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Ur Rahman S, Han JC, Ahmad M, Ashraf MN, Khaliq MA, Yousaf M, Wang Y, Yasin G, Nawaz MF, Khan KA, Du Z. Aluminum phytotoxicity in acidic environments: A comprehensive review of plant tolerance and adaptation strategies. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 269:115791. [PMID: 38070417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), a non-essential metal for plant growth, exerts significant phytotoxic effects, particularly on root growth. Anthropogenic activities would intensify Al's toxic effects by releasing Al3+ into the soil solution, especially in acidic soils with a pH lower than 5.5 and rich mineral content. The severity of Al-induced phytotoxicity varies based on factors such as Al concentration, ionic form, plant species, and growth stages. Al toxicity leads to inhibited root and shoot growth, reduced plant biomass, disrupted water uptake causing nutritional imbalance, and adverse alterations in physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes. These effects collectively lead to diminished plant yield and quality, along with reduced soil fertility. Plants employ various mechanisms to counter Al toxicity under stress conditions, including sequestering Al in vacuoles, exuding organic acids (OAs) like citrate, oxalate, and malate from root tip cells to form Al-complexes, activating antioxidative enzymes, and overexpressing Al-stress regulatory genes. Recent advancements focus on enhancing the exudation of OAs to prevent Al from entering the plant, and developing Al-tolerant varieties. Gene transporter families, such as ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), Aluminum-activated Malate Transporter (ALMT), Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), Multidrug and Toxic compounds Extrusion (MATE), and aquaporin, play a crucial role in regulating Al toxicity. This comprehensive review examined recent progress in understanding the cytotoxic impact of Al on plants at the cellular and molecular levels. Diverse strategies developed by both plants and scientists to mitigate Al-induced phytotoxicity were discussed. Furthermore, the review explored recent genomic developments, identifying candidate genes responsible for OAs exudation, and delved into genome-mediated breeding initiatives, isolating transgenic and advanced breeding lines to cultivate Al-tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafeeq Ur Rahman
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jing-Cheng Han
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Muhammad Nadeem Ashraf
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | | | - Maryam Yousaf
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- Water Science and Environmental Engineering Research Center, College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Department of Forestry and Range Management, FAS & T, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan 60000, Pakistan
| | | | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; Applied College, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhenjie Du
- Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; Water Environment Factor Risk Assessment Laboratory of Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Xinxiang 453002, China.
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Han Y, Hong W, Xiong C, Lambers H, Sun Y, Xu Z, Schulze WX, Cheng L. Combining analyses of metabolite profiles and phosphorus fractions to explore high phosphorus utilization efficiency in maize. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4184-4203. [PMID: 35303743 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) limitation is a significant factor restricting crop production in agricultural systems, and enhancing the internal P utilization efficiency (PUE) of crops plays an important role in ensuring sustainable P use in agriculture. To better understand how P is remobilized to affect crop growth, we first screened P-efficient (B73 and GEMS50) and P-inefficient (Liao5114) maize genotypes at the same shoot P content, and then analyzed P pools and performed non-targeted metabolomic analyses to explore changes in cellular P fractions and metabolites in maize genotypes with contrasting PUE. We show that lipid P and nucleic acid P concentrations were significantly lower in lower leaves of P-efficient genotypes, and these P pools were remobilized to a major extent in P-efficient genotypes. Broad metabolic alterations were evident in leaves of P-efficient maize genotypes, particularly affecting products of phospholipid turnover and phosphorylated compounds, and the shikimate biosynthesis pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that P-efficient genotypes have a high capacity to remobilize lipid P and nucleic acid P and promote the shikimate pathway towards efficient P utilization in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wanting Hong
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Chuanyong Xiong
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hans Lambers
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
- School of Biological Sciences and UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Zikai Xu
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Waltraud X Schulze
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, University of Hohenheim, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- Department of Plant Nutrient, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Academy of National Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Abd El-Moneim D, Contreras R, Silva-Navas J, Gallego FJ, Figueiras AM, Benito C. Repression of Mitochondrial Citrate Synthase Genes by Aluminum Stress in Roots of Secale cereale and Brachypodium distachyon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:832981. [PMID: 35463451 PMCID: PMC9021840 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.832981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils influences plant development and yield. Almost 50% of arable land is acidic. Plants have evolved a variety of tolerance mechanisms for Al. In response to the presence of Al, various species exudate citrate from their roots. Rye (Secale cereale L.) secretes both citrate and malate, making it one of the most Al-tolerant cereal crops. However, no research has been done on the role of the mitochondrial citrate synthase (mCS) gene in Al-induced stress in the rye. We have isolated an mCS gene, encoding a mitochondrial CS isozyme, in two S. cereale cultivars (Al-tolerant cv. Ailés and Al-sensitive inbred rye line Riodeva; ScCS4 gene) and in two Brachypodium distachyon lines (Al-tolerant ABR8 line and Al-sensitive ABR1 line; BdCS4 gene). Both mCS4 genes have 19 exons and 18 introns. The ScCS4 gene was located on the 6RL rye chromosome arm. Phylogenetic studies using cDNA and protein sequences have shown that the ScCS4 gene and their ScCS protein are orthologous to mCS genes and CS proteins of different Poaceae plants. Expression studies of the ScCS4 and BdSC4 genes show that the amount of their corresponding mRNAs in the roots is higher than that in the leaves and that the amounts of mRNAs in plants treated and not treated with Al were higher in the Al-tolerant lines than that in the Al-sensitive lines of both species. In addition, the levels of ScCS4 and BdCS4 mRNAs were reduced in response to Al (repressive behavior) in the roots of the tolerant and sensitive lines of S. cereale and B. distachyon.
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Han Y, White PJ, Cheng L. Mechanisms for improving phosphorus utilization efficiency in plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:247-258. [PMID: 34864840 PMCID: PMC8835619 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limitation of plant productivity by phosphorus (P) supply is widespread and will probably increase in the future. Relatively large amounts of P fertilizer are applied to sustain crop growth and development and to achieve high yields. However, with increasing P application, plant P efficiency generally declines, which results in greater losses of P to the environment with detrimental consequences for ecosystems. SCOPE A strategy for reducing P input and environmental losses while maintaining or increasing plant performance is the development of crops that take up P effectively from the soil (P acquisition efficiency) or promote productivity per unit of P taken up (P utilization efficiency). In this review, we describe current research on P metabolism and transport and its relevance for improving P utilization efficiency. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced P utilization efficiency can be achieved by optimal partitioning of cellular P and distributing P effectively between tissues, allowing maximum growth and biomass of harvestable plant parts. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved could help design and breed crops with greater P utilization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Philip J White
- Department of Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Lingyun Cheng
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences; National Academy of Agriculture Green Development; Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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Citric Acid-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137235. [PMID: 34281289 PMCID: PMC8268203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have shown that citric acid/citrate (CA) can confer abiotic stress tolerance to plants. Exogenous CA application leads to improved growth and yield in crop plants under various abiotic stress conditions. Improved physiological outcomes are associated with higher photosynthetic rates, reduced reactive oxygen species, and better osmoregulation. Application of CA also induces antioxidant defense systems, promotes increased chlorophyll content, and affects secondary metabolism to limit plant growth restrictions under stress. In particular, CA has a major impact on relieving heavy metal stress by promoting precipitation, chelation, and sequestration of metal ions. This review summarizes the mechanisms that mediate CA-regulated changes in plants, primarily CA’s involvement in the control of physiological and molecular processes in plants under abiotic stress conditions. We also review genetic engineering strategies for CA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance. Finally, we propose a model to explain how CA’s position in complex metabolic networks involving the biosynthesis of phytohormones, amino acids, signaling molecules, and other secondary metabolites could explain some of its abiotic stress-ameliorating properties. This review summarizes our current understanding of CA-mediated abiotic stress tolerance and highlights areas where additional research is needed.
