1
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Wegner L, Ehlers K. Plasmodesmata dynamics in bryophyte model organisms: secondary formation and developmental modifications of structure and function. PLANTA 2024; 260:45. [PMID: 38965075 PMCID: PMC11224097 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Developing bryophytes differentially modify their plasmodesmata structure and function. Secondary plasmodesmata formation via twinning appears to be an ancestral trait. Plasmodesmata networks in hornwort sporophyte meristems resemble those of angiosperms. All land-plant taxa use plasmodesmata (PD) cell connections for symplasmic communication. In angiosperm development, PD networks undergo an extensive remodeling by structural and functional PD modifications, and by postcytokinetic formation of additional secondary PD (secPD). Since comparable information on PD dynamics is scarce for the embryophyte sister groups, we investigated maturating tissues of Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort), Physcomitrium patens (moss), and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort). As in angiosperms, quantitative electron microscopy revealed secPD formation via twinning in gametophytes of all model bryophytes, which gives rise to laterally adjacent PD pairs or to complex branched PD. This finding suggests that PD twinning is an ancient evolutionary mechanism to adjust PD numbers during wall expansion. Moreover, all bryophyte gametophytes modify their existing PD via taxon-specific strategies resembling those of angiosperms. Development of type II-like PD morphotypes with enlarged diameters or formation of pit pairs might be required to maintain PD transport rates during wall thickening. Similar to angiosperm leaves, fluorescence redistribution after photobleaching revealed a considerable reduction of the PD permeability in maturating P. patens phyllids. In contrast to previous reports on monoplex meristems of bryophyte gametophytes with single initials, we observed targeted secPD formation in the multi-initial basal meristems of A. agrestis sporophytes. Their PD networks share typical features of multi-initial angiosperm meristems, which may hint at a putative homologous origin. We also discuss that monoplex and multi-initial meristems may require distinct types of PD networks, with or without secPD formation, to control maintenance of initial identity and positional signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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2
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Bayer EM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata: Channels Under Pressure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:291-317. [PMID: 38424063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-093110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit individuality and independence, cooperation among cells in multicellular organisms brings specialization and flexibility. However, multicellularity also necessitates intercellular dependence and relies on intercellular communication. In plants, this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata: intercellular bridges that allow the direct (cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm) transfer of information between cells. Plasmodesmata transport essential molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. They are embedded in the extracellular matrix but exhibit flexibility, adapting intercellular flux to meet the plant's needs.In this review, we delve into the formation and functionality of plasmodesmata and examine the capacity of the plant communication network to respond to developmental and environmental cues. We illustrate how environmental pressure shapes cellular interactions and aids the plant in adapting its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France;
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- School of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, and Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;
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3
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Tee EE, Faulkner C. Plasmodesmata and intercellular molecular traffic control. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:32-47. [PMID: 38494438 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are plasma membrane-lined connections that join plant cells to their neighbours, establishing an intercellular cytoplasmic continuum through which molecules can travel between cells, tissues, and organs. As plasmodesmata connect almost all cells in plants, their molecular traffic carries information and resources across a range of scales, but dynamic control of plasmodesmal aperture can change the possible domains of molecular exchange under different conditions. Plasmodesmal aperture is controlled by specialised signalling cascades accommodated in spatially discrete membrane and cell wall domains. Thus, the composition of plasmodesmata defines their capacity for molecular trafficking. Further, their shape and density can likewise define trafficking capacity, with the cell walls between different cell types hosting different numbers and forms of plasmodesmata to drive molecular flux in physiologically important directions. The molecular traffic that travels through plasmodesmata ranges from small metabolites through to proteins, and possibly even larger mRNAs. Smaller molecules are transmitted between cells via passive mechanisms but how larger molecules are efficiently trafficked through plasmodesmata remains a key question in plasmodesmal biology. How plasmodesmata are formed, the shape they take, what they are made of, and what passes through them regulate molecular traffic through plants, underpinning a wide range of plant physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estee E Tee
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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4
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Liu Z, Ruonala R, Helariutta Y. Control of phloem unloading and root development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154203. [PMID: 38428153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Root growth and development need proper carbon partitioning between sources and sinks. Photosynthesis products are unloaded from the phloem and enter the root meristem cell by cell. While sugar transporters play a major role in phloem loading, phloem unloading occurs via the plasmodesmata in growing root tips. The aperture and permeability of plasmodesmata strongly influence symplastic unloading. Recent research has dissected the symplastic path for phloem unloading and identified several genes that regulate phloem unloading in the root. Callose turnover and membrane lipid composition alter the shape of plasmodesmata, allowing fine-tuning to adapt phloem unloading to the environmental and developmental conditions. Unloaded sugars act both as an energy supply and as signals to coordinate root growth and development. Increased knowledge of how phloem unloading is regulated enhances our understanding of carbon allocation in plants. In the future, it may be possible to modulate carbon allocation between sources and sinks in a manner that would contribute to increased plant biomass and carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Liu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Ruonala
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Schreiber JM, Limpens E, de Keijzer J. Distributing Plant Developmental Regulatory Proteins via Plasmodesmata. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:684. [PMID: 38475529 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
During plant development, mobile proteins, including transcription factors, abundantly serve as messengers between cells to activate transcriptional signaling cascades in distal tissues. These proteins travel from cell to cell via nanoscopic tunnels in the cell wall known as plasmodesmata. Cellular control over this intercellular movement can occur at two likely interdependent levels. It involves regulation at the level of plasmodesmata density and structure as well as at the level of the cargo proteins that traverse these tunnels. In this review, we cover the dynamics of plasmodesmata formation and structure in a developmental context together with recent insights into the mechanisms that may control these aspects. Furthermore, we explore the processes involved in cargo-specific mechanisms that control the transport of proteins via plasmodesmata. Instead of a one-fits-all mechanism, a pluriform repertoire of mechanisms is encountered that controls the intercellular transport of proteins via plasmodesmata to control plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M Schreiber
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Limpens
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen de Keijzer
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Szabó-Meleg E. Intercellular Highways in Transport Processes. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 73:173-201. [PMID: 39242380 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62036-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Communication among cells is vital in multicellular organisms. Various structures and mechanisms have evolved over time to achieve the intricate flow of material and information during this process. One such way of communication is through tunnelling membrane nanotubes (TNTs), which were initially described in 2004. These TNTs are membrane-bounded actin-rich cellular extensions, facilitating direct communication between distant cells. They exhibit remarkable diversity in terms of structure, morphology, and function, in which cytoskeletal proteins play an essential role. Biologically, TNTs play a crucial role in transporting membrane components, cell organelles, and nucleic acids, and they also present opportunities for the efficient transmission of bacteria and viruses, furthermore, may contribute to the dissemination of misfolded proteins in certain neurodegenerative diseases. Convincing results of studies conducted both in vitro and in vivo indicate that TNTs play roles in various biomedical processes, including cell differentiation, tissue regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, immune response and function, as well as tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edina Szabó-Meleg
