance to abiotic stresses of foxtail millet, and other cereal crops. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07779-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongmao Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiayi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhangchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Aduragbemi Amo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chunge Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiumei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yin-Gang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China. .,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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Pan X, Hu M, Wang Z, Guan L, Jiang X, Bai W, Wu H, Lei K. Identification, systematic evolution and expression analyses of the AAAP gene family in Capsicum annuum. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:463. [PMID: 34157978 PMCID: PMC8218413 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) family represents a class of proteins that transport amino acids across cell membranes. Members of this family are widely distributed in different organisms and participate in processes such as growth and development and the stress response in plants. However, a systematic comprehensive analysis of AAAP genes of the pepper (Capsicum annuum) genome has not been reported. RESULTS In this study, we performed systematic bioinformatics analyses to identify AAAP family genes in the C. annuum 'Zunla-1' genome to determine gene number, distribution, structure, duplications and expression patterns in different tissues and stress. A total of 53 CaAAAP genes were identified in the 'Zunla-1' pepper genome and could be divided into eight subgroups. Significant differences in gene structure and protein conserved domains were observed among the subgroups. In addition to CaGAT1, CaATL4, and CaVAAT1, the remaining CaAAAP genes were unevenly distributed on 11 of 12 chromosomes. In total, 33.96% (18/53) of the CaAAAP genes were a result of duplication events, including three pairs of genes due to segmental duplication and 12 tandem duplication events. Analyses of evolutionary patterns showed that segmental duplication of AAAPs in pepper occurred before tandem duplication. The expression profiling of the CaAAAP by transcriptomic data analysis showed distinct expression patterns in various tissues and response to different stress treatment, which further suggest that the function of CaAAAP genes has been differentiated. CONCLUSIONS This study of CaAAAP genes provides a theoretical basis for exploring the roles of AAAP family members in C. annuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Pan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Zhongwei Wang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Ling Guan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Wenqin Bai
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China
| | - Kairong Lei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Adversity Agriculture Research, Chongqing, 401329, China.
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Omari Alzahrani F. Genome Wide Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Superfamily in Solanum lycopersicum. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10020289. [PMID: 33546314 PMCID: PMC7913553 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are integral membrane proteins and have several functions, including transporting amino acids across cellular membranes. They are critical for plant growth and development. This study comprehensively identified AAT-encoding genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), which is an important vegetable crop and serves as a model for fleshy fruit development. In this study, 88 genes were identified in the S. lycopersicum genome and grouped into 12 subfamilies, based on previously identified AATs in Arabidopsis, rice (Oryza sativa), and potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants. Chromosomal localization revealed that S. lycopersicum AAT (SlAAT) genes are distributed on the 12 S. lycopersicum chromosomes. Segmental duplication events contribute mainly to the expansion of SlAAT genes and about 32% (29 genes) of SlAAT genes were found to originate from this type of event. Expression profiles of SlAAT genes in various tissues of S. lycopersicum using RNA sequencing data from the Tomato Functional Genomics Database (http://ted.bti.cornell.edu/) showed that SlAAT genes exhibited tissue-specific expression patterns. Comprehensive data generated in this study will provide a platform for further studies on the SlAAT gene family and will facilitate the functional characterization of SlAAT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Omari Alzahrani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Albaha 65527, Albaha Province, Saudi Arabia
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Yao X, Nie J, Bai R, Sui X. Amino Acid Transporters in Plants: Identification and Function. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080972. [PMID: 32751984 PMCID: PMC7466100 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are the main mediators of nitrogen distribution throughout the plant body, and are essential for sustaining growth and development. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on the identity and biological functions of amino acid transporters in plants, and discuss the regulation of amino acid transporters in response to environmental stimuli. We focus on transporter function in amino acid assimilation and phloem loading and unloading, as well as on the molecular identity of amino acid exporters. Moreover, we discuss the effects of amino acid transport on carbon assimilation, as well as their cross-regulation, which is at the heart of sustainable agricultural production.
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Amino Acid Transporters in Plant Cells: A Brief Review. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080967. [PMID: 32751704 PMCID: PMC7464682 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids are not only a nitrogen source that can be directly absorbed by plants, but also the major transport form of organic nitrogen in plants. A large number of amino acid transporters have been identified in different plant species. Despite belonging to different families, these amino acid transporters usually exhibit some general features, such as broad expression pattern and substrate selectivity. This review mainly focuses on transporters involved in amino acid uptake, phloem loading and unloading, xylem-phloem transfer, import into seed and intracellular transport in plants. We summarize the other physiological roles mediated by amino acid transporters, including development regulation, abiotic stress tolerance and defense response. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of amino acid transporters for crop genetic improvement.
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18
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Dong C, Li F, Yang T, Feng L, Zhang S, Li F, Li W, Xu G, Bao S, Wan X, Lucas WJ, Zhang Z. Theanine transporters identified in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.). THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 101:57-70. [PMID: 31461558 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Theanine, a unique non-proteinogenic amino acid, is an important component of tea, as it confers the umami taste and relaxation effect of tea as a beverage. Theanine is primarily synthesized in tea roots and is subsequently transported to young shoots, which are harvested for tea production. Currently, the mechanism for theanine transport in the tea plant remains unknown. Here, by screening a yeast mutant library, followed by functional analyses, we identified the glutamine permease, GNP1 as a specific transporter for theanine in yeast. Although there is no GNP1 homolog in the tea plant, we assessed the theanine transport ability of nine tea plant amino acid permease (AAP) family members, with six exhibiting transport activity. We further determined that CsAAP1, CsAAP2, CsAAP4, CsAAP5, CsAAP6, and CsAAP8 exhibited moderate theanine affinities and transport was H+ -dependent. The tissue-specific expression of these six CsAAPs in leaves, vascular tissues, and the root suggested their broad roles in theanine loading and unloading from the vascular system, and in targeting to sink tissues. Furthermore, expression of these CsAAPs was shown to be seasonally regulated, coincident with theanine transport within the tea plant. Finally, CsAAP1 expression in the root was highly correlated with root-to-bud transport of theanine, in seven tea plant cultivars. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that members of the CsAAP family transport theanine and participate in its root-to-shoot delivery in the tea plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tianyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shupei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Fangdong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Weihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shilai Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - William J Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zhaoliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
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Wu H, Xu H, Marivingt-Mounir C, Bonnemain JL, Chollet JF. Vectorizing agrochemicals: enhancing bioavailability via carrier-mediated transport. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1507-1516. [PMID: 30537141 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Systemicity of agrochemicals is an advantageous property for controlling phloem sucking insects, as well as pathogens and pests not accessible to contact products. After the penetration of the cuticle, the plasma membrane constitutes the main barrier to the entry of an agrochemical into the sap flow. The current strategy for developing systemic agrochemicals is to optimize the physicochemical properties of the molecules so that they can cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion or ion trapping mechanisms. The main problem with current systemic compounds is that they move everywhere within the plant, and this non-controlled mobility results in the contamination of the plant parts consumed by vertebrates and pollinators. To achieve the site-targeted distribution of agrochemicals, a carrier-mediated propesticide strategy is proposed in this review. After conjugating a non-systemic agrochemical with a nutrient (α-amino acids or sugars), the resulting conjugate may be actively transported across the plasma membrane by nutrient-specific carriers. By applying this strategy, non-systemic active ingredients are expected to be delivered into the target organs of young plants, thus avoiding or minimizing subsequent undesirable redistribution. The development of this innovative strategy presents many challenges, but opens up a wide range of exciting possibilities. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cécile Marivingt-Mounir
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-François Chollet
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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Javed M, Baghaei-Yazdi N. Nutritional optimization for anaerobic growth ofBacillus steaothermophilusLLD-16. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Javed
- Biotech Consultants Limited (BTCL), 263 Frimley Green Road, Frimley Green, Camberley, Surrey, GU16 6LD, UK
| | - Namdar Baghaei-Yazdi
- Biotech Consultants Limited (BTCL), 263 Frimley Green Road, Frimley Green, Camberley, Surrey, GU16 6LD, UK
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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the AAAP family in Medicago truncatula. Genetica 2019; 147:185-196. [PMID: 30905050 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-019-00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family plays an important role in the long-distance amino acid transport pathway and takes part in various stages of plant growth and development. However, little is known about the AAAP gene family in Medicago truncatula. Here, we identified 86 putative MtAAAP family members using genome sequence information. Based on phylogenetic analysis, these MtAAAP genes were categorized into eight distinct subfamilies. The MtAAAP genes were mapped on 8 chromosomes and duplication events appeared widely, with 19 and 21 pairs of MtAAAP genes showing segment and tandem duplication events, respectively. Ratio of Ka/Ks indicated that duplicated genes underwent purifying selection. Analysis of RNA-seq data showed that MtAAAP genes exhibited specific expression patterns among different tissues and abiotic stress, indicating that MtAAAP members were involved in plant developmental regulation and stress responses. Expression patterns of 16 MtAAAP genes under abiotic stress were verified by qRT-PCR. The present study provides a foundation for the functional analysis of MtAAAPs in developmental regulation and stress responses.