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Frausto M, Nájera-González HR, Herrera-Estrella L, Ordaz-Ortiz JJ. Mass spectrometry-based quantification and spatial localization of small organic acid exudates in plant roots under phosphorus deficiency and aluminum toxicity. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 106:1791-1806. [PMID: 33797826 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight organic acid (OA) extrusion by plant roots is critical for plant nutrition, tolerance to cations toxicity, and plant-microbe interactions. Therefore, methodologies for the rapid and precise quantification of OAs are necessary to be incorporated in the analysis of roots and their exudates. The spatial location of root exudates is also important to understand the molecular mechanisms directing OA production and release into the rhizosphere. Here, we report the development of two complementary methodologies for OA determination, which were employed to evaluate the effect of inorganic ortho-phosphate (Pi) deficiency and aluminum toxicity on OA excretion by Arabidopsis roots. OA exudation by roots is considered a core response to different types of abiotic stress and for the interaction of roots with soil microbes, and for decades has been a target trait to produce plant varieties with increased capacities of Pi uptake and Al tolerance. Using targeted ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS), we achieved the quantification of six OAs in root exudates at sub-micromolar detection limits with an analysis time of less than 5 min per sample. We also employed targeted (MS/MS) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to detect the spatial location of citric and malic acid with high specificity in roots and exudates. Using these methods, we studied OA exudation in response to Al toxicity and Pi deficiency in Arabidopsis seedlings overexpressing genes involved in OA excretion. Finally, we show the transferability of the MALDI-MSI method by analyzing OA excretion in Marchantia polymorpha gemmalings subjected to Pi deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Moises Frausto
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36824, Mexico
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Héctor-Rogelio Nájera-González
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36824, Mexico
| | - Luis Herrera-Estrella
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36824, Mexico
- Institute of Genomics for Crop Abiotic Stress Tolerance, Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - José-Juan Ordaz-Ortiz
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36824, Mexico
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Panchal P, Miller AJ, Giri J. Organic acids: versatile stress-response roles in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4038-4052. [PMID: 33471895 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids (OAs) are central to cellular metabolism. Many plant stress responses involve the exudation of OAs at the root-soil interface, which can improve soil mineral acquisition and toxic metal tolerance. Because of their simple structure, the low-molecular-weight OAs are widely studied. We discuss the conventional roles of OAs, and some newly emerging roles in plant stress tolerance. OAs are more versatile in their role in plant stress tolerance and are more efficient chelating agents than other acids, such as amino acids. Root OA exudation is important in soil carbon sequestration. These functions are key processes in combating climate change and helping with more sustainable food production. We briefly review the mechanisms behind enhanced biosynthesis, secretion, and regulation of these activities under different stresses, and provide an outline of the transgenic approaches targeted towards the enhanced production and secretion of OAs. A recurring theme of OAs in plant biology is their role as 'acids' modifying pH, as 'chelators' binding metals, or as 'carbon sources' for microbes. We argue that these multiple functions are key factors for understanding these molecules' important roles in plant stress biology. Finally, we discuss how the functions of OAs in plant stress responses could be used, and identify the important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Panchal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anthony J Miller
- Metabolic Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jitender Giri
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
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Miftahudin M, Roslim DI, Fendiyanto MH, Satrio RD, Zulkifli A, Umaiyah EI, Chikmawati T, Sulistyaningsih YC, Suharsono S, Hartana A, Nguyen HT, Gustafson JP. OsGERLP: A novel aluminum tolerance rice gene isolated from a local cultivar in Indonesia. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:86-99. [PMID: 33667970 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a decrease in the land available for rice cultivation due to the rapid conversion to urban uses. Subsequently, acid soil could be an alternative land cultivating rice, but will require the use of aluminum (Al)-tolerant rice varieties. This Al tolerance trait is genetically controlled, and there is a need to discover more genes needed to develop Al-tolerant rice. Therefore, the objective of this study was to clone and characterize a novel Al tolerance gene isolated from a local cultivar of Indonesian rice. The gene cloning was conducted based on the rye/rice microsynteny relationship. In addition, the root growth and gene expression analyses were performed to verify the role of the gene on Al tolerance in gene-silenced rice and in overexpressed transgenic tobacco. The results showed an Al tolerance candidate gene, OsGERLP, was successfully cloned from rice cv. Hawara Bunar, with its gene encoding a protein similar to a bacterial ribosomal L32 protein. Additionally, the analysis showed that low gene expression caused the gene-silenced rice to be sensitive to Al, while high expression induced the Al tolerance in transgenic tobacco. Furthermore, it was discovered that the gene expression level in both plants was in line with the lower expression of the OsFRDL4 gene in the silenced rice and the high expression of the MATE gene in transgenic tobacco also with the higher citrate secretion from transgenic tobacco roots. In conclusion, the OsGERLP gene could act as a regulator for other Al tolerance genes, with the potential to develop Al-tolerant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miftahudin Miftahudin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Dewi Indriyani Roslim
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia
| | - Miftahul Huda Fendiyanto
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Military Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesia Defense University), Kompleks Indonesia Peace and Security Center (IPSC) Sentul, Bogor, 16810, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Dwi Satrio
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Military Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Pertahanan (Indonesia Defense University), Kompleks Indonesia Peace and Security Center (IPSC) Sentul, Bogor, 16810, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Zulkifli
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Eka Indah Umaiyah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Tatik Chikmawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Yohana Caecilia Sulistyaningsih
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Suharsono Suharsono
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Alex Hartana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - J Perry Gustafson
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Chauhan DK, Yadav V, Vaculík M, Gassmann W, Pike S, Arif N, Singh VP, Deshmukh R, Sahi S, Tripathi DK. Aluminum toxicity and aluminum stress-induced physiological tolerance responses in higher plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 41:715-730. [PMID: 33866893 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1874282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) precipitates in acidic soils having a pH < 5.5, in the form of conjugated organic and inorganic ions. Al-containing minerals solubilized in the soil solution cause several negative impacts in plants when taken up along with other nutrients. Moreover, a micromolar concentration of Al present in the soil is enough to induce several irreversible toxicity symptoms such as the rapid and transient over-generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2•-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH), resulting in oxidative bursts. In addition, significant reductions in water and nutrient uptake occur which imposes severe stress in the plants. However, some plants have developed Al-tolerance by stimulating the secretion of organic acids like citrate, malate, and oxalate, from plant roots. Genes responsible for encoding such organic acids, play a critical role in Al tolerance. Several transporters involved in Al resistance mechanisms are members of the Aluminum-activated Malate Transporter (ALMT), Multidrug and Toxic compound Extrusion (MATE), ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), Natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (Nramp), and aquaporin gene families. Therefore, in the present review, the discussion of the global extension and probable cause of Al in the environment and mechanisms of Al toxicity in plants are followed by detailed emphasis on tolerance mechanisms. We have also identified and categorized the important transporters that secrete organic acids and outlined their role in Al stress tolerance mechanisms in crop plants. The information provided here will be helpful for efficient exploration of the available knowledge to develop Al tolerant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- D D Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vaishali Yadav
- D D Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sharon Pike
- Division of Plant Sciences, Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Namira Arif
- D D Pant Interdisciplinary Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Vijay Pratap Singh
- C.M.P. Degree College, A Constituent Post Graduate College of University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | | | - Shivendra Sahi
- University of the Sciences in Philadelphia (USP), Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Riaz M, Yan L, Wu X, Hussain S, Aziz O, Jiang C. Mechanisms of organic acids and boron induced tolerance of aluminum toxicity: A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:25-35. [PMID: 30173023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum is a major limiting abiotic factor for plant growth and productivity on acidic soils. The primary disorder of aluminum toxicity is the rapid cessation of root elongation. The root apex is the most sensitive part of this organ. Although significant literature evidence and hypothesis exist on aluminum toxicity, the explicit mechanism through which aluminum ceases root growth is still indefinable. The mechanisms of tolerance in plants have been the focus of intense research. Some plant species growing on acidic soils have developed tolerance mechanisms to overcome and mitigate aluminum toxicity, either by avoiding entry of Al3+ into roots (exclusion mechanism) or by being able to counterbalance toxic Al3+ engrossed by the root system (internal tolerance mechanism). Genes belonging to ALMT (Aluminum-activated malate transporter) and MATE (Multidrug and toxin compounds extrusion) have been identified that are involved in the aluminum-activated secretion of organic acids from roots. However, different plant species show different gene expression pattern. On the other hand, boron (B) (indispensable micronutrient) is a promising nutrient in the tolerance to aluminum toxicity. It not only hinders the adsorption of aluminum to the cell wall but also improves plant growth. This review mainly explains the critical roles of organic acid and B-induced tolerance to aluminum by summarizing the mechanisms of ALMT, MATE, internal detoxification, molecular traits and genetic engineering of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Riaz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Lei Yan
