1
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Yu T, Hou Z, Wang H, Chang S, Song X, Zheng W, Zheng L, Wei J, Lu Z, Chen J, Zhou Y, Chen M, Sun S, Jiang Q, Jin L, Ma Y, Xu Z. Soybean steroids improve crop abiotic stress tolerance and increase yield. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:2333-2347. [PMID: 38600703 PMCID: PMC11258977 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Sterols have long been associated with diverse fields, such as cancer treatment, drug development, and plant growth; however, their underlying mechanisms and functions remain enigmatic. Here, we unveil a critical role played by a GmNF-YC9-mediated CCAAT-box transcription complex in modulating the steroid metabolism pathway within soybeans. Specifically, this complex directly activates squalene monooxygenase (GmSQE1), which is a rate-limiting enzyme in steroid synthesis. Our findings demonstrate that overexpression of either GmNF-YC9 or GmSQE1 significantly enhances soybean stress tolerance, while the inhibition of SQE weakens this tolerance. Field experiments conducted over two seasons further reveal increased yields per plant in both GmNF-YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing plants under drought stress conditions. This enhanced stress tolerance is attributed to the reduction of abiotic stress-induced cell oxidative damage. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses shed light on the upregulation of multiple sterol compounds, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, in GmNF-YC9 and GmSQE1 overexpressing soybean plants under stress conditions. Intriguingly, the application of soybean steroids, including fucosterol and soyasaponin II, significantly improves drought tolerance in soybean, wheat, foxtail millet, and maize. These findings underscore the pivotal role of soybean steroids in countering oxidative stress in plants and offer a new research strategy for enhancing crop stress tolerance and quality from gene regulation to chemical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai‐Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Ze‐Hao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Hai‐Long Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyInstitute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Shi‐Yang Chang
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangHebeiChina
| | - Xin‐Yuan Song
- Agro‐biotechnology Research InstituteJilin Academy of Agriculture SciencesChangchunChina
| | - Wei‐Jun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Northwest Agricultural and Forestry UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Ji‐Tong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Zhi‐Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Su‐Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - Qi‐Yan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
- College of Agronomy/College of Life SciencesJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Long‐Guo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
| | - You‐Zhi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
- College of Agronomy/College of Life SciencesJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
| | - Zhao‐Shi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and BreedingInstitute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)BeijingChina
- College of Agronomy/College of Life SciencesJilin Agricultural UniversityChangchunChina
- National Nanfan Research Institute (Sanya)Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Seed Industry LaboratorySanyaChina
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Gan Q, Zheng H, Li X, Li J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Han J, Zhang L, Zhou W, Lu Y. Solving the Jigsaw puzzle of phytosterol diversity by a novel sterol methyltransferase from Zea mays. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 240:106498. [PMID: 38447903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2024.106498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Phytosterols are vital structural and regulatory components in plants. Zea mays produces a series of phytosterols that are specific to corn. However, the underline biosynthetic mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we identified a novel sterol methyltransferase from Z. mays (ZmSMT1-2) which showed a unique feature compared with documented plant SMTs. ZmSMT1-2 showed a substrate preference for cycloartenol. Using S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) as a donor, ZmSMT1-2 converted cycloartenol into alkylated sterols with unique side-chain architectures, including Δ25(27) (i.e., cyclolaudenol and cycloneolitsol) and Δ24(25) (i.e., cyclobranol) sterols. Cycloneolitsol is identified as a product of SMTs for the first time. Our discovery provides a previously untapped mechanism for phytosterol biosynthesis and adds another layer of diversity of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Gan
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering & Research Center of Marine Bioactives and Bioproducts of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Haifeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia
| | - Jingxue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering & Research Center of Marine Bioactives and Bioproducts of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuji Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Jiakun Han
- Jining Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jining 272031, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Shandong Rongchen Pharmaceuticals Inc, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth 6009, Australia.
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, School of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Engineering & Research Center of Marine Bioactives and Bioproducts of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China; Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Haikou 570228, China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiotechnology of Hainan Province, Haikou 570228, China.
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3
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Emami A, Van Norman JM. Distinct ADP-ribosylation factor-GTP exchange factors govern the opposite polarity of 2 receptor kinases. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:673-683. [PMID: 37787604 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Polarity of plasma membrane proteins is essential for cell morphogenesis and control of cell division and, thus, influences organ and whole plant development. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root endodermal cells, 2 transmembrane kinases, INFLORESCENCE AND ROOT APICES RECEPTOR KINASE (IRK) and KINASE ON THE INSIDE (KOIN), accumulate at opposite lateral domains. Their polarization is tightly linked to their activities regulating cell division and ground tissue patterning. The polarization of IRK and KOIN relies solely on the secretion of newly synthesized protein. However, the secretion machinery by which their opposite, lateral polarity is achieved remains largely unknown. Here, we show that different sets of ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (ARF-GEFs) mediate their secretion. ARF-GEF GNOM-like-1 (GNL1) regulates KOIN secretion to the inner polar domain, thereby directing KOIN sorting early in the secretion pathway. For IRK, combined chemical and genetic analyses showed that the ARG-GEF GNL1, GNOM, and the BREFELDIN A-INHIBITED-GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE-EXCHANGE FACTORs 1 to 4 (BIG1-BIG4) collectively regulate its polar secretion. The ARF-GEF-dependent mechanisms guiding IRK or KOIN lateral polarity were active across different root cell types and functioned regardless of the protein's inner/outer polarity in those cells. Therefore, we propose that specific polar trafficking of IRK and KOIN occurs via distinct mechanisms that are not constrained by cell identity or polar axis and likely rely on individual protein recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariana Emami
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie M Van Norman
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Li R, Zhao R, Yang M, Zhang X, Lin J. Membrane microdomains: Structural and signaling platforms for establishing membrane polarity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:2260-2277. [PMID: 37549378 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity results from the asymmetric distribution of cellular structures, molecules, and functions. Polarity is a fundamental cellular trait that can determine the orientation of cell division, the formation of particular cell shapes, and ultimately the development of a multicellular body. To maintain the distinct asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids in cellular membranes, plant cells have developed complex trafficking and regulatory mechanisms. Major advances have been made in our understanding of how membrane microdomains influence the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids. In this review, we first give an overview of cell polarity. Next, we discuss current knowledge concerning membrane microdomains and their roles as structural and signaling platforms to establish and maintain membrane polarity, with a special focus on the asymmetric distribution of proteins and lipids, and advanced microscopy techniques to observe and characterize membrane microdomains. Finally, we review recent advances regarding membrane trafficking in cell polarity establishment and how the balance between exocytosis and endocytosis affects membrane polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- The Tree and Ornamental Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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5
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Pan J, Li W, Chen B, Liu L, Zhang J, Li J. Arabidopsis 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases/C4-Decarboxylases Are Essential for the Pollen and Embryonic Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15565. [PMID: 37958553 PMCID: PMC10649741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of C27-29 sterols from their C30 precursor squalene involves C24-alkylation and the removal of three methyl groups, including two at the C4 position. The two C4 demethylation reactions require a bifunctional enzyme known as 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/C4-decarboxylase (3βHSD/D), which removes an oxidized methyl (carboxylic) group at C4 while simultaneously catalyzing the 3β-hydroxyl→3-keto oxidation. Its loss-of-function mutations cause ergosterol-dependent growth in yeast and congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defect (CHILD) syndrome in humans. Although plant 3βHSD/D enzymes were well studied enzymatically, their developmental functions remain unknown. Here we employed a CRISPR/Cas9-based genome-editing approach to generate knockout mutants for two Arabidopsis 3βHSD/D genes, HSD1 and HSD2, and discovered the male gametophytic lethality for the hsd1 hsd2 double mutation. Pollen-specific expression of HSD2 in the heterozygous hsd1 hsd2/+ mutant not only rescued the pollen lethality but also revealed the critical roles of the two HSD genes in embryogenesis. Our study thus demonstrated the essential functions of the two Arabidopsis 3βHSD/D genes in male gametogenesis and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Weifeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Binzhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Linchuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianming Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.P.); (W.L.); (B.C.); (L.L.)
