1
|
Walker B, Schmiege SC, Sharkey TD. Re-evaluating the energy balance of the many routes of carbon flow through and from photorespiration. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38804248 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Photorespiration is an essential process related to photosynthesis that is initiated following the oxygenation reaction catalyzed by rubisco, the initial enzyme of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. This reaction produces an inhibitory intermediate that is recycled back into the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle by photorespiration which requires the use of energy and the release of a portion of the carbon as CO2. The energy use and CO2 release of canonical photorespiration form a foundation for biochemical models used to describe and predict leaf carbon exchange and energy use (ATP and NAPDH). The ATP and NADPH demand of canonical photorespiration is thought to be different than that of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, requiring increased flexibility in the ratio of ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Photorespiration requires many reactions across the chloroplasts, mitochondria and peroxisomes and involves many intermediates. Growing evidence indicates that these intermediates do not all stay in photorespiration as typically assumed and instead feed into other aspects of metabolism and leave as glycine, serine, and methylene-THF. Here we discuss how alternative flux through and from canonical photorespiration alters the ATP and NADPH requirements of metabolism following rubisco oxygenation using additional derivations of biochemical models of leaf photosynthesis and energetics. Using these new derivations, we determine that the ATP and NADPH demands of photorespiration are highly sensitive to alternative flux in ways that fundamentally changes how photorespiration contributes to the ratio of total ATP and NADPH demand. Specifically, alternative flows of carbon through photorespiration could reduce ATP and NADPH demand ratio to values below what is produced from linear electron transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berkley Walker
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Stephanie C Schmiege
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miyazawa SI. Measuring the Release of Ammonia from Leaves. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2792:131-142. [PMID: 38861084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3802-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is released from the leaves to the atmosphere when atmospheric NH3 concentration is low; in contrast, when atmospheric NH3 concentration is high, NH3 in the atmosphere is absorbed by the leaves. Some previous studies have examined relationships of such NH3 gas exchange with photorespiration, because a NH3 production reaction is involved in the photorespiratory pathway. NH3 compensation point (χNH3) is known as a parameter that represents an NH3 emission potential of the leaves. Two main procedures for determining the χNH3: "gas exchange method" and "apoplast extraction method" are explained in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyazawa
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Felix JD, Berner A, Wetherbee GA, Murphy SF, Heindel RC. Nitrogen isotopes indicate vehicle emissions and biomass burning dominate ambient ammonia across Colorado's Front Range urban corridor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120537. [PMID: 36332707 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban ammonia (NH3) emissions contribute to poor local air quality and can be transported to rural landscapes, impacting sensitive ecosystems. The Colorado Front Range urban corridor encompasses the Denver Metropolitan Area, rural farmland/rangeland and montane forest between the city and the Rocky Mountains. Reactive nitrogen emissions from the corridor are partly responsible for increased N deposition to the wildland-urban interface (WUI) in this region. To determine the significance of individual NH3 sources to WUI ecosystems, we measured the concentration and isotopic composition (δ15N-NH3) of ambient NH3(g) from April to October 2018 across a five-site urban to rural gradient in the corridor. The urban sites had higher NH3 concentrations and δ15N-NH3 values than the rural/suburban sites. Based on isotope mixing models, NH3 emission source contributions for all sites were fertilizer (12 ± 5.7%), livestock waste (18 ± 12%), vehicles (37 ± 23%), and biomass burning (34 ± 20%). Vehicle contributions were consistent across all months with an average of 35% and summer months showed a peak in biomass burning contributions (40%). As wildfires are projected to increase due to climate change, we stress a need for constraints on the isotopic signature of NH3 emitted from wildfires. Vehicle emissions contributed the greatest amount of NH3 (40%) at the urban sites while rural/suburban sites had higher agricultural contributions (41%). Had 2018 not had an anomalously high wildfire season, 46% and 60% of the NH3 would have been attributed to vehicle emissions at the WUI site and urban sites, respectively. NH3 emissions have historically been ascribed to agricultural activities but these findings illustrate the universal significance of vehicle emissions and the potential for sustained wildfire activity to be a primary contributor to NH3. Air quality (e.g., particulate matter) and nitrogen deposition reduction plans may benefit by including management practices that address vehicle NH3 emissions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J David Felix
- Physical and Environmental Sciences Department; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, USA.
| | - Alexander Berner
- Physical and Environmental Sciences Department; Center for Water Supply Studies, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, USA
| | | | | | - Ruth C Heindel
- Environmental Studies Program, Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Johnson JE, Field CB, Berry JA. The limiting factors and regulatory processes that control the environmental responses of C 3, C 3-C 4 intermediate, and C 4 photosynthesis. Oecologia 2021; 197:841-866. [PMID: 34714387 PMCID: PMC8591018 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a model of C3, C3-C4 intermediate, and C4 photosynthesis that is designed to facilitate quantitative analysis of physiological measurements. The model relates the factors limiting electron transport and carbon metabolism, the regulatory processes that coordinate these metabolic domains, and the responses to light, carbon dioxide, and temperature. It has three unique features. First, mechanistic expressions describe how the cytochrome b6f complex controls electron transport in mesophyll and bundle sheath chloroplasts. Second, the coupling between the mesophyll and bundle sheath expressions represents how feedback regulation of Cyt b6f coordinates electron transport and carbon metabolism. Third, the temperature sensitivity of Cyt b6f is differentiated from that of the coupling between NADPH, Fd, and ATP production. Using this model, we present simulations demonstrating that the light dependence of the carbon dioxide compensation point in C3-C4 leaves can be explained by co-occurrence of light saturation in the mesophyll and light limitation in the bundle sheath. We also present inversions demonstrating that population-level variation in the carbon dioxide compensation point in a Type I C3-C4 plant, Flaveria chloraefolia, can be explained by variable allocation of photosynthetic capacity to the bundle sheath. These results suggest that Type I C3-C4 intermediate plants adjust pigment and protein distributions to optimize the glycine shuttle under different light and temperature regimes, and that the malate and aspartate shuttles may have originally functioned to smooth out the energy supply and demand associated with the glycine shuttle. This model has a wide range of potential applications to physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Christopher B Field
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph A Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, 260 Panama Street, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang S, Liu Y, Chen L, Yang H, Wang G, Wang C, Dong X. Effects of excessive nitrogen on nitrogen uptake and transformation in the wetland soils of Liaohe estuary, northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148228. [PMID: 34126485 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether excessive nitrogen additions lead to the degradation of Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) by affecting the nitrogen pool, enzyme activities, and bacterial community structure of wetland soils. This study investigated the effect of five added nitrogen concentrations (0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 mmol L-1 N with NH4NO3 = group C, group L, group M, group H, and group G, respectively) on nitrogen uptake by S. salsa and nitrogen transformation in the wetland soils of the Liaohe estuary. The height, weight, and total nitrogen (TN) of S. salsa in group G was significantly lower than in the other groups (p <0.05). The NH4+-N concentration in the soil tended to increase with increasing nitrogen addition, but the TN concentration in the soil tended to decrease. The nitrogenase, protease, urease, ammonia monooxygenase (AMO), nitrous oxide reductase (NOR), and dehydrogenase (DHA) activities increased with increasing nitrogen addition within the range of 0 to 4 mmol L-1. We identified 30 phyla and 48 known genera across all five groups. The predominant phyla were Proteobacteria (52.68%), Bacteroidetes (22.58%), and Planctomycetes (3.94%). The most abundant genus was Acinetobacter (13.38%), followed by Proteiniphilum (11.88%) and Brevundimonas (6.03%). The total number of soil bacterial species increased with increasing nitrogen addition. Group G had lower soil bacterial activity and diversity than the other groups. It was concluded that appropriate levels of nitrogen addition could promote nitrogen uptake by S. salsa and nitrogen transformation in the wetland soils of the Liaohe estuary by affecting soil enzyme activities and soil bacterial activity, diversity, abundance, and composition, while excessive nitrogen additions may be one of the reasons for the degradation of S. salsa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China; Environmental Information Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Huanyu Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Guoguang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Chutong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| | - Xu Dong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hestrin R, Weber PK, Pett-Ridge J, Lehmann J. Plants and mycorrhizal symbionts acquire substantial soil nitrogen from gaseous ammonia transport. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1746-1757. [PMID: 34077566 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is an essential nutrient that limits plant growth in many ecosystems. Here we investigate an overlooked component of the terrestrial N cycle - subsurface ammonia (NH3 ) gas transport and its contribution to plant and mycorrhizal N acquisition. We used controlled mesocosms, soil incubations, stable isotopes, and imaging to investigate edaphic drivers of NH3 gas efflux, track lateral subsurface N transport originating from 15 NH3 gas or 15 N-enriched organic matter, and assess plant and mycorrhizal N assimilation from this gaseous transport pathway. NH3 is released from soil organic matter, travels belowground, and contributes to root and fungal N content. Abiotic soil properties (pH and texture) influence the quantity of NH3 available for subsurface transport. Mutualisms with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can substantially increase plant NH3 -N uptake. The grass Brachypodium distachyon acquired 6-9% of total plant N from organic matter-N that traveled as a gas belowground. Colonization by the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis was associated with a two-fold increase in total plant N acquisition from subsurface NH3 gas. NH3 gas transport and uptake pathways may be fundamentally different from those of more commonly studied soil N species and warrant further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Hestrin