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xiuwen Wu
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Saddam Hussain
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, 38040 Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Omar Aziz
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Cuncang Jiang
- Microelement Research Center, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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Teng W, Kang Y, Hou W, Hu H, Luo W, Wei J, Wang L, Zhang B. Phosphorus application reduces aluminum toxicity in two Eucalyptus clones by increasing its accumulation in roots and decreasing its content in leaves. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190900. [PMID: 29324770 PMCID: PMC5764327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under acidic conditions, aluminum (Al) toxicity is an important factor limiting plant productivity; however, the application of phosphorus (P) might alleviate the toxic effects of Al. In this study, seedlings of two vegetatively propagated Eucalyptus clones, E. grandis × E. urophylla 'G9' and E. grandis × E. urophylla 'DH32-29'were subjected to six treatments (two levels of Al stress and three levels of P). Under excessive Al stress, root Al content was higher, whereas shoot and leaf Al contents were lower with P application than those without P application. Further, Al accumulation was higher in the roots, but lower in the shoots and leaves of G9 than in those of DH32-29. The secretion of organic acids was higher under Al stress than under no Al stress. Further, under Al stress, the roots of G9 secreted more organic acids than those of DH32-29. With an increase in P supply, Al-induced secretion of organic acids from roots decreased. Under Al stress, some enzymes, including PEPC, CS, and IDH, played important roles in organic acid biosynthesis and degradation. Thus, our results indicate that P can reduce Al toxicity via the fixation of elemental Al in roots and restriction of its transport to stems and leaves, although P application cannot promote the secretion of organic acid anions. Further, the higher Al-resistance of G9 might be attributed to the higher Al accumulation in and organic acid anion secretion from roots and the lower levels of Al in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Teng
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry Bureau for Fast-growing Wood Breeding in Central South China, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Forestry Science and Engineering, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yachao Kang
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenjuan Hou
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Houzhen Hu
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenji Luo
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Nanning Dawangtan Reservoir Management, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Linghui Wang
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry Bureau for Fast-growing Wood Breeding in Central South China, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Forestry Science and Engineering, Nanning, Guangxi, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Forestry College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Wu Y, Yang Z, How J, Xu H, Chen L, Li K. Overexpression of a peroxidase gene (AtPrx64) of Arabidopsis thaliana in tobacco improves plant's tolerance to aluminum stress. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:157-168. [PMID: 28815457 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0644-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE AtPrx64 is one of the peroxidases gene up-regulated in Al stress and has some functions in the formation of plant second cell wall. Its overexpression may improve plant tolerance to Al by some ways. Studies on its function under Al stress may help us to understand the mechanism of plant tolerance to Al stress. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the expressions of some genes (AtPrxs) encoding class III plant peroxidases have been found to be either up-regulated or down-regulated under aluminum (Al) stress. Among 73 genes that encode AtPrxs in Arabidopsis, AtPrx64 is always up-regulated by Al stress, suggesting this gene plays protective roles in response to such stress. In this study, transgenic tobacco plants were generated to examine the effects of overexpressing of AtPrx64 gene on the tolerance to Al stress. The results showed that overexpression of AtPrx64 gene increased the root growth and reduced the accumulation of Al and ROS in the roots. Compared with wild type controls, transgenic tobaccos had much less soluble proteins and malondialdehyde in roots and much more root citrate exudation. The activity of plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, the phosphorylation of PM H+-ATPase and its interaction with 14-3-3 proteins increased in transgenic tobaccos; moreover, the content of lignin in root tips also increased. Taken together, these results showed that overexpression of AtPrx64 gene might enhance the tolerance of tobacco to Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuang Wu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Zhili Yang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jingyi How
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Huini Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Limei Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Kunzhi Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Chenggong Campus, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Chen WW, Fan W, Lou HQ, Yang JL, Zheng SJ. Regulating cytoplasmic oxalate homeostasis by Acyl activating enzyme3 is critical for plant Al tolerance. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1276688. [PMID: 28045586 PMCID: PMC5289516 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1276688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid is the simplest of the dicarboxylic acids. In addition to its role in biological and metabolic processes, oxalate has been implicated in biotic and abiotic stresses. Being a strong chelator of Al, oxalate also has pivotal role in Al resistance mechanisms. However, we demonstrated that cytoplasmic oxalate accumulation is a critical event leading to root growth inhibition under Al stress. Transcriptome analysis from three crop plants identified Acyl Activating Enzyme3 (AAE3) genes to be upregulated by Al stress. These AAE3 proteins display high sequence identity to known AAE3 proteins, suggesting they are oxalyl-CoA synthetases specifically involved in oxalate degradation. However, phylogenetic analysis revealed divergence of AAE3 between monocots and dicots, pointing to the necessity for functional characterization of AAE3 proteins from other plant species with respect to Al stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, College of Environmental and Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- The Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskachewan, Sasktoon, SK, Canada
| | - Wei Fan
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - He Qiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- The Global Institute for Food Security, University of Saskachewan, Sasktoon, SK, Canada
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- CONTACT Jian Li Yang Zhejiang University, College of Life Sciences, No. 866, Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Chen ZC, Liao H. Organic acid anions: An effective defensive weapon for plants against aluminum toxicity and phosphorus deficiency in acidic soils. J Genet Genomics 2016; 43:631-638. [PMID: 27890545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity and phosphorous (P) deficiency are two major limiting factors for plant growth on acidic soils. Thus, the physiological mechanisms for Al tolerance and P acquisition have been intensively studied. A commonly observed trait is that plants have developed the ability to utilize organic acid anions (OAs; mainly malate, citrate and oxalate) to combat Al toxicity and P deficiency. OAs secreted by roots into the rhizosphere can externally chelate Al3+ and mobilize phosphate (Pi), while OAs synthesized in the cell can internally sequester Al3+ into the vacuole and release free Pi for metabolism. Molecular mechanisms involved in OA synthesis and transport have been described in detail. Ensuing genetic improvement for Al tolerance and P efficiency through increased OA exudation and/or synthesis in crops has been achieved by transgenic and marker-assisted breeding. This review mainly elucidates the crucial roles of OAs in plant Al tolerance and P efficiency through summarizing associated physiological mechanisms, molecular traits and genetic manipulation of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chang Chen
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Root Biology Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fujian, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Lou HQ, Gong YL, Fan W, Xu JM, Liu Y, Cao MJ, Wang MH, Yang JL, Zheng SJ. A Formate Dehydrogenase Confers Tolerance to Aluminum and Low pH. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:294-305. [PMID: 27021188 PMCID: PMC4854670 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) is involved in various higher plant abiotic stress responses. Here, we investigated the role of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) VuFDH in Al and low pH (H(+)) tolerance. Screening of various potential substrates for the VuFDH protein demonstrated that it functions as a formate dehydrogenase. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and histochemical analysis showed that the expression of VuFDH is induced in rice bean root tips by Al or H(+) stresses. Fluorescence microscopic observation of VuFDH-GFP in transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that VuFDH is localized in the mitochondria. Accumulation of formate is induced by Al and H(+) stress in rice bean root tips, and exogenous application of formate increases internal formate content that results in the inhibition of root elongation and induction of VuFDH expression, suggesting that formate accumulation is involved in both H(+)- and Al-induced root growth inhibition. Over-expression of VuFDH in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) results in decreased sensitivity to Al and H(+) stress due to less production of formate in the transgenic tobacco lines under Al and H(+) stresses. Moreover, NtMATE and NtALS3 expression showed no changes versus wild type in these over-expression lines, suggesting that herein known Al-resistant mechanisms are not involved. Thus, the increased Al tolerance of VuFDH over-expression lines is likely attributable to their decreased Al-induced formate production. Taken together, our findings advance understanding of higher plant Al toxicity mechanisms, and suggest a possible new route toward the improvement of plant performance in acidic soils, where Al toxicity and H(+) stress coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Qiang Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Yu Long Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Wei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Jia Meng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Meng Jie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Ming-Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (H.Q.L., Y.L.G., J.M.X., Y.L., M.J.C., J.L.Y., S.J.Z.); College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China (W.F.); and Ningbo Municipal Head Station for Crop Farming Administration, Ningbo 315012, China (M.-H.W.)
