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Castellanos JF, Khan A, Fettke J. Gradual Analytics of Starch-Interacting Proteins Revealed the Involvement of Starch-Phosphorylating Enzymes during Synthesis of Storage Starch in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Tubers. Molecules 2023; 28:6219. [PMID: 37687048 PMCID: PMC10489031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete mechanism behind starch regulation has not been fully characterized. However, significant progress can be achieved through proteomic approaches. In this work, we aimed to characterize the starch-interacting proteins in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) tubers under variable circumstances. Starch-interacting proteins were extracted from developing tubers of wild type and transgenic lines containing antisense inhibition of glucan phosphorylases. Further, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and characterized through mass spectrometry. Additionally, starch-interacting proteins were analyzed in potato tubers stored at different temperatures. Most of the proteins strongly interacting with the potato starch granules corresponded to proteins involved in starch metabolism. GWD and PWD, two dikinases associated with starch degradation, were consistently found bound to the starch granules. This indicates that their activity is not only restricted to degradation but is also essential during storage starch synthesis. We confirmed the presence of protease inhibitors interacting with the potato starch surface as previously revealed by other authors. Starch interacting protein profiles of transgenic tubers appeared differently from wild type when tubers were stored under different temperatures, indicating a differential expression in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (J.F.C.); (A.K.)
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2
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Mishra M, Singh V, Tellis MB, Joshi RS, Pandey KC, Singh S. Cyclic peptide engineered from phytocystatin inhibitory hairpin loop as an effective modulator of falcipains and potent antimalarial. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3642-3654. [PMID: 33292080 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1848629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins are classical competitive inhibitors of C1 family cysteine proteases (papain family). Phytocystatin superfamily shares high sequence homology and typical tertiary structure with conserved glutamine-valine-glycine (Q-X-V-X-G) loop blocking the active site of C1 proteases. Here, we develop a cysteine-bounded cyclic peptide (CYS-cIHL) and linear peptide (CYS-IHL), using the conserved inhibitory hairpin loop amino acid sequence. Using an in silico approach based on modeling, protein-peptide docking, molecular dynamics simulations and calculation of free energy of binding, we designed and validated inhibitory peptides against falcipain-2 (FP-2) and -3 (FP-3), cysteine proteases from the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Falcipains are critical hemoglobinases of P. falciparum that are validated targets for the development of antimalarial therapies. CYS-cIHL was able to bind with micromolar affinity to FP-2 and modulate its binding with its substrate, hemoglobin in in vitro and in vivo assays. CYS-cIHL could effectively block parasite growth and displayed antimalarial activity in culture assays with no cytotoxicity towards human cells. These results indicated that cyclization can substantially increase the peptide affinity to the target. Furthermore, this can be applied as an effective strategy for engineering peptide inhibitory potency against proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Meenakshi B Tellis
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India
| | - Rakesh S Joshi
- Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Parasite-Host Biology Group, ICMR National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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3
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Shibao PYT, Santos-Júnior CD, Santiago AC, Mohan C, Miguel MC, Toyama D, Vieira MAS, Narayanan S, Figueira A, Carmona AK, Schiermeyer A, Soares-Costa A, Henrique-Silva F. Sugarcane cystatins: From discovery to biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:676-686. [PMID: 33285201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are tight-binding cysteine protease inhibitors produced by plants. The first phytocystatin described was isolated from Oryza sativa and, since then, cystatins from several plant species were reported, including from sugarcane. Sugarcane cystatins were unraveled in Sugarcane EST project database, after sequencing of cDNA libraries from various sugarcane tissues at different developmental stages and six sugarcane cystatins were cloned, expressed and characterized (CaneCPI-1 to CaneCPI-6). These recombinant proteins were produced in different expression systems and inhibited several cysteine proteases, including human cathepsins B and L, which can be involved in pathologies, such as cancer. In this review, we summarize a comprehensive history of all sugarcane cystatins, presenting an updated phylogenetic analysis; chromosomal localization, and genomic organization. We also present protein docking of CaneCPI-5 in the active site of human cathepsin B, insights about canecystatins structures; recombinant expression in different systems, comparison of their inhibitory activities against human cysteine cathepsins B, K, L, S, V, falcipains from Plasmodium falciparum and a cathepsin L-like from the sugarcane weevil Sphenophorus levis; and enlighten their potential and current applications in agriculture and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Yumi Tanaka Shibao
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil; Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Célio Dias Santos-Júnior
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil; Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, China
| | | | - Chakravarthi Mohan
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Mariana Cardoso Miguel
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Danyelle Toyama
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | - Subramonian Narayanan
- Genetic Transformation Laboratory, Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India
| | - Antonio Figueira
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana K Carmona
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Soares-Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Flavio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil.
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4
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Cloning, expression and enzymatic characterization of a cystatin gene involved in herbivore defense in tea plant (Camellia sinensis). CHEMOECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-020-00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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5
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Wang X, Gao Y, Guan Z, Xie Z, Zhang D, Yin P, Yang G, Hong D, Xin Q. Structural analysis of the meiosis-related protein MS5 reveals non-canonical papain enhancement by cystatin-like folds. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2462-2471. [PMID: 32415887 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
MS5 is a meiosis-related protein belonging to the Brassicaceae-specific domain of unknown function family and characterized by the MS5 superfamily domain (MSD). In this study, we elucidated the three-dimensional crystal structure and potential biochemical function of the MSD. It was observed that the MSD adopts a cystatin-like fold, mainly consisting of a central α-helix and four- or five-stranded antiparallel β-sheets that wrap around it. However, unlike cystatins, which inhibit cysteine proteases, the MSD displayed allosteric activation of papain. We believe that our study provides insight into novel mechanisms of proteolytic enzyme regulation and may serve as a basis for functional studies of the MS5 family proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yupeng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoqi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Delin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangsheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dengfeng Hong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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6
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Dong T, Cao Y, Jiang CZ, Li G, Liu P, Liu S, Wang Q. Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Reduce Enzymatic Browning of Potato by Lowering the Accumulation of Free Amino Acids. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2467-2476. [PMID: 32031791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic browning is a major issue affecting the quality of processed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). To understand the molecular mechanism of browning, transcriptional analyses were performed by employing potatoes that differed in browning. Coexpression analysis indicated that 9 out of 15 upregulated genes in browning-less groups encoded for potato protease inhibitors (StPIs). In addition, gene otology analysis showed that the enriched terms were mainly involved in protease inhibitors. Overexpression of cysteine StPI 143 and StPI 146 individually reduced browning and lowered protease activities and tyrosine and total free amino acid (FAA) contents, but they could not decrease polyphenol oxidase activity. Moreover, supplementing exogenous tyrosine or total FAAs into transgenic potato mash to wild-type amounts promoted mash browning, browning with total FAAs, more than with tyrosine, resembling wild-type levels. These results implied that cysteine StPIs reduced browning via lowering the accumulation of FAAs in addition to tyrosine. Our findings have enriched the knowledge about the roles and mechanisms of protease inhibitors in regulating enzymatic browning of potato, which provide new ways for controlling potato browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Dong
