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Spencer TA, Ditchfield R. Tryptophan Stabilization of a Biochemical Carbocation Evaluated by Analysis of π Complexes of 3-Ethylindole with the t-Butyl Cation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:26497-26507. [PMID: 37521644 PMCID: PMC10373456 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the highly unstable carbocation intermediates in terpenoid biosynthesis are stabilized and protected during their transient existence in enzyme active sites is an intriguing challenge which has to be addressed computationally. Our efforts have focused on evaluating the stabilization afforded via carbocation-π complexation between a biochemical carbocation and an aromatic amino acid residue. This has involved making measurements on an X-ray structure of an enzyme active site that shows a π donor proximate to a putative carbocation site and using these to build models which are analyzed computationally to provide an estimated stabilization energy (SE). Previously, we reported estimated SEs for several such carbocation-π complexes involving phenylalanine. Herein, we report the first such estimate involving tryptophan as the π donor. Because there was almost no published information about indole as a π-complexation donor, we first located computationally equilibrium π and σ complexes of 3-ethylindole with the t-butyl cation as relevant background information. Then, measurements on the X-ray structure of the enzyme CotB2 complexed with geranylgeranyl thiodiphosphate (GGSPP), specifically on the geometric relationship of the putative carbocation at C15 of GGSPP to W186, were used to build a model that afforded a computed SE of -15.3 kcal/mol.
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2
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Meng Q, Kim SJ, Costa MA, Moinuddin SGA, Celoy RM, Smith CA, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Dirigent protein subfamily function and structure in terrestrial plant phenol metabolism. Methods Enzymol 2023; 683:101-150. [PMID: 37087184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic plant transition to land, and subsequent terrestrial plant species diversification, was accompanied by the emergence and massive elaboration of plant phenol chemo-diversity. Concomitantly, dirigent protein (DP) and dirigent-like protein subfamilies, derived from large multigene families, emerged and became extensively diversified. DP biochemical functions as gateway entry points into new and diverse plant phenol skeletal types then markedly expanded. DPs have at least eight non-uniformly distributed subfamilies, with different DP subfamily members of known biochemical/physiological function now implicated as gateway entries to lignan, lignin, aromatic diterpenoid, pterocarpan and isoflavene pathways. While some other DP subfamily members have jacalin domains, both these and indeed the majority of DPs throughout the plant kingdom await discovery of their biochemical roles. Methods and approaches were developed to discover DP biochemical function as gateway entry points to distinct plant phenol skeletal types in land plants. Various DP 3D X-ray structural determinations enabled structure-based comparative sequence analysis and modeling to understand similarities and differences among the different DP subfamilies. We consider that the core DP β-barrel fold and associated characteristics are likely common to all DPs, with several residues conserved and nearly invariant. There is also considerable variation in residue composition and topography of the putative substrate binding pockets, as well as substantial differences in several loops, such as the β1-β2 loop. All DPs likely bind and stabilize quinone methide intermediates, while guiding distinctive regio- and/or stereo-chemical entry into Nature's chemo-diverse land plant phenol metabolic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Meng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Michael A Costa
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Syed G A Moinuddin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Rhodesia M Celoy
- School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Clyde A Smith
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - John R Cort
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States; Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
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3
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Jimenez Aleman GH, Thirumalaikumar VP, Jander G, Fernie AR, Skirycz A. OPDA, more than just a jasmonate precursor. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 204:113432. [PMID: 36115386 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The oxylipin 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) is known as a biosynthetic precursor of the important plant hormone jasmonic acid. However, OPDA is also a signaling molecule with functions independent of jasmonates. OPDA involvement in diverse biological processes, from plant defense and stress responses to growth regulation and development, has been documented across plant species. OPDA is synthesized in the plastids from alpha-linolenic acid, and OPDA binding to plastidial cyclophilins activates TGA transcription factors upstream of genes associated with stress responses. Here, we summarize what is known about OPDA metabolism and signaling while briefly discussing its jasmonate dependent and independent roles. We also describe open questions, such as the OPDA protein interactome and biological roles of OPDA conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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Mall M, Shanker K, Samad A, Kalra A, Sundaresan V, Shukla AK. Stress responsiveness of vindoline accumulation in Catharanthus roseus leaves is mediated through co-expression of allene oxide cyclase with pathway genes. PROTOPLASMA 2022; 259:755-773. [PMID: 34459997 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01701-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vindoline is an important alkaloid produced in Catharanthus roseus leaves. It is the more important monomer of the scarce and costly anticancer bisindole alkaloids, vincristine, and vinblastine, as unlike catharanthine (the other monomer), its biosynthesis is restricted to the leaves. Here, biotic (bacterial endophyte, phytoplasma, virus) and abiotic (temperature, salinity, SA, MeJa) factors were studied for their effect on vindoline accumulation in C. roseus. Variations in vindoline pathway-related gene expression were reflected in changes in vindoline content. Since allene oxide cyclase (CrAOC) is involved in jasmonate biosynthesis and MeJa modulates many vindoline pathway genes, the correlation between CrAOC expression and vindoline content was studied. It was taken up for full-length cloning, tissue-specific expression profiling, in silico analyses, and upstream genomic region analysis for cis-regulatory elements. Co-expression analysis of CrAOC with vindoline metabolism-related genes under the influence of aforementioned abiotic/biotic factors indicated its stronger direct correlation with the tabersonine-to-vindoline genes (t16h, omt, t3o, t3r, nmt, d4h, dat) as compared to the pre-tabersonine genes (tdc, str, sgd). Its expression was inversely related to that of downstream-acting peroxidase (prx) (except under temperature stress). Direct/positive relationship of CrAOC expression with vindoline content established it as a key gene modulating vindoline accumulation in C. roseus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maneesha Mall
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Karuna Shanker
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Abdul Samad
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India
| | - Velusamy Sundaresan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Research Centre, Allalasandra, GKVK Post, Bengaluru, 560065, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, P.O. CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, UP, India.