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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6
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Evtyugin DD, Evtuguin DV, Casal S, Domingues MR. Advances and Challenges in Plant Sterol Research: Fundamentals, Analysis, Applications and Production. Molecules 2023; 28:6526. [PMID: 37764302 PMCID: PMC10535520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PS) are cholesterol-like terpenoids widely spread in the kingdom Plantae. Being the target of extensive research for more than a century, PS have topped with evidence of having beneficial effects in healthy subjects and applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, many gaps in several fields of PS's research still hinder their widespread practical applications. In fact, many of the mechanisms associated with PS supplementation and their health benefits are still not fully elucidated. Furthermore, compared to cholesterol data, many complex PS chemical structures still need to be fully characterized, especially in oxidized PS. On the other hand, PS molecules have also been the focus of structural modifications for applications in diverse areas, including not only the above-mentioned but also in e.g., drug delivery systems or alternative matrixes for functional foods and fats. All the identified drawbacks are also superimposed by the need of new PS sources and technologies for their isolation and purification, taking into account increased environmental and sustainability concerns. Accordingly, current and future trends in PS research warrant discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D. Evtyugin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (D.D.E.); (D.V.E.)
| | - Susana Casal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Liu X, Gu M, Lv X, Sheng D, Wang X, Wang P, Huang S. High temperature defense-related pathways, mediating lodicule expansion and spikelet opening in maize tassel. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023:erad115. [PMID: 36967717 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High temperature (HT) at flowering hinders pollen shedding, whereas mechanisms underlying stress-induced spikelet closure are poorly known in maize. Yield components, spikelet opening, and lodicule morphology/protein profiling upon HT stress during flowering were explored in maize inbred lines Chang 7-2 and Qi 319. HT induced spikelet closure and reduced pollen shed weight (PSW) and seed set. Qi 319 that had a 7-fold lower PSW than Chang 7-2 was more susceptible to HT. A small lodicule size reduced spikelet opening rate and angle, and more vascular bundles hastened lodicule shrinking in Qi 319. Lodicules were collected for proteomics. In HT-stressed lodicules, proteins involved in stress signal, cell wall, cell constructure, carbohydrate metabolism, and phytohormone signaling were associated with stress tolerance. Among these proteins, HT downregulated expression of ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein domain2, SNAP receptor complex member11, and sterol methyltransferase2 in Qi 319 but not in Chang 7-2, agreeing well with protein abundance changes. Exogenous epibrassinolide enlarged spikelet opening angle and extended spikelet opening duration. These results suggest that dysfunction of actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling induced by HT likely limits lodicule expansion. Additionally, reduced vascular bundles in lodicule and application of epibrassinolide might confer spikelet tolerance to HT stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingqi Gu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuanlong Lv
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dechang Sheng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shoubing Huang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Wang H, Lu Z, Xu Y, Zhang J, Han L, Chai M, Wang ZY, Yang X, Lu S, Tong J, Xiao L, Wen J, Mysore KS, Zhou C. Roles of very long-chain fatty acids in compound leaf patterning in Medicago truncatula. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1751-1770. [PMID: 36617225 PMCID: PMC10022625 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant cuticles are composed of hydrophobic cuticular waxes and cutin. Very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are components of epidermal waxes and the plasma membrane and are involved in organ morphogenesis. By screening a barrelclover (Medicago truncatula) mutant population tagged by the transposable element of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cell type1 (Tnt1), we identified two types of mutants with unopened flower phenotypes, named unopened flower1 (uof1) and uof2. Both UOF1 and UOF2 encode enzymes that are involved in the biosynthesis of VLCFAs and cuticular wax. Comparative analysis of the mutants indicated that the mutation in UOF1, but not UOF2, leads to the increased number of leaflets in M. truncatula. UOF1 was specifically expressed in the outermost cell layer (L1) of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and leaf primordia. The uof1 mutants displayed defects in VLCFA-mediated plasma membrane integrity, resulting in the disordered localization of the PIN-FORMED1 (PIN1) ortholog SMOOTH LEAF MARGIN1 (SLM1) in M. truncatula. Our work demonstrates that the UOF1-mediated biosynthesis of VLCFAs in L1 is critical for compound leaf patterning, which is associated with the polarization of the auxin efflux carrier in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Zhichao Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yiteng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Lu Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Maofeng Chai
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Zeng-Yu Wang
- Grassland Agri-Husbandry Research Center, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Shiyou Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Jianhua Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Langtao Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Phytohormones and Growth Development, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Crop Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jiangqi Wen
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, 3210 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA
| | - Chuanen Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266101, China
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase genes from Glycine max regulate plant growth and isoprenoid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3902. [PMID: 36890158 PMCID: PMC9995466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoids, a large kind of plant natural products, are synthesized by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway in the cytoplasm and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway in plastids. As one of the rate-limiting enzymes in the MVA pathway of soybean (Glycine max), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is encoded by eight isogenes (GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8). To begin, we used lovastatin (LOV), a specific inhibitor of GmHMGR, to investigate their role in soybean development. To further investigate, we overexpressed the GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The growth of soybean seedlings, especially the development of lateral roots, was inhibited after LOV treatment, accompanied by a decrease in sterols content and GmHMGR gene expression. After the overexpression of GmHMGR4 and GmHMGR6 in A. thaliana, the primary root length was higher than the wild type, and total sterol and squalene contents were significantly increased. In addition, we detected a significant increase in the product tocopherol from the MEP pathway. These results further support the fact that GmHMGR1-GmHMGR8 play a key role in soybean development and isoprenoid biosynthesis.
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Tomato Sterol 22-desaturase Gene CYP710A11: Its Roles in Meloidogyne incognita Infection and Plant Stigmasterol Alteration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315111. [PMID: 36499431 PMCID: PMC9735470 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are isoprenoid-derived lipids that play essential structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells. Plants produce a complex mixture of sterols, and changes in plant sterol profiles have been linked to plant-pathogen interactions. β-Sitosterol and stigmasterol, in particular, have been associated with plant defense. As nematodes have lost the ability to synthesize sterols de novo, they require sterols from the host. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants infected by the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita show a reduced level of stigmasterol and a repression of the gene CYP710A11, encoding the sterol C-22 desaturase that is responsible for the conversion of β-sitosterol to stigmasterol. In this study, we investigated the role of the tomato sterol C-22 desaturase gene CYP710A11 in the response to infection by M. incognita. We explored the plant-nematode interaction over time by analyzing the plant sterol composition and CYP710A11 gene regulation in S. lycopersicum after M. incognita infection. The temporal gene expression analysis showed that 3 days after inoculation with M. incognita, the CYP710A11 expression was significantly suppressed in the tomato roots, while a significant decrease in the stigmasterol content was observed after 14 days. A cyp710a11 knockout mutant tomato line lacking stigmasterol was analyzed to better understand the role of CYP710A11 in nematode development. M. incognita grown in the mutant line showed reduced egg mass counts, presumably due to the impaired growth of the mutant. However, the nematodes developed as well as they did in the wild-type line. Thus, while the suppression of CYP710A11 expression during nematode development may be a defense response of the plant against the nematode, the lack of stigmasterol did not seem to affect the nematode. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of stigmasterol in the interaction between M. incognita and tomato plants and shows that the sterol C-22 desaturase is not essential for the success of M. incognita.
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11
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Jiao Z, Yin L, Zhang Q, Xu W, Jia Y, Xia K, Zhang M. The putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase OsCYP51H3 affects multiple aspects of rice growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13764. [PMID: 35975452 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some members of the CYP51G subfamily has been shown to be obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase, key enzyme of the sterol and brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis, which mediate plant development and response to stresses. However, little is known about the functions of CYP51H subfamily in rice. Here, OsCYP51H3, an ortholog of rice OsCYP51G1 was identified. Compared with wild type, the mutants oscyp51H3 and OsCYP51H3-RNAi showed dwarf phenotype, late flowering, erected leaves, lower seed-setting rate, and smaller and shorter seeds. In contrast, the phenotypic changes of OsCYP51H3-OE plants are not obvious. Metabolomic analysis of oscyp51H3 mutant indicated that OsCYP51H3 may also encode an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, but possibly not that of triterpenes. The RNA-seq results showed that OsCYP51H3 may affect the expression of a lot of genes related to rice development. These findings showed that OsCYP51H3 codes for a putative obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase involved in phytosterol and BR biosynthesis, and mediates rice development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Jiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxia Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany and Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Gu Y, Rasmussen CG. Cell biology of primary cell wall synthesis in plants. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:103-128. [PMID: 34613413 PMCID: PMC8774047 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Building a complex structure such as the cell wall, with many individual parts that need to be assembled correctly from distinct sources within the cell, is a well-orchestrated process. Additional complexity is required to mediate dynamic responses to environmental and developmental cues. Enzymes, sugars, and other cell wall components are constantly and actively transported to and from the plasma membrane during diffuse growth. Cell wall components are transported in vesicles on cytoskeletal tracks composed of microtubules and actin filaments. Many of these components, and additional proteins, vesicles, and lipids are trafficked to and from the cell plate during cytokinesis. In this review, we first discuss how the cytoskeleton is initially organized to add new cell wall material or to build a new cell wall, focusing on similarities during these processes. Next, we discuss how polysaccharides and enzymes that build the cell wall are trafficked to the correct location by motor proteins and through other interactions with the cytoskeleton. Finally, we discuss some of the special features of newly formed cell walls generated during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gu
- Author for correspondence: (Y.G.), (C.G.R.)