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Guo W, Zhang F, Bao A, You Q, Li Z, Chen J, Cheng Y, Zhao W, Shen X, Zhou X, Jiao Y. The soybean Rhg1 amino acid transporter gene alters glutamate homeostasis and jasmonic acid-induced resistance to soybean cyst nematode. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2019; 20:270-286. [PMID: 30264924 PMCID: PMC6637870 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Rhg1 (resistance to Heterodera glycines 1) is an important locus that contributes to resistance against soybean cyst nematode (SCN; Heterodera glycines Ichinohe), which is the most economically damaging disease of soybean worldwide. Simultaneous overexpression of three genes encoding a predicted amino acid transporter, an α-soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein (α-SNAP) and a predicted wound-induced protein resulted in resistance to SCN provided by this locus. However, the roles of two of these genes (excluding α-SNAP) remain unknown. Here, we report the functional characterization of Glyma.18G022400, a gene at the Rhg1 locus that encodes the predicted amino acid transporter Rhg1-GmAAT. Although the direct role of Rhg1-GmAAT in glutamate transport was not demonstrated, multiple lines of evidence showed that Rhg1-GmAAT impacts glutamic acid tolerance and glutamate transportation in soybean. Transcriptomic and metabolite profiling indicated that overexpression of Rhg1-GmAAT activated the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway. Treatment with a JA biosynthesis inhibitor reduced the resistance provided by the Rhg1-containing PI88788 to SCN, which suggested that the JA pathway might play a role in Rhg1-mediated resistance to SCN. Our results could be helpful for the clarification of the mechanism of resistance to SCN provided by Rhg1 in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Aili Bao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Qingbo You
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Zeyu Li
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesDaqingHeilongjiang163316China
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Daqing Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesDaqingHeilongjiang163316China
| | - Yihui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Xinjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Xinan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
| | - Yongqing Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Oil Crop Biology of the Ministry of AgricultureOil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesWuhanHubei430062China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of AgronomyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenan450002China
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Molecular machinery of auxin synthesis, secretion, and perception in the unicellular chlorophyte alga Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205227. [PMID: 30532131 PMCID: PMC6287815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Indole-3-acetic acid is a ubiquitous small molecule found in all domains of life. It is the predominant and most active auxin in seed plants, where it coordinates a variety of complex growth and development processes. The potential origin of auxin signaling in algae remains a matter of some controversy. In order to clarify the evolutionary context of algal auxin signaling, we undertook a genomic survey to assess whether auxin acts as a signaling molecule in the emerging model chlorophyte Chlorella sorokiniana UTEX 1230. C. sorokiniana produces the auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which was present in both the cell pellet and in the supernatant at a concentration of ~ 1 nM, and its genome encodes orthologs of genes related to auxin synthesis, transport, and signaling in higher plants. Candidate orthologs for the canonical AUX/IAA signaling pathway were not found; however, auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1), an alternate auxin receptor, is present and highly conserved at essential auxin binding and zinc coordinating residues. Additionally, candidate orthologs for PIN proteins, responsible for intercellular, vectorial auxin transport in higher plants, were not found, but PILs (PIN-Like) proteins, a recently discovered family that mediates intracellular auxin transport, were identified. The distribution of auxin related gene in this unicellular chlorophyte demonstrates that a core suite of auxin signaling components was present early in the evolution of plants. Understanding the simplified auxin signaling pathways in chlorophytes will aid in understanding phytohormone signaling and crosstalk in seed plants, and in understanding the diversification and integration of developmental signals during the evolution of multicellular plants.
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Li W, Li H, Xu P, Xie Z, Ye Y, Li L, Li D, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhao Y. Identification of Auxin Activity Like 1, a chemical with weak functions in auxin signaling pathway. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 98:275-287. [PMID: 30311174 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-018-0779-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A new synthetic auxin AAL1 with new structure was identified. Different from known auxins, it has weak effects. By AAL1, we found specific amino acids could restore the effects of auxin with similar structure. Auxin, one of the most important phytohormones, plays crucial roles in plant growth, development and environmental response. Although many critical regulators have been identified in auxin signaling pathway, some factors, especially those with weak fine-tuning roles, are still yet to be discovered. Through chemical genetic screenings, we identified a small molecule, Auxin Activity Like 1 (AAL1), which can effectively inhibit dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. Genetic screening identified AAL1 resistant mutants are also hyposensitive to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). AAL1 resistant mutants such as shy2-3c and ecr1-2 are well characterized as mutants in auxin signaling pathway. Genetic studies showed that AAL1 functions through auxin receptor Transport Inhibitor Response1 (TIR1) and its functions depend on auxin influx and efflux carriers. Compared with known auxins, AAL1 exhibits relatively weak effects on plant growth, with 20 µM and 50 µM IC50 (half growth inhibition chemical concentration) in root and hypocotyl growth respectively. Interestingly, we found the inhibitory effects of AAL1 and IAA could be partially restored by tyrosine and tryptophan respectively, suggesting some amino acids can also affect auxin signaling pathway in a moderate manner. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AAL1 acts through auxin signaling pathway, and AAL1, as a weak auxin activity analog, provides us a tool to study weak genetic interactions in auxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Haimin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yajin Ye
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lingting Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Deqiang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Laigeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 68 Wenchang Road, Yunnan, 650000, China.