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5
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Lin S, Ye M, Li X, Xing Y, Liu M, Zhang J, Sun X. A novel inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway represses herbivore resistance in tea plants. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhab038. [PMID: 35043181 PMCID: PMC8945283 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway plays a vital role in mediating plant resistance to herbivores. Tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is one of the most important woody cash crops in the world. Due to the lack of genetic transformation systems for tea plants, how the JA signaling pathway works in tea plants has not yet been determined. Now, with the development of cross-disciplines, chemical biology provides new means for analysing the JA signaling pathway. In the present study, the small molecule isoquinoline compound ZINC71820901 (lyn3) was obtained from the ZINC molecular library through virtual screening based on the structure of the crystal COI1-JAZ1 co-receptor and was found to act as an inhibitor of the JA signaling pathway both in Arabidopsis and tea plants. Our results revealed that lyn3 repressed tea plant resistance to Ectropis grisescens mainly by decreasing the accumulation of (-)-epicatechin (EC) and (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) via repression of the JA signaling pathway, which functioned in the different modulation manner to the already known inhibitor SHAM. As a novel inhibitor of JA signaling pathway, lyn3 provides a specific option for further research on the JA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songbo Lin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meng Ye
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiwang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuxian Xing
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoling Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Tea Biology and Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,
No. 9 South Meiling Road, Hangzhou 310008, Zhejiang, China
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Villar P, Grechkin AN, González-Pérez AB, de Lera ÁR. On the rearrangements of biologically-relevant vinyl allene oxides to cis-cyclopentenones, ketols, and Favorskii-type carboxylic acids. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9460-9469. [PMID: 34693419 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01847g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In addition to stereodefined cis-cyclopentenones, the rearrangement of naturally-occurring vinyl allene oxides can provide ketols, cyclopropylcarbinols, and Favorskii-type bis-(Z)-but-2-en-1-yl acetic acids. These processes have been studied by DFT computations using (Z)-but-1-en-1-yl allene oxides as model systems. Prior studies on the stepwise cascade process starting from (Z)-but-1-en-1-yl allene oxides established as key steps the ring opening of the oxirane to give oxidopentadienyl biradicals, and their isomerization through formation of alkenylcyclopropanone intermediates prior to the conrotatory electrocyclic ring closure to cis-configured cyclopentenones. Under neutral or under acidic conditions, the corresponding ketols and cyclopropylcarbinols have been computationally characterized as resulting from SN2, SN1 and SN1'-type processes, showing that the rearrangement of vinyl allene oxides is pH-dependent. Moreover, stereoconvergent base-induced Favorskii-type rearrangements to provide bis-(Z)-but-1-en-1-yl substituted acetic acids have also been justified. Since the model system captures the structural features of the vinyl allene oxides of biological relevance, our computations provide the most comprehensive overview of the complex reactivity of these natural species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Villar
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 261, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Adán B González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Ángel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, CINBIO, As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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7
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Dhar R, Feehan R, Slusky JSG. Membrane Barrels Are Taller, Fatter, Inside-Out Soluble Barrels. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3622-3628. [PMID: 33797916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Up-and-down β-barrel topology exists in both the membrane and soluble environment. By comparing features of these structurally similar proteins, we can determine what features are particular to the environment rather than the fold. Here we compare structures of membrane β-barrels to soluble β-barrels and evaluate their relative size, shape, amino acid composition, hydrophobicity, and periodicity. We find that membrane β-barrels are generally larger than soluble β-barrels, with more strands per barrel and more amino acids per strand, making them wider and taller. We also find that membrane β-barrels are inside-out soluble β-barrels. The inward region of membrane β-barrels has similar hydrophobicity to the outward region of soluble β-barrels, and the outward region of membrane β-barrels has similar hydrophobicity to the inward region of the soluble β-barrels. Moreover, even though both types of β-barrel have been assumed to have strands with amino acids that alternate in direction and hydrophobicity, we find that the membrane β-barrels have more regular alternation than soluble β-barrels. These features give insight into how membrane barrels maintain their fold and function in the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Dhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Ryan Feehan
- Center for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Joanna S G Slusky
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Kansas, 1200 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States.,Center for Computational Biology, The University of Kansas, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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8
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Spencer TA, Ditchfield R. A simpler method affords evaluation of π stabilization by phenylalanine of several biochemical carbocations. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7597-7607. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01565b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simple models based on measurements taken from X-ray structures of relevant active sites are used to evaluate π stabilization by phenylalanine of several biochemical carbocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Spencer
- Department of Chemistry
- 6128 Burke Laboratory
- Dartmouth College
- Hanover
- USA
| | - Robert Ditchfield
- Department of Chemistry
- 6128 Burke Laboratory
- Dartmouth College
- Hanover
- USA
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9
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Teder T, Samel N, Lõhelaid H. Distinct characteristics of the substrate binding between highly homologous catalase-related allene oxide synthase and hydroperoxide lyase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 676:108126. [PMID: 31589830 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A catalase-related allene oxide synthase (cAOS) or a hydroperoxide lyase (cHPL) fused together with an 8R-lipoxygenase is involved in the stress signaling of corals via an arachidonic acid pathway. cAOS gives rise to α-ketol and cyclopentenone, while cHPL catalyzes the cleavage of 8R-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8R-HpETE) to C8-oxo acid and C12 aldehyde. In silico analysis of the substrate entry sites of highly identical coral cAOS and cHPL indicated that two positively charged residues of cAOS, K60 and K107, and the corresponding residues of cHPL, E60 and K107, may be involved in the anchoring of the carboxy group of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) hydroperoxides. A mutational analysis of cAOS and cHPL revealed that K60 or E60 and K107 were not necessary in the tethering of 8R-HpETE, however, the E60 of cHPL was essential in the productive binding of PUFA hydroperoxides. The substrate preferences of cAOS and cHPL were determined with hydroperoxy derivatives of C18, C20, C22 PUFAs, anandamide (AEA), 1-arachidonoyl glycerol (1-AG) and selected methylated substrates. Although cAOS and cHPL were able to metabolize different free PUFA substrates and arachidonoyl derivatives, only cHPL catalyzed the reaction with methylated PUFA hydroperoxides. The differences in the substrate binding and preferences between cAOS and cHPL can be explained by the distinct properties of their substrate entry sites. The current study demonstrated that homologous PUFA metabolizing enzymes may contribute to the versatile usage of the substrate pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarvi Teder
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Nigulas Samel
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Helike Lõhelaid
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Little R, Paiva FCR, Jenkins R, Hong H, Sun Y, Demydchuk Y, Samborskyy M, Tosin M, Leeper FJ, Dias MVB, Leadlay PF. Unexpected enzyme-catalysed [4+2] cycloaddition and rearrangement in polyether antibiotic biosynthesis. Nat Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-019-0351-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Oliw EH, Hamberg M. Biosynthesis of Jasmonates from Linoleic Acid by the Fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Evidence for a Novel Allene Oxide Cyclase. Lipids 2019; 54:543-556. [PMID: 31353474 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tulipae (FOT) secretes (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-(S)-isoleucine ((+)-JA-Ile) to the growth medium together with about 10 times less 9,10-dihydro-(+)-7-iso-JA-Ile. Plants and fungi form (+)-JA-Ile from 18:3n-3 via 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), which is formed sequentially by 13S-lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase (AOS), and allene oxide cyclase (AOC). Plant AOC does not accept linoleic acid (18:2n-6)-derived allene oxides and dihydrojasmonates are not commonly found in plants. This raises the question whether 18:2n-6 serves as the precursor of 9,10-dihydro-JA-Ile in Fusarium, or whether the latter arises by a putative reductase activity operating on the n-3 double bond of (+)-JA-Ile or one of its precursors. Incubation of pentadeuterated (d5 ) 18:3n-3 with mycelia led to the formation of d5 -(+)-JA-Ile whereas d5 -9,10-dihydro-JA-Ile was not detectable. In contrast, d5 -9,10-dihydro-(+)-JA-Ile was produced following incubation of [17,17,18,18,18-2 H5 ]linoleic acid (d5 -18:2n-6). Furthermore, 9(S),13(S)-12-oxophytoenoic acid, the 15,16-dihydro analog of 12-OPDA, was formed upon incubation of unlabeled or d5 -18:2n-6. Appearance of the α-ketol, 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9-octadecenoic acid following incubation of unlabeled or [13 C18 ]-labeled 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoic acid confirmed the involvement of AOS and the biosynthesis of the allene oxide 12,13(S)-epoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid. The lack of conversion of this allene oxide by AOC in higher plants necessitates the conclusion that the fungal AOC is distinct from the corresponding plant enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst H Oliw
- Division of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 1, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Rustgi S, Springer A, Kang C, von Wettstein D, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S, Pollmann S. ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE and HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE, Two Non-Canonical Cytochrome P450s in Arabidopsis thaliana and Their Different Roles in Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3064. [PMID: 31234561 PMCID: PMC6627107 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The channeling of metabolites is an essential step of metabolic regulation in all living organisms. Multifunctional enzymes with defined domains for metabolite compartmentalization are rare, but in many cases, larger assemblies forming multimeric protein complexes operate in defined metabolic shunts. In Arabidopsis thaliana, a multimeric complex was discovered that contains a 13-lipoxygenase and allene oxide synthase (AOS) as well as allene oxide cyclase. All three plant enzymes are localized in chloroplasts, contributing to the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA). JA and its derivatives act as ubiquitous plant defense regulators in responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. AOS belongs to the superfamily of cytochrome P450 enzymes and is named CYP74A. Another CYP450 in chloroplasts, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL, CYP74B), competes with AOS for the common substrate. The products of the HPL reaction are green leaf volatiles that are involved in the deterrence of insect pests. Both enzymes represent non-canonical CYP450 family members, as they do not depend on O2 and NADPH-dependent CYP450 reductase activities. AOS and HPL activities are crucial for plants to respond to different biotic foes. In this mini-review, we aim to summarize how plants make use of the LOX2-AOS-AOC2 complex in chloroplasts to boost JA biosynthesis over volatile production and how this situation may change in plant communities during mass ingestion by insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC 29506, USA.
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Armin Springer
- Medizinische Biologie und Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum (EMZ), Universitätsmedizin Rostock, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Biomolecular Crystallography Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, CEDEX, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Biologie Environnementale et Systémique (BEEeSy), Université Grenoble Alpes, BP 53, CEDEX, F-38041 Grenoble, France.