- Department of Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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7
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Schreier TB, Müller KH, Eicke S, Faulkner C, Zeeman SC, Hibberd JM. Plasmodesmal connectivity in C 4 Gynandropsis gynandra is induced by light and dependent on photosynthesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:298-313. [PMID: 37882365 PMCID: PMC10952754 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
In leaves of C4 plants, the reactions of photosynthesis become restricted between two compartments. Typically, this allows accumulation of C4 acids in mesophyll (M) cells and subsequent decarboxylation in the bundle sheath (BS). In C4 grasses, proliferation of plasmodesmata between these cell types is thought to increase cell-to-cell connectivity to allow efficient metabolite movement. However, it is not known whether C4 dicotyledons also show this enhanced plasmodesmal connectivity and so whether this is a general requirement for C4 photosynthesis is not clear. How M and BS cells in C4 leaves become highly connected is also not known. We investigated these questions using 3D- and 2D-electron microscopy on the C4 dicotyledon Gynandropsis gynandra as well as phylogenetically close C3 relatives. The M-BS interface of C4 G. gynandra showed higher plasmodesmal frequency compared with closely related C3 species. Formation of these plasmodesmata was induced by light. Pharmacological agents that perturbed photosynthesis reduced the number of plasmodesmata, but this inhibitory effect could be reversed by the provision of exogenous sucrose. We conclude that enhanced formation of plasmodesmata between M and BS cells is wired to the induction of photosynthesis in C4 G. gynandra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. Schreier
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB1 3EAUK
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3RBUK
| | - Karin H. Müller
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre (CAIC)University of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB2 3DYUK
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyETH ZurichZurichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | - Christine Faulkner
- Cell and Developmental BiologyJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant BiologyETH ZurichZurichCH‐8092Switzerland
| | - Julian M. Hibberd
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeDowning StreetCambridgeCB1 3EAUK
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8
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Wegner L, Porth ML, Ehlers K. Multicellularity and the Need for Communication-A Systematic Overview on (Algal) Plasmodesmata and Other Types of Symplasmic Cell Connections. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3342. [PMID: 37765506 PMCID: PMC10536634 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In the evolution of eukaryotes, the transition from unicellular to simple multicellular organisms has happened multiple times. For the development of complex multicellularity, characterized by sophisticated body plans and division of labor between specialized cells, symplasmic intercellular communication is supposed to be indispensable. We review the diversity of symplasmic connectivity among the eukaryotes and distinguish between distinct types of non-plasmodesmatal connections, plasmodesmata-like structures, and 'canonical' plasmodesmata on the basis of developmental, structural, and functional criteria. Focusing on the occurrence of plasmodesmata (-like) structures in extant taxa of fungi, brown algae (Phaeophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyta), and streptophyte algae, we present a detailed critical update on the available literature which is adapted to the present classification of these taxa and may serve as a tool for future work. From the data, we conclude that, actually, development of complex multicellularity correlates with symplasmic connectivity in many algal taxa, but there might be alternative routes. Furthermore, we deduce a four-step process towards the evolution of canonical plasmodesmata and demonstrate similarity of plasmodesmata in streptophyte algae and land plants with respect to the occurrence of an ER component. Finally, we discuss the urgent need for functional investigations and molecular work on cell connections in algal organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Wegner
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Katrin Ehlers
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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9
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Okawa R, Hayashi Y, Yamashita Y, Matsubayashi Y, Ogawa-Ohnishi M. Arabinogalactan protein polysaccharide chains are required for normal biogenesis of plasmodesmata. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:493-503. [PMID: 36511822 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a plant-specific family of extracellular proteoglycans characterized by large and complex galactose-rich polysaccharide chains. Functional elucidation of AGPs, however, has been hindered by the high degree of redundancy of AGP genes. To uncover as yet unexplored roles of AGPs in Arabidopsis, a mutant of Hyp O-galactosyltransferase (HPGT), a critical enzyme that catalyzes the common initial step of Hyp-linked arabinogalactan chain biosynthesis, was used. Here we show, using the hpgt1,2,3 triple mutant, that a reduction in functional AGPs leads to a stomatal patterning defect in which two or more stomata are clustered together. This defect is attributed to increased and dysregulated symplastic transport following changes in plasmodesmata structure, such that highly permeable complex branched plasmodesmata with cavities in branching parts increased in the mutant. We also found that the hpgt1,2,3 mutation causes a reduction of cellulose in the cell wall and accumulation of pectin, which controls cell wall porosity. Our results highlight the importance of AGPs in the correct biogenesis of plasmodesmata, possibly acting through the regulation of cell wall properties surrounding the plasmodesmata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoya Okawa
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoko Hayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamashita
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mari Ogawa-Ohnishi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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10
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Paterlini A, Sechet J, Immel F, Grison MS, Pilard S, Pelloux J, Mouille G, Bayer EM, Voxeur A. Enzymatic fingerprinting reveals specific xyloglucan and pectin signatures in the cell wall purified with primary plasmodesmata. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020506. [PMID: 36388604 PMCID: PMC9640925 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) pores connect neighbouring plant cells and enable direct transport across the cell wall. Understanding the molecular composition of these structures is essential to address their formation and later dynamic regulation. Here we provide a biochemical characterisation of the cell wall co-purified with primary PD of Arabidopsis thaliana cell cultures. To achieve this result we combined subcellular fractionation, polysaccharide analyses and enzymatic fingerprinting approaches. Relative to the rest of the cell wall, specific patterns were observed in the PD fraction. Most xyloglucans, although possibly not abundant as a group, were fucosylated. Homogalacturonans displayed short methylated stretches while rhamnogalacturonan I species were remarkably abundant. Full rhamnogalacturonan II forms, highly methyl-acetylated, were also present. We additionally showed that these domains, compared to the broad wall, are less affected by wall modifying activities during a time interval of days. Overall, the protocol and the data presented here open new opportunities for the study of wall polysaccharides associated with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Paterlini
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. Sechet
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - F. Immel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - M. S. Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - S. Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - J. Pelloux
- UMRT (Unité Mixte de Recherche Transfrontaliére) INRAE (Institut National de recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement) 1158 BioEcoAgro – BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - G. Mouille
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
| | - E. M. Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, Unité mixte de recherche (UMR5200), Université Bordeaux, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - A. Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech, Versailles, France
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11
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Sphingolipids at Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Functional Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105677. [PMID: 35628487 PMCID: PMC9145688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are plant-specific channels connecting adjacent cells to mediate intercellular communication of molecules essential for plant development and defense. The typical PD are organized by the close apposition of the plasma membrane (PM), the desmotubule derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and spoke-like elements linking the two membranes. The plasmodesmal PM (PD-PM) is characterized by the formation of unique microdomains enriched with sphingolipids, sterols, and specific proteins, identified by lipidomics and proteomics. These components modulate PD to adapt to the dynamic changes of developmental processes and environmental stimuli. In this review, we focus on highlighting the functions of sphingolipid species in plasmodesmata, including membrane microdomain organization, architecture transformation, callose deposition and permeability control, and signaling regulation. We also briefly discuss the difference between sphingolipids and sterols, and we propose potential unresolved questions that are of help for further understanding the correspondence between plasmodesmal structure and function.