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Tegeder M, Masclaux-Daubresse C. Source and sink mechanisms of nitrogen transport and use. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:35-53. [PMID: 29120059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 35 I. Introduction 35 II. Nitrogen acquisition and assimilation 36 III. Root-to-shoot transport of nitrogen 38 IV. Nitrogen storage pools in vegetative tissues 39 V. Nitrogen transport from source leaf to sink 40 VI. Nitrogen import into sinks 42 VII. Relationship between source and sink nitrogen transport processes and metabolism 43 VIII. Regulation of nitrogen transport 43 IX. Strategies for crop improvement 44 X. Conclusions 46 Acknowledgements 47 References 47 SUMMARY: Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for plant growth. World-wide, large quantities of nitrogenous fertilizer are applied to ensure maximum crop productivity. However, nitrogen fertilizer application is expensive and negatively affects the environment, and subsequently human health. A strategy to address this problem is the development of crops that are efficient in acquiring and using nitrogen and that can achieve high seed yields with reduced nitrogen input. This review integrates the current knowledge regarding inorganic and organic nitrogen management at the whole-plant level, spanning from nitrogen uptake to remobilization and utilization in source and sink organs. Plant partitioning and transient storage of inorganic and organic nitrogen forms are evaluated, as is how they affect nitrogen availability, metabolism and mobilization. Essential functions of nitrogen transporters in source and sink organs and their importance in regulating nitrogen movement in support of metabolism, and vegetative and reproductive growth are assessed. Finally, we discuss recent advances in plant engineering, demonstrating that nitrogen transporters are effective targets to improve crop productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. While inorganic and organic nitrogen transporters were examined separately in these studies, they provide valuable clues about how to successfully combine approaches for future crop engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA
| | - Céline Masclaux-Daubresse
- INRA-AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, UMR1318, ERL CNRS 3559, Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
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Jiao Y, Chen Y, Ma C, Qin J, Nguyen THN, Liu D, Gan H, Ding S, Luo ZB. Phenylalanine as a nitrogen source induces root growth and nitrogen-use efficiency in Populus × canescens. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:66-82. [PMID: 29036367 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the physiological responses of poplars to amino acids as sole nitrogen (N) sources, Populus × canescens (Ait.) Smith plants were supplied with one of three nitrogen fertilizers (NH4NO3, phenylalanine (Phe) or the mixture of NH4NO3 and Phe) in sand culture. A larger root system, and decreased leaf size and CO2 assimilation rate was observed in Phe- versus NH4NO3-treated poplars. Consistently, a greater root biomass and a decreased shoot growth were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Decreased enzymatic activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and elevated activities of nitrite reductase (NiR), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), glutamine synthetase (GS) and asparagine synthase (AS) were found in Phe-treated roots. Accordingly, reduced concentrations of NH4+, NO3- and total N, and enhanced N-use efficiencies (NUEs) were detected in Phe-supplied poplars. Moreover, the transcript levels of putative Phe transporters ANT1 and ANT3 were upregulated, and the mRNA levels of NR, glutamine synthetase 2 (GS2), NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT), GDH and asparagine synthetase 2 (ASN2) were downexpressed in Phe-treated roots and/or leaves. The 15N-labeled Phe was mainly allocated in the roots and only a small amount of 15N-Phe was translocated to poplar aerial parts. These results indicate that poplar roots can acquire Phe as an N source to support plant growth and that Phe-induced NUEs in the poplars are probably associated with NH4+ re-utilization after Phe deamination and the carbon bonus simultaneously obtained during Phe uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Yinghao Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Chaofeng Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jingjing Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | | | - Di Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Honghao Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Shen Ding
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhi-Bin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Key Laboratory of Silviculture of the State Forestry Administration, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, PR China
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Wu H, Marhadour S, Lei ZW, Dugaro É, Gaillard C, Porcheron B, Marivingt-Mounir C, Lemoine R, Chollet JF, Bonnemain JL. Use of D-glucose-fenpiclonil conjugate as a potent and specific inhibitor of sucrose carriers. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5599-5613. [PMID: 29088431 PMCID: PMC5853465 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Until now, specific inhibitors of sucrose carriers were not available. This led us to study the properties of the recently synthesized D-glucose-fenpiclonil conjugate (D-GFC). This large amphiphilic glucoside exhibited an extremely low phloem systemicity in contrast to L-amino acid-fenpiclonil conjugates. Using Ricinus seedlings, the effect of D-GFC on 0.5 mM [14C]sucrose (Suc), 3-O-[3H]methylglucose, and [3H]glutamine uptake by cotyledon tissues was compared with that of p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (PCMBS). D-GFC dramatically inhibited H+-Suc symport at the same concentrations as PCMBS (0.5 and 1 mM), but in contrast to the thiol reagent, it did not affect 3-O-methylglucose and glutamine transport, nor the acidification of the incubation medium by cotyledon tissues. Similarly, 0.5 mM D-GFC inhibited active Suc uptake by Vicia faba leaf tissues and by Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells transformed with AtSUC2, a gene involved in Suc phloem loading in Arabidopsis, by approximately 80%. The data indicated that D-GFC was a potent inhibitor of Suc uptake from the endosperm and of Suc phloem loading. It is the first chemical known to exhibit such specificity, at least in Ricinus, and this property permitted the quantification of the two routes involved in phloem loading of endogenous sugars after endosperm removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxiang Wu
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Sophie Marhadour
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Zhi-Wei Lei
- Guizhou Tea Reasearch Institute, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Émilie Dugaro
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Cécile Gaillard
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Benoit Porcheron
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Cécile Marivingt-Mounir
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Rémi Lemoine
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Jean-François Chollet
- IC2MP (Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers), UMR CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 4 rue Michel Brunet, TSA, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Laboratoire EBI (Écologie et Biologie des Interactions), UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe SEVE (Sucres, Échanges Végétaux, Environnement), Université de Poitiers, 3 rue Jacques Fort, Poitiers cedex, France
- Correspondence:
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Mao GL, Yan Y, Chen Y, Wang BF, Xu FF, Zhang ZX, Lin F, Xu HH. Family of Ricinus communis Monosaccharide Transporters and RcSTP1 in Promoting the Uptake of a Glucose-Fipronil Conjugate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:6169-6178. [PMID: 28692262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Enhancing the systemic distribution of a bioactive compound by exploiting the vascular transport system of a plant presents a means of reducing both the volume and frequency of pesticide/fungicide application. The foliar uptake of the glucose-fipronil conjugate N-[3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-methanamine (GTF) achieved in castor bean (Ricinus communis) and its transport via the phloem are known to be mediated by monosaccharide transporter(s) [MST(s)], although neither the identity of the key MST(s) involved nor the mechanistic basis of its movement have yet to be described. On the basis of homology with Arabidopsis thaliana sugar transporters, the castor bean genome was concluded to harbor 53 genes encoding a sugar transporter, falling into the eight previously defined subfamilies INT, PMT, VGT, STP, ERD6, pGlucT, TMT, and SUT. Transcriptional profiling identified the product of RcSTP1 as a candidate for mediating GTF uptake, because this gene was induced by exposure of the plant to GTF. When RcSTP1 was transiently expressed in onion epidermis cells, the site of RcSTP1 deposition was shown to be the plasma membrane. A functional analysis based on RcSTP1 expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that its product has a high affinity for GTF. The long-distance root-to-shoot transport of GTF was enhanced in a transgenic soybean chimera constitutively expressing RcSTP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Lin Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
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Spatiotemporal expression patterns of wheat amino acid transporters reveal their putative roles in nitrogen transport and responses to abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5461. [PMID: 28710348 PMCID: PMC5511167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04473-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters have roles in amino acid uptake from soil, long-distance transport, remobilization from vegetative tissues and accumulation in grain. Critically, the majority of wheat grain nitrogen is derived from amino acids remobilized from vegetative organs. However, no systematic analysis of wheat AAT genes has been reported to date. Here, 283 full length wheat AAT genes representing 100 distinct groups of homeologs were identified and curated by selectively consolidating IWGSC CSSv2 and TGACv1 Triticum aestivum genome assemblies and reassembling or mapping of IWGSC CSS chromosome sorted reads to fill any gaps. Gene expression profiling was performed using public RNA-seq data from root, leaf, stem, spike, grain and grain cells (transfer cell (TC), aleurone cell (AL), and starchy endosperm (SE)). AATs highly expressed in roots are good candidates for amino acid uptake from soil whilst AATs highly expressed in senescing leaves and stems may be involved in translocation to grain. AATs in TC (TaAAP2 and TaAAP19) and SE (TaAAP13) may play important roles in determining grain protein content and grain yield. The expression levels of AAT homeologs showed unequal contributions in response to abiotic stresses and development, which may aid wheat adaptation to a wide range of environments.