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Pollmann S, Springer A, Rustgi S, von Wettstein D, Kang C, Reinbothe C, Reinbothe S. Substrate channeling in oxylipin biosynthesis through a protein complex in the plastid envelope of Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:1483-1495. [PMID: 30690555 PMCID: PMC6411374 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated membrane fatty acid derivatives termed oxylipins play important roles in plant defense against biotic and abiotic cues. Plants challenged by insect pests, for example, synthesize a blend of different defense compounds that include volatile aldehydes and jasmonic acid (JA), among others. Because all oxylipins are derived from the same pathway, we investigated how their synthesis might be regulated, focusing on two closely related atypical cytochrome P450 enzymes designated CYP74A and CYP74B, respectively, allene oxide synthase (AOS) and hydroperoxide lyase (HPL). These enzymes compete for the same substrate but give rise to different products: the final product of the AOS branch of the oxylipin pathway is JA, while those of the HPL branch comprise volatile aldehydes and alcohols. AOS and HPL are plastid envelope enzymes in Arabidopsis thaliana but accumulate at different locations. Biochemical experiments identified AOS as a constituent of complexes also containing lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) and allene oxide cyclase (AOC), which catalyze consecutive steps in JA precursor biosynthesis, while excluding the concurrent HPL reaction. Based on published X-ray data, the structure of this complex was modelled and amino acids involved in catalysis and subunit interactions predicted. Genetic studies identified the microRNA 319-regulated clade of TCP (TEOSINTE BRANCHED/CYCLOIDEA/PCF) transcription factor genes and CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1) as controlling JA production through the LOX2-AOS-AOC2 complex. Together, our results define a molecular branch point in oxylipin biosynthesis that allows fine-tuning of the plant's defense machinery in response to biotic and abiotic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentación (INIA), Campus de Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
- Correspondence: or
| | - Armin Springer
- Medizinische Biologie und Elektronenmikroskopisches Zentrum (EMZ), Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Sachin Rustgi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC, USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Diter von Wettstein
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - ChulHee Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Biomolecular Crystallography Center, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Christiane Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX, France
| | - Steffen Reinbothe
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Plantes, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEDEX, France
- Correspondence: or
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Maynard D, Gröger H, Dierks T, Dietz KJ. The function of the oxylipin 12-oxophytodienoic acid in cell signaling, stress acclimation, and development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:5341-5354. [PMID: 30169821 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Forty years ago, 12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA) was reported as a prostaglandin (PG)-like metabolite of linolenic acid found in extracts of flaxseed. Since then, numerous studies have determined the role of 12-OPDA in regulating plant immunity, seed dormancy, and germination. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the regulation of 12-OPDA synthesis in the chloroplast and 12-OPDA-dependent signaling in gene expression and targeting protein functions. We describe the properties of OPDA that are linked to the activities of PGs, which are derived from arachidonic acid and act as tissue hormones in animals, including humans. The similarity of OPDA with bioactive PGs is particularly evident for the most-studied cyclopentenone, PG 15-dPGJ2. In addition to chemical approaches towards 12-OPDA synthesis, bio-organic synthesis strategies for 12-OPDA and analogous substances have recently been established. The resulting availability of OPDA will aid the identification of additional effector proteins, help in elucidating the mechanisms of OPDA sensing and transmission, and will foster the analysis of the physiological responses to OPDA in plants. There is a need to determine the compartmentation and transport of 12-OPDA and its conjugates, over long distances as well as short. It will be important to further study OPDA in animal and human cells, for example with respect to beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maynard
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Thomas Dierks
- Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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15
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de Vries S, de Vries J, Teschke H, von Dahlen JK, Rose LE, Gould SB. Jasmonic and salicylic acid response in the fern Azolla filiculoides and its cyanobiont. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2530-2548. [PMID: 29314046 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants sense and respond to microbes utilizing a multilayered signalling cascade. In seed plants, the phytohormones jasmonic and salicylic acid (JA and SA) are key denominators of how plants respond to certain microbes. Their interplay is especially well-known for tipping the scales in plants' strategies of dealing with phytopathogens. In non-angiosperm lineages, the interplay is less well understood, but current data indicate that it is intertwined to a lesser extent and the canonical JA/SA antagonism appears to be absent. Here, we used the water fern Azolla filiculoides to gain insights into the fern's JA/SA signalling and the molecular communication with its unique nitrogen fixing cyanobiont Nostoc azollae, which the fern inherits both during sexual and vegetative reproduction. By mining large-scale sequencing data, we demonstrate that Azolla has most of the genetic repertoire to produce and sense JA and SA. Using qRT-PCR on the identified biosynthesis and signalling marker genes, we show that Azolla is responsive to exogenously applied SA. Furthermore, exogenous SA application influenced the abundance and gene expression of Azolla's cyanobiont. Our data provide a framework for JA/SA signalling in ferns and suggest that SA might be involved in Azolla's communication with its vertically inherited cyanobiont.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik Teschke
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
- Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Yoeun S, Cho K, Han O. Structural Evidence for the Substrate Channeling of Rice Allene Oxide Cyclase in Biologically Analogous Nazarov Reaction. Front Chem 2018; 6:500. [PMID: 30425978 PMCID: PMC6218421 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Allene oxide cyclase (AOC) is a key enzyme in the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthetic pathway in plants, during which it catalyzes stereospecific conversion of 12,13(S)-epoxy-9(Z),11,15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid (12,13-EOT) to cis(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid. Here, rice allene oxide cyclase (OsAOC) was localized to the chloroplast and its native oligomeric structure was analyzed by gel electrophoresis in the absence and presence of a protein-crosslinking reagent. The results suggest that OsAOC exists in solution as a mixture of monomers, dimers, and higher order multimers. OsAOC preferentially exists as dimer at room temperature, but it undergoes temperature-dependent partial denaturation in the presence of SDS. A heteromeric 2:1 complex of OsAOC and rice allene oxide synthase-1 (OsAOS1) was detected after cross-linking. The yield of cis(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid reached maximal saturation at a 5:1 molar ratio of OsAOC to OsAOS1, when OsAOC and OsAOS1 reactions were coupled. These results suggest that the OsAOC dimer may facilitate its interaction with OsAOS1, and that the heteromeric 2:1 complex may promote efficient channeling of the unstable allene oxide intermediate during catalysis. In addition, conceptual similarities between the reaction catalyzed by AOC and Nazarov cyclization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sereyvath Yoeun
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea.,Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Kyoungwon Cho
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Oksoo Han
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Kumho Life Science Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Wasternack C, Strnad M. Jasmonates: News on Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Metabolism and Action of an Ancient Group of Signaling Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2539. [PMID: 30150593 PMCID: PMC6164985 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Jasmonic acid (JA) and its related derivatives are ubiquitously occurring compounds of land plants acting in numerous stress responses and development. Recent studies on evolution of JA and other oxylipins indicated conserved biosynthesis. JA formation is initiated by oxygenation of α-linolenic acid (α-LeA, 18:3) or 16:3 fatty acid of chloroplast membranes leading to 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) as intermediate compound, but in Marchantiapolymorpha and Physcomitrellapatens, OPDA and some of its derivatives are final products active in a conserved signaling pathway. JA formation and its metabolic conversion take place in chloroplasts, peroxisomes and cytosol, respectively. Metabolites of JA are formed in 12 different pathways leading to active, inactive and partially active compounds. The isoleucine conjugate of JA (JA-Ile) is the ligand of the receptor component COI1 in vascular plants, whereas in the bryophyte M. polymorpha COI1 perceives an OPDA derivative indicating its functionally conserved activity. JA-induced gene expressions in the numerous biotic and abiotic stress responses and development are initiated in a well-studied complex regulation by homeostasis of transcription factors functioning as repressors and activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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18
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Catalase-Related Allene Oxide Synthase, on a Biosynthetic Route to Fatty Acid Cyclopentenones: Expression and Assay of the Enzyme and Preparation of the 8R-HPETE Substrate. Methods Enzymol 2018. [PMID: 29909837 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Catalase-related allene oxide synthase (cAOS) is a hemoprotein that converts a specific fatty acid hydroperoxide to an unstable allene oxide intermediate at turnover rates in the order of 1000 per second. Fatty acid allene oxides are intermediates in the formation of cyclopentenone or hydrolytic products in marine systems, most notably the prostanoid-related clavulones. Although the key catalytic amino acid residues around the active site of cAOS are the same as in true catalases, cAOS does not react with hydrogen peroxide. cAOS occurs exclusively as the N-terminal domain of a naturally occurring fusion protein with a C-terminal lipoxygenase (LOX) domain that supplies the hydroperoxide substrate. In marine invertebrates, an 8R-LOX domain converts arachidonic acid to 8R-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (8R-HPETE) and the cAOS domain forms an 8,9-epoxy allene oxide. The fusion protein from the sea whip octocoral Plexaura homomalla is the prototypical model with crystal structures of the individual domains. The cAOS (43kDa) expresses exceptionally well in Escherichia coli, with yields of up to 100mg/L. This article describes in detail expression and assay of the P. homomalla cAOS and two methods for the preparation of its 8R-HPETE substrate. Another article in this volume focuses on the P. homomalla 8R-LOX (Gilbert, Neau, & Newcomer, 2018).