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12
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Wightman R. An Overview of Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscopy Techniques for Plant Imaging. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11091113. [PMID: 35567113 PMCID: PMC9106016 DOI: 10.3390/plants11091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Many research questions require the study of plant morphology, in particular cells and tissues, as close to their native context as possible and without physical deformations from some preparatory chemical reagents or sample drying. Cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM) involves rapid freezing and maintenance of the sample at an ultra-low temperature for detailed surface imaging by a scanning electron beam. The data are useful for exploring tissue/cell morphogenesis, plus an additional cryofracture/cryoplaning/milling step gives information on air and water spaces as well as subcellular ultrastructure. This review gives an overview from sample preparation through to imaging and a detailed account of how this has been applied across diverse areas of plant research. Future directions and improvements to the technique are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Wightman
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
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13
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Reagan BC, Dunlap JR, Burch-Smith TM. Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy for Investigating Plasmodesmal Densities. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2457:109-123. [PMID: 35349135 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) facilitate the exchange of nutrients and signaling molecules between neighboring plant cells, and they are therefore essential for proper growth and development. PD have been studied extensively in efforts to elucidate the ultrastructure of individual PD nanopores and the distribution of PD in a variety of cell walls. These studies often involved the use of serial ultrathin sections and manual quantification of PD by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In recent years, a variety of techniques that offer more amenable approaches for quantifying PD distribution have been reported. Here, we describe the quantification of PD densities using the serial scanning electron microscopy technique called focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM). For this, resin-embedded samples prepared by standard TEM methods undergo successive rounds of imaging by SEM interspersed with milling of the sample surface by a focused beam of gallium ions to reveal a new surface. In this way, the details of the sample are sequentially revealed and imaged. Over the course of a few hours, repetitive milling and imaging facilitates the automated collection of nanometer-resolution data of several μm of sample depth. FIB-SEM can be targeted to interrogate specific cell walls and cell wall junctions, and the subsequent three-dimensional renderings of the data can be used to visualize the ultrastructural details of the sample. PD densities can then be rapidly quantified by calculating the number of PD per μm2 of cell wall observed in the renderings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.,Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - John R Dunlap
- The Joint Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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14
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Kang BH, Anderson CT, Arimura SI, Bayer E, Bezanilla M, Botella MA, Brandizzi F, Burch-Smith TM, Chapman KD, Dünser K, Gu Y, Jaillais Y, Kirchhoff H, Otegui MS, Rosado A, Tang Y, Kleine-Vehn J, Wang P, Zolman BK. A glossary of plant cell structures: Current insights and future questions. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:10-52. [PMID: 34633455 PMCID: PMC8846186 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, the authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics, and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charles T Anderson
- Department of Biology and Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 USA
| | - Shin-ichi Arimura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, Villenave d'Ornon F-33140, France
| | - Magdalena Bezanilla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
| | - Miguel A Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Lab, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824 USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Kent D Chapman
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, USA
| | - Kai Dünser
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Yangnan Gu
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes (RDP), Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRAE, Lyon, France
| | - Helmut Kirchhoff
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, USA
| | - Marisa S Otegui
- Department of Botany and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Faculty of Biology, Chair of Molecular Plant Physiology (MoPP) University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
- Center for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies (CIBSS), University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bethany Karlin Zolman
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121, USA
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15
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Chambaud C, Cookson SJ, Ollat N, Bayer E, Brocard L. A correlative light electron microscopy approach reveals plasmodesmata ultrastructure at the graft interface. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:44-55. [PMID: 34687300 PMCID: PMC8774839 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in our understanding of graft union formation, we still know little about the cellular events underlying the grafting process. This is partially due to the difficulty of reliably targeting the graft interface in electron microscopy to study its ultrastructure and three-dimensional architecture. To overcome this technological bottleneck, we developed a correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) approach to study the graft interface with high ultrastructural resolution. Grafting hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing yellow FP or monomeric red FP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) allowed efficient targeting of the grafting interface for examination under light and electron microscopy. To explore the potential of our method to study sub-cellular events at the graft interface, we focused on the formation of secondary plasmodesmata (PD) between the grafted partners. We showed that four classes of PD were formed at the interface and that PD introgression into the cell wall was initiated equally by both partners. Moreover, the success of PD formation appeared not systematic with a third of PD not spanning the cell wall entirely. Characterizing the ultrastructural characteristics of these incomplete PD gives us insights into the process of secondary PD biogenesis. We found that the establishment of successful symplastic connections between the scion and rootstock occurred predominantly in the presence of thin cell walls and ER-plasma membrane tethering. The resolution reached in this work shows that our CLEM method advances the study of biological processes requiring the combination of light and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Chambaud
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Sarah Jane Cookson
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Nathalie Ollat
- EGFV, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, ISVV, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogénèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR 5200, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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16
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Kirk P, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata Structural Components and Their Role in Signaling and Plant Development. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:3-22. [PMID: 35349130 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are plant intercellular channels that mediate the transport of small and large molecules including RNAs and transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant development. In this review, we present current research on plasmodesmata form and function and discuss the main regulatory pathways. We show the progress made in the development of approaches and tools to dissect the plasmodesmata proteome in diverse plant species and discuss future perspectives and challenges in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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17
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Godel-J Drychowska K, Kurczy Ska E. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the plasmodesmata that accompany cell fate changes during the somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:186-200. [PMID: 34838155 DOI: 10.1071/fp21243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic and membrane-lined microchannels that enable symplasmic communication in plants, which is involved in the regulation of cell differentiation. The presented results emphasise the qualitative and quantitative analyses of PD, which are the basis of the symplasmic communication. The cells that initiate various development programmes create symplasmic domains that are characterised by different degrees of symplasmic communication. Changes in symplasmic communication are caused by the presence or absence of PD and/or the ability of signals to move through them. In the presented studies, somatic embryogenesis was used to describe the characteristics of the PD within and between the symplasmic domains in explants of the Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh ecotype Columbia-0 and 35S:BBM transgenic line. Transmission electron microscopy was used to describe the cells that regain totipotency/pluripotency during somatic embryogenesis, as well as the number and shape of the PD in the different symplasmic domains of the explants and somatic embryos. Array tomography was used to create a 3D reconstruction of the protodermal cells of the somatic embryos with particular emphasis on the PD distribution in the cell walls. The results showed that there were different frequencies of the PD within and between the symplasmic domain that emerges during somatic embryogenesis and between the Col-0 and 35S:BBM somatic embryos with regard to the differences in the shape of the PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Godel-J Drychowska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa Kurczy Ska
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, The University of Silesia, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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18