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30
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Wan Y, King R, Mitchell RAC, Hassani-Pak K, Hawkesford MJ. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of wheat amino acid transporters reveal their putative roles in nitrogen transport and responses to abiotic stress. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28710348 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04473-4473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters have roles in amino acid uptake from soil, long-distance transport, remobilization from vegetative tissues and accumulation in grain. Critically, the majority of wheat grain nitrogen is derived from amino acids remobilized from vegetative organs. However, no systematic analysis of wheat AAT genes has been reported to date. Here, 283 full length wheat AAT genes representing 100 distinct groups of homeologs were identified and curated by selectively consolidating IWGSC CSSv2 and TGACv1 Triticum aestivum genome assemblies and reassembling or mapping of IWGSC CSS chromosome sorted reads to fill any gaps. Gene expression profiling was performed using public RNA-seq data from root, leaf, stem, spike, grain and grain cells (transfer cell (TC), aleurone cell (AL), and starchy endosperm (SE)). AATs highly expressed in roots are good candidates for amino acid uptake from soil whilst AATs highly expressed in senescing leaves and stems may be involved in translocation to grain. AATs in TC (TaAAP2 and TaAAP19) and SE (TaAAP13) may play important roles in determining grain protein content and grain yield. The expression levels of AAT homeologs showed unequal contributions in response to abiotic stresses and development, which may aid wheat adaptation to a wide range of environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Wan
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Robert King
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Rowan A C Mitchell
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Keywan Hassani-Pak
- Computational and Analytical Sciences Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, AL5 2JQ, UK
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Liu H, Wu M, Zhu D, Pan F, Wang Y, Wang Y, Xiang Y. Genome-Wide analysis of the AAAP gene family in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:29. [PMID: 28143411 PMCID: PMC5282885 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0980-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the amino acid/auxin permease (AAAP) gene family play indispensable roles in various plant metabolism and biosynthesis processes. Comprehensive analysis of AAAP genes has been conducted in Arabidopsis, rice, maize and poplar, but has not been reported from moso bamboo. Phylogenetics, evolutionary patterns and further expression profiles analysis of the AAAP gene family in moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) will increase our understanding of this important gene family. RESULTS In this current study, we conducted phylogenetic, gene structure, promoter region, divergence time, expression patterns and qRT-PCR analysis of the 55 predicted AAAP genes in moso bamboo based on the availability of the moso bamboo genome sequence. We identified 55 putative AAAP (PeAAAP1-55) genes, which were divided into eight distinct subfamilies based on comparative phylogenetic analysis using 184 full-length protein sequences, including 55 sequences from moso bamboo, 58 sequences from rice and 71 sequences from maize. Analysis of evolutionary patterns and divergence showed that the PeAAAP genes have undergone a extensive duplication event approximately 12 million years ago (MYA) and that the split between AAAP family genes in moso bamboo and rice occurred approximately 27 MYA. The microarray analysis suggested that some genes play considerable roles in moso bamboo growth and development. We investigated the expression levels of the 16 AAP subfamily genes under abiotic stress (drought, salt and cold) by qRT-PCR to explore the potential contributions to stress response of individual PeAAAP genes in moso bamboo. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that PeAAAP genes play crucial roles in moso bamboo growth and development, especially in response to abiotic stress conditions. Our comprehensive, systematic study of the AAAPs gene family in moso bamboo will facilitate further analysis of the functions and evolution of AAAP genes in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanlong Liu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Min Wu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Dongyue Zhu
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Feng Pan
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yujiao Wang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yue Wang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Laboratory of Modern Biotechnology, School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036 China
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Fujiki Y, Teshima H, Kashiwao S, Kawano-Kawada M, Ohsumi Y, Kakinuma Y, Sekito T. Functional identification ofAtAVT3, a family of vacuolar amino acid transporters, inArabidopsis. FEBS Lett 2016; 591:5-15. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujiki
- Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Teshima
- Department of Applied Bioscience; Faculty of Agriculture; Ehime University; Japan
| | - Shinji Kashiwao
- Department of Applied Bioscience; Faculty of Agriculture; Ehime University; Japan
| | - Miyuki Kawano-Kawada
- Department of Applied Bioscience; Faculty of Agriculture; Ehime University; Japan
- Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES); Ehime University; Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ohsumi
- Frontier Research Center; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Yokohama Japan
| | - Yoshimi Kakinuma
- Department of Applied Bioscience; Faculty of Agriculture; Ehime University; Japan
| | - Takayuki Sekito
- Department of Applied Bioscience; Faculty of Agriculture; Ehime University; Japan
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Vryzas Z. The Plant as Metaorganism and Research on Next-Generation Systemic Pesticides - Prospects and Challenges. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1968. [PMID: 28018306 PMCID: PMC5161002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic pesticides (SPs) are usually recommended for soil treatments and as seed coating agents and are taken up from the soil by involving various plant-mediated processes, physiological, and morphological attributes of the root systems. Microscopic insights and next-generation sequencing combined with bioinformatics allow us now to identify new functions and interactions of plant-associated bacteria and perceive plants as meta-organisms. Host symbiotic, rhizo-epiphytic, endophytic microorganisms and their functions on plants have not been studied yet in accordance with uptake, tanslocation and action of pesticides. Root tips exudates mediated by rhizobacteria could modify the uptake of specific pesticides while bacterial ligands and enzymes can affect metabolism and fate of pesticide within plant. Over expression of specific proteins in cell membrane can also modify pesticide influx in roots. Moreover, proteins and other membrane compartments are usually involved in pesticide modes of action and resistance development. In this article it is discussed what is known of the physiological attributes including apoplastic, symplastic, and trans-membrane transport of SPs in accordance with the intercommunication dictated by plant-microbe, cell to cell and intracellular signaling. Prospects and challenges for uptake, translocation, storage, exudation, metabolism, and action of SPs are given through the prism of new insights of plant microbiome. Interactions of soil applied pesticides with physiological processes, plant root exudates and plant microbiome are summarized to scrutinize challenges for the next-generation pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisis Vryzas
- Laboratory of Agricultural Pharmacology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of ThraceOrestias, Greece
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Shilo T, Zygier L, Rubin B, Wolf S, Eizenberg H. Mechanism of glyphosate control of Phelipanche aegyptiaca. PLANTA 2016; 244:1095-1107. [PMID: 27440121 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Despite its total reliance on its host plant, the holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca suffers from a deficiency of aromatic amino acids upon exposure to glyphosate. The herbicide glyphosate inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS), a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. However, the functionality of the EPSPS pathway in the obligate root holoparasite Phelipanche aegyptiaca is not straightforward because of the parasite's total dependence on the host plant. Despite the importance of glyphosate as a means of controlling P. aegyptiaca, the mechanism of action of the herbicide in this parasite is not clearly understood. We characterized glyphosate control of P. aegyptiaca by using a glyphosate-resistant tomato (GRT) genotype as the host plant and evaluating the activity of EPSPS and the levels of free aromatic amino acids in the parasite. The viability of the parasite's tissues deteriorated within the first 40 h after treatment (HAT) with glyphosate. In parallel, shikimate accumulation in the parasite was first detected at 24 HAT and increased over time. However, shikimate levels in the GRT host did not increase, indicating that the host was indeed glyphosate tolerant. Free phenylalanine and tyrosine levels decreased by 48 HAT in the parasite, indicating a deficiency of aromatic amino acids. The use of GRT as the host enabled us to observe, in an in situ experimental system, both endogenous EPSPS inhibition and a deficiency of aromatic amino acids in the parasite. We thus provided evidence for the presence of an active EPSPS and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway in P. aegyptiaca and pinpointed this pathway as the target of glyphosate action in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Shilo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel.