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19
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Grechkin AN, Ogorodnikova AV, Egorova AM, Mukhitova FK, Ilyina TM, Khairutdinov BI. Allene Oxide Synthase Pathway in Cereal Roots: Detection of Novel Oxylipin Graminoxins. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:336-343. [PMID: 29744285 PMCID: PMC5931542 DOI: 10.1002/open.201800045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Young roots of wheat, barley, and sorghum, as well as methyl jasmonate pretreated rice seedlings, undergo an unprecedented allene oxide synthase pathway targeted to previously unknown oxylipins 1–3. These Favorskii‐type products, (4Z)‐2‐pentyl‐4‐tridecene‐1,13‐dioic acid (1), (2′Z)‐2‐(2′‐octenyl)‐decane‐1,10‐dioic acid (2), and (2′Z,5′Z)‐2‐(2′,5′‐octadienyl)‐decane‐1,10‐dioic acid (3), have a carboxy function at the side chain, as revealed by their MS and NMR spectral data. Compounds 1–3 were the major oxylipins detected, along with the related α‐ketols. Products 1–3 were biosynthesized from (9Z,11E,13S)‐13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid, (9S,10E,12Z)‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (9‐HPOD), and (9S,10E,12Z,15Z)‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12,15‐octadecatrienoic acid, respectively, via the corresponding allene oxides and cyclopropanones. The data indicate that conversion of the allene oxide into the cyclopropanone is controlled by soluble cyclase. The short‐lived cyclopropanones are hydrolyzed to products 1–3. The collective name “graminoxins” has been ascribed to oxylipins 1–3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
| | - Anna V Ogorodnikova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
| | - Alevtina M Egorova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
| | - Fakhima K Mukhitova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
| | - Tatiana M Ilyina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
| | - Bulat I Khairutdinov
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Kazan Scientific Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30 Kazan 420111 Russia), Tel: +7-843-292-75-35
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20
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Abstract
Plant oxylipins form a constantly growing group of signaling molecules that comprise oxygenated fatty acids and metabolites derived therefrom. In the last decade, the understanding of biosynthesis, metabolism, and action of oxylipins, especially jasmonates, has dramatically improved. Additional mechanistic insights into the action of enzymes and insights into signaling pathways have been deepened for jasmonates. For other oxylipins, such as the hydroxy fatty acids, individual signaling properties and cross talk between different oxylipins or even with additional phytohormones have recently been described. This review summarizes recent understanding of the biosynthesis, regulation, and function of oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators and Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- On leave from Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany;
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21
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Uchiyama A, Yaguchi T, Nakagawa H, Sasaki K, Kuwata N, Matsuura H, Takahashi K. Biosynthesis and in vitro enzymatic synthesis of the isoleucine conjugate of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid from the isoleucine conjugate of α-linolenic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1020-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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González-Pérez AB, Grechkin A, de Lera ÁR. Rearrangement of vinyl allene oxide geometric isomers to cyclopentenones. Further computational insights with biologically relevant model systems. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:2846-2855. [PMID: 28286893 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02791a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathways for the rearrangement of the E and Z isomers of allyl- and methyl-substituted vinyl allene oxides to stereodefined cyclopentenones have been studied by DFT computations. Regardless of the reactant geometry, cis-configured cyclopentenones are found to be formed in a stepwise cascade comprising as key steps the ring opening of the oxirane to give an oxidopentadienyl diradical, its isomerization, and electrocyclization. An allyl substituent at the Csp3 atom of the starting vinyl allene oxide induces opposite effects on the activation energies for ring opening: a decrease owing to assistance by homoconjugation for the out motion and an increase due to the stereoelectronic stabilization of the reactant. As a result, allyl- and methyl-substituted vinyl allene oxides exhibit comparable activation energies. Only model systems with crotyl substituents afford lower activation energies than the methyl counterparts due to the additional stabilization of the forming charge deficiency at a secondary carbon by homoconjugation. Moreover, upon homoconjugative interaction reactants of Z geometry are predicted to undergo cyclization more readily than the E isomers. The results with Z-crotyl substituent are congruent with the spontaneous rearrangement of natural vinyl allene oxide derived from α-linolenic acid to a racemic cis-cyclopentenone (12-oxo-PDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adán B González-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química and Centro de Investigacións Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Alexander Grechkin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ángel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química and Centro de Investigacións Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
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23
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Dhakarey R, Raorane ML, Treumann A, Peethambaran PK, Schendel RR, Sahi VP, Hause B, Bunzel M, Henry A, Kohli A, Riemann M. Physiological and Proteomic Analysis of the Rice Mutant cpm2 Suggests a Negative Regulatory Role of Jasmonic Acid in Drought Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1903. [PMID: 29250082 PMCID: PMC5715382 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is widely known that numerous adaptive responses of drought-stressed plants are stimulated by chemical messengers known as phytohormones. Jasmonic acid (JA) is one such phytohormone. But there are very few reports revealing its direct implication in drought related responses or its cross-talk with other phytohormones. In this study, we compared the morpho-physiological traits and the root proteome of a wild type (WT) rice plant with its JA biosynthesis mutant coleoptile photomorphogenesis 2 (cpm2), disrupted in the allene oxide cyclase (AOC) gene, for insights into the role of JA under drought. The mutant had higher stomatal conductance, higher water use efficiency and higher shoot ABA levels under severe drought as compared to the WT. Notably, roots of cpm2 were better developed compared to the WT under both, control and drought stress conditions. Root proteome was analyzed using the Tandem Mass Tag strategy to better understand this difference at the molecular level. Expectedly, AOC was unique but notably highly abundant under drought in the WT. Identification of other differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) suggested increased energy metabolism (i.e., increased mobilization of resources) and reactive oxygen species scavenging in cpm2 under drought. Additionally, various proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cell growth and cell wall synthesis were also more abundant in cpm2 roots. Proteome-guided transcript, metabolite, and histological analyses provided further insights into the favorable adaptations and responses, most likely orchestrated by the lack of JA, in the cpm2 roots. Our results in cpm2 are discussed in the light of JA crosstalk to other phytohormones. These results together pave the path for understanding the precise role of JA during drought stress in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Dhakarey
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Manish L. Raorane
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Achim Treumann
- Newcastle University Protein and Proteome Analysis, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel R. Schendel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vaidurya P. Sahi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Amelia Henry
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Ajay Kohli
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Maynard D, Müller SM, Hahmeier M, Löwe J, Feussner I, Gröger H, Viehhauser A, Dietz KJ. One-pot synthesis of bioactive cyclopentenones from α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 26:1356-1364. [PMID: 28818464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation products of the poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) arachidonic acid, α-linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are bioactive in plants and animals as shown for the cyclopentenones prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2 and PGA2, cis-(+)-12-oxophytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), and 14-A-4 neuroprostane. In this study an inexpensive and simple enzymatic multi-step one-pot synthesis is presented for 12-OPDA, which is derived from α-linolenic acid, and the analogous docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-derived cyclopentenone [(4Z,7Z,10Z)-12-[[-(1S,5S)-4-oxo-5-(2Z)-pent-2-en-1yl]-cyclopent-2-en-1yl] dodeca-4,7,10-trienoic acid, OCPD]. The three enzymes utilized in this multi-step cascade were crude soybean lipoxygenase or a recombinant lipoxygenase, allene oxide synthase and allene oxide cyclase from Arabidopsis thaliana. The DHA-derived 12-OPDA analog OCPD is predicted to have medicinal potential and signaling properties in planta. With OCPD in hand, it is shown that this compound interacts with chloroplast cyclophilin 20-3 and can be metabolized by 12-oxophytodienoic acid reductase (OPR3) which is an enzyme relevant for substrate bioactivity modulation in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maynard
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sara Mareike Müller
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Monika Hahmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jana Löwe
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, University of Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Gröger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Viehhauser
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Karl-Josef Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Germany.