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13
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Martinière A, Zelazny E. Membrane nanodomains and transport functions in plant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1839-1855. [PMID: 35235669 PMCID: PMC8644385 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Far from a homogeneous environment, biological membranes are highly structured with lipids and proteins segregating in domains of different sizes and dwell times. In addition, membranes are highly dynamics especially in response to environmental stimuli. Understanding the impact of the nanoscale organization of membranes on cellular functions is an outstanding question. Plant channels and transporters are tightly regulated to ensure proper cell nutrition and signaling. Increasing evidence indicates that channel and transporter nano-organization within membranes plays an important role in these regulation mechanisms. Here, we review recent advances in the field of ion, water, but also hormone transport in plants, focusing on protein organization within plasma membrane nanodomains and its cellular and physiological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enric Zelazny
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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14
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Aboobucker SI, Showman LJ, Lübberstedt T, Suza WP. Maize Zmcyp710a8 Mutant as a Tool to Decipher the Function of Stigmasterol in Plant Metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:732216. [PMID: 34804084 PMCID: PMC8597121 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.732216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sterols are integral components of membrane lipid bilayers in eukaryotic organisms and serve as precursors to steroid hormones in vertebrates and brassinosteroids (BR) in plants. In vertebrates, cholesterol is the terminal sterol serving both indirect and direct roles in cell signaling. Plants synthesize a mixture of sterols including cholesterol, sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol but the signaling role for the free forms of individual plant sterols is unclear. Since stigmasterol is the terminal sterol in the sitosterol branch and produced from a single enzymatic step, modifying stigmasterol concentration may shed light on its role in plant metabolism. Although Arabidopsis has been the model of choice to study sterol function, the functional redundancy of AtCYP710A genes and the presence of brassicasterol may hinder our ability to test the biological function of stigmasterol. We report here the identification and characterization of ZmCYP710A8, the sole maize C-22 sterol desaturase involved in stigmasterol biosynthesis and the identification of a stigmasterol-free Zmcyp710a8 mutant. ZmCYP710A8 mRNA expression pattern correlated with transcripts for several sterol biosynthesis genes and loss of stigmasterol impacted sterol composition. Exogenous stigmasterol also had a stimulatory effect on mRNA for ZmHMGR and ZmSMT2. This demonstrates the potential of Zmcyp710a8 in understanding the role of stigmasterol in modulating sterol biosynthesis and global cellular metabolism. Several amino acids accumulate in the Zmcyp710a8 mutant, offering opportunity for genetic enhancement of nutritional quality of maize. Other cellular metabolites in roots and shoots of maize and Arabidopsis were also impacted by genetic modification of stigmasterol content. Yet lack of obvious developmental defects in Zmcyp710a8 suggest that stigmasterol might not be essential for plant growth under normal conditions. Nonetheless, the Zmcyp710a8 mutant reported here is of great utility to advance our understanding of the additional roles of stigmasterol in plant metabolism. A number of biological and agronomic questions can be interrogated using this tool such as gene expression studies, spatio-temporal localization of sterols, cellular metabolism, pathway regulation, physiological studies, and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas J. Showman
- W. M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Walter P. Suza
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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15
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Wang Q, Meng Q, Xu F, Chen Q, Ma C, Huang L, Li G, Luo M. Comparative Metabolomics Analysis Reveals Sterols and Sphingolipids Play a Role in Cotton Fiber Cell Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111438. [PMID: 34768870 PMCID: PMC8583818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton fiber is a seed trichome that protrudes from the outer epidermis of cotton ovule on the day of anthesis (0 day past anthesis, 0 DPA). The initial number and timing of fiber cells are closely related to fiber yield and quality. However, the mechanism underlying fiber initiation is still unclear. Here, we detected and compared the contents and compositions of sphingolipids and sterols in 0 DPA ovules of Xuzhou142 lintless-fuzzless mutants (Xufl) and Xinxiangxiaoji lintless-fuzzless mutants (Xinfl) and upland cotton wild-type Xuzhou142 (XuFL). Nine classes of sphingolipids and sixty-six sphingolipid molecular species were detected in wild-type and mutants. Compared with the wild type, the contents of Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), Sphingosine (Sph), Glucosylceramide (GluCer), and Glycosyl-inositol-phospho-ceramides (GIPC) were decreased in the mutants, while the contents of Ceramide (Cer) were increased. Detail, the contents of two Cer molecular species, d18:1/22:0 and d18:1/24:0, and two Phyto-Cer molecular species, t18:0/22:0 and t18:0/h22:1 were significantly increased, while the contents of all GluCer and GIPC molecular species were decreased. Consistent with this result, the expression levels of seven genes involved in GluCer and GIPC synthesis were decreased in the mutants. Furthermore, exogenous application of a specific inhibitor of GluCer synthase, PDMP (1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol), in ovule culture system, significantly inhibited the initiation of cotton fiber cells. In addition, five sterols and four sterol esters were detected in wild-type and mutant ovules. Compared with the wild type, the contents of total sterol were not significantly changed. While the contents of stigmasterol and campesterol were significantly increased, the contents of cholesterol were significantly decreased, and the contents of total sterol esters were significantly increased. In particular, the contents of campesterol esters and stigmasterol esters increased significantly in the two mutants. Consistently, the expression levels of some sterol synthase genes and sterol ester synthase genes were also changed in the two mutants. These results suggested that sphingolipids and sterols might have some roles in the initiation of fiber cells. Our results provided a novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of fiber cell initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Qian Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Fan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticulture Science for Southern Mountains Regions of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Southwest University, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Caixia Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Li Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Guiming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; (Q.W.); (Q.M.); (F.X.); (Q.C.); (C.M.); (L.H.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Lavania D, Linh NM, Scarpella E. Of Cells, Strands, and Networks: Auxin and the Patterned Formation of the Vascular System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2021; 13:cshperspect.a039958. [PMID: 33431582 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a039958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Throughout plant development, vascular cells continually form from within a population of seemingly equivalent cells. Vascular cells connect end to end to form continuous strands, and vascular strands connect at both or either end to form networks of exquisite complexity and mesmerizing beauty. Here we argue that experimental evidence gained over the past few decades implicates the plant hormone auxin-its production, transport, perception, and response-in all the steps that lead to the patterned formation of the plant vascular system, from the formation of vascular cells to their connection into vascular networks. We emphasize the organizing principles of the cell- and tissue-patterning process, rather than its molecular subtleties. In the picture that emerges, cells compete for an auxin-dependent, cell-polarizing signal; positive feedback between cell polarization and cell-to-cell movement of the polarizing signal leads to gradual selection of cell files; and selected cell files differentiate into vascular strands that drain the polarizing signal from the neighboring cells. Although the logic of the patterning process has become increasingly clear, the molecular details remain blurry; the future challenge will be to bring them into razor-sharp focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Lavania
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Nguyen Manh Linh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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17
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Konstantinova N, Korbei B, Luschnig C. Auxin and Root Gravitropism: Addressing Basic Cellular Processes by Exploiting a Defined Growth Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2749. [PMID: 33803128 PMCID: PMC7963156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Root architecture and growth are decisive for crop performance and yield, and thus a highly topical research field in plant sciences. The root system of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is the ideal system to obtain insights into fundamental key parameters and molecular players involved in underlying regulatory circuits of root growth, particularly in responses to environmental stimuli. Root gravitropism, directional growth along the gravity, in particular represents a highly sensitive readout, suitable to study adjustments in polar auxin transport and to identify molecular determinants involved. This review strives to summarize and give an overview into the function of PIN-FORMED auxin transport proteins, emphasizing on their sorting and polarity control. As there already is an abundance of information, the focus lies in integrating this wealth of information on mechanisms and pathways. This overview of a highly dynamic and complex field highlights recent developments in understanding the role of auxin in higher plants. Specifically, it exemplifies, how analysis of a single, defined growth response contributes to our understanding of basic cellular processes in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Luschnig
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Wien, Austria; (N.K.); (B.K.)