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Lilach Zygier
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Baruch Rubin
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hanan Eizenberg
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Newe Ya'ar Research Center, Ramat Yishay, Israel
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Ma H, Cao X, Shi S, Li S, Gao J, Ma Y, Zhao Q, Chen Q. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of the amino acid transporter superfamily in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 107:164-177. [PMID: 27289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) are integral membrane proteins responsible for the transmembrane transport of amino acids and play important roles in various physiological processes of plants. However, there has not yet been a genome-wide overview of the StAAT gene family to date and only StAAP1 has been previously studied in potato. In this paper, a total of 72 StAATs were identified using a series of bioinformatics searches and classified into 12 subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationship with known Arabidopsis and rice AATs. Chromosomal localization revealed their distribution on all 12 chromosomes. Nearly one-third of StAAT genes (23 of 72) were derived from gene duplication, among which tandem duplication made the greatest contribution to the expansion of the StAAT family. Motif analysis showed that the same subfamily had similar conserved motifs in both numbers and varieties. Moreover, high-throughput sequencing data was used to analyze the expression patterns of StAAT genes and was verified by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. The expression of StAAT genes exhibited both abundant and tissue-specific expression patterns, which might be connected to their functional roles in long- and short-distance transport. This study provided a comprehensive survey of the StAAT gene family, and could serve as a theoretical foundation for the further functional identification and utilization of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shandang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Silu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Junpeng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Innovation Experimental College, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xianyang Normal University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, China
| | - Qin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Xie Y, Zhao JL, Wang CW, Yu AX, Liu N, Chen L, Lin F, Xu HH. Glycinergic-Fipronil Uptake Is Mediated by an Amino Acid Carrier System and Induces the Expression of Amino Acid Transporter Genes in Ricinus communis Seedlings. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:3810-8. [PMID: 27092815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b06042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Phloem-mobile insecticides are efficient for piercing and sucking insect control. Introduction of sugar or amino acid groups to the parent compound can improve the phloem mobility of insecticides, so a glycinergic-fipronil conjugate (GlyF), 2-(3-(3-cyano-1-(2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-4-((trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-yl)ureido) acetic acid, was designed and synthesized. Although the "Kleier model" predicted that this conjugate is not phloem mobile, GlyF can be continually detected during a 5 h collection of Ricinus communis phloem sap. Furthermore, an R. communis seedling cotyledon disk uptake experiment demonstrates that the uptake of GlyF is sensitive to pH, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), temperature, and p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid (pCMBS) and is likely mediated by amino acid carrier system. To explore the roles of amino acid transporters (AATs) in GlyF uptake, a total of 62 AAT genes were identified from the R. communis genome in silico. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that AATs in R. communis were organized into the ATF (amino acid transporter) and APC (amino acid, polyaminem and choline transporter) superfamilies, with five subfamilies in ATF and two in APC. Furthermore, the expression profiles of 20 abundantly expressed AATs (cycle threshold (Ct) values <27) were analyzed at 1, 3, and 6 h after GlyF treatment by RT-qPCR. The results demonstrated that expression levels of four AAT genes, RcLHT6, RcANT15, RcProT2, and RcCAT2, were induced by the GlyF treatment in R. communis seedlings. On the basis of the observation that the expression profile of the four candidate genes is similar to the time course observation for GlyF foliar disk uptake, it is suggested that those four genes are possible candidates involved in the uptake of GlyF. These results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of GlyF uptake as well as phloem loading from a molecular biology perspective and facilitate functional characterization of candidate AAT genes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Niu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources and Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
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Sallam A, Arbaoui M, El-Esawi M, Abshire N, Martsch R. Identification and Verification of QTL Associated with Frost Tolerance Using Linkage Mapping and GWAS in Winter Faba Bean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1098. [PMID: 27540381 PMCID: PMC4972839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Frost stress is one of the abiotic stresses that causes a significant reduction in winter faba bean yield in Europe. The main objective of this work is to genetically improve frost tolerance in winter faba bean by identifying and validating QTL associated with frost tolerance to be used in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Two different genetic backgrounds were used: a biparental population (BPP) consisting of 101 inbred lines, and 189 genotypes from single seed descent (SSD) from the Gottingen Winter bean Population (GWBP). All experiments were conducted in a frost growth chamber under controlled conditions. Both populations were genotyped using the same set of 189 SNP markers. Visual scoring for frost stress symptoms was used to define frost tolerance in both populations. In addition, leaf fatty acid composition (FAC) and proline content were analyzed in BPP as physiological traits. QTL mapping (for BPP) and genome wide association studies (for GWBP) were performed to detect QTL associated with frost tolerance. High genetic variation between genotypes, and repeatability estimates, were found for all traits. QTL mapping and GWAS identified new putative QTL associated with promising frost tolerance and related traits. A set of 54 SNP markers common in both genetic backgrounds showed a high genetic diversity with polymorphic information content (PIC) ranging from 0.31 to 0.37 and gene diversity ranging from 0.39 to 0.50. This indicates that these markers may be polymorphic for many faba bean populations. Five SNP markers showed a significant marker-trait association with frost tolerance and related traits in both populations. Moreover, synteny analysis between Medicago truncatula (a model legume) and faba bean genomes was performed to identify candidate genes for these markers. Collinearity was evaluated between the faba bean genetic map constructed in this study and the faba bean consensus map, resulting in identifying possible genomic regions in faba bean which may control frost tolerance genes. The two genetic backgrounds were useful in detecting new variation for improving frost tolerance in winter faba bean. Of the five validated SNP markers, one (VF_Mt3g086600) was found to be associated with frost tolerance and FAC in both populations. This marker was also associated with winter hardiness and high yield in earlier studies. This marker is located in a gene of unknown function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sallam