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences , University of California Davis , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
- Crops Pathology & Genetic Research , USDA-ARS , One Shields Avenue , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - Guangcun Li
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research , Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street , Haidian District, Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
- Institute of Vegetable and Flower Research, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Molecular Biology , Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Jinan , Shandong 250103 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qingguo Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Shandong Agricultural University , No. 61 Daizong Road , Taian , Shandong 271018 , People's Republic of China
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7
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Morgan AJ, Ayyer K, Barty A, Chen JPJ, Ekeberg T, Oberthuer D, White TA, Yefanov O, Chapman HN. Ab initio phasing of the diffraction of crystals with translational disorder. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA A-FOUNDATION AND ADVANCES 2019; 75:25-40. [PMID: 30575581 PMCID: PMC6302929 DOI: 10.1107/s2053273318015395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on the combined use of Bragg reflections and diffuse scatter for structure determination in crystallography. To date X-ray protein crystallography is the most successful technique available for the determination of high-resolution 3D structures of biological molecules and their complexes. In X-ray protein crystallography the structure of a protein is refined against the set of observed Bragg reflections from a protein crystal. The resolution of the refined protein structure is limited by the highest angle at which Bragg reflections can be observed. In addition, the Bragg reflections alone are typically insufficient (by a factor of two) to determine the structure ab initio, and so prior information is required. Crystals formed from an imperfect packing of the protein molecules may also exhibit continuous diffraction between and beyond these Bragg reflections. When this is due to random displacements of the molecules from each crystal lattice site, the continuous diffraction provides the necessary information to determine the protein structure without prior knowledge, to a resolution that is not limited by the angular extent of the observed Bragg reflections but instead by that of the diffraction as a whole. This article presents an iterative projection algorithm that simultaneously uses the continuous diffraction as well as the Bragg reflections for the determination of protein structures. The viability of this method is demonstrated on simulated crystal diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Morgan
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anton Barty
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joe P J Chen
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Tomas Ekeberg
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Oberthuer
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas A White
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Yefanov
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Jutras PV, Goulet M, Lavoie P, D'Aoust M, Sainsbury F, Michaud D. Recombinant protein susceptibility to proteolysis in the plant cell secretory pathway is pH-dependent. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 16:1928-1938. [PMID: 29618167 PMCID: PMC6181212 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular engineering approaches have been proposed to mitigate unintended proteolysis in plant protein biofactories, involving the design of protease activity-depleted environments by gene silencing or in situ inactivation with accessory protease inhibitors. Here, we assessed the impact of influenza virus M2 proton channel on host protease activities and recombinant protein processing in the cell secretory pathway of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Transient co-expression assays with M2 and GFP variant pHluorin were first conducted to illustrate the potential of proton export from the Golgi lumen to promote recombinant protein yield. A fusion protein-based system involving protease-sensitive peptide linkers to attach inactive variants of tomato cystatin SlCYS8 was then designed to relate the effects of M2 on protein levels with altered protease activities in situ. Secreted versions of the cystatin fusions transiently expressed in leaf tissue showed variable 'fusion to free cystatin' cleavage ratios, in line with the occurrence of protease forms differentially active against the peptide linkers in the secretory pathway. Variable ratios were also observed for the fusions co-expressed with M2, but the extent of fusion cleavage was changed for several fusions, positively or negatively, as a result of pH increase in the Golgi. These data indicating a remodelling of endogenous protease activities upon M2 expression confirm that the stability of recombinant proteins in the plant cell secretory pathway is pH-dependent. They suggest, in practice, the potential of M2 proton channel to modulate the stability of protease-susceptible secreted proteins in planta via a pH-related, indirect effect on host resident proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V. Jutras
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | - Marie‐Claire Goulet
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
| | | | | | - Frank Sainsbury
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Dominique Michaud
- Centre de recherche et d'innovation sur les végétauxUniversité LavalQuebec CityQCCanada
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9
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Aceituno-Valenzuela U, Covarrubias MP, Aguayo MF, Valenzuela-Riffo F, Espinoza A, Gaete-Eastman C, Herrera R, Handford M, Norambuena L. Identification of a type II cystatin in Fragaria chiloensis: A proteinase inhibitor differentially regulated during achene development and in response to biotic stress-related stimuli. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:158-167. [PMID: 29883898 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The equilibrium between protein synthesis and degradation is key to maintaining efficiency in different physiological processes. The proteinase inhibitor cystatin regulates protease activities in different developmental and physiological contexts. Here we describe for the first time the identification and the biological function of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin of Fragaria chiloensis, FchCYS1. Based on primary sequence and 3D-structural homology modelling, FchCYS1 is a type II phytocystatin with high identity to other cystatins of the Fragaria genus. Both the papain-like and the legumain-like protease inhibitory domains are indeed functional, based on in vitro assays performed with Escherichia coli protein extracts containing recombinant FchCYS1. FchCYS1 is differentially-expressed in achenes of F. chiloensis fruits, with highest expression as the fruit reaches the ripened stage, suggesting a role in preventing degradation of storage proteins that will nourish the embryo during seed germination. Furthermore, FchCYS1 responds transcriptionally to the application of salicylic acid and to mechanical injury, strongly suggesting that FchCYS1 could be involved in the response against pathogen attack. Overall these results point to a role for FchCYS1 in diverse physiological processes in F. chiloensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Aceituno-Valenzuela
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Covarrubias
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Francisca Aguayo
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Analía Espinoza
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Raúl Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Michael Handford
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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10
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Siddiqui MF, Bano B. Exposure of carbendazim induces structural and functional alteration in garlic phytocystatin: An in vitro multi-spectroscopic approach. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 145:66-75. [PMID: 29482733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim is a broad spectrum benzimidazole fungicide which is used to ensure plants' protection from pest and pathogens' invasion. The present work describes the impact of carbendazim (CAR) on garlic phytocystatin (GPC) which is a crucial plant regulatory protein. Interaction of carbendazim with GPC has been investigated through various biophysical techniques viz. UV absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, far-UV circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy which showed binding between them with consequent modulatory effects. Functional activity of GPC was monitored by the anti-papain inhibitory assay which suggests that incubation of GPC with the higher concentration of CAR disrupts the inhibitory function of GPC. UV spectroscopy confirmed the formation of GPC-CAR complex. Intrinsic fluorescence suggests binding of CAR to GPC which reflects the changes in microenvironment around tryptophan residues of GPC. Isothermal titration calorimetry suggests that interaction of CAR to GPC is an exothermic reaction. Secondary structure analysis was also performed which confirmed that binding of CAR decreases the alpha-helical content of GPC. Collectively, these results demonstrated that GPC exhibited significant structural and functional alteration upon interaction with carbendazim. Since GPC is involved in various regulatory processes, therefore, its structural or functional alteration may lead to disruption of physiological and biological balance within the plant. Hence, our study signifies that exposure of carbendazim to plant exerts physicochemical alteration within the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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11