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Huang C, Heinlein M. Function of Plasmodesmata in the Interaction of Plants with Microbes and Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2457:23-54. [PMID: 35349131 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2132-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are gated plant cell wall channels that allow the trafficking of molecules between cells and play important roles during plant development and in the orchestration of cellular and systemic signaling responses during interactions of plants with the biotic and abiotic environment. To allow gating, PD are equipped with signaling platforms and enzymes that regulate the size exclusion limit (SEL) of the pore. Plant-interacting microbes and viruses target PD with specific effectors to enhance their virulence and are useful probes to study PD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiping Huang
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Manfred Heinlein
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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19
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Sankoh AF, Burch-Smith TM. Approaches for investigating plasmodesmata and effective communication. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102143. [PMID: 34826658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are integral plant cell wall components that provide routes for intercellular communication, signaling, and resource sharing. They are therefore essential for plant growth and survival. Much effort has been put forth to understand how PD are generated and their structure is refined for function and to determine how they regulate intercellular trafficking. This review provides an overview of some of the approaches that have been used to study PD structure and function, highlighting those that may be more widely adopted to address questions of PD cell biology and function. Extending our focus on the importance of communication, we address how effective communication strategies can increase diversity and accessibility in the research laboratory, focusing on challenges faced by our deaf/hard-of-hearing colleagues, and highlight successful approaches to including them in the research laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
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20
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Cruz-Mireles N, Eseola AB, Osés-Ruiz M, Ryder LS, Talbot NJ. From appressorium to transpressorium-Defining the morphogenetic basis of host cell invasion by the rice blast fungus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009779. [PMID: 34329369 PMCID: PMC8323886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Míriam Osés-Ruiz
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren S. Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. Talbot
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Chen C, Vanneste S, Chen X. Review: Membrane tethers control plasmodesmal function and formation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 304:110800. [PMID: 33568299 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication is crucial in coordinating diverse biological processes in multicellular organisms. In plants, communication between adjacent cells occurs via nanotubular passages called plasmodesmata (PD). The PD passage is composed of an appressed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) internally, and plasma membrane (PM) externally, that traverses the cell wall, and associates with the actin-cytoskeleton. The coordination of the ER, PM and cytoskeleton plays a potential role in maintaining the architecture and conductivity of PD. Many data suggest that PD-associated proteins can serve as tethers that connect these structures in a functional PD, to regulate cell-to-cell communication. In this review, we summarize the organization and regulation of PD activity via tethering proteins, and discuss the importance of PD-mediated cell-to-cell communication in plant development and defense against environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Chen
- College of Life Science and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Steffen Vanneste
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Lab of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro, 119, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Chen
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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22
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Peters WS, Jensen KH, Stone HA, Knoblauch M. Plasmodesmata and the problems with size: Interpreting the confusion. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 257:153341. [PMID: 33388666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant tissues exhibit a symplasmic organization; the individual protoplasts are connected to their neighbors via cytoplasmic bridges that extend through pores in the cell walls. These bridges may have diameters of a micrometer or more, as in the sieve pores of the phloem, but in most cell types they are smaller. Historically, botanists referred to cytoplasmic bridges of all sizes as plasmodesmata. The meaning of the term began to shift when the transmission electron microscope (TEM) became the preferred tool for studying these structures. Today, a plasmodesma is widely understood to be a 'nano-scale' pore. Unfortunately, our understanding of these nanoscopic channels suffers from methodological limitations. This is exemplified by the fact that state-of-the-art EM techniques appear to reveal plasmodesmal pore structures that are much smaller than the tracer molecules known to diffuse through these pores. In general, transport processes in pores that have dimensions in the size range of the transported molecules are governed by different physical parameters than transport process in the macroscopic realm. This can lead to unexpected effects, as experience in nanofluidic technologies demonstrates. Our discussion of problems of size in plasmodesma research leads us to conclude that the field will benefit from technomimetic reasoning - the utilization of concepts developed in applied nanofluidics for the interpretation of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried S Peters
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA; Department of Biology, Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA.
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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23
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Iswanto ABB, Shelake RM, Vu MH, Kim JY, Kim SH. Genome Editing for Plasmodesmal Biology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:679140. [PMID: 34149780 PMCID: PMC8207191 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.679140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are cytoplasmic canals that facilitate intercellular communication and molecular exchange between adjacent plant cells. PD-associated proteins are considered as one of the foremost factors in regulating PD function that is critical for plant development and stress responses. Although its potential to be used for crop engineering is enormous, our understanding of PD biology was relatively limited to model plants, demanding further studies in crop systems. Recently developed genome editing techniques such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associate protein (CRISPR/Cas) might confer powerful approaches to dissect the molecular function of PD components and to engineer elite crops. Here, we assess several aspects of PD functioning to underline and highlight the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas that provide new insight into PD biology and crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Rahul Mahadev Shelake
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Jae-Yean Kim,
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences (BK21 Four Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Hee Kim,
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24
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Abstract
Auxin is an endogenous small molecule with an incredibly large impact on growth and development in plants. Movement of auxin between cells, due to its negative charge at most physiological pHs, strongly relies on families of active transporters. These proteins import auxin from the extracellular space or export it into the same. Mutations in these components have profound impacts on biological processes. Another transport route available to auxin, once the substance is inside the cell, are plasmodesmata connections. These small channels connect the cytoplasms of neighbouring plant cells and enable flow between them. Interestingly, the biological significance of this latter mode of transport is only recently starting to emerge with examples from roots, hypocotyls and leaves. The existence of two transport systems provides opportunities for reciprocal cross-regulation. Indeed, auxin levels influence proteins controlling plasmodesmata permeability, while cell-cell communication affects auxin biosynthesis and transport. In an evolutionary context, transporter driven cell-cell auxin movement and plasmodesmata seem to have evolved around the same time in the green lineage. This highlights a co-existence from early on and a likely functional specificity of the systems. Exploring more situations where auxin movement via plasmodesmata has relevance for plant growth and development, and clarifying the regulation of such transport, will be key aspects in coming years.This article has an associated Future Leader to Watch interview with the author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paterlini
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 47 Bateman Street, Cambridge CB2 1 LR, UK
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25
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Intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata: molecular layers of complexity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:799-816. [PMID: 32920696 PMCID: PMC7897608 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are intercellular pores connecting together most plant cells. These structures consist of a central constricted form of the endoplasmic reticulum, encircled by some cytoplasmic space, in turn delimited by the plasma membrane, itself ultimately surrounded by the cell wall. The presence and structure of plasmodesmata create multiple routes for intercellular trafficking of a large spectrum of molecules (encompassing RNAs, proteins, hormones and metabolites) and also enable local signalling events. Movement across plasmodesmata is finely controlled in order to balance processes requiring communication with those necessitating symplastic isolation. Here, we describe the identities and roles of the molecular components (specific sets of lipids, proteins and wall polysaccharides) that shape and define plasmodesmata structural and functional domains. We highlight the extensive and dynamic interactions that exist between the plasma/endoplasmic reticulum membranes, cytoplasm and cell wall domains, binding them together to effectively define plasmodesmata shapes and purposes.