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut UniversityAssiut, Egypt
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
- *Correspondence: Ahmed Sallam
| | - Mustapha Arbaoui
- Unit of Genetics, Biotechnologies and Plant Breeding, Department of Production, Protection and Biotechnology of Plants, Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary MedicineRabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed El-Esawi
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta UniversityTanta, Egypt
- Division of Crop Biotechnics, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Abshire
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-LincolnLincoln, NE, USA
| | - Regina Martsch
- Department of Crop Sciences, Georg-August-Univeristät GöttingenGöttingen, Germany
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38
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Cheng L, Yuan HY, Ren R, Zhao SQ, Han YP, Zhou QY, Ke DX, Wang YX, Wang L. Genome-Wide Identification, Classification, and Expression Analysis of Amino Acid Transporter Gene Family in Glycine Max. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:515. [PMID: 27148336 PMCID: PMC4837150 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid transporters (AATs) play important roles in transporting amino acid across cellular membranes and are essential for plant growth and development. To date, the AAT gene family in soybean (Glycine max L.) has not been characterized. In this study, we identified 189 AAT genes from the entire soybean genomic sequence, and classified them into 12 distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic positions. To further investigate the functions of these genes, we analyzed the chromosome distributions, gene structures, duplication patterns, phylogenetic tree, tissue expression patterns of the 189 AAT genes in soybean. We found that a large number of AAT genes in soybean were expanded via gene duplication, 46 and 36 GmAAT genes were WGD/segmental and tandemly duplicated, respectively. Further comprehensive analyses of the expression profiles of GmAAT genes in various stages of vegetative and reproductive development showed that soybean AAT genes exhibited preferential or distinct expression patterns among different tissues. Overall, our study provides a framework for further analysis of the biological functions of AAT genes in either soybean or other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cheng
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie MountainsXinyang, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yuan
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ren Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Shi-Qi Zhao
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ya-Peng Han
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Qi-Ying Zhou
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Dan-Xia Ke
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
| | - Ying-Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Genetics, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying-Xiang Wang
| | - Lei Wang
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal UniversityXinyang, China
- Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie MountainsXinyang, China
- Lei Wang
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Muchero W, Guo J, DiFazio SP, Chen JG, Ranjan P, Slavov GT, Gunter LE, Jawdy S, Bryan AC, Sykes R, Ziebell A, Klápště J, Porth I, Skyba O, Unda F, El-Kassaby YA, Douglas CJ, Mansfield SD, Martin J, Schackwitz W, Evans LM, Czarnecki O, Tuskan GA. High-resolution genetic mapping of allelic variants associated with cell wall chemistry in Populus. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:24. [PMID: 25613058 PMCID: PMC4307895 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background QTL cloning for the discovery of genes underlying polygenic traits has historically been cumbersome in long-lived perennial plants like Populus. Linkage disequilibrium-based association mapping has been proposed as a cloning tool, and recent advances in high-throughput genotyping and whole-genome resequencing enable marker saturation to levels sufficient for association mapping with no a priori candidate gene selection. Here, multiyear and multienvironment evaluation of cell wall phenotypes was conducted in an interspecific P. trichocarpa x P. deltoides pseudo-backcross mapping pedigree and two partially overlapping populations of unrelated P. trichocarpa genotypes using pyrolysis molecular beam mass spectrometry, saccharification, and/ or traditional wet chemistry. QTL mapping was conducted using a high-density genetic map with 3,568 SNP markers. As a fine-mapping approach, chromosome-wide association mapping targeting a QTL hot-spot on linkage group XIV was performed in the two P. trichocarpa populations. Both populations were genotyped using the 34 K Populus Infinium SNP array and whole-genome resequencing of one of the populations facilitated marker-saturation of candidate intervals for gene identification. Results Five QTLs ranging in size from 0.6 to 1.8 Mb were mapped on linkage group XIV for lignin content, syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratio, 5- and 6-carbon sugars using the mapping pedigree. Six candidate loci exhibiting significant associations with phenotypes were identified within QTL intervals. These associations were reproducible across multiple environments, two independent genotyping platforms, and different plant growth stages. cDNA sequencing for allelic variants of three of the six loci identified polymorphisms leading to variable length poly glutamine (PolyQ) stretch in a transcription factor annotated as an ANGUSTIFOLIA C-terminus Binding Protein (CtBP) and premature stop codons in a KANADI transcription factor as well as a protein kinase. Results from protoplast transient expression assays suggested that each of the polymorphisms conferred allelic differences in the activation of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin pathway marker genes. Conclusion This study illustrates the utility of complementary QTL and association mapping as tools for gene discovery with no a priori candidate gene selection. This proof of concept in a perennial organism opens up opportunities for discovery of novel genetic determinants of economically important but complex traits in plants. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1215-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wellington Muchero
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Jianjun Guo
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA. .,Current address: Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Stephen P DiFazio
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Priya Ranjan
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Gancho T Slavov
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB, UK.
| | - Lee E Gunter
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Sara Jawdy
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Anthony C Bryan
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Robert Sykes
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Angela Ziebell
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA.
| | - Jaroslav Klápště
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada. .,Department of Genetics and Physiology of Forest Trees, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21, Praha 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ilga Porth
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Oleksandr Skyba
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Faride Unda
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Yousry A El-Kassaby
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Carl J Douglas
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Forest Sciences Centre, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Joel Martin
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA.
| | - Wendy Schackwitz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA.