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25
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Paniagua C, Bilkova A, Jackson P, Dabravolski S, Riber W, Didi V, Houser J, Gigli-Bisceglia N, Wimmerova M, Budínská E, Hamann T, Hejatko J. Dirigent proteins in plants: modulating cell wall metabolism during abiotic and biotic stress exposure. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:3287-3301. [PMID: 28472349 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent (DIR) proteins were found to mediate regio- and stereoselectivity of bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling during lignan biosynthesis. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the importance of DIR proteins in lignan and lignin biosynthesis and highlight their possible importance in plant development. We focus on the still rather enigmatic Arabidopsis DIR gene family, discussing the few members with known functional importance. We comment on recent discoveries describing the detailed structure of two DIR proteins with implications in the mechanism of DIR-mediated catalysis. Further, we summarize the ample evidence for stress-induced dirigent gene expression, suggesting the role of DIRs in adaptive responses. In the second part of our work, we present a preliminary bioinformatics-based characterization of the AtDIR family. The phylogenetic analysis of AtDIRs complemented by comparison with DIR proteins of mostly known function from other species allowed us to suggest possible roles for several members of this family and identify interesting AtDIR targets for further study. Finally, based on the available metadata and our in silico analysis of AtDIR promoters, we hypothesize about the existence of specific transcriptional controls for individual AtDIR genes and implicate them in various stress responses, hormonal regulations, and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Paniagua
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Bilkova
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Phil Jackson
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Willi Riber
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houser
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Nora Gigli-Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michaela Wimmerova
- Glycobiochemistry, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Budínská
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thorsten Hamann
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 5, Hogskoleringen, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Hejatko
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Physiology and Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University Kamenice 5, CZ-625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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26
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Erdemli ME, Ekhteiari Salmas R, Durdagi S, Akgul H, Demirkol M, Aksungur Z, Selamoglu Z. Biochemical changes induced by grape seed extract and low level laser therapy administration during intraoral wound healing in rat liver: an experimental and in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:993-1008. [PMID: 28279122 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1305297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the changes that occur in rat liver tissue as a result of the use of grape seed extract (GSE) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) in intraoral wound (IW) healing are analyzed using biochemical parameters. Diode laser application groups received 8 J/cm2 dose LLLT once a day for 4 days (810 nm wavelength, continuous mode, 0.25 W, 9 s). As a result of the biological parameter analysis, it was determined that the oxidative damage caused by the IWs and recovery period on 7th and 14th days could be substantially removed with GSE applications that have antioxidant capacity especially in rat liver tissue. In addition, the active compound of grape seed, catechin is studied in the active site of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) target using molecular modeling approaches. Post-processing molecular dynamics (MD) results for catechin is compared with a standard GSK3 inhibitor. MD simulations assisted for better understanding of inhibition mechanism and the crucial amino acids contributing in the ligand binding. These results along with a through free energy analysis of ligands using sophisticated simulations methods are quite striking and it suggests a greater future role for simulation in deciphering complex patterns of molecular mechanism in combination with methods for understanding drug-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Erman Erdemli
- a Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry , Omer Halisdemir University , Nigde , Turkey
| | - Ramin Ekhteiari Salmas
- b Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- b Computational Biology and Molecular Simulations Laboratory, Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Hasan Akgul
- c Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biology , Akdeniz University , Antalya , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demirkol
- d Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery , Gaziantep University , Gaziantep , Turkey
| | - Zeynep Aksungur
- e Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry , Inonu University , Malatya , Turkey
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- f Faculty of Arts and Science, Department of Biotechnology , Omer Halisdemir University , Nigde , Turkey
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27
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Wasternack C, Song S. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, metabolism, and signaling by proteins activating and repressing transcription. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1303-1321. [PMID: 27940470 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The lipid-derived phytohormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant growth, development, secondary metabolism, defense against insect attack and pathogen infection, and tolerance to abiotic stresses such as wounding, UV light, salt, and drought. JA was first identified in 1962, and since the 1980s many studies have analyzed the physiological functions, biosynthesis, distribution, metabolism, perception, signaling, and crosstalk of JA, greatly expanding our knowledge of the hormone's action. In response to fluctuating environmental cues and transient endogenous signals, the occurrence of multilayered organization of biosynthesis and inactivation of JA, and activation and repression of the COI1-JAZ-based perception and signaling contributes to the fine-tuning of JA responses. This review describes the JA biosynthetic enzymes in terms of gene families, enzymatic activity, location and regulation, substrate specificity and products, the metabolic pathways in converting JA to activate or inactivate compounds, JA signaling in perception, and the co-existence of signaling activators and repressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Wasternack
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Šlechtitelu 11, CZ 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Susheng Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Gene Resources and Biotechnology for Carbon Reduction and Environmental Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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28
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Gasper R, Effenberger I, Kolesinski P, Terlecka B, Hofmann E, Schaller A. Dirigent Protein Mode of Action Revealed by the Crystal Structure of AtDIR6. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2165-2175. [PMID: 27756822 PMCID: PMC5129718 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity to phenoxy radical coupling reactions in plants and, thus, play an essential role in the biosynthesis of biologically active natural products. This includes the regioselective and enantioselective coupling and subsequent cyclization of two coniferyl alcohol radicals to pinoresinol as the committed step of lignan biosynthesis. The reaction is controlled by dirigent proteins, which, depending on the species and protein, direct the reaction to either (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol. We present the crystal structure of the (-)-pinoresinol forming DIRIGENT PROTEIN6 (AtDIR6) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with data to 1.4 Å resolution. The structure shows AtDIR6 as an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel that forms a trimer with spatially well-separated cavities for substrate binding. The binding cavities are two lobed, exhibiting two opposing pockets, each lined with a set of hydrophilic and potentially catalytic residues, including essential aspartic acids. These residues are conserved between (+) and (-)-pinoresinol-forming DIRs and required for activity. The structure supports a model in which two substrate radicals bind to each of the DIR monomers. With the aromatic rings fixed in the two pockets, the propionyl side chains face each other for radical-radical coupling, and stereoselectivity is determined by the exact positioning of the side chains. Extensive mutational analysis supports a previously unrecognized function for DIRs in catalyzing the cyclization of the bis-quinone methide reaction intermediate to yield (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Gasper
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.)
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
| | - Isabelle Effenberger
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.)
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
| | - Piotr Kolesinski
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.)
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
| | - Barbara Terlecka
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.)
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.);
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
| | - Andreas Schaller
- Ruhr University Bochum, AG Protein Crystallography, Biophysics, 44801 Bochum, Germany (R.G., B.T., E.H.);
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany (I.E., A.S); and
- University of Wroclaw, Laboratory of Biophysics, Faculty of Biotechnology, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland (P.K.)