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Peter K Weber
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jennifer Pett-Ridge
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Physical and Life Science Directorate, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Institute for Advanced Study, TU München, Garching, 85748, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Araus JL, Rezzouk FZ, Thushar S, Shahid M, Elouafi IA, Bort J, Serret MD. Effect of irrigation salinity and ecotype on the growth, physiological indicators and seed yield and quality of Salicornia europaea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110819. [PMID: 33568309 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The euhalophyte species Salicornia europaea is cultivated for oilseed and as a fodder crop in various parts of the world. In saline coastal environments it possesses great potential for the subsistence of the most disadvantaged farmers. We investigated the effect of salinity levels in irrigation water on the germination capacity, shoot biomass and seed productivity as well as diverse quality traits (nitrogen content in shoots and seeds and fatty acids, in seeds) and physiological traits (stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and ion content) of two accessions collected in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). The three salinity levels tested were irrigation with fresh water (0.3 dS m-1), brackish water (25 dS m-1) and sea water (40 dS m-1). In addition, a hypersaline condition (80 dS m-1) was also tested for germination. The best germination rates were achieved with seeds exposed to fresh and brackish water, while imbibition with sea water decreased germination by half and hypersaline water inhibited it almost totally. However, the best irrigation regime in terms of biomass and seed yield involved brackish water. Moreover, rising salinity in the irrigation increased the stable isotope composition of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N), together with the Na+ and K+ of shoots and seeds, and the lipid levels of seeds, while the total nitrogen content and the profile of major fatty acids of seeds did not change. Differences between the two ecotypes existed for growth and seed yield with the best ecotype exhibiting lower δ13C and higher K+ in both shoots and seeds, lower Na+ and higher δ15N in shoots, and lower N in seeds, together with differences in major fatty acids. Physiological mechanisms behind the response to irrigation salinity and the ecotypic differences are discussed in terms of photosynthetic carbon and nitrogen metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L Araus
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - Fatima Zahra Rezzouk
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Sumitha Thushar
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ismahane A Elouafi
- International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA), P.O. Box 14660, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jordi Bort
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Maria D Serret
- Section of Plant Physiology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; AGROTECNIO (Center of Research in Agrotechnology), 25198 Lleida, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sommar J, Osterwalder S, Zhu W. Recent advances in understanding and measurement of Hg in the environment: Surface-atmosphere exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg 0). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 721:137648. [PMID: 32182462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is the major transport pathway for distribution of mercury (Hg) globally. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM, hereafter Hg0) is the predominant form in both anthropogenic and natural emissions. Evaluation of the efficacy of reductions in emissions set by the UN's Minamata Convention (UN-MC) is critically dependent on the knowledge of the dynamics of the global Hg cycle. Of these dynamics including e.g. red-ox reactions, methylation-demethylation and dry-wet deposition, poorly constrained atmosphere-surface Hg0 fluxes especially limit predictability of the timescales of its global biogeochemical cycle. This review focuses on Hg0 flux field observational studies, namely the theory, applications, strengths, and limitations of the various experimental methodologies applied to gauge the exchange flux and decipher active sub-processes. We present an in-depth review, a comprehensive literature synthesis, and methodological and instrumentation advances for terrestrial and marine Hg0 flux studies in recent years. In particular, we outline the theory of a wide range of measurement techniques and detail the operational protocols. Today, the most frequently used measurement techniques to determine the net Hg0 flux (>95% of the published flux data) are dynamic flux chambers for small-scale and micrometeorological approaches for large-scale measurements. Furthermore, top-down approaches based on Hg0 concentration measurements have been applied as tools to better constrain Hg emissions as an independent way to e.g. challenge emission inventories. This review is an up-dated, thoroughly revised edition of Sommar et al. 2013 (DOI: 10.1080/10643389.2012.671733). To the tabulation of >100 cited flux studies 1988-2009 given in the former publication, we have here listed corresponding studies published during the last decade with a few exceptions (2008-2019). During that decade, Hg stable isotope ratios of samples involved in atmosphere-terrestrial interaction is at hand and provide in combination with concentration and/or flux measurements novel constraints to quantitatively and qualitatively assess the bi-directional Hg0 flux. Recent efforts in the development of relaxed eddy accumulation and eddy covariance Hg0 flux methods bear the potential to facilitate long-term, ecosystem-scale flux measurements to reduce the prevailing large uncertainties in Hg0 flux estimates. Standardization of methods for Hg0 flux measurements is crucial to investigate how land-use change and how climate warming impact ecosystem-specific Hg0 sink-source characteristics and to validate frequently applied model parameterizations describing the regional and global scale Hg cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Sommar
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, China.
| | - Stefan Osterwalder
- Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Baker J, Battye WH, Robarge W, Pal Arya S, Aneja VP. Modeling and measurements of ammonia from poultry operations: Their emissions, transport, and deposition in the Chesapeake Bay. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135290. [PMID: 31838459 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to determine how much ammonia/nitrogen is being deposited to the Maryland Eastern Shore land and the Chesapeake Bay from poultry operations on Maryland's Eastern Shore. We simulated the fate of ammonia/nitrogen emitted (using emission factors from the U.S. EPA in conjunction with Carnegie-Mellon University) from 603 poultry facilities using the air quality model, AERMOD. The model domain was approximately 134 km by 230 km (and covers the full land area of Maryland's Eastern Shore), with a horizontal resolution of 2 km by 2 km. Ammonia concentration observations were made at 23 sites across Maryland's Eastern Shore during two periods (September and October 2017) in order to calibrate the model. An ammonia deposition velocity of 2.4 cm/sec was selected based on the sensitivity analysis of results for the simulation of a large poultry facility, and this value fell within the range of measurements reported in the scientific literature downwind of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs). The ammonia deposition velocity of 2.4 cm/s leads to an estimated total annual ammonia deposition of 11,100 Megagrams/year (10,600 Mg/yr deposition to land, and 508 Mg/yr deposition to water (1 Mg = 1,000,000 g = 1.1023 US Tons)). In addition, model simulations indicate that ~72.4% of ammonia emissions from poultry animal feeding operations would be deposited within the modeling domain. However, this deposited ammonia/nitrogen may be transported through waterways from the land mass and ground water to the Chesapeake Bay. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis of the assumed ammonia deposition velocity (ranging from 0.15 to 3.0 cm/s) on estimated ammonia annual deposition is provided. Using the lower limit of an ammonia deposition velocity of 0.15 cm/s gives much smaller estimated total annual ammonia deposition of 2,040 Mg/yr (1,880 Mg/yr deposition to land and 163 Mg/yr deposition to water).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Baker
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, United States
| | - William H Battye
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, United States
| | - Wayne Robarge
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, United States
| | - S Pal Arya
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, United States
| | - Viney P Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ran L, Yuan Y, Cooter E, Benson V, Yang D, Pleim J, Wang R, Williams J. An Integrated Agriculture, Atmosphere, and Hydrology Modeling System for Ecosystem Assessments. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2020; 11:4645-4668. [PMID: 34122728 PMCID: PMC8193828 DOI: 10.1029/2019ms001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We present a regional-scale integrated modeling system (IMS) that includes Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC), Weather Research and Forecast (WRF), Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) models. The centerpiece of the IMS is the Fertilizer Emission Scenario Tool for CMAQ (FEST-C), which includes a Java-based interface and EPIC adapted to regional applications along with built-in database and tools. The SWAT integration capability is a key enhanced feature in the current release of FEST-C v1.4. For integrated modeling demonstration and evaluation, FEST-C EPIC is simulated over three individual years with WRF/CMAQ weather and N deposition. Simulated yearly changes in water and N budgets along with yields for two major crops (corn grain and soybean) match those inferred from intuitive physical reasoning and survey data given different-year weather conditions. Yearlong air quality simulations with an improved bidirectional ammonia flux modeling approach directly using EPIC-simulated soil properties including NH3 content helps reduce biases of simulated gas-phase NH3 and NH4 + wet deposition over the growing season. Integrated hydrology and water quality simulations applied to the Mississippi River Basin show that estimated monthly streamflow and dissolved N near the outlet to the Gulf of Mexico display similar seasonal patterns as observed. Limitations and issues in different parts of the integrated multimedia simulations are identified and discussed to target areas for future improvements. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Computer modeling tools with land-water-air processes are important for understanding nutrient cycling and its negative impacts on air and water quality. We have developed an integrated modeling system that includes agriculture, atmosphere, and hydrology components. The centerpiece of the system is a computer system that includes an agricultural ecosystem model and tools used to connect different modeling components. The agricultural system can conduct simulations for 42 types of grassland and cropland with the influence of site, soil, and management information along with weather and nitrogen deposition from the atmosphere component. An air quality computer model then uses information from the agricultural model, such as how much ammonia is in the soil, to predict how much ammonia gets in the air. Then, the watershed hydrology and water quality model uses the information from the agricultural and atmospheric models to understand the influence of agriculture and atmosphere on water quality. The paper demonstrates and evaluates the integrated modeling system on issues mainly related to N cycling. The system performs reasonably well in comparison with survey and observation data given the configured modeling constraints. The paper also identifies and discusses the advantages and limitations in each part of the system for future applications and improvements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Ran