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18
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De Vriese K, Pollier J, Goossens A, Beeckman T, Vanneste S. Dissecting cholesterol and phytosterol biosynthesis via mutants and inhibitors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:241-253. [PMID: 32929492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants stand out among eukaryotes due to the large variety of sterols and sterol derivatives that they can produce. These metabolites not only serve as critical determinants of membrane structures, but also act as signaling molecules, as growth-regulating hormones, or as modulators of enzyme activities. Therefore, it is critical to understand the wiring of the biosynthetic pathways by which plants generate these distinct sterols, to allow their manipulation and to dissect their precise physiological roles. Here, we review the complexity and variation of the biosynthetic routes of the most abundant phytosterols and cholesterol in the green lineage and how different enzymes in these pathways are conserved and diverged from humans, yeast, and even bacteria. Many enzymatic steps show a deep evolutionary conservation, while others are executed by completely different enzymes. This has important implications for the use and specificity of available human and yeast sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in plants, and argues for the development of plant-tailored inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell De Vriese
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jacob Pollier
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Metabolomics Core, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Wang M, Li P, Ma Y, Nie X, Grebe M, Men S. Membrane Sterol Composition in Arabidopsis thaliana Affects Root Elongation via Auxin Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22010437. [PMID: 33406774 PMCID: PMC7794993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant membrane sterol composition has been reported to affect growth and gravitropism via polar auxin transport and auxin signaling. However, as to whether sterols influence auxin biosynthesis has received little attention. Here, by using the sterol biosynthesis mutant cyclopropylsterol isomerase1-1 (cpi1-1) and sterol application, we reveal that cycloeucalenol, a CPI1 substrate, and sitosterol, an end-product of sterol biosynthesis, antagonistically affect auxin biosynthesis. The short root phenotype of cpi1-1 was associated with a markedly enhanced auxin response in the root tip. Both were neither suppressed by mutations in polar auxin transport (PAT) proteins nor by treatment with a PAT inhibitor and responded to an auxin signaling inhibitor. However, expression of several auxin biosynthesis genes TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS1 (TAA1) was upregulated in cpi1-1. Functionally, TAA1 mutation reduced the auxin response in cpi1-1 and partially rescued its short root phenotype. In support of this genetic evidence, application of cycloeucalenol upregulated expression of the auxin responsive reporter DR5:GUS (β-glucuronidase) and of several auxin biosynthesis genes, while sitosterol repressed their expression. Hence, our combined genetic, pharmacological, and sterol application studies reveal a hitherto unexplored sterol-dependent modulation of auxin biosynthesis during Arabidopsis root elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Yao Ma
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Xiang Nie
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
| | - Markus Grebe
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Plant Physiology, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany;
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China; (M.W.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (X.N.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Transcription analysis of Ganoderma lucidum reveals candidate genes and pathways in response to excess exogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA). MYCOSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Jiao Z, Xu W, Zeng X, Xu X, Zhang M, Xia K. Obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase OsCYP51G1 is involved in phytosterol synthesis and affects pollen and seed development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:91-96. [PMID: 32560825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As structural components of biological membranes, phytosterols are essential not only for a variety of cellular functions but are also precursors for brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis. Plant CYP51 is the oldest and most conserved obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase in eukaryotes and is an essential component of the sterol biosynthesis pathway. However, little is known about rice (Oryza sativa L.) CYP51G1. In this study, we showed that rice OsCYP51G1 shared high homology with obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase and OsCYP51G1 was strongly expressed in most of rice organs. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that OsCYP51G1 was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Knockdown and knockout of OsCYP51G1 resulted in delayed flowering, impaired membrane integrity, abnormal pollen, and reduced grain yield, whereas OsCYP51G1 overexpression led to increased grain yield. Knockdown of OsCYP51G1 also reduced the levels of end-products (sitosterol and stigmasterol) and increased those of upstream intermediates (24-methylene-cycloartenol and cycloeucalenol) of the OsCYP51G1-mediated sterol biosynthesis step. In contrast, overexpression of OsCYP51G1 increased the sitosterol and stigmasterol content and reduced that of cycloeucalenol. However, knockdown of OsCYP51G1 by RNAi did not elicit these BR deficiency-related phenotypes, such as dwarfism, erect leaves and small seeds, nor was the leaf lamina angle sensitive to brassinolide treatment. These results revealed that rice OsCYP15G1 encodes an obtusifoliol 14α-demethylase for the phytosterols biosynthesis and possible without affecting the biosynthesis of downstream BRs, which was different from its homolog, OsCYP51G3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengli Jiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Kuaifei Xia
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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Metabolic Cellular Communications: Feedback Mechanisms between Membrane Lipid Homeostasis and Plant Development. Dev Cell 2020; 54:171-182. [PMID: 32502395 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Membrane lipids are often viewed as passive building blocks of the endomembrane system. However, mounting evidence suggests that sphingolipids, sterols, and phospholipids are specifically targeted by developmental pathways, notably hormones, in a cell- or tissue-specific manner to regulate plant growth and development. Targeted modifications of lipid homeostasis may act as a way to execute a defined developmental program, for example, by regulating other signaling pathways or participating in cell differentiation. Furthermore, these regulations often feed back on the very signaling pathway that initiates the lipid metabolic changes. Here, we review several recent examples highlighting the intricate feedbacks between membrane lipid homeostasis and plant development. In particular, these examples illustrate how all aspects of membrane lipid metabolic pathways are targeted by these feedback regulations. We propose that the time has come to consider membrane lipids and lipid metabolism as an integral part of the developmental program needed to build a plant.
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Coordinated Localization and Antagonistic Function of NtPLC3 and PI4P 5-Kinases in the Subapical Plasma Membrane of Tobacco Pollen Tubes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9040452. [PMID: 32260253 PMCID: PMC7238183 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polar tip growth of pollen tubes is regulated by the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), which localizes in a well-defined region of the subapical plasma membrane. How the PtdIns(4,5)P2 region is maintained is currently unclear. In principle, the formation of PtdIns(4,5)P2 by PI4P 5-kinases can be counteracted by phospholipase C (PLC), which hydrolyzes PtdIns(4,5)P2. Here, we show that fluorescence-tagged tobacco NtPLC3 displays a subapical plasma membrane distribution which frames that of fluorescence-tagged PI4P 5-kinases, suggesting that NtPLC3 may modulate PtdIns(4,5)P2-mediated processes in pollen tubes. The expression of a dominant negative NtPLC3 variant resulted in pollen tube tip swelling, consistent with a delimiting effect on PtdIns(4,5)P2 production. When pollen tube morphologies were assessed as a quantitative read-out for PtdIns(4,5)P2 function, NtPLC3 reverted the effects of a coexpressed PI4P 5-kinase, demonstrating that NtPLC3-mediated breakdown of PtdIns(4,5)P2 antagonizes the effects of PtdIns(4,5)P2 overproduction in vivo. When analyzed by spinning disc microscopy, fluorescence-tagged NtPLC3 displayed discontinuous membrane distribution omitting punctate areas of the membrane, suggesting that NtPLC3 is involved in the spatial restriction of plasma membrane domains also at the nanodomain scale. Together, the data indicate that NtPLC3 may contribute to the spatial restriction of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in the subapical plasma membrane of pollen tubes.
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Thibivilliers S, Farmer A, Libault M. Biological and Cellular Functions of the Microdomain-Associated FWL/CNR Protein Family in Plants. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9030377. [PMID: 32204387 PMCID: PMC7154862 DOI: 10.3390/plants9030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Membrane microdomains/nanodomains are sub-compartments of the plasma membrane enriched in sphingolipids and characterized by their unique protein composition. They play important roles in regulating plant development and plant-microbe interactions including mutualistic symbiotic interactions. Several protein families are associated with the microdomain fraction of biological membranes such as flotillins, prohibitins, and remorins. More recently, GmFWL1, a FWL/CNR protein exclusively expressed in the soybean nodule, was functionally characterized as a new microdomain-associated protein. Interestingly, GmFWL1 is homologous to the tomato FW2-2 protein, a major regulator of tomato fruit development. In this review, we summarize the knowledge gained about the biological, cellular, and physiological functions of members of the FWL/CNR family across various plant species. The role of the FWL/CNR proteins is also discussed within the scope of their evolution and transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thibivilliers
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
| | - Andrew Farmer
- National Center for Genome Resources, Santa Fe, NM 87505, USA;
| | - Marc Libault
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Beadle Center, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-402-472-4530
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25
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Dynamics and Endocytosis of Flot1 in Arabidopsis Require CPI1 Function. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051552. [PMID: 32106431 PMCID: PMC7084554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane microdomains are nano-scale domains (10–200 nm) enriched in sterols and sphingolipids. They have many important biological functions, including vesicle transport, endocytosis, and pathogen invasion. A previous study reported that the membrane microdomain-associated protein Flotillin1 (Flot1) was involved in plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana; however, whether sterols affect the plant immunity conveyed by Flot1 is unknown. Here, we showed that the root length in sterol-deficient cyclopropylsterol isomerase 1 (cpi1-1) mutants expressing Flot1 was significantly shorter than in control seedlings. The cotyledon epidermal cells in cpi1-1 mutants expressing Flot1 were smaller than in controls. Moreover, variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) and single-particle tracking (SPT) analysis demonstrated that the long-distance Flot1-GFP movement was decreased significantly in cpi1-1 mutants compared with the control seedlings. Meanwhile, the value of the diffusion coefficient Ĝ was dramatically decreased in cpi1-1 mutants after flagelin22 (flg22) treatment compared with the control seedlings, indicating that sterols affect the lateral mobility of Flot1-GFP within the plasma membrane. Importantly, using confocal microscopy, we determined that the endocytosis of Flot1-GFP was decreased in cpi1-1 mutants, which was confirmed by fluorescence cross spectroscopy (FCS) analysis. Hence, these results demonstrate that sterol composition plays a critical role in the plant defense responses of Flot1.