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29
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Borrego EJ, Kolomiets MV. Synthesis and Functions of Jasmonates in Maize. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 5:E41. [PMID: 27916835 PMCID: PMC5198101 DOI: 10.3390/plants5040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Of the over 600 oxylipins present in all plants, the phytohormone jasmonic acid (JA) remains the best understood in terms of its biosynthesis, function and signaling. Much like their eicosanoid analogues in mammalian system, evidence is growing for the role of the other oxylipins in diverse physiological processes. JA serves as the model plant oxylipin species and regulates defense and development. For several decades, the biology of JA has been characterized in a few dicot species, yet the function of JA in monocots has only recently begun to be elucidated. In this work, the synthesis and function of JA in maize is presented from the perspective of oxylipin biology. The maize genes responsible for catalyzing the reactions in the JA biosynthesis are clarified and described. Recent studies into the function of JA in maize defense against insect herbivory, pathogens and its role in growth and development are highlighted. Additionally, a list of JA-responsive genes is presented for use as biological markers for improving future investigations into JA signaling in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Borrego
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Michael V Kolomiets
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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30
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Nilsson AK, Fahlberg P, Johansson ON, Hamberg M, Andersson MX, Ellerström M. The activity of HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE 1 regulates accumulation of galactolipids containing 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5133-44. [PMID: 27422994 PMCID: PMC5014160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis produces galactolipids containing esters of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and dinor-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (dnOPDA). These lipids are referred to as arabidopsides and accumulate in response to abiotic and biotic stress. We explored the natural genetic variation found in 14 different Arabidopsis accessions to identify genes involved in the formation of arabidopsides. The accession C24 was identified as a poor accumulator of arabidopsides whereas the commonly used accession Col-0 was found to accumulate comparably large amounts of arabidopsides in response to tissue damage. A quantitative trait loci analysis of an F2 population created from a cross between C24 and Col-0 located a region on chromosome four strongly linked to the capacity to form arabidopsides. Expression analysis of HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE 1 (HPL1) showed large differences in transcript abundance between accessions. Transformation of Col-0 plants with the C24 HPL1 allele under transcriptional regulation of the 35S promoter revealed a strong negative correlation between HPL1 expression and arabidopside accumulation after tissue damage, thereby strengthening the view that HPL1 competes with ALLENE OXIDE SYNTHASE (AOS) for lipid-bound hydroperoxide fatty acids. We further show that the last step in the synthesis of galactolipid-bound OPDA and dnOPDA from unstable allene oxides is exclusively enzyme-catalyzed and not the result of spontaneous cyclization. Thus, the results presented here together with previous studies suggest that all steps in arabidopside biosynthesis are enzyme-dependent and apparently all reactions can take place with substrates being esterified to galactolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders K Nilsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Per Fahlberg
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oskar N Johansson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Hamberg
- Division of Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats X Andersson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mats Ellerström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
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31
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Hebert SP, Cha JK, Brash AR, Schlegel HB. Investigation into 9(S)-HPODE-derived allene oxide to cyclopentenone cyclization mechanism via diradical oxyallyl intermediates. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3544-57. [PMID: 26976802 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00204h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyclopentane core is ubiquitous among a large number of biologically relevant natural products. Cyclopentenones have been shown to be versatile intermediates for the stereoselective preparation of highly substituted cyclopentane derivatives. Allene oxides are oxygenated fatty acids which are involved in the pathways of cyclopentenone biosynthesis in plants and marine invertebrates; however, their cyclization behavior is not well understood. Recent work by Brash and co-workers (J. Biol. Chem., 2013, 288, 20797) revealed an unusual cyclization property of the 9(S)-HPODE-derived allene oxides: the previously unreported 10Z-isomer cyclizes to a cis-dialkylcyclopentenone in hexane/isopropyl alcohol (100 : 3, v/v), but the known 10E-isomer does not yield cis-cyclopentenone under the same conditions. The mechanism for cyclization has been investigated for unsubstituted and methyl substituted vinyl allene oxide using a variety of methods including CASSCF, ωB97xD, and CCSD(T) and basis sets up to cc-pVTZ. The lowest energy pathway proceeds via homolytic cleavage of the epoxide ring, formation of an oxyallyl diradical, which closes readily to a cyclopropanone intermediate. The cyclopropanone opens to the requisite oxyallyl which closes to the experimentally observed product, cis-cyclopentenone. The calculations show that the open shell, diradical pathway is lower in energy than the closed shell reactions of allene oxide to cyclopropanone, and cyclopropanone to cyclopentenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien P Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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32
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Ba LJ, Kuang JF, Chen JY, Lu WJ. MaJAZ1 Attenuates the MaLBD5-Mediated Transcriptional Activation of Jasmonate Biosynthesis Gene MaAOC2 in Regulating Cold Tolerance of Banana Fruit. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:738-745. [PMID: 26760434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment could effectively reduce the chilling injury of many fruits, including banana, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, one lateral organ boundaries (LOB) domain (LBD) gene, designated as MaLBD5, was isolated and characterized from banana fruit. Expression analysis revealed that accumulation of MaLBD5 was induced by cold temperature and MeJA treatment. Subcellular localization and transactivation assays showed that MaLBD5 was localized to the nucleus and possessed transcriptional activation activity. Protein-protein interaction analysis demonstrated that MaLBD5 physically interacted with MaJAZ1, a potential repressor of jasmonate signaling. Furthermore, transient expression assays indicated that MaLBD5 transactivated a jasmonate biosynthesis gene, termed MaAOC2, which was also induced by cold and MeJA. More interestingly, MaJAZ1 attenuated the MaLBD5-mediated transactivation of MaAOC2. These results suggest that MaLBD5 and MaJAZ1 might act antagonistically in relation to MeJA-induced cold tolerance of banana fruit, at least partially via affecting jasmonate biosynthesis. Collectively, our findings expand the knowledge of the transcriptional regulatory network of MeJA-mediated cold tolerance of banana fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-jie Ba
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-fei Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-ye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang-jin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Key Laboratory for Postharvest Science, College of Horticultural Science, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, People's Republic of China
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Otto M, Naumann C, Brandt W, Wasternack C, Hause B. Activity Regulation by Heteromerization of Arabidopsis Allene Oxide Cyclase Family Members. PLANTS 2016; 5:plants5010003. [PMID: 27135223 PMCID: PMC4844422 DOI: 10.3390/plants5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are lipid-derived signals in plant stress responses and development. A crucial step in JA biosynthesis is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC). Four genes encoding functional AOCs (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3 and AOC4) have been characterized for Arabidopsis thaliana in terms of organ- and tissue-specific expression, mutant phenotypes, promoter activities and initial in vivo protein interaction studies suggesting functional redundancy and diversification, including first hints at enzyme activity control by protein-protein interaction. Here, these analyses were extended by detailed analysis of recombinant proteins produced in Escherichia coli. Treatment of purified AOC2 with SDS at different temperatures, chemical cross-linking experiments and protein structure analysis by molecular modelling approaches were performed. Several salt bridges between monomers and a hydrophobic core within the AOC2 trimer were identified and functionally proven by site-directed mutagenesis. The data obtained showed that AOC2 acts as a trimer. Finally, AOC activity was determined in heteromers formed by pairwise combinations of the four AOC isoforms. The highest activities were found for heteromers containing AOC4 + AOC1 and AOC4 + AOC2, respectively. All data are in line with an enzyme activity control of all four AOCs by heteromerization, thereby supporting a putative fine-tuning in JA formation by various regulatory principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Otto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Christin Naumann
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Brandt
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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López RV, Faza ON, López CS. Accounting for Diradical Character through DFT. The Case of Vinyl Allene Oxide Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2015; 80:11206-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Olalla Nieto Faza
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Silva López
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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35
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Ogorodnikova AV, Gorina SS, Mukhtarova LS, Mukhitova FK, Toporkova YY, Hamberg M, Grechkin AN. Stereospecific biosynthesis of (9S,13S)-10-oxo-phytoenoic acid in young maize roots. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1262-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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36
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Kim KW, Smith CA, Daily MD, Cort JR, Davin LB, Lewis NG. Trimeric structure of (+)-pinoresinol-forming dirigent protein at 1.95 Å resolution with three isolated active sites. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:1308-18. [PMID: 25411250 PMCID: PMC4340379 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over phenoxy radical-radical coupling reactions in vivo in vascular plants was enigmatic until our discovery of dirigent proteins (DPs, from the Latin dirigere, to guide or align). The first three-dimensional structure of a DP ((+)-pinoresinol-forming DP, 1.95 Å resolution, rhombohedral space group H32)) is reported herein. It has a tightly packed trimeric structure with an eight-stranded β-barrel topology for each DP monomer. Each putative substrate binding and orientation coupling site is located on the trimer surface but too far apart for intermolecular coupling between sites. It is proposed that each site enables stereoselective coupling (using either two coniferyl alcohol radicals or a radical and a monolignol). Interestingly, there are six differentially conserved residues in DPs affording either the (+)- or (-)-antipodes in the vicinity of the putative binding site and region known to control stereoselectivity. DPs are involved in lignan biosynthesis, whereas dirigent domains/sites have been implicated in lignin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Won Kim
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Clyde A Smith
- the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, California 94025, and
| | - Michael D Daily
- the Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - John R Cort
- the Fundamental and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354
| | - Laurence B Davin
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340
| | - Norman G Lewis
- From the Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340,