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Monteiro Júnior JE, Valadares NF, Pereira HD, Dyszy FH, da Costa Filho AJ, Uchôa AF, de Oliveira AS, da Silveira Carvalho CP, Grangeiro TB. Expression in Escherichia coli of cysteine protease inhibitors from cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): The crystal structure of a single-domain cystatin gives insights on its thermal and pH stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:29-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Siddiqui MF, Ahmed A, Bano B. Insight into the biochemical, kinetic and spectroscopic characterization of garlic (Allium sativum) phytocystatin: Implication for cardiovascular disease. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 95:734-742. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.11.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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13
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Siddiqui AA, Khaki PSS, Sohail A, Sarwar T, Bano B. Isolation and purification of phytocystatin from almond: Biochemical, biophysical, and immunological characterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/23312025.2016.1262489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azad Alam Siddiqui
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Peerzada Shariq Shaheen Khaki
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Aamir Sohail
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
| | - Tarique Sarwar
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Bilqees Bano
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh 202002, India
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14
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Szewińska J, Simińska J, Bielawski W. The roles of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins in development and germination of cereal seeds. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 207:10-21. [PMID: 27771502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis is an important process for development and germination of cereal seeds. Among the many types of proteases identified in plants are the cysteine proteases (CPs) of the papain and legumain families, which play a crucial role in hydrolysing storage proteins during seed germination as well as in processing the precursors of these proteins and the inactive forms of other proteases. Moreover, all of the tissues of cereal seeds undergo progressive degradation via programed cell death, which is integral to their growth. In view of the important roles played by proteases, their uncontrolled activity could be harmful to the development of seeds and young seedlings. Thus, the activities of these enzymes are regulated by intracellular inhibitors called phytocystatins (PhyCys). The phytocystatins inhibit the activity of proteases of the papain family, and the presence of an additional motif in their C-termini allows them to also regulate the activity of members of the legumain family. A balance between the levels of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins is necessary for proper cereal seed development, and this is maintained through the antagonistic activities of gibberellins (GAs) and abscisic acid (ABA), which regulate the expression of the corresponding genes. Transcriptional regulation of cysteine proteases and phytocystatins is determined by cis-acting elements located in the promoters of these genes and by the expression of their corresponding transcription factors (TFs) and the interactions between different TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szewińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland.
| | - Joanna Simińska
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
| | - Wiesław Bielawski
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Nowoursynowska 159 street, Warsaw 02-776, Poland
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15
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Zamyatnin AA. Plant Proteases Involved in Regulated Cell Death. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2016; 80:1701-15. [PMID: 26878575 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297915130064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Each plant genome encodes hundreds of proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes can be divided into five distinct classes: cysteine-, serine-, aspartic-, threonine-, and metalloproteinases. Despite the differences in their structural properties and activities, members of all of these classes in plants are involved in the processes of regulated cell death - a basic feature of eukaryotic organisms. Regulated cell death in plants is an indispensable mechanism supporting plant development, survival, stress responses, and defense against pathogens. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of plant proteolytic enzymes functioning in the initiation and execution of distinct types of regulated cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Zamyatnin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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16
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Grosse-Holz FM, van der Hoorn RAL. Juggling jobs: roles and mechanisms of multifunctional protease inhibitors in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:794-807. [PMID: 26800491 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional protease inhibitors juggle jobs by targeting different enzymes and thereby often controlling more than one biological process. Here, we discuss the biological functions, mechanisms and evolution of three types of multifunctional protease inhibitors in plants. The first type is double-headed inhibitors, which feature two inhibitory sites targeting proteases with different specificities (e.g. Bowman-Birk inhibitors) or even different hydrolases (e.g. α-amylase/protease inhibitors preventing both early germination and seed predation). The second type consists of multidomain inhibitors which evolved by intragenic duplication and are released by processing (e.g. multicystatins and potato inhibitor II, implicated in tuber dormancy and defence, respectively). The third type consists of promiscuous inhibitory folds which resemble mouse traps that can inhibit different proteases cleaving the bait they offer (e.g. serpins, regulating cell death, and α-macroglobulins). Understanding how multifunctional inhibitors juggle biological jobs increases our knowledge of the connections between the networks they regulate. These examples show that multifunctionality evolved independently from a remarkable diversity of molecular mechanisms that can be exploited for crop improvement and provide concepts for protein design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike M Grosse-Holz
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Renier A L van der Hoorn
- Plant Chemetics Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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17
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Kumar GNM, Knowles LO, Knowles NR. Zebra chip disease decreases tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) protein content by attenuating protease inhibitor levels and increasing protease activities. PLANTA 2015; 242:1153-1166. [PMID: 26092706 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zebra chip disease of potato decreases protease inhibitor levels resulting in enhanced serine-type protease activity, decreased protein content and altered protein profiles of fully mature tubers. Zebra-chip (ZC), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CLso), is a relatively new disease of potato that negatively affects growth, yield, propagation potential, and fresh and process qualities of tubers. Diseased plants produce tubers with characteristic brown discoloration of vascular tissue accompanied by elevated levels of free amino acids and reducing sugars. Here we demonstrate that ZC disease induces selective protein catabolism in tubers through modulating protease inhibitor levels. Soluble protein content of tubers from CLso-infected plants was 33% lower than from non-infected plants and electrophoretic analyses revealed substantial reductions in major tuber proteins. Patatin (~40 kDa) and ser-, asp- (22 kDa) and cys-type (85 kDa) protease inhibitors were either absent or greatly reduced in ZC-afflicted tubers. In contrast to healthy (non-infected) tubers, the proteolytic activity in CLso infected tubers was high and the ability of extracts from infected tubers to inhibit trypsin (ser-type) and papain (cys-type) proteases greatly attenuated. Moreover, extracts from CLso-infected tubers rapidly catabolized proteins purified from healthy tubers (40 kDa patatin, 22 kDa protease inhibitors, 85 kDa potato multicystatin) when subjected to proteolysis individually. In contrast, crude extracts from non-infected tubers effectively inhibited the proteolytic activity from ZC-afflicted tubers. These results suggest that the altered protein profile of ZC afflicted tubers is largely due to loss of ser- and cys-type protease inhibitors. Further analysis revealed a novel PMSF-sensitive (ser) protease (ca. 80-120 kDa) in CLso infected tubers. PMSF abolished the proteolytic activities responsible for degrading patatin, the 22 kDa protease inhibitor(s) and potato multicystatin by CLso infected tubers. The disease-induced loss of patatin and protease inhibitors therefore appears to be modulated by ser-type protease(s). The selective catabolism of proteins in ZC-afflicted tubers undoubtedly affects downstream aspects of carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, which is ultimately reflected by the accumulation of reducing sugars, free amino acids and reduced sprouting capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G N Mohan Kumar
- Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646414, Pullman, WA, 99164-6414, USA.
| | - Lisa O Knowles
- Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646414, Pullman, WA, 99164-6414, USA
| | - N Richard Knowles
- Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646414, Pullman, WA, 99164-6414, USA.