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26
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Yu M, Cui Y, Zhang X, Li R, Lin J. Organization and dynamics of functional plant membrane microdomains. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:275-287. [PMID: 31422442 PMCID: PMC11104912 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma membranes are heterogeneous and laterally compartmentalized into distinct microdomains. These membrane microdomains consist of special lipids and proteins and are thought to act as signaling platforms. In plants, membrane microdomains have been detected by super-resolution microscopy, and there is evidence that they play roles in several biological processes. Here, we review current knowledge about the lipid and protein components of membrane microdomains. Furthermore, we summarize the dynamics of membrane microdomains in response to different stimuli. We also explore the biological functions associated with membrane microdomains as signal integration hubs. Finally, we outline challenges and questions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yaning Cui
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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27
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Yang K, Wang L, Le J, Dong J. Cell polarity: Regulators and mechanisms in plants. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:132-147. [PMID: 31889400 PMCID: PMC7196246 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes in plant growth and development. Cell polarity is manifested as the asymmetric distribution of molecules, for example, proteins and lipids, at the plasma membrane and/or inside of a cell. Here, we summarize a few polarized proteins that have been characterized in plants and we review recent advances towards understanding the molecular mechanism for them to polarize at the plasma membrane. Multiple mechanisms, including membrane trafficking, cytoskeletal activities, and protein phosphorylation, and so forth define the polarized plasma membrane domains. Recent discoveries suggest that the polar positioning of the proteo-lipid membrane domain may instruct the formation of polarity complexes in plants. In this review, we highlight the factors and regulators for their functions in establishing the membrane asymmetries in plant development. Furthermore, we discuss a few outstanding questions to be addressed to better understand the mechanisms by which cell polarity is regulated in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- Correspondences: Kezhen Yang (); Juan Dong (, Dr. Dong is fully responsible for the distributions of all materials associated with this article)
| | - Lu Wang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jie Le
- Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Juan Dong
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondences: Kezhen Yang (); Juan Dong (, Dr. Dong is fully responsible for the distributions of all materials associated with this article)
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28
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Wei Z, Li J. Regulation of Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583622. [PMID: 33133120 PMCID: PMC7550685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as one of the major classes of phytohormones essential for various processes during normal plant growth, development, and adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been achieved on revealing mechanisms regulating BR biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling in many crops and in model plant Arabidopsis. It is known that BRs control plant growth and development in a dosage-dependent manner. Maintenance of BR homeostasis is therefore critical for optimal functions of BRs. In this review, updated discoveries on mechanisms controlling BR homeostasis in higher plants in response to internal and external cues are discussed.
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29
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Liao P, Lung SC, Chan WL, Bach TJ, Lo C, Chye ML. Overexpression of HMG-CoA synthase promotes Arabidopsis root growth and adversely affects glucosinolate biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:272-289. [PMID: 31557302 PMCID: PMC6913736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) catalyses the second step of the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. An HMGS inhibitor (F-244) has been reported to retard growth in wheat, tobacco, and Brassica juncea, but the mechanism remains unknown. Although the effects of HMGS on downstream isoprenoid metabolites have been extensively reported, not much is known on how it might affect non-isoprenoid metabolic pathways. Here, the mechanism of F-244-mediated inhibition of primary root growth in Arabidopsis and the relationship between HMGS and non-isoprenoid metabolic pathways were investigated by untargeted SWATH-MS quantitative proteomics, quantitative real-time PCR, and target metabolite analysis. Our results revealed that the inhibition of primary root growth caused by F-244 was a consequence of reduced stigmasterol, auxin, and cytokinin levels. Interestingly, proteomic analyses identified a relationship between HMGS and glucosinolate biosynthesis. Inhibition of HMGS activated glucosinolate biosynthesis, resulting from the induction of glucosinolate biosynthesis-related genes, suppression of sterol biosynthesis-related genes, and reduction in sterol levels. In contrast, HMGS overexpression inhibited glucosinolate biosynthesis, due to down-regulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis-related genes, up-regulation of sterol biosynthesis-related genes, and increase in sterol content. Thus, HMGS might represent a target for the manipulation of glucosinolate biosynthesis, given the regulatory relationship between HMGS in the MVA pathway and glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wai Lung Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas J Bach
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 2357, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Clive Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
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30
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Inês C, Corbacho J, Paredes MA, Labrador J, Cordeiro AM, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Regulation of sterol content and biosynthetic gene expression during flower opening and early fruit development in olive. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:526-539. [PMID: 30912149 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phytosterols are lipophilic membrane components essential not only for diverse cellular functions but also are biosynthetic precursors of the plant hormone, brassinosteroid (BR). However, the interaction between phytosterol and BR during early fleshy-fruit growth remains largely uncharacterized. In olive, phytosterols are important lipids because they affect oil quality, but phytosterol composition during flowering and early fruit development has not been explored. Here, we first investigated the temporal changes in phytosterol composition, and biosynthetic gene expression that occurred during olive flower opening and early fruit growth. Next, we analyzed the interrelationship between phytosterol and BR, whose levels we manipulated through the application of exogenous BRs (24-epibrassinolide, EBR) or a BR biosynthesis inhibitor (brassinazole, Brz). In this report, the profiling of phytosterol measurement revealed that β-sitosterol is the most abundant in olive reproductive organs. Our data demonstrate that both OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes are upregulated during floral anthesis in good agreement with the rise in cholesterol and β-sitosterol contents in olive flower. By contrast, the OeCYP51 and OeSMT2 genes displayed different expression patterns during early olive-fruit development. Furthermore, our data show that exogenous EBR enhanced the early olive-fruit growth, as well as the OeSMT2 transcript and β-sitosterol levels, but decreased the OeCYP51 transcript, squalene, campesterol and cholesterol levels, whereas the Brz treatment exerted the opposite effect. Overall, our findings indicate an up-regulation of β-sitosterol biosynthesis by BR at the transcriptional level during early olive-fruit growth, providing a valuable tool to unravel the physiological function of SMT2 in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Inês
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Jorge Corbacho
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Miguel A Paredes
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
| | - António M Cordeiro
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., UEIS Biotecnologia e Recursos Genéticos, Elvas, 7351-901, Portugal
| | - Maria C Gomez-Jimenez
- Plant Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, 06006, Spain
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31
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Song J, Sun S, Ren H, Grison M, Boutté Y, Bai W, Men S. The SMO1 Family of Sterol 4α-Methyl Oxidases Is Essential for Auxin- and Cytokinin-Regulated Embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:578-594. [PMID: 31341004 PMCID: PMC6776873 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In the plant sterol biosynthetic pathway, sterol 4α-methyl oxidase1 (SMO1) and SMO2 enzymes are involved in the removal of the first and second methyl groups at the C-4 position, respectively. SMO2s have been found to be essential for embryonic and postembryonic development, but the roles of SMO1s remain unclear. Here, we found that the three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) SMO1 genes displayed different expression patterns. Single smo1 mutants and smo1-1 smo1-3 double mutants showed no obvious phenotype, but the smo1-1 smo1-2 double mutant was embryo lethal. The smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos exhibited severe defects, including no cotyledon or shoot apical meristem formation, abnormal division of suspensor cells, and twin embryos. These defects were associated with enhanced and ectopic expression of auxin biosynthesis and response reporters. Consistently, the expression pattern and polar localization of PIN FORMED1, PIN FORMED7, and AUXIN RESISTANT1 auxin transporters were dramatically altered in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos. Moreover, cytokinin biosynthesis and response were reduced in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos. Tissue culture experiments further demonstrated that homeostasis between auxin and cytokinin was altered in smo1-1 smo1-2 heterozygous mutants. This disturbed balance of auxin and cytokinin in smo1-1 smo1-2 embryos was accompanied by unrestricted expression of the quiescent center marker WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX5 Accordingly, exogenous application of either auxin biosynthesis inhibitor or cytokinin partially rescued the embryo lethality of smo1-1 smo1-2 Sterol analyses revealed that 4,4-dimethylsterols dramatically accumulated in smo1-1 smo1-2 heterozygous mutants. Together, these data demonstrate that SMO1s function through maintaining correct sterol composition to balance auxin and cytokinin activities during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Song
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangli Sun
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, 999077 Hong Kong, China
| | - Huiwen Ren
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Magali Grison
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5200, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Weili Bai
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
| | - Shuzhen Men
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, 300071 Tianjin, China
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32