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26
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Paterlini A, Belevich I, Jokitalo E, Helariutta Y. Computational Tools for Serial Block Electron Microscopy Reveal Plasmodesmata Distributions and Wall Environments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 184:53-64. [PMID: 32719057 PMCID: PMC7479905 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are small channels that connect plant cells. While recent technological advances have facilitated analysis of the ultrastructure of these channels, there are limitations to efficiently addressing their presence over an entire cellular interface. Here, we highlight the value of serial block electron microscopy for this purpose. We developed a computational pipeline to study plasmodesmata distributions and detect the presence/absence of plasmodesmata clusters, or pit fields, at the phloem unloading interfaces of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots. Pit fields were visualized and quantified. As the wall environment of plasmodesmata is highly specialized, we also designed a tool to extract the thickness of the extracellular matrix at and outside of plasmodesmata positions. We detected and quantified clear wall thinning around plasmodesmata with differences between genotypes, including the recently published plm-2 sphingolipid mutant. Our tools open avenues for quantitative approaches in the analysis of symplastic trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paterlini
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR United Kingdom
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yrjö Helariutta
- Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1LR United Kingdom
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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27
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Pankratenko AV, Atabekova AK, Morozov SY, Solovyev AG. Membrane Contacts in Plasmodesmata: Structural Components and Their Functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:531-544. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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28
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Yan D, Liu Y. Diverse regulation of plasmodesmal architecture facilitates adaptation to phloem translocation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:2505-2512. [PMID: 31872215 PMCID: PMC7210759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The long-distance translocation of nutrients and mobile molecules between different terminals is necessary for plant growth and development. Plasmodesmata-mediated symplastic trafficking plays an important role in accomplishing this task. To facilitate intercellular transport, plants have evolved diverse plasmodesmata with distinct internal architecture at different cell-cell interfaces along the trafficking route. Correspondingly, different underlying mechanisms for regulating plasmodesmal structures have been gradually revealed. In this review, we highlight recent studies on various plasmodesmal architectures, as well as relevant regulators of their de novo formation and transition, responsible for phloem loading, transport, and unloading specifically. We also discuss the interesting but unaddressed questions relating to, and potential studies on, the adaptation of functional plasmodesmal structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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29
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Ganusova EE, Reagan BC, Fernandez JC, Azim MF, Sankoh AF, Freeman KM, McCray TN, Patterson K, Kim C, Burch-Smith TM. Chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signalling controls intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata formation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190408. [PMID: 32362251 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The signalling pathways that regulate intercellular trafficking via plasmodesmata (PD) remain largely unknown. Analyses of mutants with defects in intercellular trafficking led to the hypothesis that chloroplasts are important for controlling PD, probably by retrograde signalling to the nucleus to regulate expression of genes that influence PD formation and function, an idea encapsulated in the organelle-nucleus-PD signalling (ONPS) hypothesis. ONPS is supported by findings that point to chloroplast redox state as also modulating PD. Here, we have attempted to further elucidate details of ONPS. Through reverse genetics, expression of select nucleus-encoded genes with known or predicted roles in chloroplast gene expression was knocked down, and the effects on intercellular trafficking were then assessed. Silencing most genes resulted in chlorosis, and the expression of several photosynthesis and tetrapyrrole biosynthesis associated nuclear genes was repressed in all silenced plants. PD-mediated intercellular trafficking was changed in the silenced plants, consistent with predictions of the ONPS hypothesis. One striking observation, best exemplified by silencing the PNPase homologues, was that the degree of chlorosis of silenced leaves was not correlated with the capacity for intercellular trafficking. Finally, we measured the distribution of PD in silenced leaves and found that intercellular trafficking was positively correlated with the numbers of PD. Together, these results not only provide further support for ONPS but also point to a genetic mechanism for PD formation, clarifying a longstanding question about PD and intercellular trafficking. This article is part of the theme issue 'Retrograde signalling from endosymbiotic organelles'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Brandon C Reagan
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Jessica C Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mohammad F Azim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Amie F Sankoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Tyra N McCray
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kelsey Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Chinkee Kim
- Departments of Science and Mathematics, RIT/National Technical Institute for the Deaf (NTID), Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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30
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He Y, Zhou K, Wu Z, Li B, Fu J, Lin C, Jiang D. Highly Efficient Nanoscale Analysis of Plant Stomata and Cell Surface Using Polyaddition Silicone Rubber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1569. [PMID: 31921235 PMCID: PMC6923247 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Stomata control gas exchange and water transpiration and are one of the most important physiological apparatuses in higher plants. The regulation of stomatal aperture is closely coordinated with photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, plant growth, development, and so on. With advances in scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution images of plant stomata and cell surfaces can be obtained from detached plant tissues. However, this method does not allow for rapid analysis of the dynamic variation of plant stomata and cell surfaces in situ under nondestructive conditions. In this study, we demonstrated a novel plant surface impression technique (PSIT, Silagum-Light as correction impression material based on A-silicones for all two-phase impression techniques) that allows for precise analysis of plant stomata aperture and cell surfaces. Using this method, we successfully monitored the dynamic variation of stomata and observed the nanoscale microstructure of soybean leaf trichomes and dragonfly wings. Additionally, compared with the analytical precision and the time used for preparing the observation samples between PSIT and traditional SEM, the results suggested that the analytical precision of PSIT was the same to traditional SEM, but the PSIT was more easy to operate. Thus, our results indicated that PSIT can be widely applied to the plant science field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhemin Wu
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boxiu Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junliang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chinho Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Dean Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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31
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Plasmodesmata Conductivity Regulation: A Mechanistic Model. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8120595. [PMID: 31842374 PMCID: PMC6963776 DOI: 10.3390/plants8120595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells form a multicellular symplast via cytoplasmic bridges called plasmodesmata (Pd) and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that crosses almost all plant tissues. The Pd proteome is mainly represented by secreted Pd-associated proteins (PdAPs), the repertoire of which quickly adapts to environmental conditions and responds to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although the important role of Pd in stress-induced reactions is universally recognized, the mechanisms of Pd control are still not fully understood. The negative role of callose in Pd permeability has been convincingly confirmed experimentally, yet the roles of cytoskeletal elements and many PdAPs remain unclear. Here, we discuss the contribution of each protein component to Pd control. Based on known data, we offer mechanistic models of mature leaf Pd regulation in response to stressful effects.
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32
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Deinum EE, Mulder BM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. From plasmodesma geometry to effective symplasmic permeability through biophysical modelling. eLife 2019; 8:49000. [PMID: 31755863 PMCID: PMC6994222 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of molecular transport via intercellular channels called plasmodesmata (PDs) is important for both coordinating developmental and environmental responses among neighbouring cells, and isolating (groups of) cells to execute distinct programs. Cell-to-cell mobility of fluorescent molecules and PD dimensions (measured from electron micrographs) are both used as methods to predict PD transport capacity (i.e., effective symplasmic permeability), but often yield very different values. Here, we build a theoretical bridge between both experimental approaches by calculating the effective symplasmic permeability from a geometrical description of individual PDs and considering the flow towards them. We find that a dilated central region has the strongest impact in thick cell walls and that clustering of PDs into pit fields strongly reduces predicted permeabilities. Moreover, our open source multi-level model allows to predict PD dimensions matching measured permeabilities and add a functional interpretation to structural differences observed between PDs in different cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva E Deinum
- Mathematical and statistical methods (Biometris), Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bela M Mulder
- Living Matter Department, Institute AMOLF, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Park K, Knoblauch J, Oparka K, Jensen KH. Controlling intercellular flow through mechanosensitive plasmodesmata nanopores. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3564. [PMID: 31395861 PMCID: PMC6687729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are nanopores that serve as channels for molecular cell-to-cell transport. Precise control of PD permeability is essential to regulate processes such as growth and tissue patterning, photoassimilate distribution and defense against pathogens. Callose deposition modulates PD transport but little is known of the rapid events that lead to PD closure in response to tissue damage or osmotic shock. We propose a mechanism of PD closure as a result of mechanosensing. Pressure forces acting on the dumbbell-shaped ER-desmotubule complex cause it to be displaced from its equilibrium position, thus closing the PD aperture. The filamentous protein tethers that link the plasma membrane to the ER-desmotubule complex play a key role in determining the selectivity of the PD pore. This model of PD control compares favorably with experimental data on the pressure-generated closure of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunhwan Park
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Knoblauch
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Kaare H Jensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs., Lyngby, Denmark.