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18
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Liang J, Wang Y, Ding G, Li W, Yang G, He N. Biotic stress-induced expression of mulberry cystatins and identification of cystatin exhibiting stability to silkworm gut proteinases. PLANTA 2015; 242:1139-1151. [PMID: 26070440 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2345-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stresses induce the expression of mulberry cystatins. MaCPI-4 protein is stable in silkworm digestive fluid and accumulates in gut food debris and frass. Plant cystatins are considered to be involved in defense responses to insect herbivores though little is known about how cystatins from the natural host respond to a specialist herbivory and the following postingestive interaction is also poorly understood. Here, we studied the biotic stress-mediated inductions of cystatins from mulberry tree, and examined the stability of mulberry cystatin proteins in the gut of silkworm, Bombyx mori, a specialist insect feeding on mulberry leaf. First, we cloned and characterized six cystatin genes from a mulberry cultivar, Morus atropurpurea Roxb., named as MaCPI-1 to MaCPI-6. The recombinant MaCPI-1, MaCPI-3 and MaCPI-4 proteins, which showed inhibitory effects against papain in vitro, were produced. Silkworm herbivory as well as methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment induced the expression of five mulberry cystatin genes, and the highest inductions were observed from MaCPI-1 and MaCPI-6. Mechanical wounding led to the inductions of four cystatin genes. The differential induction occurred in MaCPI-2. The induced protein changes were detected from three mulberry cystatins comprising MaCPI-1, MaCPI-3 and MaCPI-4. In vivo and in vitro assays showed that MaCPI-1 and MaCPI-3 proteins were susceptible to silkworm digestive fluid and MaCPI-4 had an antidigestive stability, and was detected in silkworm gut and frass. Collectively, our data indicated that biotic stresses resulted in the transcriptional inductions and protein changes of mulberry cystatins (MaCPIs), and identified MaCPI-4 with stability in the gut of its specialist herbivore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiubo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Yupeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Guangyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Wensheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Guangwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Ningjia He
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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19
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Hu YJ, Irene D, Lo CJ, Cai YL, Tzen TC, Lin TH, Chyan CL. Resonance assignments and secondary structure of a phytocystatin from Sesamum indicum. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2015; 9:309-11. [PMID: 25673506 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-015-9598-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin was cloned from sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed. This clone was constructed into an expression vector and expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneous. The recombinant sesame cystatin (SiCYS) showed effectively inhibitory activity toward C1 cysteine proteases. In order to unravel its inhibitory action from structural point of view, multidimensional heteronuclear NMR techniques were used to characterize the structure of SiCYS. The full (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C resonances of SiCYS were assigned. The secondary structure of SiCYS was identified by using the assigned chemical shifts of (1)H(α), (13)C(α), (13)C(β), and (13)CO through the consensus chemical shift index (CSI). The results of CSI analysis of SiCYS suggest eight β-strands (residues 33-46, 51-61, 63-75, 80-87, 150-155, 157-169, 172-183, and 192-195) and two α-helices (residues 16-30, and 120-135).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Jen Lo
- Department of Biochemistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yong-Liang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan, ROC
| | - T-C Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ta-Hsien Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
- Basic Research Division, Medical Research Department, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Lin Chyan
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974, Taiwan, ROC.
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20
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Ahmad R, Zuily-Fodil Y, Passaquet C, Ali Khan S, Repellin A. Molecular cloning, characterization and differential expression of novel phytocystatin gene during tropospheric ozone stress in maize (Zea mays) leaves. C R Biol 2015; 338:141-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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Structure of mycobacterial maltokinase, the missing link in the essential GlgE-pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8026. [PMID: 25619172 PMCID: PMC4306142 DOI: 10.1038/srep08026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel four-step pathway identified recently in mycobacteria channels trehalose to glycogen synthesis and is also likely involved in the biosynthesis of two other crucial polymers: intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides and exposed capsular glucan. The structures of three of the intervening enzymes - GlgB, GlgE, and TreS - were recently reported, providing the first templates for rational drug design. Here we describe the structural characterization of the fourth enzyme of the pathway, mycobacterial maltokinase (Mak), uncovering a eukaryotic-like kinase (ELK) fold, similar to methylthioribose kinases and aminoglycoside phosphotransferases. The 1.15 Å structure of Mak in complex with a non-hydrolysable ATP analog reveals subtle structural rearrangements upon nucleotide binding in the cleft between the N- and the C-terminal lobes. Remarkably, this new family of ELKs has a novel N-terminal domain topologically resembling the cystatin family of protease inhibitors. By interfacing with and restraining the mobility of the phosphate-binding region of the N-terminal lobe, Mak's unusual N-terminal domain might regulate its phosphotransfer activity and represents the most likely anchoring point for TreS, the upstream enzyme in the pathway. By completing the gallery of atomic-detail models of an essential pathway, this structure opens new avenues for the rational design of alternative anti-tubercular compounds.