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NC, USA
| | - Y. Yuan
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NC, USA
| | - E. Cooter
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NC, USA
| | - V. Benson
- Benson Consulting, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - D. Yang
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J. Pleim
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NC, USA
| | - R. Wang
- Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - J. Williams
- Blackland Research and Extension Center, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li S, Zheng X, Zhang W, Han S, Deng J, Wang K, Wang R, Yao Z, Liu C. Modeling ammonia volatilization following the application of synthetic fertilizers to cultivated uplands with calcareous soils using an improved DNDC biogeochemistry model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:931-946. [PMID: 30743978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simulation of ammonia (NH3) volatilization by process-oriented biogeochemical models, such as the widely used DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC), is an imperative need to identify the best management strategies that can improve nitrogen use efficiency in crop production while alleviating environmental pollution. However, scarce validation has been impeding the applicability of the DNDC for this purpose. Using the micrometeorological or wind tunnel-based observations of NH3 volatilization in 44 cases with at seven nationwide field sites in China, which were cultivated with summer maize and winter wheat in calcareous soils and applied with synthetic fertilizers, the DNDC was tested, modified, and evaluated in this study. The following major modifications were made in the model source codes. Primarily, pedo-transfer functions were introduced into the model to provide three soil hydraulic parameters that are required to simulate soil moisture. Then, the temperature effect on ammonium bicarbonate decomposition, which was originally missing, was parameterized. Finally, the effect of soil texture on ammonia volatilization from the liquid phase was re-parameterized while an adaption factor was set. Seven typical cases were involved in the model modifications and the other 37 independent cases were used for the modified model evaluation. Compared to the original model, the modified DNDC performed better. For instance, it showed a higher index of agreement of 0.77 versus 0.38, a higher modeling efficiency (Nash-Sutcliffe index) of 0.19 versus -0.52, and a greater determination coefficient (R2) of 0.35 (p < 0.001) versus no available value (i.e., R2 ≤ 0) in the zero-intercept linear regression of the observed cumulative NH3 volatilizations during individual measurement periods against the simulations. Future studies are needed to further improve the modified DNDC so as to better simulate the effects of rainfall/irrigation and deep placement of fertilizers on NH3 volatilization from calcareous soils cultivated with upland crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planet, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xunhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planet, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shenhui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jia Deng
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhisheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Huang S, Elliott EM, Felix JD, Pan Y, Liu D, Li S, Li Z, Zhu F, Zhang N, Fu P, Fang Y. Seasonal pattern of ammonium 15N natural abundance in precipitation at a rural forested site and implications for NH 3 source partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 247:541-549. [PMID: 30708316 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Excess ammonia (NH3) emissions and deposition can have negative effects on air quality and terrestrial ecosystems. Identifying NH3 sources is a critical step for effectively reducing NH3 emissions, which are generally unregulated around the world. Stable nitrogen isotopes (δ15N) of ammonium (NH4+) in precipitation have been directly used to partition NH3 sources. However, nitrogen isotope fractionation during atmospheric processes from NH3 sources to sinks has been previously overlooked. Here we measured δ15NNH4+ in precipitation on a daily basis at a rural forested site in Northeast China over three years to examine its seasonal pattern and attempt to constrain the NH3 sources. We found that the NH4+ concentrations in precipitation ranged from 5 to 1265 μM, and NH4+ accounted for 65% of the inorganic nitrogen deposition (20.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1) over the study period. The δ15N values of NH4+ fluctuated from -24.6 to +16.2‰ (average -6.5‰) and showed a repeatable seasonal pattern with higher values in summer (average -2.3‰) than in winter (average -16.4‰), which could not be explained by only the seasonal changes in the NH3 sources. Our results suggest that in addition to the NH3 sources, isotope equilibrium fractionation contributed to the seasonal pattern of δ15NNH4+ in precipitation, and thus, nitrogen isotope fractionation should be considered when partitioning NH3 sources based on δ15NNH4+ in precipitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaonan Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Emily M Elliott
- Department of Geology & Environmental Science, 4107 O'Hara Street, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, United States
| | - J David Felix
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, 6300 Ocean Drive, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78414, United States
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China
| | - Shanlong Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feifei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China
| | - Na Zhang
- College of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang, 050035, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Mangement, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110164, China; Qingyuan Forest CERN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Summertime Soil-Atmosphere Ammonia Exchange in the Colorado Rocky Mountain Front Range Pine Forest. SOIL SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems3010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the NH3 exchange between forest ecosystems and the atmosphere is important due to its role in the nitrogen cycle. However, NH3 exchange is dynamic and difficult to measure. The goal of this study was to characterize this exchange by measuring the atmosphere, soil, and vegetation. Compensation point modeling was used to evaluate the direction and magnitude of surface-atmosphere exchange. Measurements were performed at the Manitou Experimental Forest Observatory (MEFO) site in the Colorado Front Range by continuous online monitoring of gas and particle phase NH3-NH4+ with an ambient ion monitoring system coupled with ion chromatographs (AIM-IC), direct measurements of [NH4+] and pH in soil extracts to determine ground emission potential (Γg), and measurements of [NH4+]bulk in pine needles to derive leaf emission potential (Γst). Two different soil types were measured multiple times throughout the study, in which Γg ranged from 5 to 2122. Γst values ranged from 29 to 54. Inferred fluxes (Fg) from each soil type predicted intervals of emission and deposition. By accounting for the total [NH4+] pool in each compartment, the lifetime of NH3 with respect to the surface-atmosphere exchange in the soil is on the order of years compared to much faster naturally occurring processes, i.e., mineralization and nitrification.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tonn B, Porath I, Lattanzi FA, Isselstein J. Urine effects on grass and legume nitrogen isotopic composition: Pronounced short-term dynamics of δ15N. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210623. [PMID: 30650124 PMCID: PMC6334936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen stable isotope (15N) natural abundance is widely used to study nitrogen cycling. In grazed ecosystems, urine patches are hot-spots of nitrogen inputs, losses, and changes in δ15N. Understanding δ15N dynamics in urine-affected vegetation is therefore crucial for accurate inferences from 15N natural abundance in grasslands. We hypothesized that leaf δ15N following urine deposition varies with time and plant functional group. Specifically, we expected (i) short-term decreases in δ15N due to foliar absorption of 15N-depleted volatilized ammonia, (ii) followed by increases in δ15N due to uptake of 15N-enriched soil inorganic nitrogen, and (iii) that the magnitude of these changes is less in legumes than in grasses. The latter should be expected because ammonia absorption depends on leaf nitrogen concentration, which is higher in legumes than grasses, and because biological nitrogen fixation will modify the influence of urine-derived nitrogen on δ15N in legumes. We applied cattle urine to a mixture of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens in a pot experiment. Nitrogen concentration and δ15N were determined for successive leaf cohorts and bulk biomass either 17 (early) or 32 (late) days after urine application. Early after urine application, leaves of L. perenne were 15N-depleted compared to control plants (δ15N 0.1 vs. 5.8‰, respectively), but leaves of T. repens were not (-1.1 vs. -1.1‰, respectively). Later, both species increased their δ15N, but T. repens (4.5‰) less so than L. perenne (5.9‰). Vegetation sampled within and outside urine patches in the field further supported these results. Our findings confirm that foliar ammonia uptake can substantially decrease grass foliar δ15N, and that in both grass and legume the direction of the δ15N response to urine changes over time. Temporal dynamics of plant δ15N at urine patches therefore need to be explicitly addressed when 15N natural abundance is used to study nitrogen cycling in grazed grasslands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Tonn
- Department of Crop Sciences, Grassland Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ina Porath
- Department of Crop Sciences, Grassland Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Fernando A. Lattanzi
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- INIA La Estanzuela, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA Uruguay), Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Johannes Isselstein