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34
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Danila FR, Quick WP, White RG, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT. Response of plasmodesmata formation in leaves of C 4 grasses to growth irradiance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2482-2494. [PMID: 30965390 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Rapid metabolite diffusion across the mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cell interface in C4 leaves is a key requirement for C4 photosynthesis and occurs via plasmodesmata (PD). Here, we investigated how growth irradiance affects PD density between M and BS cells and between M cells in two C4 species using our PD quantification method, which combines three-dimensional laser confocal fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The response of leaf anatomy and physiology of NADP-ME species, Setaria viridis and Zea mays to growth under different irradiances, low light (100 μmol m-2 s-1 ), and high light (1,000 μmol m-2 s-1 ), was observed both at seedling and established growth stages. We found that the effect of growth irradiance on C4 leaf PD density depended on plant age and species. The high light treatment resulted in two to four-fold greater PD density per unit leaf area than at low light, due to greater area of PD clusters and greater PD size in high light plants. These results along with our finding that the effect of light on M-BS PD density was not tightly linked to photosynthetic capacity suggest a complex mechanism underlying the dynamic response of C4 leaf PD formation to growth irradiance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, 4030, Philippines
- University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemary G White
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 2601, Australia
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35
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Brault ML, Petit JD, Immel F, Nicolas WJ, Glavier M, Brocard L, Gaston A, Fouché M, Hawkins TJ, Crowet J, Grison MS, Germain V, Rocher M, Kraner M, Alva V, Claverol S, Paterlini A, Helariutta Y, Deleu M, Lins L, Tilsner J, Bayer EM. Multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region proteins (MCTPs) tether membranes at plasmodesmata. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47182. [PMID: 31286648 PMCID: PMC6680132 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201847182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotes, membrane contact sites (MCS) allow direct communication between organelles. Plants have evolved a unique type of MCS, inside intercellular pores, the plasmodesmata, where endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) contacts coincide with regulation of cell-to-cell signalling. The molecular mechanism and function of membrane tethering within plasmodesmata remain unknown. Here, we show that the multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region protein (MCTP) family, key regulators of cell-to-cell signalling in plants, act as ER-PM tethers specifically at plasmodesmata. We report that MCTPs are plasmodesmata proteins that insert into the ER via their transmembrane region while their C2 domains dock to the PM through interaction with anionic phospholipids. A Atmctp3/Atmctp4 loss of function mutant induces plant developmental defects, impaired plasmodesmata function and composition, while MCTP4 expression in a yeast Δtether mutant partially restores ER-PM tethering. Our data suggest that MCTPs are unique membrane tethers controlling both ER-PM contacts and cell-to-cell signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie L Brault
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Jules D Petit
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux InterfacesTERRA Research Centre, GX ABTUniversité de LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Françoise Immel
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - William J Nicolas
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
- Present address:
Division of Biology and Biological EngineeringCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Marie Glavier
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Lysiane Brocard
- Bordeaux Imaging CentrePlant Imaging PlatformUMS 3420, INRA‐CNRS‐INSERM‐University of BordeauxVillenave‐d'OrnonFrance
| | - Amèlia Gaston
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
- Present address:
UMR 1332 BFPINRAUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Mathieu Fouché
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
- Present address:
UMR 1332 BFPINRAUniversity of BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | | | - Jean‐Marc Crowet
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux InterfacesTERRA Research Centre, GX ABTUniversité de LiègeGemblouxBelgium
- Present address:
Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire MEDyCUMR7369, CNRSUniversité de Reims‐Champagne‐ArdenneReimsFrance
| | - Magali S Grison
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Véronique Germain
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Marion Rocher
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Max Kraner
- Division of BiochemistryDepartment of BiologyFriedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐NurembergErlangenGermany
| | - Vikram Alva
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Stéphane Claverol
- Proteome PlatformFunctional Genomic Center of BordeauxUniversity of BordeauxBordeaux CedexFrance
| | | | - Ykä Helariutta
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Magali Deleu
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux InterfacesTERRA Research Centre, GX ABTUniversité de LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Laurence Lins
- Laboratoire de Biophysique Moléculaire aux InterfacesTERRA Research Centre, GX ABTUniversité de LiègeGemblouxBelgium
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St AndrewsFifeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesThe James Hutton InstituteDundeeUK
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse MembranaireUMR5200, CNRSUniversité de BordeauxVillenave d'OrnonFrance
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36
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Ganusova EE, Burch-Smith TM. Review: Plant-pathogen interactions through the plasmodesma prism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:70-80. [PMID: 30709495 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) allow membrane and cytoplasmic continuity between plant cells, and they are essential for intercellular communication and signaling in addition to metabolite partitioning. Plant pathogens have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert PD to facilitate their infection of plant hosts. PD are implicated not only in local spread around infection sites but also in the systemic spread of pathogens and pathogen-derived molecules. In turn, plants have developed strategies to limit pathogen spread via PD, and there is increasing evidence that PD may also be active players in plant defense responses. The last few years have seen important advances in understanding the roles of PD in plant-pathogen infection. Nonetheless, several critical areas remain to be addressed. Here we highlight some of these, focusing on the need to consider the effects of pathogen-PD interaction on the trafficking of endogenous molecules, and the involvement of chloroplasts in regulating PD during pathogen defense. By their very nature, PD are recalcitrant to most currently used investigative techniques, therefore answering these questions will require creative imaging and novel quantification approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena E Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States
| | - Tessa M Burch-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, United States.
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37
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Abstract
Plasmodesmata are cytoplasmic communication channels that are vital for the physiology and development of all plants. They facilitate the intercellular movement of various cargos - ranging from small molecules, such as sugars, ions and other essential nutrients and chemicals, to large complex molecules, such as proteins and different types of RNA species - by bridging neighboring cells across their cell walls. Structurally, an individual channel consists of the cytoplasmic sleeve that is formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane leaflets. Plasmodesmata are highly versatile channels; they vary in number and structure, and undergo constant adjustments to their permeability in response to many internal and external cues. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, we provide an overview of plasmodesmata form and function, with highlights on their development and variation, associated components and mobile factors. In addition, we present methodologies that are currently used to study plasmodesmata-mediated intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E Sager
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Jung-Youn Lee
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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38
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Tucker MR, Lou H, Aubert MK, Wilkinson LG, Little A, Houston K, Pinto SC, Shirley NJ. Exploring the Role of Cell Wall-Related Genes and Polysaccharides during Plant Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 7:E42. [PMID: 29857498 PMCID: PMC6028917 DOI: 10.3390/plants7020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of organs in plants are not established until after germination, when pluripotent stem cells in the growing apices give rise to daughter cells that proliferate and subsequently differentiate into new tissues and organ primordia. This remarkable capacity is not only restricted to the meristem, since maturing cells in many organs can also rapidly alter their identity depending on the cues they receive. One general feature of plant cell differentiation is a change in cell wall composition at the cell surface. Historically, this has been viewed as a downstream response to primary cues controlling differentiation, but a closer inspection of the wall suggests that it may play a much more active role. Specific polymers within the wall can act as substrates for modifications that impact receptor binding, signal mobility, and cell flexibility. Therefore, far from being a static barrier, the cell wall and its constituent polysaccharides can dictate signal transmission and perception, and directly contribute to a cell's capacity to differentiate. In this review, we re-visit the role of plant cell wall-related genes and polysaccharides during various stages of development, with a particular focus on how changes in cell wall machinery accompany the exit of cells from the stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Tucker
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
| | - Haoyu Lou
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
| | - Matthew K Aubert
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
| | - Laura G Wilkinson
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
| | - Alan Little
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
| | - Kelly Houston
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK.
| | - Sara C Pinto
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Neil J Shirley
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5062, Australia.