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Ge Y, Cao Z, Song P, Zhu G. Identification and characterization of a novel citrate synthase fromStreptomyces diastaticusNo. 7 strain M1033. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2015; 62:300-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bab.1372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Ge
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity; Key Laboratory of the Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity; Key Laboratory of the Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Song
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity; Key Laboratory of the Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Evolution and Biodiversity; Key Laboratory of the Biotic Environment and Ecological Safety in Anhui Province, Anhui Normal University; Wuhu Anhui People's Republic of China
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Ryan PR, James RA, Weligama C, Delhaize E, Rattey A, Lewis DC, Bovill WD, McDonald G, Rathjen TM, Wang E, Fettell NA, Richardson AE. Can citrate efflux from roots improve phosphorus uptake by plants? Testing the hypothesis with near-isogenic lines of wheat. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:230-42. [PMID: 24433537 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) deficiency in some plant species triggers the release of organic anions such as citrate and malate from roots. These anions are widely suggested to enhance the availability of phosphate for plant uptake by mobilizing sparingly-soluble forms in the soil. Carazinho is an old wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar from Brazil, which secretes citrate constitutively from its root apices, and here we show that it also produces relatively more biomass on soils with low P availability than two recent Australian cultivars that lack citrate efflux. To test whether citrate efflux explains this phenotype, we generated two sets of near-isogenic lines that differ in citrate efflux and compared their biomass production in different soil types and with different P treatments in glasshouse experiments and field trials. Citrate efflux improved relative biomass production in two of six glasshouse trials but only at the lowest P treatments where growth was most severely limited by P availability. Furthermore, citrate efflux provided no consistent advantage for biomass production or yield in multiple field trials. Theoretical modeling indicates that the effectiveness of citrate efflux in mobilizing soil P is greater as the volume of soil into which it diffuses increases. As efflux from these wheat plants is restricted to the root apices, the potential for citrate to mobilize sufficient P to increase shoot biomass may be limited. We conclude that Carazinho has other attributes that contribute to its comparatively good performance in low-P soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Ryan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, PO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Zhang Z, Liao H, Lucas WJ. Molecular mechanisms underlying phosphate sensing, signaling, and adaptation in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 56:192-220. [PMID: 24417933 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential plant macronutrient, the low availability of phosphorus (P) in most soils imposes serious limitation on crop production. Plants have evolved complex responsive and adaptive mechanisms for acquisition, remobilization and recycling of phosphate (Pi) to maintain P homeostasis. Spatio-temporal molecular, physiological, and biochemical Pi deficiency responses developed by plants are the consequence of local and systemic sensing and signaling pathways. Pi deficiency is sensed locally by the root system where hormones serve as important signaling components in terms of developmental reprogramming, leading to changes in root system architecture. Root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root signals, delivered through the xylem and phloem, respectively, involving Pi itself, hormones, miRNAs, mRNAs, and sucrose, serve to coordinate Pi deficiency responses at the whole-plant level. A combination of chromatin remodeling, transcriptional and posttranslational events contribute to globally regulating a wide range of Pi deficiency responses. In this review, recent advances are evaluated in terms of progress toward developing a comprehensive understanding of the molecular events underlying control over P homeostasis. Application of this knowledge, in terms of developing crop plants having enhanced attributes for P use efficiency, is discussed from the perspective of agricultural sustainability in the face of diminishing global P supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
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López-Arredondo DL, Leyva-González MA, González-Morales SI, López-Bucio J, Herrera-Estrella L. Phosphate nutrition: improving low-phosphate tolerance in crops. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 65:95-123. [PMID: 24579991 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient that is required for all major developmental processes and reproduction in plants. It is also a major constituent of the fertilizers required to sustain high-yield agriculture. Levels of phosphate--the only form of phosphorus that can be assimilated by plants--are suboptimal in most natural and agricultural ecosystems, and when phosphate is applied as fertilizer in soils, it is rapidly immobilized owing to fixation and microbial activity. Thus, cultivated plants use only approximately 20-30% of the applied phosphate, and the rest is lost, eventually causing water eutrophication. Recent advances in the understanding of mechanisms by which wild and cultivated species adapt to low-phosphate stress and the implementation of alternative bacterial pathways for phosphorus metabolism have started to allow the design of more effective breeding and genetic engineering strategies to produce highly phosphate-efficient crops, optimize fertilizer use, and reach agricultural sustainability with a lower environmental cost. In this review, we outline the current advances in research on the complex network of plant responses to low-phosphorus stress and discuss some strategies used to manipulate genes involved in phosphate uptake, remobilization, and metabolism to develop low-phosphate-tolerant crops, which could help in designing more efficient crops.
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Bian M, Zhou M, Sun D, Li C. Molecular approaches unravel the mechanism of acid soil tolerance in plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cj.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zhou G, Delhaize E, Zhou M, Ryan PR. The barley MATE gene, HvAACT1, increases citrate efflux and Al(3+) tolerance when expressed in wheat and barley. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:603-12. [PMID: 23798600 PMCID: PMC3718223 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aluminium is toxic in acid soils because the soluble Al(3+) inhibits root growth. A mechanism of Al(3+) tolerance discovered in many plant species involves the release of organic anions from root apices. The Al(3+)-activated release of citrate from the root apices of Al(3+)-tolerant genotypes of barley is controlled by a MATE gene named HvAACT1 that encodes a citrate transport protein located on the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to investigate whether expressing HvAACT1 with a constitutive promoter in barley and wheat can increase citrate efflux and Al(3+) tolerance of these important cereal species. METHODS HvAACT1 was over-expressed in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) using the maize ubiquitin promoter. Root apices of transgenic and control lines were analysed for HvAACT1 expression and organic acid efflux. The Al(3+) tolerance of transgenic and control lines was assessed in both hydroponic solution and acid soil. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Increased HvAACT1 expression in both cereal species was associated with increased citrate efflux from root apices and enhanced Al(3+) tolerance, thus demonstrating that biotechnology can complement traditional breeding practices to increase the Al(3+) tolerance of important crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, PO Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS 7249, Australia
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Meixue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, PO Box 46, Kings Meadows, TAS 7249, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Peter R. Ryan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Brown LK, George TS, Dupuy LX, White PJ. A conceptual model of root hair ideotypes for future agricultural environments: what combination of traits should be targeted to cope with limited P availability? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:317-30. [PMID: 23172412 PMCID: PMC3698376 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) often limits crop production and is frequently applied as fertilizer; however, supplies of quality rock phosphate for fertilizer production are diminishing. Plants have evolved many mechanisms to increase their P acquisition, and an understanding of these traits could result in improved long-term sustainability of agriculture. This Viewpoint focuses on the potential benefits of root hairs to sustainable production. SCOPE First the various root-related traits that could be deployed to improve agricultural sustainability are catalogued, and their potential costs and benefits to the plant are discussed. A novel mathematical model describing the effects of length, density and longevity of root hairs on P acquisition is developed, and the relative benefits of these three root-hair traits to plant P nutrition are calculated. Insights from this model are combined with experimental data to assess the relative benefits of a range of root hair ideotypes for sustainability of agriculture. CONCLUSIONS A cost-benefit analysis of root traits suggests that root hairs have the greatest potential for P acquisition relative to their cost of production. The novel modelling of root hair development indicates that the greatest gains in P-uptake efficiency are likely to be made through increased length and longevity of root hairs rather than by increasing their density. Synthesizing this information with that from published experiments we formulate six potential ideotypes to improve crop P acquisition. These combine appropriate root hair phenotypes with architectural, anatomical and biochemical traits, such that more root-hair zones are produced in surface soils, where P resources are found, on roots which are metabolically cheap to construct and maintain, and that release more P-mobilizing exudates. These ideotypes could be used to inform breeding programmes to enhance agricultural sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - T. S. George