- Department of Crop Sciences, Grassland Science, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use, Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sickman JO, James AE, Fenn ME, Bytnerowicz A, Lucero DM, Homyak PM. Quantifying atmospheric N deposition in dryland ecosystems: A test of the Integrated Total Nitrogen Input (ITNI) method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 646:1253-1264. [PMID: 30235611 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estimating nitrogen (N) deposition to terrestrial ecosystems is complicated by the multiple forms and routes of N loading from the atmosphere. We used the integrated total nitrogen input (ITNI) method, which is based on the principle of isotope dilution within a plant-liquid-sand system, to quantify N inputs to coastal sage scrub ecosystems in Riverside, California. Using the ITNI method, we measured atmospheric N deposition of 29.3 kg N ha-1 yr-1 over a range of aboveground plant biomass of 228 to 424 g m-2. From 85 to 96% of the atmospheric N inputs were taken up by plants in the ITNI modules with most of the assimilation mediated by, and stored in, aboveground biomass. Parallel measurements using conventional approaches yielded deposition rates of 25.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1 when using the inferential method and 4.8 kg N ha-1 yr-1 using throughfall collectors. The relatively low throughfall estimates were attributed to canopy retention of inorganic N, low rainfall, and to the fact that the throughfall flux data did not include organic N and stomatal uptake of N gases. Also, during dry periods, frequent watering of ITNI modules may have increased stomatal conductance and led to overestimates of N deposition. Across published studies that used the ITNI method, areal N deposition rates varied by ~40-fold, were positively correlated with plant biomass and 90% of the variability in measured deposition rates can be explained by plant biomass production. The ITNI method offers a holistic approach to measuring atmospheric N deposition in arid ecosystems, although more study is needed to understand how watering rates effect N deposition measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James O Sickman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Amanda E James
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Mark E Fenn
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USFS, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- Pacific Southwest Research Station, USFS, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Delores M Lucero
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Peter M Homyak
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miyazawa SI, Nishiguchi M, Futamura N, Yukawa T, Miyao M, Maruyama TE, Kawahara T. Low assimilation efficiency of photorespiratory ammonia in conifer leaves. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2018; 131:789-802. [PMID: 29948486 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-018-1049-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glutamine synthetase (GS) localized in the chloroplasts, GS2, is a key enzyme in the assimilation of ammonia (NH3) produced from the photorespiration pathway in angiosperms, but it is absent from some coniferous species belonging to Pinaceae such as Pinus. We examined whether the absence of GS2 is common in conifers (Pinidae) and also addressed the question of whether assimilation efficiency of photorespiratory NH3 differs between conifers that may potentially lack GS2 and angiosperms. Search of the expressed sequence tag database of Cryptomeria japonica, a conifer in Cupressaceae, and immunoblotting analyses of leaf GS proteins of 13 species from all family members in Pinidae revealed that all tested conifers exhibited only GS1 isoforms. We compared leaf NH3 compensation point (γNH3) and the increments in leaf ammonium content per unit photorespiratory activity (NH3 leakiness), i.e. inverse measures of the assimilation efficiency, between conifers (C. japonica and Pinus densiflora) and angiosperms (Phaseolus vulgaris and two Populus species). Both γNH3 and NH3 leakiness were higher in the two conifers than in the three angiosperms tested. Thus, we concluded that the absence of GS2 is common in conifers, and assimilation efficiency of photorespiratory NH3 is intrinsically lower in conifer leaves than in angiosperm leaves. These results imply that acquisition of GS2 in land plants is an adaptive mechanism for efficient NH3 assimilation under photorespiratory environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyazawa
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Mitsuru Nishiguchi
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Norihiro Futamura
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yukawa
- Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Mitsue Miyao
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba, Sendai, 980-0845, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Emilio Maruyama
- Department of Forest Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, 305-8687, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kawahara
- Hokkaido Research Center, FFPRI, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 062-8516, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Serret MD, Yousfi S, Vicente R, Piñero MC, Otálora-Alcón G, del Amor FM, Araus JL. Interactive Effects of CO 2 Concentration and Water Regime on Stable Isotope Signatures, Nitrogen Assimilation and Growth in Sweet Pepper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 8:2180. [PMID: 29354140 PMCID: PMC5758588 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Sweet pepper is among the most widely cultivated horticultural crops in the Mediterranean basin, being frequently grown hydroponically under cover in combination with CO2 fertilization and water conditions ranging from optimal to suboptimal. The aim of this study is to develop a simple model, based on the analysis of plant stable isotopes in their natural abundance, gas exchange traits and N concentration, to assess sweet pepper growth. Plants were grown in a growth chamber for near 6 weeks. Two [CO2] (400 and 800 μmol mol-1), three water regimes (control and mild and moderate water stress) and four genotypes were assayed. For each combination of genotype, [CO2] and water regime five plants were evaluated. Water stress applied caused significant decreases in water potential, net assimilation, stomatal conductance, intercellular to atmospheric [CO2], and significant increases in water use efficiency, leaf chlorophyll content and carbon isotope composition, while the relative water content, the osmotic potential and the content of anthocyanins did change not under stress compared to control conditions support this statement. Nevertheless, water regime affects plant growth via nitrogen assimilation, which is associated with the transpiration stream, particularly at high [CO2], while the lower N concentration caused by rising [CO2] is not associated with stomatal closure. The stable isotope composition of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen (δ13C, δ18O, and δ15N) in plant matter are affected not only by water regime but also by rising [CO2]. Thus, δ18O increased probably as response to decreases in transpiration, while the increase in δ15N may reflect not only a lower stomatal conductance but a higher nitrogen demand in leaves or shifts in nitrogen metabolism associated with decreases in photorespiration. The way that δ13C explains differences in plant growth across water regimes within a given [CO2], seems to be mediated through its direct relationship with N accumulation in leaves. The changes in the profile and amount of amino acids caused by water stress and high [CO2] support this conclusion. However, the results do not support the use of δ18O as an indicator of the effect of water regime on plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María D. Serret
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salima Yousfi
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María C. Piñero
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, La Alberca-Murcia, Spain
| | - Ginés Otálora-Alcón
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, La Alberca-Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco M. del Amor
- Departamento de Hortofruticultura, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario, La Alberca-Murcia, Spain
| | - José L. Araus
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sanchez-Bragado R, Serret MD, Araus JL. The Nitrogen Contribution of Different Plant Parts to Wheat Grains: Exploring Genotype, Water, and Nitrogen Effects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:1986. [PMID: 28119703 PMCID: PMC5220073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The flag leaf has been traditionally considered as the main contributor to grain nitrogen. However, during the reproductive stage, other organs besides the flag leaf may supply nitrogen to developing grains. Therefore, the contribution of the ear and other organs to the nitrogen supplied to the growing grains remains unclear. It is important to develop phenotypic tools to assess the relative contribution of different plant parts to the N accumulated in the grains of wheat which may helps to develop genotypes that use N more efficiently. We studied the effect of growing conditions (different levels of water and nitrogen in the field) on the nitrogen contribution of the spike and different vegetative organs of the plant to the grains. The natural abundance of δ15N and total N content in the flag blade, peduncle, whole spike, glumes and awns were compared to the δ15N and total N in mature grains to trace the origin of nitrogen redistribution to the grains. The δ15N and total N content of the different plant parts correlated positively with the δ15N and total N content of mature grains suggesting that all organs may contribute a portion of their N content to the grains. The potential contribution of the flag blade to grain N increased (by 46%) as the growing conditions improved, whereas the potential contribution of the glumes plus awns and the peduncle increased (46 and 31%, respectively) as water and nitrogen stress increased. In general, potential contribution of the ear providing N to growing grains was similar (42%) than that of the vegetative parts of the plants (30-40%), regardless of the growing conditions. Thus, the potential ear N content could be a positive trait for plant phenotyping, especially under water and nitrogen limiting conditions. In that sense, genotypic variability existed at least between old (tall) and modern (semidwarf) cultivars, with the ear from modern genotypes exhibiting less relative contribution to the total grain N. The combined use of δ15N and N content may be used as an affordable tool to assess the relative contribution of different plant parts to the grain N in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José L. Araus
- Plant Physiology Department, University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5874-9. [PMID: 27162336 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525736113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid development of agriculture and fossil fuel combustion greatly increased US reactive nitrogen emissions to the atmosphere in the second half of the 20th century, resulting in excess nitrogen deposition to natural ecosystems. Recent efforts to lower nitrogen oxides emissions have substantially decreased nitrate wet deposition. Levels of wet ammonium deposition, by contrast, have increased in many regions. Together these changes have altered the balance between oxidized and reduced nitrogen deposition. Across most of the United States, wet deposition has transitioned from being nitrate-dominated in the 1980s to ammonium-dominated in recent years. Ammonia has historically not been routinely measured because there are no specific regulatory requirements for its measurement. Recent expansion in ammonia observations, however, along with ongoing measurements of nitric acid and fine particle ammonium and nitrate, permit new insight into the balance of oxidized and reduced nitrogen in the total (wet + dry) US nitrogen deposition budget. Observations from 37 sites reveal that reduced nitrogen contributes, on average, ∼65% of the total inorganic nitrogen deposition budget. Dry deposition of ammonia plays an especially key role in nitrogen deposition, contributing from 19% to 65% in different regions. Future progress toward reducing US nitrogen deposition will be increasingly difficult without a reduction in ammonia emissions.