| | - Luke M Evans
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
| | - Olaf Czarnecki
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
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Oliva M, Ovadia R, Perl A, Bar E, Lewinsohn E, Galili G, Oren-Shamir M. Enhanced formation of aromatic amino acids increases fragrance without affecting flower longevity or pigmentation in Petunia × hybrida. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:125-36. [PMID: 25283446 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Purple Petunia × hybrida V26 plants accumulate fragrant benzenoid-phenylpropanoid molecules and anthocyanin pigments in their petals. These specialized metabolites are synthesized mainly from the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine. Here, we studied the profile of secondary metabolites of petunia plants, expressing a feedback-insensitive bacterial form of 3-deoxy-di-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase enzyme (AroG*) of the shikimate pathway, as a tool to stimulate the conversion of primary to secondary metabolism via the aromatic amino acids. We focused on specialized metabolites contributing to flower showy traits. The presence of AroG* protein led to increased aromatic amino acid levels in the leaves and high phenylalanine levels in the petals. In addition, the AroG* petals accumulated significantly higher levels of fragrant benzenoid-phenylpropanoid volatiles, without affecting the flowers' lifetime. In contrast, AroG* abundance had no effect on flavonoids and anthocyanins levels. The metabolic profile of all five AroG* lines was comparable, even though two lines produced the transgene in the leaves, but not in the petals. This implies that phenylalanine produced in leaves can be transported through the stem to the flowers and serve as a precursor for formation of fragrant metabolites. Dipping cut petunia stems in labelled phenylalanine solution resulted in production of labelled fragrant volatiles in the flowers. This study emphasizes further the potential of this metabolic engineering approach to stimulate the production of specialized metabolites and enhance the quality of various plant organs. Furthermore, transformation of vegetative tissues with AroG* is sufficient for induced production of specialized metabolites in organs such as the flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moran Oliva
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, Agriculture Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Beit Dagan, Israel; Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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41
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Movellan J, Rocher F, Chikh Z, Marivingt-Mounir C, Bonnemain JL, Chollet JF. Synthesis and evaluation as biodegradable herbicides of halogenated analogs of L-meta-tyrosine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4861-70. [PMID: 23224500 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
L-meta-tyrosine is an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid isolated some years ago from fine fescue grasses and characterized by its almost immediate microbial degradation in soil (half-life <24 h). Nine monohalogenated or dihalogenated analogs of this allelochemical have been obtained through a seven-step stereoselective synthesis from commercial halogenated phenols. Bioassays showed a large range of biological responses, from a growth root inhibition of lettuce seedling similar to that noted with m-tyrosine [2-amino-3-(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid or compound 8b] to an increase of the primary root growth concomitant with a delay of secondary root initiation [2-amino-3-[2-fluoro-5-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid or compound 8h]. Compound 8b was slightly less degraded than m-tyrosine in the nonsterilized nutritive solution used for lettuce development, while the concentration of compound 8h remained unchanged for at least 2 weeks. These data indicate that it is possible to manipulate both biological properties and degradation of m-tyrosine by halogen addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Movellan
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers, Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS 7285, Université de Poitiers, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022, Poitiers Cedex, France
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Wang H, Yang Z, Liu R, Fu Q, Zhang S, Cai Z, Li J, Zhao X, Ye Q, Wang W, Li Z. Stereoselective uptake and distribution of the chiral neonicotinoid insecticide, Paichongding, in Chinese pak choi (Brassica campestris ssp. chinenesis). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 262:862-869. [PMID: 24140538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid chiral insecticidal Paichongding is a promising substitute for the widely used imidacloprid. Four stereoisomers of Paichongding, 5R,7R, 5S,7S, 5S,7R and 5R,7S, were employed in both foliage and roots of Chinese pak choi to investigate their stereoselective uptake and distribution in pak choi. Results showed that after foliar application, no stereoselective absorption into pak-choi plants was observed among the enantiomers. Total absorptions were 35.40% of the applied amount for 5R,7R, 36.66% for 5S,7S, 36.80% for 5S,7R and 38.20% for 5R,7S at 96 HAT. The translocation of the four absorbed stereoisomers within pak choi occurred both acropetally and basipetally and the transport of (14)C from enantiomers 5R,7R and 5S,7S were significantly higher than for 5R,7S and 5S,7R. Significant stereoselective translocation inside plants was observed between Paichongding epimers. Total root uptake reached 16.49-19.85% for 5R,7R and 5S,7S, and 24.57-28.82% for 5S,7R and 5R,7S at 144 HAT. Both enantioselective and diastereoselective root uptake into pak-choi occurred between the four stereoisomers. The 5R,7S and 5S,7R enantiomers were more readily uptaken by the roots than 5R,7R and 5S,7S and accumulated in the edible leaves. These results will help to develop an understanding of Paichongding using only the target-active enantiomer of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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Elashry A, Okumoto S, Siddique S, Koch W, Kreil DP, Bohlmann H. The AAP gene family for amino acid permeases contributes to development of the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013; 70:379-86. [PMID: 23831821 PMCID: PMC3737465 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii is able to infect Arabidopsis plants and induce feeding sites in the root. These syncytia are the only source of nutrients for the nematodes throughout their life and are a nutrient sink for the host plant. We have studied here the role of amino acid transporters for nematode development. Arabidopsis contains a large number of different amino acid transporters in several gene families but those of the AAP family were found to be especially expressed in syncytia. Arabidopsis contains 8 AAP genes and they were all strongly expressed in syncytia with the exception of AAP5 and AAP7, which were slightly downregulated. We used promoter::GUS lines and in situ RT-PCR to confirm the expression of several AAP genes and LHT1, a lysine- and histidine-specific amino acid transporter, in syncytia. The strong expression of AAP genes in syncytia indicated that these transporters are important for the transport of amino acids into syncytia and we used T-DNA mutants for several AAP genes to test for their influence on nematode development. We found that mutants of AAP1, AAP2, and AAP8 significantly reduced the number of female nematodes developing on these plants. Our study showed that amino acid transport into syncytia is important for the development of the nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaser Elashry
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Sakiko Okumoto
- Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology, and Weed Science, 549 Latham Hall (0390), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Koch
- KWS SAAT AG, Grimsehlstrasse 31, 37574 Einbeck, Germany
| | - David P. Kreil
- Chair of Bioinformatics, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Holger Bohlmann
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. UFT Tulln, Konrad Lorenz Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +43 1 47654 3360; fax: +43 1 47654 3359.
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Zhao H, Ma H, Yu L, Wang X, Zhao J. Genome-wide survey and expression analysis of amino acid transporter gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). PLoS One 2012; 7:e49210. [PMID: 23166615 PMCID: PMC3499563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amino acid transporters (AATs) that transport amino acids across cellular membranes are essential for plant growth and development. To date, a genome-wide overview of the AAT gene family in rice is not yet available. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, a total of 85 AAT genes were identified in rice genome and were classified into eleven distinct subfamilies based upon their sequence composition and phylogenetic relationship. A large number of OsAAT genes were expanded via gene duplication, 23 and 24 OsAAT genes were tandemly and segmentally duplicated, respectively. Comprehensive analyses were performed to investigate the expression profiles of OsAAT genes in various stages of vegetative and reproductive development by using data from EST, Microarrays, MPSS and Real-time PCR. Many OsAAT genes exhibited abundant and tissue-specific expression patterns. Moreover, 21 OsAAT genes were found to be differentially expressed under the treatments of abiotic stresses. Comparative analysis indicates that 26 AAT genes with close evolutionary relationships between rice and Arabidopsis exhibited similar expression patterns. Conclusions/Significance This study will facilitate further studies on OsAAT family and provide useful clues for functional validation of OsAATs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Kohl S, Hollmann J, Blattner FR, Radchuk V, Andersch F, Steuernagel B, Schmutzer T, Scholz U, Krupinska K, Weber H, Weschke W. A putative role for amino acid permeases in sink-source communication of barley tissues uncovered by RNA-seq. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:154. [PMID: 22935196 PMCID: PMC3495740 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of nitrogen accumulating in cereal grains originates from proteins remobilised from vegetative organs. However, interactions between grain filling and remobilisation are poorly understood. We used transcriptome large-scale pyrosequencing of flag leaves, glumes and developing grains to identify cysteine peptidase and N transporter genes playing a role in remobilisation and accumulation of nitrogen in barley. RESULTS Combination of already known and newly derived sequence information reduced redundancy, increased contig length and identified new members of cysteine peptidase and N transporter gene families. The dataset for N transporter genes was aligned with N transporter amino acid sequences of rice and Arabidopsis derived from Aramemnon database. 