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
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Chen LS, Yang LT, Lin ZH, Tang N. Roles of Organic Acid Metabolism in Plant Tolerance to Phosphorus-Deficiency. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-30967-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yang LT, Qi YP, Jiang HX, Chen LS. Roles of organic acid anion secretion in aluminium tolerance of higher plants. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:173682. [PMID: 23509687 PMCID: PMC3591170 DOI: 10.1155/2013/173682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of the world's total land area and over 50% of the world's potential arable lands are acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium (Al) occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma membrane (PM) H(+)-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Tong Yang
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Ping Qi
- Institute of Materia Medica, Fujian Academy of Medical Sciences, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Huan-Xin Jiang
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Song Chen
- Department of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Department of Horticulture, College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Lü J, Gao X, Dong Z, Yi J, An L. Improved phosphorus acquisition by tobacco through transgenic expression of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from Penicillium oxalicum. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:49-56. [PMID: 21863348 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-011-1138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development, but is generally unavailable and inaccessible in soil, since applied P is mostly fixed to aluminium (Al) and ferrum (Fe) in acidic soils and to calcium (Ca) in alkaline soils. Increased organic acid excretion is thought to be one mechanism by which plants use to enhance P uptake. In this study, we overexpressed a mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (MDH) gene from the mycorrhizal fungi Penicillium oxalicum in tobacco. The MDH activity of transgenic lines was significantly increased compared to that of wild type. Malate content in root exudation of transgenic lines induced in response to P deficiency was 1.3- to 2.9-fold greater than that of wild type under the same condition. Among the transgenic lines that were selected for analysis, one line (M1) showed the highest level of MDH activity and malate exudate. M1 showed a significant increase in growth over wild type, with 149.0, 128.5, and 127.9% increases in biomass, when grown in Al-phosphate, Fe-phosphate, and Ca-phosphate media, respectively. M1 also had better P uptake compared to wild type, with total P content increased by 287.3, 243.5, and 223.4% when grown in Al-phosphate, Fe-phosphate, and Ca-phosphate media, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first study on improving the ability of a plant to utilize P from Al-phosphate, Fe-phosphate, and Ca-phosphate by manipulating the organic acid metabolism of the plant through genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Lü
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Gregory PJ, George TS. Feeding nine billion: the challenge to sustainable crop production. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:5233-9. [PMID: 21841178 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the recent past there was a widespread working assumption in many countries that problems of food production had been solved, and that food security was largely a matter of distribution and access to be achieved principally by open markets. The events of 2008 challenged these assumptions, and made public a much wider debate about the costs of current food production practices to the environment and whether these could be sustained. As in the past 50 years, it is anticipated that future increases in crop production will be achieved largely by increasing yields per unit area rather than by increasing the area of cropped land. However, as yields have increased, so the ratio of photosynthetic energy captured to energy expended in crop production has decreased. This poses a considerable challenge: how to increase yield while simultaneously reducing energy consumption (allied to greenhouse gas emissions) and utilizing resources such as water and phosphate more efficiently. Given the timeframe in which the increased production has to be realized, most of the increase will need to come from crop genotypes that are being bred now, together with known agronomic and management practices that are currently under-developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gregory
- SCRI (Scottish Crop Research Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
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Ryan PR, Tyerman SD, Sasaki T, Furuichi T, Yamamoto Y, Zhang WH, Delhaize E. The identification of aluminium-resistance genes provides opportunities for enhancing crop production on acid soils. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:9-20. [PMID: 20847099 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Acid soils restrict plant production around the world. One of the major limitations to plant growth on acid soils is the prevalence of soluble aluminium (Al(3+)) ions which can inhibit root growth at micromolar concentrations. Species that show a natural resistance to Al(3+) toxicity perform better on acid soils. Our understanding of the physiology of Al(3+) resistance in important crop plants has increased greatly over the past 20 years, largely due to the application of genetics and molecular biology. Fourteen genes from seven different species are known to contribute to Al(3+) tolerance and resistance and several additional candidates have been identified. Some of these genes account for genotypic variation within species and others do not. One mechanism of resistance which has now been identified in a range of species relies on the efflux of organic anions such as malate and citrate from roots. The genes controlling this trait are members of the ALMT and MATE families which encode membrane proteins that facilitate organic anion efflux across the plasma membrane. Identification of these and other resistance genes provides opportunities for enhancing the Al(3+) resistance of plants by marker-assisted breeding and through biotechnology. Most attempts to enhance Al(3+) resistance in plants with genetic engineering have targeted genes that are induced by Al(3+) stress or that are likely to increase organic anion efflux. In the latter case, studies have either enhanced organic anion synthesis or increased organic anion transport across the plasma membrane. Recent developments in this area are summarized and the structure-function of the TaALMT1 protein from wheat is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Ryan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.
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Wang X, Shen J, Liao H. Acquisition or utilization, which is more critical for enhancing phosphorus efficiency in modern crops? PLANT SCIENCE 2010. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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Ohkama-Ohtsu N, Wasaki J. Recent progress in plant nutrition research: cross-talk between nutrients, plant physiology and soil microorganisms. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 51:1255-64. [PMID: 20624893 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients taken up from the soil become incorporated into a variety of important compounds with structural and physiological roles in plants. We summarize how plant nutrients are linked to many metabolic pathways, plant hormones and other biological processes. We also focus on nutrient uptake, describing plant-microbe interactions, plant exudates, root architecture, transporters and their applications. Plants need to survive in soils with mineral concentrations that vary widely. Describing the relationships between nutrients and biological processes will enable us to understand the molecular basis for signaling, physiological damage and responses to mineral stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Ohkama-Ohtsu