Collapse
|
20
|
Francis DD, Vigil MF, Mosier AR. Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen other than through Denitrification. NITROGEN IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.2134/agronmonogr49.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Merle F. Vigil
- USDA-ARS, Central Great Plains Research Station; Akron Colorado
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Silva LCR, Salamanca-Jimenez A, Doane TA, Horwath WR. Carbon dioxide level and form of soil nitrogen regulate assimilation of atmospheric ammonia in young trees. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13141. [PMID: 26294035 PMCID: PMC4543970 DOI: 10.1038/srep13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of carbon dioxide (CO2) and soil fertility on the physiological performance of plants has been extensively studied, but their combined effect is notoriously difficult to predict. Using Coffea arabica as a model tree species, we observed an additive effect on growth, by which aboveground productivity was highest under elevated CO2 and ammonium fertilization, while nitrate fertilization favored greater belowground biomass allocation regardless of CO2 concentration. A pulse of labelled gases ((13)CO2 and (15)NH3) was administered to these trees as a means to determine the legacy effect of CO2 level and soil nitrogen form on foliar gas uptake and translocation. Surprisingly, trees with the largest aboveground biomass assimilated significantly less NH3 than the smaller trees. This was partly explained by declines in stomatal conductance in plants grown under elevated CO2. However, unlike the (13)CO2 pulse, assimilation and transport of the (15)NH3 pulse to shoots and roots varied as a function of interactions between stomatal conductance and direct plant response to the form of soil nitrogen, observed as differences in tissue nitrogen content and biomass allocation. Nitrogen form is therefore an intrinsic component of physiological responses to atmospheric change, including assimilation of gaseous nitrogen as influenced by plant growth history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. R. Silva
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
| | - Alveiro Salamanca-Jimenez
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
- National Center for Coffee Research, Manizales, Colombia. A.A. 2427
| | - Timothy A. Doane
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
| | - William R. Horwath
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources. University of California, Davis, CA-95616
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ariz I, Cruz C, Neves T, Irigoyen JJ, Garcia-Olaverri C, Nogués S, Aparicio-Tejo PM, Aranjuelo I. Leaf δ(15)N as a physiological indicator of the responsiveness of N2-fixing alfalfa plants to elevated [CO2], temperature and low water availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:574. [PMID: 26322051 PMCID: PMC4531240 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The natural (15)N/(14)N isotope composition (δ(15)N) of a tissue is a consequence of its N source and N physiological mechanisms in response to the environment. It could potentially be used as a tracer of N metabolism in plants under changing environmental conditions, where primary N metabolism may be complex, and losses and gains of N fluctuate over time. In order to test the utility of δ(15)N as an indicator of plant N status in N2-fixing plants grown under various environmental conditions, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants were subjected to distinct conditions of [CO2] (400 vs. 700 μmol mol(-1)), temperature (ambient vs. ambient +4°C) and water availability (fully watered vs. water deficiency-WD). As expected, increased [CO2] and temperature stimulated photosynthetic rates and plant growth, whereas these parameters were negatively affected by WD. The determination of δ(15)N in leaves, stems, roots, and nodules showed that leaves were the most representative organs of the plant response to increased [CO2] and WD. Depletion of heavier N isotopes in plants grown under higher [CO2] and WD conditions reflected decreased transpiration rates, but could also be related to a higher N demand in leaves, as suggested by the decreased leaf N and total soluble protein (TSP) contents detected at 700 μmol mol(-1) [CO2] and WD conditions. In summary, leaf δ(15)N provides relevant information integrating parameters which condition plant responsiveness (e.g., photosynthesis, TSP, N demand, and water transpiration) to environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Ariz
- Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Tomé Neves
- Faculdade de Ciências, Centro Ecologia Evolução e Alterações Ambientais, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Juan J. Irigoyen
- Grupo de Fisiología del Estrés en Plantas, Departamento de Biología Ambiental, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, EEAD, Zaragoza e ICVVLogroño, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Olaverri
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Salvador Nogués
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universidad de BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro M. Aparicio-Tejo
- Departamento de Ciencias del Medio Natural, Universidad Pública de NavarraPamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Aranjuelo
- Plant Biology and Ecology Department, Science and Technology Faculty, University of the Basque CountryLeioa, Spain
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC-Gobierno de NavarraMutilva Baja, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Niinemets Ü, Fares S, Harley P, Jardine KJ. Bidirectional exchange of biogenic volatiles with vegetation: emission sources, reactions, breakdown and deposition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1790-809. [PMID: 24635661 PMCID: PMC4289707 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are widely modelled as inputs to atmospheric chemistry simulations. However, BVOC may interact with cellular structures and neighbouring leaves in a complex manner during volatile diffusion from the sites of release to leaf boundary layer and during turbulent transport to the atmospheric boundary layer. Furthermore, recent observations demonstrate that the BVOC emissions are bidirectional, and uptake and deposition of BVOC and their oxidation products are the rule rather than the exception. This review summarizes current knowledge of within-leaf reactions of synthesized volatiles with reactive oxygen species (ROS), uptake, deposition and storage of volatiles, and their oxidation products as driven by adsorption on leaf surface and solubilization and enzymatic detoxification inside leaves. The available evidence indicates that because of the reactions with ROS and enzymatic metabolism, the BVOC gross production rates are much larger than previously thought. The degree to which volatiles react within leaves and can be potentially taken up by vegetation depends upon compound reactivity, physicochemical characteristics, as well as upon their participation in leaf metabolism. We argue that future models should be based upon the concept of bidirectional BVOC exchange and consider modification of BVOC sink/source strengths by within-leaf metabolism and storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Silvano Fares
- Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricoltura, Centro di Ricerca per lo Studio delle Relazioni tra Pianta e Suolo, Via della Navicella 2-4, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Peter Harley
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kolby J. Jardine
- Climate Science Department, Earth Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Rd, building 64-241, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rakel N, Baum M, Hubbuch J. Moving through three-dimensional phase diagrams of monoclonal antibodies. Biotechnol Prog 2014; 30:1103-13. [PMID: 25044865 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein phase behavior characterization is a multivariate problem due to the high amount of influencing parameters and the diversity of the proteins. Single influences on the protein are not understood and fundamental knowledge remains to be obtained. For this purpose, a systematic screening method was developed to characterize the influence of fluid phase conditions on the phase behavior of proteins in three-dimensional phase diagrams. This approach was applied to three monoclonal antibodies to investigate influences of pH, protein and salt concentrations, with five different salts being tested. Although differences exist between the antibodies, this extensive study confirmed the general applicability of the Hofmeister series over the broad parameter range analyzed. The influence of the different salts on the aggregation (crystallization and precipitation) probability was described qualitatively using this Hofmeister series, with a differentiation between crystallization and precipitation being impossible, however.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Rakel
- Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Institute of Engineering in Life Sciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Miyazawa SI, Hayashi K, Nakamura H, Hasegawa T, Miyao M. Elevated CO2 Decreases the Photorespiratory NH3 Production but Does not Decrease the NH3 Compensation Point in Rice Leaves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 55:1582-91. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcu088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Johnson JE, Berry JA. The influence of leaf-atmosphere NH3(g ) exchange on the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants and the atmosphere. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1783-1801. [PMID: 23452149 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the biosphere has the potential to offer insights into the past, present and future of the nitrogen cycle, but it is challenging to unravel the processes controlling patterns of mixing and fractionation. We present a mathematical model describing a previously overlooked process: nitrogen isotope fractionation during leaf-atmosphere NH3(g ) exchange. The model predicts that when leaf-atmosphere exchange of NH3(g ) occurs in a closed system, the atmospheric reservoir of NH3(g ) equilibrates at a concentration equal to the ammonia compensation point and an isotopic composition 8.1‰ lighter than nitrogen in protein. In an open system, when atmospheric concentrations of NH3(g ) fall below or rise above the compensation point, protein can be isotopically enriched by net efflux of NH3(g ) or depleted by net uptake. Comparison of model output with existing measurements in the literature suggests that this process contributes to variation in the isotopic composition of nitrogen in plants as well as NH3(g ) in the atmosphere, and should be considered in future analyses of nitrogen isotope circulation. The matrix-based modelling approach that is introduced may be useful for quantifying isotope dynamics in other complex systems that can be described by first-order kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Chen X, Li S. Effects of enhanced atmospheric ammonia on physiological characteristics of maize(Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:3094-3099. [PMID: 23526362 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated atmospheric NH₃ may affect photosynthesis rates and biomass production of crops and the effect may be responsible for the soil nitrogen (N) levels. Plants were exposed to 0 and 1000 nL L⁻¹ with and without N (+N and - N) in open-top chambers (OTCs) to investigate effects of atmospheric NH₃ on photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of maize plants. RESULTS At two N levels, NH₃ exposure at 1000 nL L⁻¹ led to an increase in plant height, biomass production, net photosynthetic rates (P(n)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)) compared to ambient NH₃. Exposure to 1000 nL L⁻¹ NH₃ resulted in a significantly higher photochemical quenching (q(p)) and non-photochemical quenching (q(np)), while minimal fluorescence (F(o)), maximum fluorescence (F(m)) and maximum photochemical efficiency (F(v)/F(m)) were not affected. For shoots, N concentrations for - N-1000 and + N-1000 treatments were 49-50% and 26-30% higher, respectively, than those of - N-0 and + N-0 treatments. CONCLUSION No visible damage was observed and plants growing on low soil N took up more leaf-derived N than those fertilised at higher N level. Therefore, atmospheric NH₃ can be considered as a quick fertiliser for crops and should be estimated in a further study with soil N fertilisers in order to reduce the dosage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sutton MA, Reis S, Riddick SN, Dragosits U, Nemitz E, Theobald MR, Tang YS, Braban CF, Vieno M, Dore AJ, Mitchell RF, Wanless S, Daunt F, Fowler D, Blackall TD, Milford C, Flechard CR, Loubet B, Massad R, Cellier P, Personne E, Coheur PF, Clarisse L, Van Damme M, Ngadi Y, Clerbaux C, Skjøth CA, Geels C, Hertel O, Wichink Kruit RJ, Pinder RW, Bash JO, Walker JT, Simpson D, Horváth L, Misselbrook TH, Bleeker A, Dentener F, de Vries W. Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 368:20130166. [PMID: 23713128 PMCID: PMC3682750 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing descriptions of bi-directional ammonia (NH3) land-atmosphere exchange incorporate temperature and moisture controls, and are beginning to be used in regional chemical transport models. However, such models have typically applied simpler emission factors to upscale the main NH3 emission terms. While this approach has successfully simulated the main spatial patterns on local to global scales, it fails to address the environment- and climate-dependence of emissions. To handle these issues, we outline the basis for a new modelling paradigm where both NH3 emissions and deposition are calculated online according to diurnal, seasonal and spatial differences in meteorology. We show how measurements reveal a strong, but complex pattern of climatic dependence, which is increasingly being characterized using ground-based NH3 monitoring and satellite observations, while advances in process-based modelling are illustrated for agricultural and natural sources, including a global application for seabird colonies. A future architecture for NH3 emission-deposition modelling is proposed that integrates the spatio-temporal interactions, and provides the necessary foundation to assess the consequences of climate change. Based on available measurements, a first empirical estimate suggests that 5°C warming would increase emissions by 42 per cent (28-67%). Together with increased anthropogenic activity, global NH3 emissions may increase from 65 (45-85) Tg N in 2008 to reach 132 (89-179) Tg by 2100.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sutton
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang L, Pedas P, Eriksson D, Schjoerring JK. Elevated atmospheric CO2 decreases the ammonia compensation point of barley plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:2713-24. [PMID: 23740933 PMCID: PMC3697944 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The ammonia compensation point ( ) controls the direction and magnitude of NH3 exchange between plant leaves and the atmosphere. Very limited information is currently available on how responds to anticipated climate changes. Young barley plants were grown for 2 weeks at ambient (400 μmol mol(-1)) or elevated (800 μmol mol(-1)) CO2 concentration with or NH4NO3 as the nitrogen source. The concentrations of and H(+) in the leaf apoplastic solution were measured along with different foliar N pools and enzymes involved in N metabolism. Elevated CO2 caused a threefold decrease in the concentration in the apoplastic solution and slightly acidified it. This resulted in a decline of the from 2.25 and 2.95 nmol mol(-1) under ambient CO2 to 0.37 and 0.89 nmol mol(-1) at elevated CO2 in the and NH4NO3 treatments, respectively. The decrease in at elevated CO2 reflected a lower N concentration (-25%) in the shoot dry matter. The activity of nitrate reductase also declined (-45 to -60%), while that of glutamine synthetase was unaffected by elevated CO2. It is concluded that elevated CO2 increases the likelihood of plants being a sink for atmospheric NH3 and reduces episodes of NH3 emission from plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pai Pedas
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Dennis Eriksson
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jan K. Schjoerring
- Plant and Soil Science Section, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Araus JL, Cabrera-Bosquet L, Serret MAD, Bort J, Nieto-Taladriz MAT. Comparative performance of δ 13C, δ 18O and δ 15N for phenotyping durum wheat adaptation to a dryland environment. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2013; 40:595-608. [PMID: 32481133 DOI: 10.1071/fp12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Grain yield and the natural abundance of the stable isotope compositions of carbon (δ13C), oxygen (δ18O) and nitrogen (δ15N) of mature kernels were measured during 3 consecutive years in 10 durum wheat genotypes (five landraces and five modern cultivars) subjected to different water and N availabilities in a Mediterranean location and encompassing a total of 12 trials. Water limitation was the main environmental factor affecting yield, δ13C and δ18O, whereas N fertilisation had a major effect on δ15N. The genotypic effect was significant for yield, yield components, δ13C, δ18O and δ15N. Landraces exhibited a higher δ13C and δ15N than cultivars. Phenotypic correlations of δ13C and δ18O with grain yield were negative, suggesting that genotypes able to sustain a higher water use and stomatal conductance were the most productive and best adapted; δ15N was also negatively correlated with grain yield regardless of the growing conditions. δ13C was the best isotopic trait in terms of genetic correlation with yield and heritability, whereas δ18O was the worst of the three isotopic abundances. The physiological basis for the different performance of the three isotopes explaining the genotypic variability in yield is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jos Luis Araus
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lloren Cabrera-Bosquet
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar A Dolores Serret
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bort
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar A Teresa Nieto-Taladriz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña Km. 7,5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yousfi S, Serret MD, Araus JL. Comparative response of δ13C, δ18O and δ15N in durum wheat exposed to salinity at the vegetative and reproductive stages. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:1214-27. [PMID: 23240790 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the performance of the stable isotope composition of carbon (δ(13) C), oxygen (δ(18) O) and nitrogen (δ(15) N) by tracking plant response and genotypic variability of durum wheat to different salinity conditions. To that end, δ(13) C, δ(18) O and δ(15) N were analysed in dry matter (dm) and the water-soluble fraction (wsf) of leaves from plants exposed to salinity, either soon after plant emergence or at anthesis. The δ(13) C and δ(18) O of the wsf recorded the recent growing conditions, including changes in evaporative conditions. Regardless of the plant part (dm or wsf), δ(13) C and δ(18) O increased and δ(15) N decreased in response to stress. When the stress conditions were established just after emergence, δ(15) N and δ(13) C correlated positively with genotypic differences in biomass, whereas δ(18) O correlated negatively in the most severe treatment. When the stress conditions were imposed at anthesis, relationships between the three isotope signatures and biomass were only significant and positive within the most severe treatments. The results show that nitrogen metabolism, together with stomatal limitation, is involved in the genotypic response to salinity, with the relative importance of each factor depending on the severity and duration of the stress as well as the phenological stage that the stress occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Skjøth CA, Hertel O. Ammonia Emissions in Europe. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2012_206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