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Audran G, Brémond P, Marque SR, Siri D, Santelli M. Energetics of the biosynthesis of cyclopentenones from unsaturated fatty acids. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abo-Ogiala A, Carsjens C, Diekmann H, Fayyaz P, Herrfurth C, Feussner I, Polle A. Temperature-induced lipocalin (TIL) is translocated under salt stress and protects chloroplasts from ion toxicity. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:250-9. [PMID: 24028869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Temperature-induced lipocalins (TIL) have been invoked in the defense from heat, cold and oxidative stress. Here we document a function of TIL for basal protection from salinity stress. Heterologous expression of TIL from the salt resistant poplar Populus euphratica did not rescue growth but prevented chlorophyll b destruction in salt-exposed Arabidopsis thaliana. The protein was localized to the plasma membrane but was re-translocated to the symplast under salt stress. The A. thaliana knock out and knock down lines Attil1-1 and Attil1-2 showed stronger stress symptoms and stronger chlorophyll b degradation than the wildtype (WT) under excess salinity. They accumulated more chloride and sodium in chloroplasts than the WT. Chloroplast chloride accumulation was found even in the absence of salt stress. Since lipocalins are known to bind regulatory fatty acids of channel proteins as well as iron, we suggest that the salt-induced trafficking of TIL may be required for protection of chloroplasts by affecting ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atef Abo-Ogiala
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Carsjens
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Diekmann
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Payam Fayyaz
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Herrfurth
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Science, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, Georg-August University Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Fonseca S, Rosado A, Vaughan-Hirsch J, Bishopp A, Chini A. Molecular locks and keys: the role of small molecules in phytohormone research. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:709. [PMID: 25566283 PMCID: PMC4269113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant adaptation, growth and development rely on the integration of many environmental and endogenous signals that collectively determine the overall plant phenotypic plasticity. Plant signaling molecules, also known as phytohormones, are fundamental to this process. These molecules act at low concentrations and regulate multiple aspects of plant fitness and development via complex signaling networks. By its nature, phytohormone research lies at the interface between chemistry and biology. Classically, the scientific community has always used synthetic phytohormones and analogs to study hormone functions and responses. However, recent advances in synthetic and combinational chemistry, have allowed a new field, plant chemical biology, to emerge and this has provided a powerful tool with which to study phytohormone function. Plant chemical biology is helping to address some of the most enduring questions in phytohormone research such as: Are there still undiscovered plant hormones? How can we identify novel signaling molecules? How can plants activate specific hormone responses in a tissue-specific manner? How can we modulate hormone responses in one developmental context without inducing detrimental effects on other processes? The chemical genomics approaches rely on the identification of small molecules modulating different biological processes and have recently identified active forms of plant hormones and molecules regulating many aspects of hormone synthesis, transport and response. We envision that the field of chemical genomics will continue to provide novel molecules able to elucidate specific aspects of hormone-mediated mechanisms. In addition, compounds blocking specific responses could uncover how complex biological responses are regulated. As we gain information about such compounds we can design small alterations to the chemical structure to further alter specificity, enhance affinity or modulate the activity of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fonseca
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
| | - Abel Rosado
- The Botany Department, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Vaughan-Hirsch
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of NottinghamNottingham, UK
| | - Andrea Chini
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Andrea Chini, Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universidad Autónoma, C/ Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain e-mail:
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Mukhtarova LS, Mukhitova FK, Grechkin AN. Thermal conversions of fatty acid peroxides to cyclopentenones: a biomimetic model for allene oxide synthase pathway. Chem Phys Lipids 2013; 175-176:92-8. [PMID: 23999011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trimethylsilyl (TMS) peroxides of linoleic acid 9(S)-hydroperoxide (TMS or Me esters) were subjected to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The cyclopentenones, trans- and cis-10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acid (10-oxo-PEA, Me or TMS esters) were first time detected as the products of TMS-peroxide thermal conversions. The major products were ketodienes, epoxyalcohols, hemiacetals and decadienals. For further study of thermal cyclopentenone formation, 9(S)- or 13(S)-hydroperoxides of linoleic acid (Me esters) were sealed in ampoules and heated at 230 °C for 15 or 30 min. The products were separated by HPLC. The cyclopentenone fractions were collected and analyzed by GC-MS. Trans-10-oxo-PEA (Me) and 10-oxo-9(13)-PEA (Me) were formed during the thermal conversion of 9-hydroperoxide (Me ester). Similarly, the cyclopentenones trans-12-oxo-PEA (Me) and 12-oxo-9(13)-PEA (Me) were detected after the heating of 13-hydroperoxide (Me ester). Thermal formation of cyclopentenones can be considered as a biomimetic model of AOS pathway, providing new insights into the mechanisms of allene oxide formation and cyclization.
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Key Words
- (9S,10E,12Z)-9-hydroperoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic acid
- (9Z,11E,13S)-13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid
- (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-12,13-epoxy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid
- (9Z,11E,13S,15Z)-13-hydro(pero)xy-9,11,15-octadecatrienoic acid
- 10-oxo-11-phytoenoic acids
- 10-oxo-PEA
- 12,13-EOT
- 12-oxo-10,15-phytodienoic acid
- 12-oxo-10-phytoenoic acid
- 12-oxo-PDA
- 12-oxo-PEA
- 13(S)-HPOD
- 13-H(P)OT
- 9(S)-HPOD
- AOS
- Allene oxide
- Cyclization
- Cyclopentenones
- Fatty acid hydroperoxides
- GC–MS
- HPLC
- NP-HPLC
- RP-HPLC
- SIC
- TIC
- TMS
- Thermal reactions
- Trimethylsilyl peroxides
- allene oxide synthase
- gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
- high performance liquid chromatography
- normal phase HPLC
- reversed phase HPLC
- selected ion current
- total ion current
- trimethylsilyl
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia S Mukhtarova
- Kazan institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 30, Kazan 420111, Russia
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41
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Pickel B, Schaller A. Dirigent proteins: molecular characteristics and potential biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8427-38. [PMID: 23989917 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dirigent proteins (DIRs) are thought to play important roles in plant secondary metabolism. They lack catalytic activity but direct the outcome of bimolecular coupling reactions toward regio- and stereospecific product formation. Functionally described DIRs confer specificity to the oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol resulting in the preferred production of either (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol, which are the first intermediates in the enantiocomplementary pathways for lignan biosynthesis. DIRs are extracellular glycoproteins with high β-strand content and have been found in all land plants investigated so far. Their ability to capture and orientate radicals represents a unique naturally evolved concept for the control of radical dimerization reactions. Although oxidative coupling is commonly used in biological systems, its wider application in chemical synthesis is often limited by insufficient selectivity. This minireview gives an overview of functionally described DIRs and their molecular characteristics and wants to inspire further research for their use in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pickel
- Department of Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August University Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany,
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-1058. [PMID: 23558912 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Gu XC, Chen JF, Xiao Y, Di P, Xuan HJ, Zhou X, Zhang L, Chen WS. Overexpression of allene oxide cyclase promoted tanshinone/phenolic acid production in Salvia miltiorrhiza. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2012; 31:2247-59. [PMID: 22926031 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study provides a desirable candidate gene resource (SmAOC) to increase the content of valuable natural products via appropriate JA pathway genetic engineering. Jasmonates (JAs) are important signal molecules in plants. They regulate transcripts of defense and secondary biosynthetic metabolite genes in response to environmental stresses. Currently, JAs are widely used as elicitors to improve the content of useful secondary metabolism in plants. Synthesis of the naturally occurring enantiomer of various jasmonates is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC, EC 5.3.99.6). Here, we cloned and characterized the AOC gene (SmAOC) from Salvia miltiorrhiza. As expected, SmAOC expression was induced by abiotic stimuli such as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ultraviolet radiation (UV) and low temperature (4 °C) in S. miltiorrhiza plantlets. To demonstrate whether the engineered internal JAs pool by overexpressing AOC gene could promote secondary metabolism production, the SmAOC was incorporated into S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. The results revealed that SmAOC overexpression significant enhanced the yields of tanshinone IIA, rosmarinic acid (RA) and lithospermic acid B (LAB) in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. In addition, expression levels for key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of diterpenes and phenolic acids were also altered. These suggest that genetic manipulation of AOC would be helpful for improving the production of valuable secondary metabolites by regulating the biosynthesis of JAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ce Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China
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Kombrink E. Chemical and genetic exploration of jasmonate biosynthesis and signaling paths. PLANTA 2012; 236:1351-66. [PMID: 23011567 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are lipid-derived compounds that act as signals in plant stress responses and developmental processes. Enzymes participating in biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) and components of JA signaling have been extensively characterized by biochemical and molecular-genetic tools. Mutants have helped to define the pathway for synthesis of jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), the bioactive form of JA, and to identify the F-box protein COI1 as central regulatory unit. Details on the molecular mechanism of JA signaling were recently unraveled by the discovery of JAZ proteins that together with the adaptor protein NINJA and the general co-repressor TOPLESS form a transcriptional repressor complex. The current model of JA perception and signaling implies the SCF(COI1) complex operating as E3 ubiquitin ligase that upon binding of JA-Ile targets JAZ proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome pathway, thereby allowing MYC2 and other transcription factors to activate gene expression. Chemical strategies, as integral part of jasmonate research, have helped the establishment of structure-activity relationships and the discovery of (+)-7-iso-JA-L-Ile as the major bioactive form of the hormone. The transient nature of its accumulation highlights the need to understand catabolism and inactivation of JA-Ile and recent studies indicate that oxidation of JA-Ile by cytochrome P450 monooxygenase is the major mechanism for turning JA signaling off. Plants contain numerous JA metabolites, which may have pronounced and differential bioactivity. A major challenge in the field of plant lipid signaling is to identify the cognate receptors and modes of action of these bioactive jasmonates/oxylipins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kombrink
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829, Köln, Germany.