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Pereira JF, Zhou G, Delhaize E, Richardson T, Zhou M, Ryan PR. Engineering greater aluminium resistance in wheat by over-expressing TaALMT1. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2010; 106:205-14. [PMID: 20338951 PMCID: PMC2889790 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Expected increases in world population will continue to make demands on agricultural productivity and food supply. These challenges will only be met by increasing the land under cultivation and by improving the yields obtained on existing farms. Genetic engineering can target key traits to improve crop yields and to increase production on marginal soils. Soil acidity is a major abiotic stress that limits plant production worldwide. The goal of this study was to enhance the acid soil tolerance of wheat by increasing its resistance to Al(3+) toxicity. METHODS Particle bombardment was used to transform wheat with TaALMT1, the Al(3+) resistance gene from wheat, using the maize ubiquitin promoter to drive expression. TaALMT1 expression, malate efflux and Al(3+) resistance were measured in the T(1) and T(2) lines and compared with the parental line and an Al(3+)-resistant reference genotype, ET8. KEY RESULTS Nine T(2) lines showed increased TaALMT1 expression, malate efflux and Al(3+) resistance when compared with untransformed controls and null segregant lines. Some T(2) lines displayed greater Al(3+) resistance than ET8 in both hydroponic and soil experiments. CONCLUSIONS The Al(3+) resistance of wheat was increased by enhancing TaALMT1 expression with biotechnology. This is the first report of a major food crop being stably transformed for greater Al(3+) resistance. Transgenic strategies provide options for increasing food supply on acid soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge F. Pereira
- Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR 285 km 294, CEP 99001-970, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Gaofeng Zhou
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- TIAR, University of Tasmania, PO Box 46, Kings Meadows, Launceston, Tas 7249, Australia
| | | | | | - Meixue Zhou
- TIAR, University of Tasmania, PO Box 46, Kings Meadows, Launceston, Tas 7249, Australia
| | - Peter R. Ryan
- CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Widodo B, Broadley MR, Rose T, Frei M, Pariasca-Tanaka J, Yoshihashi T, Thomson M, Hammond JP, Aprile A, Close TJ, Ismail AM, Wissuwa M. Response to zinc deficiency of two rice lines with contrasting tolerance is determined by root growth maintenance and organic acid exudation rates, and not by zinc-transporter activity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 186:400-14. [PMID: 20100202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
*Zinc (Zn)-deficient soils constrain rice (Oryza sativa) production and cause Zn malnutrition. The identification of Zn-deficiency-tolerant rice lines indicates that breeding might overcome these constraints. Here, we seek to identify processes underlying Zn-deficiency tolerance in rice at the physiological and transcriptional levels. *A Zn-deficiency-tolerant line RIL46 acquires Zn more efficiently and produces more biomass than its nontolerant maternal line (IR74) at low [Zn](ext) under field conditions. We tested if this was the result of increased expression of Zn(2+) transporters; increased root exudation of deoxymugineic acid (DMA) or low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs); and/or increased root production. Experiments were performed in field and controlled environment conditions. *There was little genotypic variation in transcript abundance of Zn-responsive root Zn(2+)-transporters between the RIL46 and IR74. However, root exudation of DMA and LMWOA was greater in RIL46, coinciding with increased root expression of putative ligand-efflux genes. Adventitious root production was maintained in RIL46 at low [Zn](ext), correlating with altered expression of root-specific auxin-responsive genes. *Zinc-deficiency tolerance in RIL46 is most likely the result of maintenance of root growth, increased efflux of Zn ligands, and increased uptake of Zn-ligand complexes at low [Zn](ext); these traits are potential breeding targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuki Widodo
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), 1-1 Ohwashi, 305-8686 Tsukuba, Japan
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Chen LS, Tang N, Jiang HX, Yang LT, Li Q, Smith BR. Changes in organic acid metabolism differ between roots and leaves of Citrus grandis in response to phosphorus and aluminum interactions. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 166:2023-34. [PMID: 19596484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Seedlings of sour pummelo (Citrus grandis) were irrigated daily for 18 weeks with nutrient solution containing four phosphorus (P) levels (50, 100, 250 and 500 microM KH2PO4) and two aluminum (Al) levels [0 (-Al) and 1.2 mM AlCl3 x 6H2O (+Al)]. Both malate and citrate concentrations in +Al leaves decreased with increasing P supply, but their concentrations in -Al leaves did not change in response to P supply. The concentrations of malate under 50 microM P and of citrate under 50 and 100 microM P were higher in +Al leaves than in -Al ones, but malate concentration was lower in +Al leaves than in -Al ones under 500 microM P. There was no difference in root malate and citrate concentrations among different P and Al combinations except for an increase in malate and citrate under 50 microM P+0 mM Al and a slight decrease in malate under 50 microM P+1.2 mM Al. The activities of acid-metabolizing enzymes (citrate synthase, aconitase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase, NAD-malate dehydrogenase, NADP-malic enzyme and pyruvate kinase) in most cases were less affected by P and Al interactions in roots compared to the leaves. Our results support the hypothesis that changes in organic acid metabolism differ between roots and leaves of C. grandis in response to P and Al interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Song Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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Lefebvre V, Kiani SP, Durand-Tardif M. A focus on natural variation for abiotic constraints response in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2009; 10:3547-82. [PMID: 20111677 PMCID: PMC2812820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms10083547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are particularly subject to environmental stress, as they cannot move from unfavourable surroundings. As a consequence they have to react in situ. In any case, plants have to sense the stress, then the signal has to be transduced to engage the appropriate response. Stress response is effected by regulating genes, by turning on molecular mechanisms to protect the whole organism and its components and/or to repair damage. Reactions vary depending on the type of stress and its intensity, but some are commonly turned on because some responses to different abiotic stresses are shared. In addition, there are multiple ways for plants to respond to environmental stress, depending on the species and life strategy, but also multiple ways within a species depending on plant variety or ecotype. It is regularly accepted that populations of a single species originating from diverse geographic origins and/or that have been subjected to different selective pressure, have evolved retaining the best alleles for completing their life cycle. Therefore, the study of natural variation in response to abiotic stress, can help unravel key genes and alleles for plants to cope with their unfavourable physical and chemical surroundings. This review is focusing on Arabidopsis thaliana which has been largely adopted by the global scientific community as a model organism. Also, tools and data that facilitate investigation of natural variation and abiotic stress encountered in the wild are set out. Characterization of accessions, QTLs detection and cloning of alleles responsible for variation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lefebvre
- INRA/IJPB, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, UR 254, Route de St Cyr, F-78000 Versailles, France; E-Mails:
(V.L.);
(S.P.K.)
| | - Seifollah Poormohammad Kiani
- INRA/IJPB, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, UR 254, Route de St Cyr, F-78000 Versailles, France; E-Mails:
(V.L.);
(S.P.K.)
| | - Mylène Durand-Tardif
- INRA/IJPB, Genetics and Plant Breeding Laboratory, UR 254, Route de St Cyr, F-78000 Versailles, France; E-Mails:
(V.L.);
(S.P.K.)
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Deng W, Luo K, Li Z, Yang Y, Hu N, Wu Y. Overexpression of Citrus junos mitochondrial citrate synthase gene in Nicotiana benthamiana confers aluminum tolerance. PLANTA 2009; 230:355-65. [PMID: 19466450 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity is one of the major factors that limit plant growth in acid soils. Al-induced release of organic acids into rhizosphere from the root apex has been identified as a major Al-tolerance mechanism in many plant species. In this study, Al tolerance of Yuzu (Citrus Junos Sieb. ex Tanaka) was tested on the basis of root elongation and the results demonstrated that Yuzu was Al tolerant compared with other plant species. Exposure to Al triggered the exudation of citrate from the Yuzu root. Thus, the mechanism of Al tolerance in Yuzu involved an Al-inducible increase in citrate release. Aluminum also elicited an increase of citrate content and increased the expression level of mitochondrial citrate synthase (CjCS) gene and enzyme activity in Yuzu. The CjCS gene was cloned from Yuzu and overexpressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated methods. Increased expression level of the CjCS gene and enhanced enzyme activity were observed in transgenic plants compared with the wild-type plants. Root growth experiments showed that transgenic plants have enhanced levels of Al tolerance. The transgenic Nicotiana plants showed increased levels of citrate in roots compared to wild-type plants. The exudation of citrate from roots of the transgenic plants significantly increased when exposed to Al. The results with transgenic plants suggest that overexpression of mitochondrial CS can be a useful tool to achieve Al tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Gene and Regulation Technologies under Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, Genetic Engineering Research Center, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, People's Republic of China.