57 AAT, 45 NRT1/PTR and 22 OPT unigenes identified by this approach cluster to defined subgroups in the respective phylogenetic trees, among them 25 AAT, 8 NRT1/PTR and 5 OPT full-length sequences. Besides, 59 unigenes encoding cysteine peptidases were identified and subdivided into different families of the papain cysteine peptidase clade. Expression profiling of full-length AAT genes highlighted amino acid permeases as the group showing highest transcriptional activity. HvAAP2 and HvAAP6 are highly expressed in vegetative organs whereas HvAAP3 is grain-specific. Sequence similarities cluster HvAAP2 and the putative transporter HvAAP6 together with Arabidopsis transporters, which are involved in long-distance transfer of amino acids. HvAAP3 is closely related to AtAAP1 and AtAAP8 playing a role in supplying N to developing seeds. An important role in amino acid re-translocation can be considered for HvLHT1 and HvLHT2 which are specifically expressed in glumes and flag leaves, respectively. PCA and K-means clustering of AAT transcript data revealed coordinate developmental stages in flag leaves, glumes and grains. Phloem-specific metabolic compounds are proposed that might signal high grain demands for N to distantly located plant organs. CONCLUSIONS The approach identified cysteine peptidases and specific N transporters of the AAT family as obviously relevant for grain filling and thus, grain yield and quality in barley. Up to now, information is based only on transcript data. To make it relevant for application, the role of identified candidates in sink-source communication has to be analysed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Kohl
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Julien Hollmann
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU), Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Frank R Blattner
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Franka Andersch
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Burkhard Steuernagel
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmutzer
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Uwe Scholz
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Karin Krupinska
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU), Kiel, D-24118, Germany
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
| | - Winfriede Weschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung (IPK), Gatersleben, D-06466, Germany
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Wu HX, Yang W, Zhang ZX, Huang T, Yao GK, Xu HH. Uptake and phloem transport of glucose-fipronil conjugate in Ricinus communis involve a carrier-mediated mechanism. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:6088-94. [PMID: 22587652 DOI: 10.1021/jf300546t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Some compounds containing glucose are absorbed via the monosaccharide transporters of the plasma membrane. A glucose-fipronil conjugate, N-[3-cyano-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]-1-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-methanamine (GTF), has been synthesized in our previous work. GTF exhibits moderate phloem mobility in Ricinus communis. In the current paper, we demonstrate that the uptake of GTF by Ricinus seedling cotyledon discs is partly mediated by an active carrier system (K(m)1 = 0.17 mM; V(max)1 = 2.2 nmol cm(-2) h(-1)). Four compounds [d-glucose, sucrose, phloridzin, and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP)] were examined for their effect on GTF uptake. Phloridzin as well as CCCP markedly inhibit GTF uptake, and d-glucose weakly competes with it. The phloem transport of GTF in Ricinus seedlings is found to involve an active carrier-mediated mechanism that effectively contributes to the GTF phloem loading. The results prove that adding a glucose core is a reasonable and feasible approach to confer phloem mobility to fipronil by utilizing plant monosaccharide transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Tegeder M. Transporters for amino acids in plant cells: some functions and many unknowns. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 15:315-21. [PMID: 22366488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Membrane proteins are essential to move amino acids in or out of plant cells as well as between organelles. While many putative amino acid transporters have been identified, function in nitrogen movement in plants has only been shown for a few proteins. Those studies demonstrate that import systems are fundamental in partitioning of amino acids at cellular and whole plant level. Physiological data further suggest that amino acid transporters are key-regulators in plant metabolism and that their activities affect growth and development. By contrast, knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of cellular export processes as well as on intracellular transport of amino acids is scarce. Similarly, little is known about the regulation of amino acid transporter function and involvement of the transporters in amino acid signaling. Future studies need to identify the missing components to elucidate the importance of amino acid transport processes for whole plant physiology and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-4236, USA.
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Martinoia E, Meyer S, De Angeli A, Nagy R. Vacuolar transporters in their physiological context. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 63:183-213. [PMID: 22404463 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042811-105608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Vacuoles in vegetative tissues allow the plant surface to expand by accumulating energetically cheap inorganic osmolytes, and thereby optimize the plant for absorption of sunlight and production of energy by photosynthesis. Some specialized cells, such as guard cells and pulvini motor cells, exhibit rapid volume changes. These changes require the rapid release and uptake of ions and water by the vacuole and are a prerequisite for plant survival. Furthermore, seed vacuoles are important storage units for the nutrients required for early plant development. All of these fundamental processes rely on numerous vacuolar transporters. During the past 15 years, the transporters implicated in most aspects of vacuolar function have been identified and characterized. Vacuolar transporters appear to be integrated into a regulatory network that controls plant metabolism. However, little is known about the mode of action of these fundamental processes, and deciphering the underlying mechanisms remains a challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Martinoia
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Wipf D, Loqué D, Lalonde S, Frommer WB. Amino Acid transporter inventory of the selaginella genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:36. [PMID: 22639646 PMCID: PMC3355638 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids play fundamental roles in a multitude of functions including protein synthesis, hormone metabolism, nerve transmission, cell growth, production of metabolic energy, nucleobase synthesis, nitrogen metabolism, and urea biosynthesis. Selaginella as a member of the lycophytes is part of an ancient lineage of vascular plants that had arisen ∼400 million years ago. In angiosperms, which have attracted most of the attention for nutrient transport so far, we have been able to identify many of the key transporters for nitrogen. Their role is not always fully clear, thus an analysis of Selaginella as a representative of an ancient vascular plant may help shed light on the evolution and function of these diverse transporters. Here we annotated and analyzed the genes encoding putative transporters involved in cellular uptake of amino acids present in the Selaginella genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wipf
- UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-EnvironnementDijon, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel Wipf, UMR INRA 1088, CNRS 5184, Université de Bourgogne Plante-Microbe-Environnement, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France. e-mail:
| | | | - Sylvie Lalonde
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
| | - Wolf B. Frommer
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for ScienceStanford, CA, USA
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Mulangi V, Phuntumart V, Aouida M, Ramotar D, Morris P. Functional analysis of OsPUT1, a rice polyamine uptake transporter. PLANTA 2012; 235:1-11. [PMID: 21796369 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are nitrogenous compounds found in all eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells and absolutely essential for cell viability. In plants, they regulate several growth and developmental processes and the levels of polyamines are also correlated with the plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In plant cells, polyamines are synthesized in plastids and cytosol. This biosynthetic compartmentation indicates that the specific transporters are essential to transport polyamines between the cellular compartments. In the present study, a phylogenetic analysis was used to identify candidate polyamine transporters in rice. A full-length cDNA rice clone AK068055 was heterologously expressed in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae spermidine uptake mutant, agp2∆. Radiological uptake and competitive inhibition studies with putrescine indicated that rice gene encodes a protein that functioned as a spermidine-preferential transporter. In competition experiments with several amino acids at 25-fold higher levels than spermidine, only methionine, asparagine, and glutamine were effective in reducing uptake of spermidine to 60% of control rates. Based on those observations, this rice gene was named polyamine uptake transporter 1 (OsPUT1). Tissue-specific expression of OsPUT1 by semiquantitative RT-PCR showed that the gene was expressed in all tissues except seeds and roots. Transient expression assays in onion epidermal cells and rice protoplasts failed to localize to a cellular compartment. The characterization of the first plant polyamine transporter sets the stage for a systems approach that can be used to build a model to fully define how the biosynthesis, degradation, and transport of polyamines in plants mediate developmental and biotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Mulangi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, 442, Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green, OH, 43403-09, USA
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