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46
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Neumann P, Brodhun F, Sauer K, Herrfurth C, Hamberg M, Brinkmann J, Scholz J, Dickmanns A, Feussner I, Ficner R. Crystal structures of Physcomitrella patens AOC1 and AOC2: insights into the enzyme mechanism and differences in substrate specificity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1251-66. [PMID: 22987885 PMCID: PMC3490582 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, oxylipins regulate developmental processes and defense responses. The first specific step in the biosynthesis of the cyclopentanone class of oxylipins is catalyzed by allene oxide cyclase (AOC) that forms cis(+)-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid. The moss Physcomitrella patens has two AOCs (PpAOC1 and PpAOC2) with different substrate specificities for C₁₈- and C₂₀-derived substrates, respectively. To better understand AOC's catalytic mechanism and to elucidate the structural properties that explain the differences in substrate specificity, we solved and analyzed the crystal structures of 36 monomers of both apo and ligand complexes of PpAOC1 and PpAOC2. From these data, we propose the following intermediates in AOC catalysis: (1) a resting state of the apo enzyme with a closed conformation, (2) a first shallow binding mode, followed by (3) a tight binding of the substrate accompanied by conformational changes in the binding pocket, and (4) initiation of the catalytic cycle by opening of the epoxide ring. As expected, the substrate dihydro analog cis-12,13S-epoxy-9Z,15Z-octadecadienoic acid did not cyclize in the presence of PpAOC1; however, when bound to the enzyme, it underwent isomerization into the corresponding trans-epoxide. By comparing complex structures of the C₁₈ substrate analog with in silico modeling of the C₂₀ substrate analog bound to the enzyme allowed us to identify three major molecular determinants responsible for the different substrate specificities (i.e. larger active site diameter, an elongated cavity of PpAOC2, and two nonidentical residues at the entrance of the active site).
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Stenzel I, Otto M, Delker C, Kirmse N, Schmidt D, Miersch O, Hause B, Wasternack C. ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) gene family members of Arabidopsis thaliana: tissue- and organ-specific promoter activities and in vivo heteromerization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6125-38. [PMID: 23028017 PMCID: PMC3481204 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates are important signals in plant stress responses and plant development. An essential step in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid (JA) is catalysed by ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE (AOC) which establishes the naturally occurring enantiomeric structure of jasmonates. In Arabidopsis thaliana, four genes encode four functional AOC polypeptides (AOC1, AOC2, AOC3, and AOC4) raising the question of functional redundancy or diversification. Analysis of transcript accumulation revealed an organ-specific expression pattern, whereas detailed inspection of transgenic lines expressing the GUS reporter gene under the control of individual AOC promoters showed partially redundant promoter activities during development: (i) In fully developed leaves, promoter activities of AOC1, AOC2, and AOC3 appeared throughout all leaf tissue, but AOC4 promoter activity was vascular bundle-specific; (ii) only AOC3 and AOC4 showed promoter activities in roots; and (iii) partially specific promoter activities were found for AOC1 and AOC4 in flower development. In situ hybridization of flower stalks confirmed the GUS activity data. Characterization of single and double AOC loss-of-function mutants further corroborates the hypothesis of functional redundancies among individual AOCs due to a lack of phenotypes indicative of JA deficiency (e.g. male sterility). To elucidate whether redundant AOC expression might contribute to regulation on AOC activity level, protein interaction studies using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) were performed and showed that all AOCs can interact among each other. The data suggest a putative regulatory mechanism of temporal and spatial fine-tuning in JA formation by differential expression and via possible heteromerization of the four AOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stenzel
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carolin Delker
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nils Kirmse
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Diana Schmidt
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Otto Miersch
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Claus Wasternack
- Department of Natural Product Biotechnology (present name: Department of Molecular Signal Processing), Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Pickel B, Pfannstiel J, Steudle A, Lehmann A, Gerken U, Pleiss J, Schaller A. A model of dirigent proteins derived from structural and functional similarities with allene oxide cyclase and lipocalins. FEBS J 2012; 279:1980-93. [PMID: 22443713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Dirigent proteins impart stereoselectivity on the phenoxy radical-coupling reaction, yielding optically active lignans from two molecules of coniferyl alcohol. By an unknown mechanism, they direct the coupling of two phenoxy radicals toward the formation of optically active (+)- or (-)-pinoresinol. We show here that the dirigent protein AtDIR6 from Arabidopsis thaliana is a homodimeric all-beta protein in the superfamily of calycins. Based on its homology with calycins, the structure of AtDIR6 was modeled using allene oxide cyclase as template. The structural model of AtDIR6 was supported experimentally by confirmation of a predicted disulfide bridge and by the characterization of two N-linked glycans at the solvent-exposed protein surface. The model shows AtDIR6 as an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel with a central hydrophobic cavity for substrate binding, suggesting that dirigent proteins evolved from hydrophobic ligand-binding proteins. The data are fully consistent with the current view of the dirigent protein mode of action, according to which each subunit of the homodimer captures one of the substrate radicals and orients them in a way that precludes undesired reaction channels, thus favoring the formation of the optically pure coupling product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pickel
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Grechkin AN, Lantsova NV, Toporkova YY, Gorina SS, Mukhitova FK, Khairutdinov BI. Novel Allene Oxide Synthase Products Formed via Favorskii-Type Rearrangement: Mechanistic Implications for 12-Oxo-10,15-phytodienoic Acid Biosynthesis. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2511-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Luo M, Liu J, Lee RD, Scully BT, Guo B. Monitoring the expression of maize genes in developing kernels under drought stress using oligo-microarray. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2010; 52:1059-74. [PMID: 21106005 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.01000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Preharvest aflatoxin contamination of grain grown on the US southeastern Coast Plain is provoked and aggravated by abiotic stress. The primary abiotic stress is drought along with high temperatures. The objectives of the present study were to monitor gene expression in developing kernels in response to drought stress and to identify drought-responsive genes for possible use in germplasm assessment. The maize breeding line Tex6 was used, and gene expression profiles were analyzed in developing kernels under drought stress verses well-watered conditions at the stages of 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 d after pollination (DAP) using the 70 mer maize oligo-arrays. A total of 9 573 positive array spots were detected with unique gene IDs, and 7 988 were common in both stressed and well-watered samples. Expression patterns of some genes in several stress response-associated pathways, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, were examined, and these specific genes were responsive to drought stress positively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction validated microarray expression data. The comparison between Tex6 and B73 revealed that there were significant differences in specific gene expression, patterns and levels. Several defense-related genes had been downregulated, even though some defense-related or drought responsive genes were upregulated at the later stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Luo
- The University of Georgia, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Tifton, GA 31793, USA
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