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Yang JL, Zhang L, Zheng SJ. Aluminum-activated oxalate secretion does not associate with internal content among some oxalate accumulators. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 50:1103-7. [PMID: 18924279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2008.00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Although aluminum (Al)-activated secretion of oxalate has been considered to be an important Al-exclusion mechanism, whether it is a general response in oxalate accumulators and related to oxalate content in roots are still not clear. Here, we examined the oxalate secretion and oxalate content in some oxalate accumulators, and investigated the role of oxalate secretion in Al resistance. When oxalate content in amaranth roots was decreased by about 50% with the increased ratio of NH4(+)-N to NO3(-)-N in nutrient solution, the amount of Al-activated oxalate secretion still remained constant. There was no relationship between the content of the water soluble oxalate in four species of oxalate accumulators and the amount of the Al-activated oxalate secretion in roots. Furthermore, oxalate secretion is poorly associated with Al resistance among these species. Based on the above results, we concluded that although all of the oxalate accumulators tested could secrete oxalate rapidly, the density of anion channels in plasma membrane may play a more important role in Al-activated oxalate secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Sienkiewicz-Porzucek A, Nunes-Nesi A, Sulpice R, Lisec J, Centeno DC, Carillo P, Leisse A, Urbanczyk-Wochniak E, Fernie AR. Mild reductions in mitochondrial citrate synthase activity result in a compromised nitrate assimilation and reduced leaf pigmentation but have no effect on photosynthetic performance or growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2008; 147:115-27. [PMID: 18359839 PMCID: PMC2330314 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.117978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants, expressing a fragment of the mitochondrial citrate synthase gene in the antisense orientation and exhibiting mild reductions in the total cellular activity of this enzyme, displayed essentially no visible phenotypic alteration from the wild type. A more detailed physiological characterization, however, revealed that although these plants were characterized by relatively few changes in photosynthetic parameters they displayed a decreased relative flux through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and an increased rate of respiration. Furthermore, biochemical analyses revealed that the transformants exhibited considerably altered metabolism, being characterized by slight decreases in the levels of organic acids of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, photosynthetic pigments, and in a single line in protein content but increases in the levels of nitrate, several amino acids, and starch. We additionally determined the maximal catalytic activities of a wide range of enzymes of primary metabolism, performed targeted quantitative PCR analysis on all three isoforms of citrate synthase, and conducted a broader transcript profiling using the TOM1 microarray. Results from these studies confirmed that if the lines were somewhat impaired in nitrate assimilation, they were not severely affected by this, suggesting the presence of strategies by which metabolism is reprogrammed to compensate for this deficiency. The results are discussed in the context of carbon-nitrogen interaction and interorganellar coordination of metabolism.
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Barone P, Rosellini D, Lafayette P, Bouton J, Veronesi F, Parrott W. Bacterial citrate synthase expression and soil aluminum tolerance in transgenic alfalfa. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2008; 27:893-901. [PMID: 18305942 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-008-0517-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alfalfa is very sensitive to soil acidity and its yield and stand duration are compromised due to inhibited root growth and reduced nitrogen fixation caused by Al toxicity. Soil improvement by liming is expensive and only partially effective, and conventional plant breeding for Al tolerance has had limited success. Because tobacco and papaya plants overexpressing Pseudomonas aeruginosa citrate synthase (CS) have been reported to exhibit enhanced tolerance to Al, alfalfa was engineered by introducing the CS gene controlled by the Arabidopsis Act2 constitutive promoter or the tobacco RB7 root-specific promoter. Fifteen transgenic plants were assayed for exclusion of Al from the root tip, for internal citrate content, for growth in in vitro assays, or for shoot and root growth in either hydroponics or in soil assays. Overall, only the soil assays yielded consistent results. Based on the soil assays, two transgenic events were identified that were more aluminum-tolerant than the non-transgenic control, confirming that citrate synthase overexpression can be a useful tool to help achieve aluminum tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Barone
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, 30602, Athens, GA, USA.
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Potential and limitations to improving crops for enhanced phosphorus utilization. PLANT ECOPHYSIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8435-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Narasimhamoorthy B, Bouton JH, Olsen KM, Sledge MK. Quantitative trait loci and candidate gene mapping of aluminum tolerance in diploid alfalfa. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2007; 114:901-13. [PMID: 17219204 PMCID: PMC1805042 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/16/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) toxicity in acid soils is a major limitation to the production of alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L.) in the USA. Developing Al-tolerant alfalfa cultivars is one approach to overcome this constraint. Accessions of wild diploid alfalfa (M. sativa subsp. coerulea) have been found to be a source of useful genes for Al tolerance. Previously, two genomic regions associated with Al tolerance were identified in this diploid species using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and single marker analysis. This study was conducted to identify additional Al-tolerance quantitative trait loci (QTLs); to identify simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers that flank the previously identified QTLs; to map candidate genes associated with Al tolerance from other plant species; and to test for co-localization with mapped QTLs. A genetic linkage map was constructed using EST-SSR markers in a population of 130 BC(1)F(1) plants derived from the cross between Al-sensitive and Al-tolerant genotypes. Three putative QTLs on linkage groups LG I, LG II and LG III, explaining 38, 16 and 27% of the phenotypic variation, respectively, were identified. Six candidate gene markers designed from Medicago truncatula ESTs that showed homology to known Al-tolerance genes identified in other plant species were placed on the QTL map. A marker designed from a candidate gene involved in malic acid release mapped near a marginally significant QTL (LOD 2.83) on LG I. The SSR markers flanking these QTLs will be useful for transferring them to cultivated alfalfa via marker-assisted selection and for pyramiding Al tolerance QTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Narasimhamoorthy
- The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, 2510, Sam Noble Pkway, Ardmore, OK, 73402, USA.
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Ma JF. Syndrome of aluminum toxicity and diversity of aluminum resistance in higher plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 264:225-52. [PMID: 17964924 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(07)64005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the most abundant metal in the earth's crust, while its soluble ionic form (Al(3+)) shows phytotoxicity, which is characterized by a rapid inhibition of root elongation. Aluminum targets multiple cellular sites by binding, resulting in disrupted structure and/or functions of the cell wall, plasma membrane, signal transduction pathway, and Ca homeostasis. On the other hand, some plant species have evolved mechanisms to cope with Al toxicity both externally and internally. The well-documented mechanisms for external detoxification of Al include the release of organic acid anions from roots and alkalination of the rhizosphere. Genes encoding transporters for Al-induced secretion of organic acid anions have been identified and characterized. Recent studies show that ABC transporters are involved in Al resistance. The internal detoxification of Al in Al-accumulating plants is achieved by the formation of nontoxic Al complexes with organic acids or other chelators and sequestration of these complexes in the vacuoles. In some plant species, Al shows beneficial effects on plant growth under particular conditions, although the exact mechanisms for these effects are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Feng Ma
- Research Institute for Bioresources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
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Ahad A, Nick P. Actin is bundled in activation-tagged tobacco mutants that tolerate aluminum. PLANTA 2007; 225:451-68. [PMID: 16909289 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-006-0359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A panel of aluminum-tolerant (AlRes) mutants was isolated by protoplast-based T-DNA activation tagging in the tobacco cultivar SR1. The mutants fell into two phenotypic classes: a minority of the mutants were fertile and developed similarly to the wild type (type I), the majority was male-sterile and grew as semi-dwarfs (type II). These traits, along with the aluminum tolerance, were inherited in a monogenic dominant manner. Both types of mutants were characterized by excessive bundling of actin microfilaments and by a strongly increased abundance of actin, a phenotype that could be partially phenocopied in the wild type by treatment with aluminum chloride. The actin bundles could be dissociated into finer strands by addition of exogenous auxin in both types of mutants. However, actin microfilaments and leaf expansion were sensitive to blockers of actin assembly in the wild type and in the mutants of type I, whereas they were more tolerant in the mutants of type II. The mutants of type II displayed a hypertrophic development of vasculature, manifest in form of supernumerary leaf veins and extended xylem layers in stems and petioles. Whereas mutants of type I were characterized by a normal, but aluminum-tolerant polar auxin-transport, auxin-transport was strongly promoted in the mutants of type II. The phenotype of these mutants is discussed in terms of reduced endocytosis leading, concomitantly with aluminum tolerance, to changes in polar auxin transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, 90187, Umeå, Sweden.