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39
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Danila FR, Quick WP, White RG, Kelly S, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT. Multiple mechanisms for enhanced plasmodesmata density in disparate subtypes of C4 grasses. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1135-1145. [PMID: 29300922 PMCID: PMC6018992 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proliferation of plasmodesmata (PD) connections between bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells has been proposed as a key step in the evolution of two-cell C4 photosynthesis; However, a lack of quantitative data has hampered further exploration and validation of this hypothesis. In this study, we quantified leaf anatomical traits associated with metabolite transport in 18 species of BEP and PACMAD grasses encompassing four origins of C4 photosynthesis and all three C4 subtypes (NADP-ME, NAD-ME, and PCK). We demonstrate that C4 leaves have greater PD density between M and BS cells than C3 leaves. We show that this greater PD density is achieved by increasing either the pit field (cluster of PD) area or the number of PD per pit field area. NAD-ME species had greater pit field area per M-BS interface than NADP-ME or PCK species. In contrast, NADP-ME and PCK species had lower pit field area with increased number of PD per pit field area than NAD-ME species. Overall, PD density per M-BS cell interface was greatest in NAD-ME species while PD density in PCK species exhibited the largest variability. Finally, the only other anatomical characteristic that clearly distinguished C4 from C3 species was their greater Sb value, the BS surface area to subtending leaf area ratio. In contrast, BS cell volume was comparable between the C3 and C4 grass species examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - William Paul Quick
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rosemary G White
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Robert T Furbank
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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40
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Liang D. A Salutary Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Intercellular Tunnel-Mediated Communication. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:2. [PMID: 29503816 PMCID: PMC5821100 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species, generally labeled toxic due to high reactivity without target specificity, are gradually uncovered as signaling molecules involved in a myriad of biological processes. But one important feature of ROS roles in macromolecule movement has not caught attention until recent studies with technique advance and design elegance have shed lights on ROS signaling for intercellular and interorganelle communication. This review begins with the discussions of genetic and chemical studies on the regulation of symplastic dye movement through intercellular tunnels in plants (plasmodesmata), and focuses on the ROS regulatory mechanisms concerning macromolecule movement including small RNA-mediated gene silencing movement and protein shuttling between cells. Given the premise that intercellular tunnels (bridges) in mammalian cells are the key physical structures to sustain intercellular communication, movement of macromolecules and signals is efficiently facilitated by ROS-induced membrane protrusions formation, which is analogously applied to the interorganelle communication in plant cells. Although ROS regulatory differences between plant and mammalian cells exist, the basis for ROS-triggered conduit formation underlies a unifying conservative theme in multicellular organisms. These mechanisms may represent the evolutionary advances that have enabled multicellularity to gain the ability to generate and utilize ROS to govern material exchanges between individual cells in oxygenated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dacheng Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, School of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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41
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Leijon F, Melzer M, Zhou Q, Srivastava V, Bulone V. Proteomic Analysis of Plasmodesmata From Populus Cell Suspension Cultures in Relation With Callose Biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1681. [PMID: 30510561 PMCID: PMC6252348 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata are channels that link adjacent cells in plant tissues through which molecular exchanges take place. They are involved in multiple processes vital to plant cells, such as responses to hormonal signaling or environmental challenges including osmotic stress, wounding and pathogen attack. Despite the importance of plasmodesmata, their proteome is not well-defined. Here, we have isolated fractions enriched in plasmodesmata from cell suspension cultures of Populus trichocarpa and identified 201 proteins that are enriched in these fractions, thereby providing further insight on the multiple functions of plasmodesmata. Proteomics analysis revealed an enrichment of proteins specifically involved in responses to stress, transport, metabolism and signal transduction. Consistent with the role of callose deposition and turnover in the closure and aperture of the plasmodesmata and our proteomic analysis, we demonstrate the enrichment of callose synthase activity in the plasmodesmata represented by several gene products. A new form of calcium-independent callose synthase activity was detected, in addition to the typical calcium-dependent enzyme activity, suggesting a role of calcium in the regulation of plasmodesmata through two forms of callose synthase activities. Our report provides the first proteomic investigation of the plasmodesmata from a tree species and the direct biochemical evidence for the occurrence of several forms of active callose synthases in these structures. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD010692.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Leijon
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Melzer
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Qi Zhou
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Vaibhav Srivastava, Vincent Bulone,
| | - Vincent Bulone
- Division of Glycoscience, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls and School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Vaibhav Srivastava, Vincent Bulone,
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Amsbury S, Kirk P, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Emerging models on the regulation of intercellular transport by plasmodesmata-associated callose. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 69:105-115. [PMID: 29040641 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The intercellular transport of molecules through membranous channels that traverse the cell walls-so-called plasmodesmata-is of fundamental importance for plant development. Regulation of plasmodesmata aperture (and transport capacity) is mediated by changes in the flanking cell walls, mainly via the synthesis/degradation (turnover) of the (1,3)-β-glucan polymer callose. The role of callose in organ development and in plant environmental responses is well recognized, but detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating its accumulation and its effects on the structure and permeability of the channels is still missing. We compiled information on the molecular components and signalling pathways involved in callose turnover at plasmodesmata and, more generally, on the structural and mechanical properties of (1,3)-β-glucan polymers in cell walls. Based on this revision, we propose models integrating callose, cell walls, and the regulation of plasmodesmata structure and intercellular communication. We also highlight new tools and interdisciplinary approaches that can be applied to gain further insight into the effects of modifying callose in cell walls and its consequences for intercellular signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Amsbury
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK
| | - Philip Kirk
- Centre for Plant Science, School of Biology, University of Leeds, UK
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Kraner ME, Müller C, Sonnewald U. Comparative proteomic profiling of the choline transporter-like1 (CHER1) mutant provides insights into plasmodesmata composition of fully developed Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:696-709. [PMID: 28865150 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In plants, intercellular communication and exchange are highly dependent on cell wall bridging structures between adhering cells, so-called plasmodesmata (PD). In our previous genetic screen for PD-deficient Arabidopsis mutants, we described choline transporter-like 1 (CHER1) being important for PD genesis and maturation. Leaves of cher1 mutant plants have up to 10 times less PD, which do not develop to complex structures. Here we utilize the T-DNA insertion mutant cher1-4 and report a deep comparative proteomic workflow for the identification of cell-wall-embedded PD-associated proteins. Analyzing triplicates of cell-wall-enriched fractions in depth by fractionation and quantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry, we compared > 5000 proteins obtained from fully developed leaves. Comparative data analysis and subsequent filtering generated a list of 61 proteins being significantly more abundant in Col-0. This list was enriched for previously described PD-associated proteins. To validate PD association of so far uncharacterized proteins, subcellular localization analyses were carried out by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. This study confirmed the association of PD for three out of four selected candidates, indicating that the comparative approach indeed allowed identification of so far undescribed PD-associated proteins. Performing comparative cell wall proteomics of Nicotiana benthamiana tissue, we observed an increase in abundance of these three selected candidates during sink to source transition. Taken together, our comparative proteomic approach revealed a valuable data set of potential PD-associated proteins, which can be used as a resource to unravel the molecular composition of complex PD and to investigate their function in cell-to-cell communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carmen Müller