|
34
|
Yousfi S, Serret MD, Márquez AJ, Voltas J, Araus JL. Combined use of δ¹³C, δ18O and δ15N tracks nitrogen metabolism and genotypic adaptation of durum wheat to salinity and water deficit. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 194:230-244. [PMID: 22300532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.04036.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• Accurate phenotyping remains a bottleneck in breeding for salinity and drought resistance. Here the combined use of stable isotope compositions of carbon (δ¹³C), oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) in dry matter is aimed at assessing genotypic responses of durum wheat under different combinations of these stresses. • Two tolerant and two susceptible genotypes to salinity were grown under five combinations of salinity and irrigation regimes. Plant biomass, δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O and δ¹⁵N, gas-exchange parameters, ion and N concentrations, and nitrate reductase (NR) and glutamine synthetase (GS) activities were measured. • Stresses significantly affected all traits studied. However, only δ¹³C, δ¹⁸O, δ¹⁵N, GS and NR activities, and N concentration allowed for clear differentiation between tolerant and susceptible genotypes. Further, a conceptual model explaining differences in biomass based on such traits was developed for each growing condition. • Differences in acclimation responses among durum wheat genotypes under different stress treatments were associated with δ¹³C. However, except for the most severe stress, δ¹³C did not have a direct (negative) relationship to biomass, being mediated through factors affecting δ¹⁸O or N metabolism. Based upon these results, the key role of N metabolism in durum wheat adaptation to salinity and water stress is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio José Márquez
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jordi Voltas
- Departament de Producció Vegetal i Ciència Forestal, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batan, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
SynopsisThe deposition of reactive gases on terrestrial surfaces is one of the primary mechanisms by which pollutant gases are removed from the atmosphere. The chemical properties of the gases (SO2, NO2, HNO3, HCl) and of the absorbing surfaces lead to differing rates of exchange and controlling processes. The most reactive gases, HNO3, HCl (and for many surfaces NH3) exhibit negligible surface resistances; deposition velocities (Vg) appropriate for short vegetation ranging from 2 to 5 cm s−1, for forests Vg may approach 10 cm s−1. The large rates of deposition for NH3 on moorland and forests lead to annual inputs, in areas with large atmospheric concentrations of NH3 (≥ 5 μg NH3 m−3), ranging from 20 to 60 kg N ha−1. The net exchange of NH3 over cropland, attributable to deposition during vegetative growth and emission of NH3 during senescence, is less well known but believed to be small.The co-deposition of NH3 and SO2 on external surfaces of plant canopies is believed to enhance SO2deposition with reported deposition velocities over short vegetation of 2.0 cm s−1.Rates of cloud droplet deposition to vegetation have been shown to be very similar to rates of momentum deposition (i.e. Vt ≈ ram−1). These findings provide the basis for estimates of cloud deposition inputs of major ions to upland Britain where they may contribute up to 30% of the wet deposited sulphur and nitrogen.
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumagai E, Araki T, Hamaoka N, Ueno O. Ammonia emission from rice leaves in relation to photorespiration and genotypic differences in glutamine synthetase activity. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:1381-6. [PMID: 21937483 PMCID: PMC3197464 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Rice (Oryza sativa) plants lose significant amounts of volatile NH(3) from their leaves, but it has not been shown that this is a consequence of photorespiration. Involvement of photorespiration in NH(3) emission and the role of glutamine synthetase (GS) on NH(3) recycling were investigated using two rice cultivars with different GS activities. METHODS NH(3) emission (AER), and gross photosynthesis (P(G)), transpiration (Tr) and stomatal conductance (g(S)) were measured on leaves of 'Akenohoshi', a cultivar with high GS activity, and 'Kasalath', a cultivar with low GS activity, under different light intensities (200, 500 and 1000 µmol m(-2) s(-1)), leaf temperatures (27·5, 32·5 and 37·5 °C) and atmospheric O(2) concentrations ([O(2)]: 2, 21 and 40 %, corresponding to 20, 210 and 400 mmol mol(-1)). KEY RESULTS An increase in [O(2)] increased AER in the two cultivars, accompanied by a decrease in P(G) due to enhanced photorespiration, but did not greatly influence Tr and g(S). There were significant positive correlations between AER and photorespiration in both cultivars. Increasing light intensity increased AER, P(G), Tr and g(S) in both cultivars, whereas increasing leaf temperature increased AER and Tr but slightly decreased P(G) and g(S). 'Kasalath' (low GS activity) showed higher AER than 'Akenohoshi' (high GS activity) at high light intensity, leaf temperature and [O(2)]. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that photorespiration is strongly involved in NH(3) emission by rice leaves and suggest that differences in AER between cultivars result from their different GS activities, which would result in different capacities for reassimilation of photorespiratory NH(3). The results also suggest that NH(3) emission in rice leaves is not directly controlled by transpiration and stomatal conductance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etsushi Kumagai
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Katata G, Kajino M, Hiraki T, Aikawa M, Kobayashi T, Nagai H. A method for simple and accurate estimation of fog deposition in a mountain forest using a meteorological model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
38
|
|
39
|
Zhang L, Wright LP, Asman WAH. Bi-directional air-surface exchange of atmospheric ammonia: A review of measurements and a development of a big-leaf model for applications in regional-scale air-quality models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
40
|
Yousfi S, Serret MD, Voltas J, Araus JL. Effect of salinity and water stress during the reproductive stage on growth, ion concentrations, Delta 13C, and delta 15N of durum wheat and related amphiploids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2010; 61:3529-42. [PMID: 20660293 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The physiological performance of durum wheat and two related amphiploids was studied during the reproductive stage under different combinations of salinity and irrigation. One triticale, one tritordeum, and four durum wheat genotypes were grown in pots in the absence of stress until heading, when six different treatments were imposed progressively. Treatments resulted from the combination of two irrigation regimes (100% and 35% of container water capacity) with three levels of water salinity (1.8, 12, and 17 dS m(-1)), and were maintained for nearly 3 weeks. Gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence and content were measured prior to harvest; afterwards shoot biomass and height were recorded, and Delta(13)C, delta(15)N, and the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus, and several ions (K(+), Na(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) were analysed in shoot material. Compared with control conditions (full irrigation with Hoagland normal) all other treatments inhibited photosynthesis through stomatal closure, accelerated senescence, and decreased biomass. Full irrigation with 12 dS m(-1) outperformed other stress treatments in terms of biomass production and physiological performance. Biomass correlated positively with N and delta(15)N, and negatively with Na(+) across genotypes and fully irrigated treatments, while relationships across deficit irrigation conditions were weaker or absent. Delta(13)C did not correlate with biomass across treatments, but it was the best trait correlating with phenotypic differences in biomass within treatments. Tritordeum produced more biomass than durum wheat in all treatments. Its low Delta(13)C and high K(+)/Na(+) ratio, together with a high potential growth, may underlie this finding. Mechanisms relating delta(15)N and Delta(13)C to biomass are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Model of stomatal ammonia compensation point (STAMP) in relation to the plant nitrogen and carbon metabolisms and environmental conditions. Ecol Modell 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
42
|
Tcherkez G. Natural 15N/ 14N isotope composition in C 3 leaves: are enzymatic isotope effects informative for predicting the 15N-abundance in key metabolites? FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2010; 38:1-12. [PMID: 32480857 DOI: 10.1071/fp10091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although nitrogen isotopes are viewed as important tools for understanding plant N acquisition and allocation, the current interpretation of natural 15N-abundances (δ15N values) is often impaired by substantial variability among individuals or between species. Such variability is likely to stem from the fact that 15N-abundance of assimilated N is not preserved during N metabolism and redistribution within the plant; that is, 14N/15N isotope effects associated with N metabolic reactions are certainly responsible for isotopic shifts between organic-N (amino acids) and absorbed inorganic N (nitrate). Therefore, to gain insights into the metabolic origin of 15N-abundance in plants, the present paper reviews enzymatic isotope effects and integrates them into a metabolic model at the leaf level. Using simple steady-state equations which satisfactorily predict the δ15N value of amino acids, it is shown that the sensitivity of δ15N values to both photorespiratory and N-input (reduction by nitrate reductase) rates is quite high. In other words, the variability in δ15N values observed in nature might originate from subtle changes in metabolic fluxes or environment-driven effects, such as stomatal closure that in turn changes v0, the Rubisco-catalysed oxygenation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, CNRS UMR 8618, Université Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France. Email