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Wang JP, Raman H, Zhang GP, Mendham N, Zhou MX. Aluminium tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.): physiological mechanisms, genetics and screening methods. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2006; 7:769-87. [PMID: 16972319 PMCID: PMC1599801 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2006.b0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for barley production on acid soils. It inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poor plant growth and yield. Plants tolerate Al either through external resistance mechanisms, by which Al is excluded from plant tissues or internal tolerance mechanisms, conferring the ability of plants to tolerate Al ion in the plant symplasm where Al that has permeated the plasmalemma is sequestered or converted into an innocuous form. Barley is considered to be most sensitive to Al toxicity among cereal species. Al tolerance in barley has been assessed by several methods, such as nutrient solution culture, soil bioassay and field screening. Genetic and molecular mapping research has shown that Al tolerance in barley is controlled by a single locus which is located on chromosome 4H. Molecular markers linked with Al tolerance loci have been identified and validated in a range of diverse populations. This paper reviews the (1) screening methods for evaluating Al tolerance, (2) genetics and (3) mechanisms underlying Al tolerance in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ping Wang
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research and School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box, Kings Meadows, TAS 6249, Australia
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Harsh Raman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, PMB, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2650, Australia
| | - Guo-ping Zhang
- Department of Agronomy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Neville Mendham
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research and School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box, Kings Meadows, TAS 6249, Australia
| | - Mei-xue Zhou
- Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research and School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, P.O. Box, Kings Meadows, TAS 6249, Australia
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YANG JIANLI, ZHANG LEI, LI YAYING, YOU JIANGFENG, WU PING, ZHENG SHAOJIAN. Citrate transporters play a critical role in aluminium-stimulated citrate efflux in rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2006; 97:579-84. [PMID: 16446286 PMCID: PMC2803670 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcl005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Aluminium (Al) stimulates the efflux of citrate from apices of rice bean (Vigna umbellata) roots. This response is delayed at least 3 h when roots are exposed to 50 microm Al, indicating that some inducible processes leading to citrate efflux are involved. The physiological bases responsible for the delayed response were examined here. METHODS The effects of several antagonists of anion channels and citrate carriers, and of the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide (CHM) on Al-stimulated citrate efflux and/or citrate content were examined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) or an enzymatic method. KEY RESULTS Both anion channel inhibitors and citrate carrier inhibitors can inhibit Al-stimulated citrate efflux, with anthracene-9-carboxylic acid (A-9-C, an anion channel inhibitor) and phenylisothiocyanate (PI, a citrate carrier inhibitor) the most effective inhibitors. A 6 h pulse of 50 microm Al induced a significant increase of citrate content in root apices and release of citrate. However, the increase in citrate content preceded the efflux. Furthermore, the release of citrate stimulated by the pulse treatment was inhibited by both A-9-C and PI, indicating the importance of the citrate carrier on the mitochondrial membrane and the anion channel on the plasma membrane for the Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CHM (20 microm) also significantly inhibited Al-stimulated citrate efflux, confirming that de novo protein synthesis is required for Al-stimulated citrate efflux. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the activation of genes possibly encoding citrate transporters plays a critical role in Al-stimulated citrate efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- JIAN LI YANG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - LEI ZHANG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - YA YING LI
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - JIANG FENG YOU
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - PING WU
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - SHAO JIAN ZHENG
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China and Key State Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Roberts SK. Plasma membrane anion channels in higher plants and their putative functions in roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:647-66. [PMID: 16441747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01639.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable progress in identifying anion channel activities in higher plant cells. This review outlines the functional properties of plasma membrane anion channels in plant cells and discusses their likely roles in root function. Plant anion channels can be grouped according to their voltage dependence and kinetics: (1) depolarization-activated anion channels which mediate either anion efflux (R and S types) or anion influx (outwardly rectifying type); (2) hyperpolarization-activated anion channels which mediate anion efflux, and (3) anion channels activated by light or membrane stretch. These types of anion channel are apparent in root cells where they may function in anion homeostasis, membrane stabilization, osmoregulation, boron tolerance and regulation of passive salt loading into the xylem vessels. In addition, roots possess anion channels exhibiting unique properties which are consistent with them having specialized functions in root physiology. Most notable are the organic anion selective channels, which are regulated by extracellular Al3+ or the phosphate status of the plant. Finally, although the molecular identities of plant anion channels remain elusive, the diverse electrophysiological properties of plant anion channels suggest that large and diverse multigene families probably encode these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen K Roberts
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Biology Department, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Rengel Z, Marschner P. Nutrient availability and management in the rhizosphere: exploiting genotypic differences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2005; 168:305-12. [PMID: 16219070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Crop nutrition is frequently inadequate as a result of the expansion of cropping into marginal lands, elevated crop yields placing increasing demands on soil nutrient reserves, and environmental and economic concerns about applying fertilizers. Plants exposed to nutrient deficiency activate a range of mechanisms that result in increased nutrient availability in the rhizosphere compared with the bulk soil. Plants may change their root morphology, increase the affinity of nutrient transporters in the plasma membrane and exude organic compounds (carboxylates, phenolics, carbohydrates, enzymes, etc.) and protons. Chemical changes in the rhizosphere result in altered abundance and composition of microbial communities. Nutrient-efficient genotypes are adapted to environments with low nutrient availability. Nutrient efficiency can be enhanced by targeted breeding through pyramiding efficiency mechanisms in a desirable genotype as well as by gene transfer and manipulation. Rhizosphere microorganisms influence nutrient availability; adding beneficial microorganisms may result in enhanced availability of nutrients to crops. Understanding the role of plant-microbe-soil interactions in governing nutrient availability in the rhizosphere will enhance the economic and environmental sustainability of crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rengel
- Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley.
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Kochian LV, Piñeros MA, Hoekenga OA. The Physiology, Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Aluminum Resistance and Toxicity. PLANT AND SOIL 2005; 274:175-195. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-004-1158-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Vitorello VA, Capaldi FR, Stefanuto VA. Recent advances in aluminum toxicity and resistance in higher plants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202005000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum toxicity is a major soil constraint to food and biomass production throughout the world. Considerable advances in the understanding of the mechanism of resistance involving exudation of organic acids have been made in recent years. However, despite intense research efforts, there are many aspects of Al toxicity that remain unclear. This article reviews the features of the chemistry of Al relevant to its toxicity followed by an examination of the mechanisms of toxicity and resistance. Emphasis, however, is given to the mechanisms of Al toxicity, since resistance has been covered recently by several reviews. Some topics which are specifically discussed in this review are: a) The possible role of cellular effects of low pH in Al toxicity, which has been largely ignored and needs to be addressed; b) The relevance of non-genotypic (cell-to-cell) variations in sensitivity to Al; c) Evidence indicating that although Al may well exert its toxic effects in the cell wall, it is highly unlikely that Al does so in a non-specific manner by mere exchangeable binding; and d) The hypothesis that the primary target of Al toxicity resides in the cell wall-plasma membrane-cytoskeleton (CW-PM-CSK) continuum has the potential to integrate and conciliate much of the apparently conflicting results in this field.
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Mariano ED, Jorge RA, Keltjens WG, Menossi M. Metabolism and root exudation of organic acid anions under aluminium stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202005000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous plant species can release organic acid anions (OA) from their roots in response to toxic aluminium (Al) ions present in the rooting medium. Hypothetically OA complex Al in the root apoplast and/or rhizosphere and thus avoid its interaction with root cellular components and its entry in the root symplast. Two temporal patterns of root OA exudation are observed. In pattern I, OA release is rapidly activated after the contact of the root with Al ions while in pattern II there is a lag phase between the addition of Al and the beginning of OA release. Compounds other than OA have been detected in root exudates and are also correlated with Al resistance in plants. Plant species like buckwheat and tea show mechanisms of Al tolerance, which confer them the capacity to inactivate and store Al internally in the leaves. Disturbances in metabolic pathways induced by Al are still obscure and their relation to the altered OA concentration observed in roots under Al stress is not yet established. High concentrations of OA in roots do not always lead to high rates of OA release even when the spatial distribution of these two characteristics along the root axis is taken into account. Al induces high permeability to OA in young root cells and anion channels located in the cell membrane have been proposed to mediate the transport of OA to outside the cell. Genetically modified plants that overexpress genes involved in the biosynthesis and transport of OA as well as in Al toxicity events at the cell level have been generated. In most cases the transformations resulted in an improved ability of the plant to cope with Al stress. These promising findings reinforce the possibility of engineering plants with superior resistance to Al-toxic acid soils. The environmental impact of the large amounts of root exudates possibly conferred by these genetically modified plants is discussed, with special emphasis on soil microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marcelo Menossi
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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