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Hervieux N, Tsugawa S, Fruleux A, Dumond M, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Komatsuzaki T, Boudaoud A, Larkin JC, Smith RS, Li CB, Hamant O. Mechanical Shielding of Rapidly Growing Cells Buffers Growth Heterogeneity and Contributes to Organ Shape Reproducibility. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3468-3479.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Fricke W. Water transport and energy. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:977-994. [PMID: 27756100 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Water transport in plants occurs along various paths and is driven by gradients in its free energy. It is generally considered that the mode of transport, being either diffusion or bulk flow, is a passive process, although energy may be required to sustain the forces driving water flow. This review aims at putting water flow at the various organisational levels (cell, organ, plant) in the context of the energy that is required to maintain these flows. In addition, the question is addressed (1) whether water can be transported against a difference in its chemical free energy, 'water potential' (Ψ), through, directly or indirectly, active processes; and (2) whether the energy released when water is flowing down a gradient in its energy, for example during day-time transpiration and cell expansive growth, is significant compared to the energy budget of plant and cell. The overall aim of review is not so much to provide a definite 'Yes' and 'No' to these questions, but rather to stimulate discussion and raise awareness that water transport in plants has its real, associated, energy costs and potential energy gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Fricke
- School of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, 4, Ireland
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Kraner ME, Link K, Melzer M, Ekici AB, Uebe S, Tarazona P, Feussner I, Hofmann J, Sonnewald U. Choline transporter-like1 (CHER1) is crucial for plasmodesmata maturation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:394-406. [PMID: 27743414 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata (PD) are microscopic pores connecting plant cells and enable cell-to-cell transport. Currently, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating PD formation and development. To uncover components of PD development we made use of the 17 kDa movement protein (MP17) encoded by the Potato leafroll virus (PLRV). The protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus and localises to complex PD. Forward genetic screening for Arabidopsis mutants with altered PD binding of MP17 revealed several mutant lines, while molecular genetics, biochemical and microscopic studies allowed further characterisation. Map-based cloning of one mutant revealed a point mutation in the choline transporter-like 1 (CHER1) protein, changing glycine247 into glutamate. Mutation in CHER1 resulted in a starch excess phenotype and stunted growth. Ultrastructure analysis of shoot apical meristems, developing and fully developed leaves showed reduced PD numbers and the absence of complex PD in fully developed leaves. This indicates that cher1 mutants are impaired in PD formation and development. Global lipid profiling revealed only slight modifications in the overall lipid composition, however, altered composition of PD-associated lipids cannot be ruled out. Thus, cher1 is devoid of complex PD in developed leaves and provides insights into the formation of complex PD at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Kraner
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Link
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Melzer
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466, Seeland, Gatersleben, OT, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Steffen Uebe
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, D-91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pablo Tarazona
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, D-37077, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Danila FR, Quick WP, White RG, Furbank RT, von Caemmerer S. The Metabolite Pathway between Bundle Sheath and Mesophyll: Quantification of Plasmodesmata in Leaves of C3 and C4 Monocots. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:1461-71. [PMID: 27288224 PMCID: PMC4944413 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
C4 photosynthesis is characterized by a CO2-concentrating mechanism between mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells of leaves. This generates high metabolic fluxes between these cells, through interconnecting plasmodesmata (PD). Quantification of these symplastic fluxes for modeling studies requires accurate quantification of PD, which has proven difficult using transmission electron microscopy. Our new quantitative technique combines scanning electron microscopy and 3D immunolocalization in intact leaf tissues to compare PD density on cell interfaces in leaves of C3 (rice [Oryza sativa] and wheat [Triticum aestivum]) and C4 (maize [Zea mays] and Setaria viridis) monocot species. Scanning electron microscopy quantification of PD density revealed that C4 species had approximately twice the number of PD per pitfield area compared with their C3 counterparts. 3D immunolocalization of callose at pitfields using confocal microscopy showed that pitfield area per M-BS interface area was 5 times greater in C4 species. Thus, the two C4 species had up to nine times more PD per M-BS interface area (S. viridis, 9.3 PD µm(-2); maize, 7.5 PD µm(-2); rice 1.0 PD µm(-2); wheat, 2.6 PD µm(-2)). Using these anatomical data and measured photosynthetic rates in these C4 species, we have now calculated symplastic C4 acid flux per PD across the M-BS interface. These quantitative data are essential for modeling studies and gene discovery strategies needed to introduce aspects of C4 photosynthesis to C3 crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence R Danila
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia International Rice Research Institute, Laguna 4030, Philippines
| | - William Paul Quick
- International Rice Research Institute, Laguna 4030, Philippines University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert T Furbank
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia CSIRO Agriculture, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - Susanne von Caemmerer
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis, Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
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Tilsner J, Nicolas W, Rosado A, Bayer EM. Staying Tight: Plasmodesmal Membrane Contact Sites and the Control of Cell-to-Cell Connectivity in Plants. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 67:337-64. [PMID: 26905652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Multicellularity differs in plants and animals in that the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endomembrane of plants are connected between cells through plasmodesmal pores. Plasmodesmata (PDs) are essential for plant life and serve as conduits for the transport of proteins, small RNAs, hormones, and metabolites during developmental and defense signaling. They are also the only pathways available for viruses to spread within plant hosts. The membrane organization of PDs is unique, characterized by the close apposition of the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane and spoke-like filamentous structures linking the two membranes, which define PDs as membrane contact sites (MCSs). This specialized membrane arrangement is likely critical for PD function. Here, we review how PDs govern developmental and defensive signaling in plants, compare them with other types of MCSs, and discuss in detail the potential functional significance of the MCS nature of PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tilsner
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom;
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - William Nicolas
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
| | - Abel Rosado
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratory of Membrane Biogenesis, UMR5200 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France; ,
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Knox K, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V, Tilsner J, Frigerio L, Sparkes I, Hawes C, Oparka K. Putting the Squeeze on Plasmodesmata: A Role for Reticulons in Primary Plasmodesmata Formation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1563-72. [PMID: 26084919 PMCID: PMC4528765 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Primary plasmodesmata (PD) arise at cytokinesis when the new cell plate forms. During this process, fine strands of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are laid down between enlarging Golgi-derived vesicles to form nascent PD, each pore containing a desmotubule, a membranous rod derived from the cortical ER. Little is known about the forces that model the ER during cell plate formation. Here, we show that members of the reticulon (RTNLB) family of ER-tubulating proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) may play a role in the formation of the desmotubule. RTNLB3 and RTNLB6, two RTNLBs present in the PD proteome, are recruited to the cell plate at late telophase, when primary PD are formed, and remain associated with primary PD in the mature cell wall. Both RTNLBs showed significant colocalization at PD with the viral movement protein of Tobacco mosaic virus, while superresolution imaging (three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy) of primary PD revealed the central desmotubule to be labeled by RTNLB6. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies showed that these RTNLBs are mobile at the edge of the developing cell plate, where new wall materials are being delivered, but significantly less mobile at its center, where PD are forming. A truncated RTNLB3, unable to constrict the ER, was not recruited to the cell plate at cytokinesis. We discuss the potential roles of RTNLBs in desmotubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Knox
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Jens Tilsner
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Chris Hawes
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
| | - Karl Oparka
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, United Kingdom (K.K., K.O.);Plant Cell Biology, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom (P.W., V.K., C.H.);Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom (J.T.);Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom (L.F.); andBiosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom (I.S.)
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