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Shanmugarajah K, Linka N, Gräfe K, Smits SHJ, Weber APM, Zeier J, Schmitt L. ABCG1 contributes to suberin formation in Arabidopsis thaliana roots. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11381. [PMID: 31388073 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7864-1_123-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion barriers enable plant survival under fluctuating environmental conditions. They control internal water potential and protect against biotic or abiotic stress factors. How these protective molecules are deposited to the extracellular environment is poorly understood. We here examined the role of the Arabidopsis ABC half-size transporter AtABCG1 in the formation of the extracellular root suberin layer. Quantitative analysis of extracellular long-chain fatty acids and aliphatic alcohols in the atabcg1 mutants demonstrated altered root suberin composition, specifically a reduction in longer chain dicarboxylic acids, fatty alcohols and acids. Accordingly, the ATP-hydrolyzing activity of heterologous expressed and purified AtABCG1 was strongly stimulated by fatty alcohols (C26-C30) and fatty acids (C24-C30) in a chain length dependent manner. These results are a first indication for the function of AtABCG1 in the transport of longer chain aliphatic monomers from the cytoplasm to the apoplastic space during root suberin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Shanmugarajah
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicole Linka
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katharina Gräfe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sander H J Smits
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zeier
- Institute for Molecular Ecophysiology of Plants, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lutz Schmitt
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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33
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Niu Q, Tan K, Zang Z, Xiao Z, Chen K, Hu M, Luo M. Modification of phytosterol composition influences cotton fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall deposition. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:208. [PMID: 31109298 PMCID: PMC6528235 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1830-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cotton fiber is a single cell that arises from the epidermis of ovule. It is not only a main economic product of cotton, but an ideal material for studying on the growth and development of plant cell. Our previous study indicated that phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol fluctuated regularly in cotton fiber development. However, what effects of modified phytosterol content and composition on the growth and development of cotton fiber cell is unknown. In this study, we overexpressed the GhSMT2-1, a cotton homologue of sterol C-24 methyltransferase 2 gene in transgenic upland cotton plants to modify phytosterol content and composition in fiber cells and investigated the changes on fiber elongation and secondary cell wall deposition. RESULTS GhSMT2-1 overexpression led to changes of phytosterol content and the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in fiber cell. At the rapid elongation stage of fiber cell, total phytosterol and sitosterol contents were increased while campesterol content was decreased in transgenic fibers when compared to control fibers. Accordingly, the ratio of campesterol to sitosterol declined strikingly. Simultaneously, the transgenic fibers were shorter and thicker than control fibers. Exogenous application of sitosterol or campesterol separately inhibited control fiber cell elongation in cotton ovule culture system in vitro. In addition, campesterol treatment partially rescued transgenic fiber elongation. CONCLUSION These results elucidated that modification of phytosterol content and composition influenced fiber cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation. High sitosterol or low ratio of campesterol to sitosterol suppresses fiber elongation and/or promote secondary cell wall deposition. The roles of sitosterol and campesterol were discussed in fiber cell development. There might be a specific ratio of campesterol to sitosterol in different developmental stage of cotton fibers, in which GhSMT2-1 play an important role. Our study, at a certain degree, provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fiber cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Niu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunling Tan
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuijun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Crop Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture/Biotechnology Research Center, Southwest University, Tiansheng Road 2, Beibei, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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34
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Aboobucker SI, Suza WP. Why Do Plants Convert Sitosterol to Stigmasterol? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:354. [PMID: 30984220 PMCID: PMC6447690 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A direct role for cholesterol signaling in mammals is clearly established; yet, the direct role in signaling for a plant sterol or sterol precursor is unclear. Fluctuations in sitosterol and stigmasterol levels during development and stress conditions suggest their involvement in signaling activities essential for plant development and stress compensation. Stigmasterol may be involved in gravitropism and tolerance to abiotic stress. The isolation of stigmasterol biosynthesis mutants offers a promising tool to test the function of sterol end products in signaling responses to developmental and environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter P. Suza
- Department of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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35
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Metabolism and Biological Activities of 4-Methyl-Sterols. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030451. [PMID: 30691248 PMCID: PMC6385002 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4,4-Dimethylsterols and 4-methylsterols are sterol biosynthetic intermediates (C4-SBIs) acting as precursors of cholesterol, ergosterol, and phytosterols. Their accumulation caused by genetic lesions or biochemical inhibition causes severe cellular and developmental phenotypes in all organisms. Functional evidence supports their role as meiosis activators or as signaling molecules in mammals or plants. Oxygenated C4-SBIs like 4-carboxysterols act in major biological processes like auxin signaling in plants and immune system development in mammals. It is the purpose of this article to point out important milestones and significant advances in the understanding of the biogenesis and biological activities of C4-SBIs.
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36
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Mamode Cassim A, Gouguet P, Gronnier J, Laurent N, Germain V, Grison M, Boutté Y, Gerbeau-Pissot P, Simon-Plas F, Mongrand S. Plant lipids: Key players of plasma membrane organization and function. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 73:1-27. [PMID: 30465788 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) is the biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside. The PM is constituted of a huge diversity of proteins and lipids. In this review, we will update the diversity of molecular species of lipids found in plant PM. We will further discuss how lipids govern global properties of the plant PM, explaining that plant lipids are unevenly distributed and are able to organize PM in domains. From that observation, it emerges a complex picture showing a spatial and multiscale segregation of PM components. Finally, we will discuss how lipids are key players in the function of PM in plants, with a particular focus on plant-microbe interaction, transport and hormone signaling, abiotic stress responses, plasmodesmata function. The last chapter is dedicated to the methods that the plant membrane biology community needs to develop to get a comprehensive understanding of membrane organization in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiilah Mamode Cassim
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Paul Gouguet
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Gronnier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Nelson Laurent
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magali Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Yohann Boutté
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Patricia Gerbeau-Pissot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRA, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, ERL 6003 CNRS, Dijon, France.
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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37
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Cui Y, Li X, Yu M, Li R, Fan L, Zhu Y, Lin J. Sterols regulate endocytic pathways during flg22-induced defense responses in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.165688. [PMID: 30228101 DOI: 10.1242/dev.165688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant transmembrane receptor kinase FLAGELLIN SENSING 2 (FLS2) is crucial for innate immunity. Although previous studies have reported FLS2-mediated signal transduction and endocytosis via the clathrin-mediated pathway, whether additional endocytic pathways affect FLS2-mediated defense responses remains unclear. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana sterol-deficient mutant steroid methyltransferase 1 displays defects in immune responses induced by the flagellin-derived peptide flg22. Variable-angle total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (VA-TIRFM) coupled with single-particle tracking showed that the spatiotemporal dynamics of FLS2-GFP changed on a millisecond time scale and that the FLS2-GFP dwell time at the plasma membrane increased in cells treated with a sterol-extracting reagent when compared with untreated counterparts. We further demonstrate that flg22-induced FLS2 clustering and endocytosis involves the sterol-associated endocytic pathway, which is distinct from the clathrin-mediated pathway. Moreover, flg22 enhanced the colocalization of FLS2-GFP with the membrane microdomain marker Flot 1-mCherry and FLS2 endocytosis via the sterol-associated pathway. This indicates that plants may respond to pathogen attacks by regulating two different endocytic pathways. Taken together, our results suggest the key role of sterol homeostasis in flg22-induced plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaning Cui
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meng Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lusheng Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.,Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Jinming Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China .,College of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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38
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Zhou JJ, Luo J. The PIN-FORMED Auxin Efflux Carriers in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2759. [PMID: 30223430 PMCID: PMC6164769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin plays crucial roles in multiple developmental processes, such as embryogenesis, organogenesis, cell determination and division, as well as tropic responses. These processes are finely coordinated by the auxin, which requires the polar distribution of auxin within tissues and cells. The intercellular directionality of auxin flow is closely related to the asymmetric subcellular location of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters. All PIN proteins have a conserved structure with a central hydrophilic loop domain, which harbors several phosphosites targeted by a set of protein kinases. The activities of PIN proteins are finely regulated by diverse endogenous and exogenous stimuli at multiple layers-including transcriptional and epigenetic levels, post-transcriptional modifications, subcellular trafficking, as well as PINs' recycling and turnover-to facilitate the developmental processes in an auxin gradient-dependent manner. Here, the recent advances in the structure, evolution, regulation and functions of PIN proteins in plants will be discussed. The information provided by this review will shed new light on the asymmetric auxin-distribution-dependent development processes mediated by PIN transporters in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Hubei Engineering Technology Research Center for Forestry Information, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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39