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22
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Cheng ML, Tzen JTC, Shyu DJH, Chou WM. Functional characterization of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of a sesame group II phytocystatin. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2014; 55:18. [PMID: 28510930 PMCID: PMC5432954 DOI: 10.1186/1999-3110-55-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytocystatins are natural inhibitors of cysteine protease, and may regulate endo- or exo-genous proteolytic activities in plants. They are classified into Group I and II differing by the presence of C-terminal extension of Group II. A cDNA fragment encoding a Group II phytosystatin, SiCYS was previously obtained from sesame seeds. RESULTS SiCYS as well as its two structural domains, N-terminal and C-terminal domains (SiCYS-N and SiCYS-C), was expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant SiCYS and SiCYS-N showed inhibitory activity against papain. The K i values of SiCYS and SiCYS-N were ~1.9 ×10-8 M and ~7.9 ×10-8 M, respectively. All the three recombinants possessed comparable ability to inhibit spore germination of Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus sydowii, and Helminthosporium sesamum. Similar protein profile including proteases in germinating seeds was found in proteins purified by the SiCYS, SiCYS-N or SiCYS-C coupling affinity column. CONCLUSION SiCYS exhibited more effective papain-inhibitory activity than SiCYS-N; while SiCYS-C had almost no inhibitory activity. All displayed similar antifungal activities indicating that there is no correlation between antifungal and papain-inhibitory activities. Structural and sequence analyses suggest that the C-terminal domain of SiCYS may be originated from gene duplication to enhance its inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 412 Taiwan
| | - Jason T C Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 412 Taiwan
| | - Douglas J H Shyu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 912 Taiwan
| | - Wing-Ming Chou
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632 Taiwan
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23
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Tan Y, Wang S, Liang D, Li M, Ma F. Genome-wide identification and expression profiling of the cystatin gene family in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 79:88-97. [PMID: 24704986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Cystatins or phytocystatins (PhyCys) comprise a family of plant-specific inhibitors of cysteine proteinases. Such inhibitors are thought to be involved in the regulation of several endogenous processes as well as defense against biotic or abiotic stresses. However, information about this family is limited in apple. We identified 26 PhyCys genes within the entire apple genome. They were clustered into three distinct groups distributed across several chromosomes. All of their putative proteins contained one or two typical cystatin domains, which shared the characteristic motifs of PhyCys. Eight selected genes displayed differential expression patterns in various tissues. Moreover, their transcript levels were also up-regulated significantly in leaves during maturation, senescence or in response to treatment with one or more abiotic stresses. Our results indicated that members of this family may function in tissue development, leaf senescence, and adaptation to adverse environments in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiao Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Suncai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; College of Life Science and Chemistry, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 748100, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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24
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Green AR, Nissen MS, Kumar GM, Knowles NR, Kang C. Characterization of Solanum tuberosum multicystatin and the significance of core domains. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:5043-52. [PMID: 24363310 PMCID: PMC3904004 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.121004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum) multicystatin (PMC) is a unique cystatin composed of eight repeating units, each capable of inhibiting cysteine proteases. PMC is a composite of several cystatins linked by trypsin-sensitive (serine protease) domains and undergoes transitions between soluble and crystalline forms. However, the significance and the regulatory mechanism or mechanisms governing these transitions are not clearly established. Here, we report the 2.2-Å crystal structure of the trypsin-resistant PMC core consisting of the fifth, sixth, and seventh domains. The observed interdomain interaction explains PMC's resistance to trypsin and pH-dependent solubility/aggregation. Under acidic pH, weakening of the interdomain interactions exposes individual domains, resulting in not only depolymerization of the crystalline form but also exposure of cystatin domains for inhibition of cysteine proteases. This in turn allows serine protease-mediated fragmentation of PMC, producing ∼ 10-kD domains with intact inhibitory capacity and faster diffusion, thus enhancing PMC's inhibitory ability toward cysteine proteases. The crystal structure, light-scattering experiments, isothermal titration calorimetry, and site-directed mutagenesis confirmed the critical role of pH and N-terminal residues in these dynamic transitions between monomer/polymer of PMC. Our data support a notion that the pH-dependent structural regulation of PMC has defense-related implications in tuber physiology via its ability to regulate protein catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail R. Green
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Mark S. Nissen
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - G.N. Mohan Kumar
- Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | | | - ChulHee Kang
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
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25
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Popovic M, Andjelkovic U, Burazer L, Lindner B, Petersen A, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. Biochemical and immunological characterization of a recombinantly-produced antifungal cysteine proteinase inhibitor from green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 94:53-9. [PMID: 23830694 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant proteinase inhibitors are considered important defense molecules against insect and pathogen attack. The cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI) from green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) belongs to the cystatin family and shows potent antifungal activity (in vitro and in vivo). However, the low abundance of this molecule in fruit (6μg/g of fresh fruit) seems to limit further investigations on the interaction between phytocystatin and photopathogenic fungi. In this paper the cDNA of the kiwi CPI was expressed in Escherichia coli. Fifteen N-terminal amino acids were identified by Edman degradation, and 77% of the rCPI primary structure was confirmed by mass fingerprint. The structural homology of recombinant CPI (rCPI) to its natural counterpart has been clearly demonstrated in immunological assays (immunoblot and ELISA inhibition). Biological activity of rCPI was demonstrated in inhibition assay with cysteine proteinase papain (EC50 2.78nM). In addition, rCPI reveals antifungal properties toward pathogenic fungi (Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea), which designates it as an interesting model protein for the exploration of plant phytocystatins - pathogen interactions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of natural plant resistance could lead to the development of ecologically safe fungicides for controlling post-harvest diseases and maintaining food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Popovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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26
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Doehlemann G, Hemetsberger C. Apoplastic immunity and its suppression by filamentous plant pathogens. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 198:1001-1016. [PMID: 23594392 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microbial plant pathogens have evolved a variety of strategies to enter plant hosts and cause disease. In particular, biotrophic pathogens, which parasitize living plant tissue, establish sophisticated interactions in which they modulate the plant's metabolism to their own good. The prime decision, whether or not a pathogen can accommodate itself in its host tissue, is made during the initial phase of infection. At this stage, the plant immune system recognizes conserved molecular patterns of the invading microbe, which initiate a set of basal immune responses. Induced plant defense proteins, toxic compounds and antimicrobial proteins encounter a broad arsenal of pathogen-derived virulence factors that aim to disarm host immunity. Crucial regulatory processes and protein-protein interactions take place in the apoplast, that is, intercellular spaces, plant cell walls and defined host-pathogen interfaces which are formed between the plant cytoplasm and the specialized infection structures of many biotrophic pathogens. This article aims to provide an insight into the most important principles and components of apoplastic plant immunity and its modulation by filamentous microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunther Doehlemann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Hemetsberger
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch Str. 10, D-35043, Marburg, Germany
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27
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Valadares NF, Oliveira‐Silva R, Cavini IA, Almeida Marques I, D'Muniz Pereira H, Soares‐Costa A, Henrique‐Silva F, Kalbitzer HR, Munte CE, Garratt RC. X
‐ray crystallography and
NMR
studies of domain‐swapped canecystatin‐1. FEBS J 2013; 280:1028-38. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Napoleão F. Valadares
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Oliveira‐Silva
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
| | - Italo A. Cavini
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
| | | | - Humberto D'Muniz Pereira
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
| | - Andrea Soares‐Costa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Department of Genetic and Evolution Federal University of São Carlos Brazil