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cieslik S, Omasa K, Paoletti E. Why and how terrestrial plants exchange gases with air. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11 Suppl 1:24-34. [PMID: 19778365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2009.00262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work is intended as a review of gas exchange processes between the atmosphere and the terrestrial vegetation, which have been known for more than two centuries since the discovery of photosynthesis. The physical and biological mechanisms of exchange of carbon dioxide, water vapour, volatile organic compounds emitted by plants and air pollutants taken up by them, is critically reviewed. The role of stomatal physiology is emphasised, as it controls most of these processes. The techniques used for measurement of gas exchange fluxes between the atmosphere and vegetation are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Cieslik
- Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Yousfi S, Serret MD, Araus JL. Shoot δ 15N gives a better indication than ion concentration or Δ 13C of genotypic differences in the response of durum wheat to salinity. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2009; 36:144-155. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1071/fp08135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We compared the performance of different physiological traits that reveal genotypic variations in tolerance to salinity in durum wheat. A set of 114 genotypes was grown in hydroponics for over 3 months. Three conditions: control, moderate (12 dS m-1) and severe (17 dS m-1) salinity, were maintained for nearly 8 weeks before harvest. The genotype biomass in control conditions correlated with the biomass at the two salinity levels. Subsequently, two subsets of 10 genotypes each were selected on the basis of extreme differences in biomass at the two salinity levels while showing relatively similar biomass in control conditions. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C), nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N), and the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and several ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+) were analysed in the two subsets for the three treatments. At 12 dS m-1, K+ concentration, K+/Na+ ratio, Δ13C and δ15N correlated positively and Na+ correlated negatively with shoot biomass. Under control conditions and at 17 dS m-1 no correlation was observed. However, the trait that correlated best with genotypic differences in biomass was δ15N at 12 dS m-1. This trait was the first variable chosen at each of the two salinity levels in a stepwise analysis. We consider the possible mechanisms relating δ15N to biomass and the use of this isotopic signature as a selection trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salima Yousfi
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Serret
- Unitat de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), El Batán, Texcoco, CP 56130, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sutton MA, Erisman JW, Dentener F, Möller D. Ammonia in the environment: from ancient times to the present. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 156:583-604. [PMID: 18499318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent research on atmospheric ammonia has made good progress in quantifying sources/sinks and environmental impacts. This paper reviews the achievements and places them in their historical context. It considers the role of ammonia in the development of agricultural science and air chemistry, showing how these arose out of foundations in 18th century chemistry and medieval alchemy, and then identifies the original environmental sources from which the ancients obtained ammonia. Ammonia is revealed as a compound of key human interest through the centuries, with a central role played by sal ammoniac in alchemy and the emergence of modern science. The review highlights how recent environmental research has emphasized volatilization sources of ammonia. Conversely, the historical records emphasize the role of high-temperature sources, including dung burning, coal burning, naturally burning coal seams and volcanoes. Present estimates of ammonia emissions from these sources are based on few measurements, which should be a future priority.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sutton
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, Scotland EH260QB, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
SULISTIJORINI, MAS'UD ZAINALALIM, NASRULLAH NIZAR, BEY AHMAD, TJITROSEMITO SOEKISMAN. Tolerance Levels of Roadside Trees to Air Pollutants Based on Relative Growth Rate and Air Pollution Tolerance Index. HAYATI JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES 2008. [DOI: 10.4308/hjb.15.3.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
47
|
Sheppard LJ, Leith ID, Crossley A, Van Dijk N, Fowler D, Sutton MA, Woods C. Stress responses of Calluna vulgaris to reduced and oxidised N applied under 'real world conditions'. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 154:404-413. [PMID: 18177985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Effects and implications of reduced and oxidised N, applied under 'real world' conditions, since May 2002, are reported for Calluna growing on an ombrotrophic bog. Ammonia has been released from a 10 m line source generating monthly concentrations of 180-6 microg m(-3), while ammonium chloride and sodium nitrate are applied in rainwater at nitrate and ammonium concentrations below 4mM and providing up to 56 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) above a background deposition of 10 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). Ammonia concentrations, >8 microg m(-3) have significantly enhanced foliar N concentrations, increased sensitivity to drought, frost and winter desiccation, spring frost damage and increased the incidence of pathogen outbreaks. The mature Calluna bushes nearest the NH3 source have turned bleached and moribund. By comparison the Calluna receiving reduced and oxidised N in rain has shown no significant visible or stress related effects with no significant increase in N status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Sheppard
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Massad RS, Loubet B, Tuzet A, Cellier P. Relationship between ammonia stomatal compensation point and nitrogen metabolism in arable crops: current status of knowledge and potential modelling approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 154:390-403. [PMID: 18316144 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 01/14/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raia Silvia Massad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Environnement et Grandes Cultures, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kugler S, Horváth L, Machon A. Estimation of nitrogen balance between the atmosphere and Lake Balaton and a semi natural grassland in Hungary. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2008; 154:498-503. [PMID: 18060671 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The paper summarises the results to determine the fluxes of different N-compounds within the atmosphere and an aquatic and a terrestrial ecosystems, in Hungary. In the exchange processes of N-compounds between atmosphere and various ecosystems the deposition dominates. The net deposition fluxes are -730, -1270 and -1530 mg Nm(-2)yr(-1) for water, grassland, and forest ecosystems, respectively. For water, the main source of nitrogen compounds is the wet deposition. Ammonia gas is close to the equilibrium between the water and the air. For grassland the dry flux of nitric acid and ammonia is also an important term beside the wet deposition. Dry deposition to terrestrial ecosystems is roughly two times higher than wet deposition. A total of 8-10% of the nitrates and NH(x) deposited to terrestrial ecosystems are re-emitted into the air in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O) greenhouse gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sz Kugler
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Tcherkez G, Hodges M. How stable isotopes may help to elucidate primary nitrogen metabolism and its interaction with (photo)respiration in C3 leaves. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:1685-93. [PMID: 17646207 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Intense efforts are currently devoted to elucidate the metabolic networks of plants, in which nitrogen assimilation is of particular importance because it is strongly related to plant growth. In addition, at the leaf level, primary nitrogen metabolism interacts with photosynthesis, day respiration, and photorespiration, simply because nitrogen assimilation needs energy, reductant, and carbon skeletons which are provided by these processes. While some recent studies have focused on metabolomics and genomics of plant leaves, the actual metabolic fluxes associated with nitrogen metabolism operating in leaves are not very well known. In the present paper, it is emphasized that (12)C/(13)C and (14)N/(15)N stable isotopes have proved to be useful tools to investigate such metabolic fluxes and isotopic data are reviewed in the light of some recent advances in this area. Although the potential of stable isotopes remains high, it is somewhat limited by our knowledge of some isotope effects associated with enzymatic reactions. Therefore, this paper should be viewed as a call for more fundamental studies on isotope effects by plant enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tcherkez
- Plateforme Métabolisme-Métabolome, IFR 87, Bât. 630, Université Paris Sud-XI, F-91405 Orsay cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|