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Kawade K, Li Y, Koga H, Sawada Y, Okamoto M, Kuwahara A, Tsukaya H, Hirai MY. The cytochrome P450 CYP77A4 is involved in auxin-mediated patterning of the Arabidopsis thaliana embryo. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev168369. [PMID: 30213790 DOI: 10.1242/dev.168369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism often plays an important role in developmental control, in addition to supporting basal physiological requirements. However, our understanding of this interaction remains limited. Here, we performed quantitative phenome analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana cytochrome P450 mutants to identify a novel interaction between development and metabolism. We found that cyp77a4 mutants exhibit specific defects in cotyledon development, including asymmetric positioning and cup-shaped morphology, which could be rescued by introducing the CYP77A4 gene. Microscopy revealed that the abnormal patterning was detected at least from the 8-cell stage of the cyp77a4 embryos. We next analysed auxin distribution in mutant embryos, as the phenotypes resembled those of auxin-related mutants. We found that the auxin response pattern was severely perturbed in the cyp77a4 embryos owing to an aberrant distribution of the auxin efflux carrier PIN1. CYP77A4 intracellularly localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, which is consistent with the notion that this enzyme acts as an epoxidase of unsaturated fatty acids in the microsomal fraction. We propose that the CYP77A4-dependent metabolic pathway is an essential element for the establishment of polarity in plant embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kawade
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan .,National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.,RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yimeng Li
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuji Sawada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mami Okamoto
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayuko Kuwahara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, 5-1, Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masami Yokota Hirai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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40
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Grosjean K, Der C, Robert F, Thomas D, Mongrand S, Simon-Plas F, Gerbeau-Pissot P. Interactions between lipids and proteins are critical for organization of plasma membrane-ordered domains in tobacco BY-2 cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:3545-3557. [PMID: 29722895 PMCID: PMC6022670 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The laterally heterogeneous plant plasma membrane (PM) is organized into finely controlled specialized areas that include membrane-ordered domains. Recently, the spatial distribution of such domains within the PM has been identified as playing a key role in cell responses to environmental challenges. To examine membrane order at a local level, BY-2 tobacco suspension cell PMs were labelled with an environment-sensitive probe (di-4-ANEPPDHQ). Four experimental models were compared to identify mechanisms and cell components involved in short-term (1 h) maintenance of the ordered domain organization in steady-state cell PMs: modulation of the cytoskeleton or the cell wall integrity of tobacco BY-2 cells; and formation of giant vesicles using either a lipid mixture of tobacco BY-2 cell PMs or the original lipid and protein combinations of the tobacco BY-2 cell PM. Whilst inhibiting phosphorylation or disrupting either the cytoskeleton or the cell wall had no observable effects, we found that lipids and proteins significantly modified both the abundance and spatial distribution of ordered domains. This indicates the involvement of intrinsic membrane components in the local physical state of the plant PM. Our findings support a major role for the 'lipid raft' model, defined as the sterol-dependent ordered assemblies of specific lipids and proteins in plant PM organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Grosjean
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Der
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Robert
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sébastien Mongrand
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), Unité Mixte de Recherche UMR, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Françoise Simon-Plas
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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41
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Chen M, Chen J, Luo N, Qu R, Guo Z, Lu S. Cholesterol accumulation by suppression of SMT1 leads to dwarfism and improved drought tolerance in herbaceous plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1417-1426. [PMID: 29465802 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfism and drought tolerance are 2 valuable traits in breeding of many crops. In this study, we report the novel physiological roles of cholesterol in regulation of plant growth and drought tolerance. Compared with the wild type, sterol-C24-methyltransferase 1 (SMT1) gene transcript was greatly reduced in a bermudagrass mutant with dwarfism and enhanced drought tolerance, accompanied with cholesterol accumulation, elevated transcript levels of a small group of genes including SAMDC, and increased concentrations of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm). Knock-down of OsSMT1 expression by RNA interference resulted in similar phenotypic changes in transgenic rice. Moreover, exogenously applied cholesterol also led to elevated transcripts of a similar set of genes, higher levels of Put, Spd, and Spm, improved drought tolerance, and reduced plant height in both bermudagrass and rice. We revealed that it is Spm, but not Spd, that is responsible for the height reduction in bermudagrass and rice. In conclusion, we suggest that cholesterol induces expression of SAMDC and leads to dwarfism and elevated drought tolerance in plants as a result of the promoted Spd and Spm synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Na Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Rongda Qu
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7287, USA
| | - Zhenfei Guo
- College of Grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shaoyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Grassland Science, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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42
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Short E, Leighton M, Imriz G, Liu D, Cope-Selby N, Hetherington F, Smertenko A, Hussey PJ, Topping JF, Lindsey K. Epidermal expression of a sterol biosynthesis gene regulates root growth by a non-cell-autonomous mechanism in Arabidopsis. Development 2018; 145:dev.160572. [PMID: 29695610 PMCID: PMC6001376 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is hypothesized to play a signalling role during plant development. One class of mutants showing defects in signal transduction and radial patterning are those in sterol biosynthesis. The expectation is that living cells require sterols, but it is not clear that all cell types express sterol biosynthesis genes. The HYDRA1 (HYD1) gene of Arabidopsis encodes sterol Δ8-Δ7 isomerase, and although hyd1 seedlings are defective in radial patterning across several tissues, we show that the HYD1 gene is expressed most strongly in the root epidermis. Transgenic activation of HYD1 transcription in the epidermis of hyd1 null mutants reveals a major role in root patterning and growth. HYD1 expression in the vascular tissues and root meristem, though not endodermis or pericycle, also leads to some phenotypic rescue. Phenotypic rescue is associated with rescued patterning of the PIN1 and PIN2 auxin efflux carriers. The importance of the epidermis in controlling root growth and development is proposed to be, in part, due to its role as a site for sterol biosynthesis, and auxin is a candidate for the non-cell-autonomous signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleri Short
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Gul Imriz
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Dongbin Liu
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Naomi Cope-Selby
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Andrei Smertenko
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Keith Lindsey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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43
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Liao C, Weijers D. A toolkit for studying cellular reorganization during early embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 93:963-976. [PMID: 29383853 PMCID: PMC5887935 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made in understanding the influence of physical and genetic factors on the patterns of cell division in various model systems. However, how each of these factors directs changes in subcellular structures has remained unclear. Generic machineries for the execution of cell expansion and division have been characterized, but how these are influenced by genetic regulators and physical cell properties remains an open question. To a large degree, the complexity of growing post-embryonic tissues and a lack of precise predictability have prevented the extraction of rigid correlations between subcellular structures and future orientation of cell division. The Arabidopsis embryo offers an exquisitely predictable and simple model for studying such correlations, but so far the tools and methodology for studying subcellular structures in the early embryo have been lacking. Here, we describe a set of markers to visualize a range of subcellular structures in the early Arabidopsis embryo. We have designed a series of fluorescent cellular reporters optimized for embryos, and demonstrate the effectiveness of using these 'ACE' reporters with simple three-dimensional imaging procedures that preserve delicate cellular structures. We describe the ontogeny of subcellular structures in the early embryo and find that central/peripheral cell polarity is established much earlier than suspected. In addition, we show that the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton has distinct topologies in the embryo. These tools and methods will allow detailed analysis of the events of cellular reorganization that underlie morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che‐Yang Liao
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of BiochemistryWageningen UniversityStippeneng 46708WE Wageningenthe Netherlands
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44
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Tan S, Zhang P, Xiao W, Feng B, Chen LY, Li S, Li P, Zhao WZ, Qi XT, Yin LP. TMD1 domain and CRAC motif determine the association and disassociation of MxIRT1 with detergent-resistant membranes. Traffic 2017; 19:122-137. [PMID: 29112302 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for most living organisms. The iron-regulated transporter1 (IRT1) plays a major role in iron uptake in roots, and its trafficking from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to plasma membrane (PM) is tightly coordinated with changes in iron environment. However, studies on the IRT1 response are limited. Here, we report that Malus xiaojinesis IRT1 (MxIRT1) associates with detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs, a biochemical counterpart of PM microdomains), whereas the PM microdomains are known platforms for signal transduction in the PM. Depending on the shift of MxIRT1 from microdomains to homogeneous regions in PM, MxIRT1-mediated iron absorption is activated by the cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus (CRAC) motif of MxIRT1. MxIRT1 initially associates with DRMs in ER via its transmembrane domain 1 (TMD1), and thus begins DRMs-dependent intracellular trafficking. Subsequently, MxIRT1 is sequestered in COPII vesicles via the ER export signal sequence in MxIRT1. These studies suggest that iron homeostasis is influenced by the CRAC motif and TMD1 domain due to their determination of MxIRT1-DRMs association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Tan
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Bing Feng
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Lan-You Chen