| | - Flavio Henrique‐Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Department of Genetic and Evolution Federal University of São Carlos Brazil
| | - Hans R. Kalbitzer
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry University of Regensburg Germany
| | - Claudia E. Munte
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
| | - Richard C. Garratt
- Center for Structural Molecular Biotechnology Department of Physics and Informatics Physics Institute of São Carlos University of São Paulo São Carlos‐SP Brazil
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28
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Popovic MM, Bulajic A, Ristic D, Krstic B, Jankov RM, Gavrovic-Jankulovic M. In vitro and in vivo antifungal properties of cysteine proteinase inhibitor from green kiwifruit. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:3072-3078. [PMID: 22653546 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher plants possess several mechanisms of defense against plant pathogens. Proteins actively synthesized in response to those stresses are called defense-related proteins which, among others, include certain protease inhibitors. It is of particular relevance to investigate plant natural defense mechanisms for pathogen control which include cystatins-specific inhibitors of cysteine proteases. RESULTS In this study, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor (CPI), 11 kDa in size, was purified from green kiwifruit to homogeneity. Immuno-tissue print results indicated that CPI is most abundant in the outer layer of pericarp, near the peel, and the inner most part of the pulp-sites where it could act as a natural barrier against pathogens entering the fruit. The purified protein (15 µmol L(-1)) showed antifungal activity against two phytopathogenic fungi (Alternaria radicina and Botrytis cinerea) by inhibiting fungal spore germination. In vivo, CPI (10 µmol L(-1)) was able to prevent artificial infection of apple and carrot with spore suspension of B. cinerea and A. radicina, respectively. It also exerted activity on both intracellular and fermentation fluid proteinases. CONCLUSION Identification and characterization of plant defense molecules is the first step towards creation of improved methods for pathogen control based on naturally occurring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica M Popovic
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Solution structure of a phytocystatin from Ananas comosus and its molecular interaction with papain. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47865. [PMID: 23139757 PMCID: PMC3490968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of a recombinant pineapple cystatin (AcCYS) was determined by NMR with the RMSD of backbone and heavy atoms of twenty lowest energy structures of 0.56 and 1.11 Å, respectively. It reveals an unstructured N-terminal extension and a compact inhibitory domain comprising a four-stranded antiparallel β-sheet wrapped around a central α-helix. The three structural motifs (G(45), Q(89)XVXG, and W(120)) putatively responsible for the interaction with papain-like proteases are located in one side of AcCYS. Significant chemical shift perturbations in two loop regions, residues 45 to 48 (GIYD) and residues 89 to 91 (QVV), of AcCYS strongly suggest their involvement in the binding to papain, consistent with studies on other members of the cystatin family. However, the highly conserved W120 appears not to be involved in the binding with papain as no chemical shift perturbation was observed. Chemical shift index analysis further indicates that the length of the α-helix is shortened upon association with papain. Collectively, our data suggest that AcCYS undergoes local secondary structural rearrangements when papain is brought into close contact. A molecular model of AcCYS/papain complex is proposed to illustrate the interaction between AcCYS and papain, indicating a complete blockade of the catalytic triad by AcCYS.
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30
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Picone D, Temussi PA. Dissimilar sweet proteins from plants: oddities or normal components? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 195:135-142. [PMID: 22921007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fruits of a few tropical plants contain intensely sweet proteins. Their common property points to a protein family. Generally, proteins belonging to the same family share similar folds, similar sequences and, at least in part, similar function but sweet proteins constitute an exception to this rule. Apart from sharing the rather unusual taste function, they show no obvious similarities either in their sequences or in three-dimensional structures. In this review we describe the nature, structure and mechanism of action of the best known sweet tasting proteins, including two taste modifying proteins. Sweet proteins stand out among sweet molecules because their volume is not compatible with an interaction with orthosteric active sites of the sweet taste receptor. The best explanation of their mechanism of action is the interaction with the external surface of the sweet taste receptor, according to a model that has been named "wedge model". It is hypothesized that this mode of action may be related to the ability of other members of their protein families to inhibit different enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Picone
- Università di Napoli Federico II, via Cinthia 45, Naples 80126, Italy
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31
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Wang Y, Zhan Y, Wu C, Gong S, Zhu N, Chen S, Li H. Cloning of a cystatin gene from sugar beet M14 that can enhance plant salt tolerance. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 191-192:93-9. [PMID: 22682568 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
An open reading frame encoding a cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin was isolated from the buds of sugar beet monosomic addition line M14 (BvM14) using 5'-/3'-RACE method. It encoded a polypeptide of 104 amino acids with conserved G and PW motifs, the consensus phytocystatin sequence LARFAV and the active site QVVAG. The protein showed significant homology to other plant cystatins. BvM14-cystatin was expressed ubiquitously in roots, stems, leaves and flower tissues with relatively high abundance in developing stems and roots. It was found to be localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm and plasma membrane. Recombinant BvM14-cystatin expressed in Escherichia coli was purified and it exhibited cysteine protease inhibitor activity. Salt-stress treatment induced BvM14-cystatin transcript levels in the M14 seedlings. Homozygous Arabidopsis plants over-expressing BvM14-cystatin showed enhanced salt tolerance. Taken together, these data improved understanding of the functions of BvM14-cystatin and highlighted the possibility of employing the cystatin in engineering plants for enhanced salt tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Adaptation, Physiological/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/drug effects
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- Beta vulgaris/drug effects
- Beta vulgaris/genetics
- Beta vulgaris/physiology
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cystatins/chemistry
- Cystatins/genetics
- Cystatins/metabolism
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant/drug effects
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Specificity/drug effects
- Phylogeny
- Plant Proteins/chemistry
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plants, Genetically Modified
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Salt Tolerance/drug effects
- Salt Tolerance/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Stress, Physiological/drug effects
- Stress, Physiological/genetics
- Subcellular Fractions/drug effects
- Subcellular Fractions/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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32
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Martínez M, Cambra I, González-Melendi P, Santamaría ME, Díaz I. C1A cysteine-proteases and their inhibitors in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2012; 145:85-94. [PMID: 22221156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cysteine-proteases (CysProt) represent a well-characterized type of proteolytic enzymes that fulfill tightly regulated physiological functions (senescence and seed germination among others) and defense roles. This article is focused on the group of papain-proteases C1A (family C1, clan CA) and their inhibitors, phytocystatins (PhyCys). In particular, the protease-inhibitor interaction and their mutual participation in specific pathways throughout the plant's life are reviewed. C1A CysProt and PhyCys have been molecularly characterized, and comparative sequence analyses have identified consensus functional motifs. A correlation can be established between the number of identified CysProt and PhyCys in angiosperms. Thus, evolutionary forces may have determined a control role of cystatins on both endogenous and pest-exogenous proteases in these species. Tagging the proteases and inhibitors with fluorescence proteins revealed common patterns of subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi network in transiently transformed onion epidermal cells. Further in vivo interactions were demonstrated by bimolecular fluorescent complementation, suggesting their participation in the same physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martínez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Irene D, Chen BJ, Lo SH, Liu TH, Tzen JTC, Chyan CL. Resonance assignments and secondary structure of a phytocystatin from Ananas comosus. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2012; 6:99-101. [PMID: 21814766 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-011-9334-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a cysteine protease inhibitor, cystatin was cloned from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) stem. This clone was constructed into an expression vector and expressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneous. The recombinant pineapple cystatins (AcCYS) showed effectively inhibitory activity toward cysteine proteases including papain, bromelain, and cathepsin B. In order to unravel its inhibitory action from structural point of view, multidimensional heteronuclear NMR techniques were used to characterize the structure of AcCYS. The full (1)H, (15)N, and (13)C resonance assignments of AcCYS were determined. The secondary structure of AcCYS was identified by using the assigned chemical shift of (1)Hα, (13)Cα, (13)Cβ, and (13)CO through the consensus chemical shift index (CSI). The results of CSI analysis suggest 5 β-strands (residues 45-47, 84-91, 94-104, 106-117, and 123-130) and one α-helix (residues 55-73).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Irene
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien, 974 Taiwan, ROC
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34
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Gu C, Shabab M, Strasser R, Wolters PJ, Shindo T, Niemer M, Kaschani F, Mach L, van der Hoorn RAL. Post-translational regulation and trafficking of the granulin-containing protease RD21 of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32422. [PMID: 22396764 PMCID: PMC3292552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RD21-like proteases are ubiquitous, plant-specific papain-like proteases typified by carrying a C-terminal granulin domain. RD21-like proteases are involved in immunity and associated with senescence and various types of biotic and abiotic stresses. Here, we interrogated Arabidopsis RD21 regulation and trafficking by site-directed mutagenesis, agroinfiltration, western blotting, protease activity profiling and protein degradation. Using an introduced N-glycan sensor, deglycosylation experiments and glyco-engineered N. benthamiana plants, we show that RD21 passes through the Golgi where it becomes fucosylated. Our studies demonstrate that RD21 is regulated at three post-translational levels. Prodomain removal is not blocked in the catalytic Cys mutant, indicating that RD21 is activated by a proteolytic cascade. However, RD21 activation in Arabidopsis does not require vacuolar processing enzymes (VPEs) or aleurain-like protease AALP. In contrast, granulin domain removal requires the catalytic Cys and His residues and is therefore autocatalytic. Furthermore, SDS can (re-)activate latent RD21 in Arabidopsis leaf extracts, indicating the existence of a third layer of post-translational regulation, possibly mediated by endogenous inhibitors. RD21 causes a dominant protease activity in Arabidopsis leaf extracts, responsible for SDS-induced proteome degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gu
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mohammed Shabab
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard Strasser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pieter J. Wolters
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takayuki Shindo
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Melanie Niemer
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Farnusch Kaschani
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lukas Mach
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renier A. L. van der Hoorn
- The Plant Chemetics Lab, Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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35
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Martinez M. Plant protein-coding gene families: emerging bioinformatics approaches. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2011; 16:558-567. [PMID: 21757395 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2011.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Protein-coding gene families are sets of similar genes with a shared evolutionary origin and, generally, with similar biological functions. In plants, the size and role of gene families has been only partially addressed. However, suitable bioinformatics tools are being developed to cluster the enormous number of sequences currently available in databases. Specifically, comparative genomic databases promise to become powerful tools for gene family annotation in plant clades. In this review, I evaluate the data retrieved from various gene family databases, the ease with which they can be extracted and how useful the extracted information is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martinez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Campus Montegancedo, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Autovía M40 (Km 38), 28223-Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Chu MH, Liu KL, Wu HY, Yeh KW, Cheng YS. Crystal structure of tarocystatin-papain complex: implications for the inhibition property of group-2 phytocystatins. PLANTA 2011; 234:243-54. [PMID: 21416241 PMCID: PMC3144364 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tarocystatin (CeCPI) from taro (Colocasia esculenta cv. Kaohsiung no. 1), a group-2 phytocystatin, shares a conserved N-terminal cystatin domain (NtD) with other phytocystatins but contains a C-terminal cystatin-like extension (CtE). The structure of the tarocystatin-papain complex and the domain interaction between NtD and CtE in tarocystatin have not been determined. We resolved the crystal structure of the phytocystatin-papain complex at resolution 2.03 Å. Surprisingly, the structure of the NtD-papain complex in a stoichiometry of 1:1 could be built, with no CtE observed. Only two remnant residues of CtE could be built in the structure of the CtE-papain complex. Therefore, CtE is easily digested by papain. To further characterize the interaction between NtD and CtE, three segments of tarocystatin, including the full-length (FL), NtD and CtE, were used to analyze the domain-domain interaction and the inhibition ability. The results from glutaraldehyde cross-linking and yeast two-hybrid assay indicated the existence of an intrinsic flexibility in the region linking NtD and CtE for most tarocystatin molecules. In the inhibition activity assay, the glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-fused FL showed the highest inhibition ability without residual peptidase activity, and GST-NtD and FL showed almost the same inhibition ability, which was higher than with NtD alone. On the basis of the structures, the linker flexibility and inhibition activity of tarocystatins, we propose that the overhangs from the cystatin domain may enhance the inhibition ability of the cystatin domain against papain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hung Chu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Lun Liu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsin-Yi Wu
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Wun Yeh
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Sheng Cheng
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Plant Biology, National Taiwan University, No 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan, ROC
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37
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Carrillo L, Martinez M, Ramessar K, Cambra I, Castañera P, Ortego F, Díaz I. Expression of a barley cystatin gene in maize enhances resistance against phytophagous mites by altering their cysteine-proteases. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2011; 30:101-12. [PMID: 21082183 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-010-0948-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phytocystatins are inhibitors of cysteine-proteases from plants putatively involved in plant defence based on their capability of inhibit heterologous enzymes. We have previously characterised the whole cystatin gene family members from barley (HvCPI-1 to HvCPI-13). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of barley cystatins on two phytophagous spider mites, Tetranychus urticae and Brevipalpus chilensis. The determination of proteolytic activity profile in both mite species showed the presence of the cysteine-proteases, putative targets of cystatins, among other enzymatic activities. All barley cystatins, except HvCPI-1 and HvCPI-7, inhibited in vitro mite cathepsin L- and/or cathepsin B-like activities, HvCPI-6 being the strongest inhibitor for both mite species. Transgenic maize plants expressing HvCPI-6 protein were generated and the functional integrity of the cystatin transgene was confirmed by in vitro inhibitory effect observed against T. urticae and B. chilensis protein extracts. Feeding experiments impaired on transgenic lines performed with T. urticae impaired mite development and reproductive performance. Besides, a significant reduction of cathepsin L-like and/or cathepsin B-like activities was observed when the spider mite fed on maize plants expressing HvCPI-6 cystatin. These findings reveal the potential of barley cystatins as acaricide proteins to protect plants against two important mite pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carrillo
- Dpto. Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maéztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Szczepankiewicz O, Cabaleiro-Lago C, Tartaglia GG, Vendruscolo M, Hunter T, Hunter GJ, Nilsson H, Thulin E, Linse S. Interactions in the native state of monellin, which play a protective role against aggregation. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 7:521-32. [PMID: 21076757 DOI: 10.1039/c0mb00155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of recent studies have provided initial evidence about the role of specific intra-molecular interactions in maintaining proteins in their soluble state and in protecting them from aggregation. Here we show that the amino acid sequence of the protein monellin contains two aggregation-prone regions that are prevented from initiating aggregation by multiple non-covalent interactions that favor their burial within the folded state of the protein. By investigating the behavior of single-chain monellin and a series of five of its mutational variants using a variety of biochemical, biophysical and computational techniques, we found that weakening of the non-covalent interaction that stabilizes the native state of the protein leads to an enhanced aggregation propensity. The lag time for fibrillation was found to correlate with the apparent midpoint of thermal denaturation for the series of mutational variants, thus showing that a reduced thermal stability is associated with an increased aggregation tendency. We rationalize these findings by showing that the increase in the aggregation propensity upon mutation can be predicted in a quantitative manner through the increase in the exposure to solvent of the amyloidogenic regions of the sequence caused by the destabilization of the native state. Our findings, which are further discussed in terms of the structure of monellin and the perturbation by the amino acid substitutions of the contact surface between the two subdomains that compose the folded state of monellin, provide a detailed description of the specific intra-molecular interactions that prevent aggregation by stabilizing the native state of a protein.