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Zhao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Qi
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Ping Yin
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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45
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Sena F, Sotelo-Silveira M, Astrada S, Botella MA, Malacrida L, Borsani O. Spectral phasor analysis reveals altered membrane order and function of root hair cells in Arabidopsis dry2/sqe1-5 drought hypersensitive mutant. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 119:224-231. [PMID: 28910707 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biological membranes allow the regulation of numerous cellular processes, which are affected when unfavorable environmental factors are perceived. Lipids and proteins are the principal components of biological membranes. Each lipid has unique biophysical properties, and, therefore the lipid composition of the membrane is critical to maintaining the bilayer structure and functionality. Membrane composition and integrity are becoming the focus of studies aiming to understand how plants adapt to its environment. In this study, using a combination of di-4-ANEPPDHQ fluorescence and spectral phasor analysis, we report that the drought hypersensitive/squalene epoxidase (dry2/sqe1-5) mutant with reduced major sterols such as sitosterol and stigmasterol in roots presented higher membrane fluidity than the wild type. Moreover, analysis of endomembrane dynamics showed that vesicle formation was affected in dry2/sqe1-5. Further analysis of proteins associated with sterol rich micro domains showed that dry2/sqe1-5 presented micro domains function altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Sena
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | - Miguel A Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Leonel Malacrida
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la Republica, Montevideo-Uruguay, Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur of Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Omar Borsani
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Agronomía, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Lung SC, Liao P, Yeung EC, Hsiao AS, Xue Y, Chye ML. Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein ACBP1 Modulates Sterol Synthesis during Embryogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1420-1435. [PMID: 28500265 PMCID: PMC5490911 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) and sterols are primary metabolites that exert interrelated functions as structural and signaling lipids. Despite their common syntheses from acetyl-coenzyme A, homeostatic cross talk remains enigmatic. Six Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) acyl-coenzyme A-binding proteins (ACBPs) are involved in FA metabolism. ACBP1 interacts with PHOSPHOLIPASE Dα1 and regulates phospholipid composition. Here, its specific role in the negative modulation of sterol synthesis during embryogenesis is reported. ACBP1, likely in a liganded state, interacts with STEROL C4-METHYL OXIDASE1-1 (SMO1-1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the sterol pathway. Proembryo abortion in the double mutant indicated that the ACBP1-SMO1-1 interaction is synthetic lethal, corroborating with their strong promoter activities in developing ovules. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed quantitative and compositional changes in FAs and sterols upon overexpression or mutation of ACBP1 and/or SMO1-1 Aberrant levels of these metabolites may account for the downstream defect in lipid signaling. GLABRA2 (GL2), encoding a phospholipid/sterol-binding homeodomain transcription factor, was up-regulated in developing seeds of acbp1, smo1-1, and ACBP1+/-smo1-1 in comparison with the wild type. Consistent with the corresponding transcriptional alteration of GL2 targets, high-oil, low-mucilage phenotypes of gl2 were phenocopied in ACBP1+/-smo1-1 Thus, ACBP1 appears to modulate the metabolism of two important lipid classes (FAs and sterols) influencing cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiu-Cheung Lung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pan Liao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - An-Shan Hsiao
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Xue
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Gerth K, Lin F, Menzel W, Krishnamoorthy P, Stenzel I, Heilmann M, Heilmann I. Guilt by Association: A Phenotype-Based View of the Plant Phosphoinositide Network. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:349-374. [PMID: 28125287 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membranes contain small amounts of phospholipids that have regulatory effects on the physiological functions of cells, tissues, and organs. Phosphoinositides (PIs)-the phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol-are one example of such regulatory lipids. Although PIs were described in plants decades ago, their contribution to the regulation of physiological processes in plants is not well understood. In the past few years, evidence has emerged that PIs are essential for plant function and development. Recently reported phenotypes associated with the perturbation of different PIs suggest that some subgroups of PIs influence specific processes. Although the molecular targets of PI-dependent regulation in plants are largely unknown, the effects of perturbed PI metabolism can be used to propose regulatory modules that involve particular downstream targets of PI regulation. This review summarizes phenotypes associated with the perturbation of the plant PI network to categorize functions and suggest possible downstream targets of plant PI regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Gerth
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Wilhelm Menzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Praveen Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Irene Stenzel
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Mareike Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
| | - Ingo Heilmann
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; , , , , , ,
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48
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Valitova JN, Sulkarnayeva AG, Minibayeva FV. Plant Sterols: Diversity, Biosynthesis, and Physiological Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:819-34. [PMID: 27677551 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297916080046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sterols, which are isoprenoid derivatives, are structural components of biological membranes. Special attention is now being given not only to their structure and function, but also to their regulatory roles in plants. Plant sterols have diverse composition; they exist as free sterols, sterol esters with higher fatty acids, sterol glycosides, and acylsterol glycosides, which are absent in animal cells. This diversity of types of phytosterols determines a wide spectrum of functions they play in plant life. Sterols are precursors of a group of plant hormones, the brassinosteroids, which regulate plant growth and development. Furthermore, sterols participate in transmembrane signal transduction by forming lipid microdomains. The predominant sterols in plants are β-sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol. These sterols differ in the presence of a methyl or an ethyl group in the side chain at the 24th carbon atom and are named methylsterols or ethylsterols, respectively. The balance between 24-methylsterols and 24-ethylsterols is specific for individual plant species. The present review focuses on the key stages of plant sterol biosynthesis that determine the ratios between the different types of sterols, and the crosstalk between the sterol and sphingolipid pathways. The main enzymes involved in plant sterol biosynthesis are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, C24-sterol methyltransferase, and C22-sterol desaturase. These enzymes are responsible for maintaining the optimal balance between sterols. Regulation of the ratios between the different types of sterols and sterols/sphingolipids can be of crucial importance in the responses of plants to stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Valitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, 420111, Russia
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49
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Li R, Rodriguez-Furlan C, Wang J, van de Ven W, Gao T, Raikhel NV, Hicks GR. Different Endomembrane Trafficking Pathways Establish Apical and Basal Polarities. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:90-108. [PMID: 28011692 PMCID: PMC5304347 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The endomembrane system is an interconnected network required to establish signal transduction, cell polarity, and cell shape in response to developmental or environmental stimuli. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, there are numerous markers to visualize polarly localized plasma membrane proteins utilizing endomembrane trafficking. Previous studies have shown that the large ARF-GEF GNOM plays a key role in the establishment of basal (rootward) polarity, whereas the apically (shootward) polarized membrane proteins undergo sorting via different routes. However, the mechanism that maintains apical polarity is largely unknown. Here, we used a chemical genomic approach and identified the compound endosidin 16 (ES16), which perturbed apically localized plasma membrane proteins without affecting basal polarity. We demonstrated that ES16 is an inhibitor for recycling of apical, lateral, and nonpolar plasma membrane proteins as well as biosynthetic secretion, leaving the basal proteins as the only exceptions not subject to ES16 inhibition. Further evidence from pharmaceutical and genetic data revealed that ES16 effects are mediated through the regulation of small GTPase RabA proteins and that RabA GTPases work in concert with the BIG clade ARF-GEF to modulate the nonbasal trafficking. Our results reveal that ES16 defines a distinct pathway for endomembrane sorting routes and is essential for the establishment of cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixi Li
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Junqi Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wilhelmina van de Ven
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Natasha V Raikhel
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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50
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Armengot L, Caldarella E, Marquès-Bueno MM, Martínez MC. The Protein Kinase CK2 Mediates Cross-Talk between Auxin- and Salicylic Acid-Signaling Pathways in the Regulation of PINOID Transcription. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157168. [PMID: 27275924 PMCID: PMC4898841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase CK2 is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme, the activity of which is vital for eukaryotic cells. We recently demonstrated that CK2 modulates salicylic acid (SA) homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana, and that functional interplay between CK2 and SA sustains transcriptional expression of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes. In this work, we show that CK2 also plays a key role in the transcriptional regulation of PINOID (PID), an AGC protein kinase that modulates the apical/basal localization of auxin-efflux transporters. We show that PID transcription is up-regulated by auxin and by SA and that CK2 is involved in both pathways. On the one hand, CK2 activity is required for proteosome-dependent degradation of AXR3, a member of the AUX/IAA family of auxin transcriptional repressors that must be degraded to activate auxin-responsive gene expression. On the other hand, the role of CK2 in SA homeostasis and, indirectly, in SA-driven PID transcription, was confirmed by using Arabidopsis NahG transgenic plants, which cannot accumulate SA. In conclusion, our results evidence a role for CK2 as a functional link in the negative cross-talk between auxin- and SA-signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Eleonora Caldarella
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M. Carmen Martínez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain
- * E-mail:
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