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39
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Potential adverse interaction of human cardiac calsequestrin. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 646:12-21. [PMID: 20713040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calsequestrin (CASQ) is a major Ca(2+) storage protein within the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of both cardiac and skeletal muscles. CASQ reportedly acts as a Ca(2+) buffer and Ca(2+)-channel regulator through its unique Ca(2+)-dependent oligomerization, maintaining the free Ca(2+) concentration at a low level (0.5-1mM) and the stability of SR Ca(2+) releases. Our approach, employing isothermal titration calorimetry and light scattering in parallel, has provided valuable information about the affinity of human cardiac CASQ (hCASQ2) for a variety of drugs, which have been associated with heart- or muscle-related side effects. Those strongly binding drugs included phenothiazines, anthracyclines and Ca(2+) channel blockers, such as trifluoperazine, thioridazine, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, amlodipine and verapamil, having an average affinity of ~18 μM. They exhibit an inhibitory effect on in vitro Ca(2+)-dependent polymerization of hCASQ2 in a manner proportional to their binding affinity. Therefore accumulation of such drugs in the SR could significantly hinder the Ca(2+)-buffering capacity of the SR and/or the regulation of the Ca(2+) channel, RyR2. These effects could result in serious cardiac problems in people who have genetically impaired hCASQ2, defects in other E-C coupling components or problems with metabolism and clearance of those drugs.
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40
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Carrillo L, Martinez M, Álvarez-Alfageme F, Castañera P, Smagghe G, Diaz I, Ortego F. A barley cysteine-proteinase inhibitor reduces the performance of two aphid species in artificial diets and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Transgenic Res 2010; 20:305-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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41
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Benchabane M, Schlüter U, Vorster J, Goulet MC, Michaud D. Plant cystatins. Biochimie 2010; 92:1657-66. [PMID: 20558232 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant cystatins have been the object of intense research since the publication of a first paper reporting their existence more than 20 years ago. These ubiquitous inhibitors of Cys proteases play several important roles in plants, from the control of various physiological and cellular processes in planta to the inhibition of exogenous Cys proteases secreted by herbivorous arthropods and pathogens to digest or colonize plant tissues. After an overview of current knowledge about the evolution, structure and inhibitory mechanism of plant cystatins, we review the different roles attributed to these proteins in plants. The potential of recombinant plant cystatins as effective pesticidal proteins in crop protection is also considered, as well as protein engineering approaches adopted over the years to improve their inhibitory potency and specificity towards Cys proteases of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Benchabane
- Département de phytologie, CRH/INAF, Université Laval, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
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42
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Martinez M, Cambra I, Carrillo L, Diaz-Mendoza M, Diaz I. Characterization of the entire cystatin gene family in barley and their target cathepsin L-like cysteine-proteases, partners in the hordein mobilization during seed germination. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:1531-45. [PMID: 19759340 PMCID: PMC2773090 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.146019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cystatins are inhibitors of cysteine-proteases of the papain C1A and legumain C13 families. Cystatin data from multiple plant species have suggested that these inhibitors act as defense proteins against pests and pathogens and as regulators of protein turnover. In this study, we characterize the entire cystatin gene family from barley (Hordeum vulgare), which contain 13 nonredundant genes, and identify and characterize their target enzymes, the barley cathepsin L-like proteases. Cystatins and proteases were expressed and purified from Escherichia coli cultures. Each cystatin was found to have different inhibitory capability against barley cysteine-proteases in in vitro inhibitory assays using specific substrates. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed that inhibitors and enzymes present a wide variation in their messenger RNA expression patterns. Their transcripts were mainly detected in developing and germinating seeds, and some of them were also expressed in leaves and roots. Subcellular localization of cystatins and cathepsin L-like proteases fused to green fluorescent protein demonstrated the presence of both protein families throughout the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Proteases and cystatins not only colocalized but also interacted in vivo in the plant cell, as revealed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation. The functional relationship between cystatins and cathepsin L-like proteases was inferred from their common implication as counterparts of mobilization of storage proteins upon barley seed germination. The opposite pattern of transcription expression in gibberellin-treated aleurones presented by inhibitors and enzymes allowed proteases to specifically degrade B, C, and D hordeins stored in the endosperm of barley seeds.
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43
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Weeda SM, Mohan Kumar GN, Richard Knowles N. Developmentally linked changes in proteases and protease inhibitors suggest a role for potato multicystatin in regulating protein content of potato tubers. PLANTA 2009; 230:73-84. [PMID: 19347354 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-0928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The soluble protein fraction of fully developed potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers is dominated by patatin, a 40 kD storage glycoprotein, and protease inhibitors. Potato multicystatin (PMC) is a multidomain Cys-type protease inhibitor. PMC effectively inhibits degradation of patatin by tuber proteases in vitro. Herein we show that changes in PMC, patatin concentration, activities of various proteases, and their gene expression are temporally linked during tuber development, providing evidence that PMC has a role in regulating tuber protein content in vivo. PMC was barely detectable in non-tuberized stolons. PMC transcript levels increased progressively during tuberization, concomitant with a 40-fold increase in PMC concentration (protein basis) as tubers developed to 10 g fresh wt. Further increases in PMC were comparatively modest (3.7-fold) as tubers developed to full maturity (250 g). Protease activity declined precipitously as PMC levels increased during tuberization. Proteolytic activity was highest in non-tuberized stolons and fell substantially through the 10-g fresh wt stage. Cys-type proteases dominated the pre-tuberization and earliest stages of tuber development. Increases in patatin transcript levels during tuberization were accompanied by a notable lag in patatin accumulation. Patatin did not begin to accumulate substantially on a protein basis until tubers had reached the 10-g stage, wherein protease activity had been inhibited by approximately 60%. These results indicate that a threshold level of PMC (ca. 3 microg tuber(-1), 144 ng mg(-1) protein) is needed to favor patatin accumulation. Collectively, these results are consistent with a role for PMC in facilitating the accumulation of proteins in developing tubers by inhibiting Cys-type proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Weeda
- Postharvest Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Washington State University, P.O. Box 646414, Pullman, WA 99164-6414, USA
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