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Zhang X, Burattini M, Duru J, Chala N, Wyssen N, Cofiño-Fabres C, Rivera-Arbeláez JM, Passier R, Poulikakos D, Ferrari A, Tringides C, Vörös J, Luciani GB, Miragoli M, Zambelli T. Multimodal Mapping of Electrical and Mechanical Latency of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocyte Layers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:24060-24075. [PMID: 39172696 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The synchronization of the electrical and mechanical coupling assures the physiological pump function of the heart, but life-threatening pathologies may jeopardize this equilibrium. Recently, human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have emerged as a model for personalized investigation because they can recapitulate human diseased traits, such as compromised electrical capacity or mechanical circuit disruption. This research avails the model of hiPSC-CMs and showcases innovative techniques to study the electrical and mechanical properties as well as their modulation due to inherited cardiomyopathies. In this work, hiPSC-CMs carrying either Brugada syndrome (BRU) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), were organized in a bilayer configuration to first validate the experimental methods and second mimic the physiological environment. High-density CMOS-based microelectrode arrays (HD-MEA) have been employed to study the electrical activity. Furthermore, mechanical function was investigated via quantitative video-based evaluation, upon stimulation with a β-adrenergic agonist. This study introduces two experimental methods. First, high-throughput mechanical measurements in the hiPSC-CM layers (xy-inspection) are obtained using both a recently developed optical tracker (OPT) and confocal reference-free traction force microscopy (cTFM) aimed to quantify cardiac kinematics. Second, atomic force microscopy (AFM) with FluidFM probes, combined with the xy-inspection methods, supplemented a three-dimensional understanding of cell-cell mechanical coupling (xyz-inspection). This particular combination represents a multi-technique approach to detecting electrical and mechanical latency among the cell layers, examining differences and possible implications following inherited cardiomyopathies. It can not only detect disease characteristics in the proposed in vitro model but also quantitatively assess its response to drugs, thereby demonstrating its feasibility as a scalable tool for clinical and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
| | - Margherita Burattini
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Medical Technologies, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Department of Maternity, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Jens Duru
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
| | - Nafsika Chala
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich,Switzerland
| | - Nino Wyssen
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
| | - Carla Cofiño-Fabres
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherland
| | - José Manuel Rivera-Arbeláez
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherland
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich,Switzerland
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zurich,Switzerland
- Experimental Continuum Mechanics, EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technologies, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christina Tringides
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
| | - János Vörös
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
| | | | - Michele Miragoli
- Laboratory of Experimental and Applied Medical Technologies, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
- Humanitas Research Hospital ─ IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich,Switzerland
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2
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Peng H, Kopic I, Potfode SR, Teshima TF, Boustani GA, Hiendlmeier L, Wang C, Hussain MZ, Özkale B, Fischer RA, Wolfrum B. Laser-patterned epoxy-based 3D microelectrode arrays for extracellular recording. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14295-14301. [PMID: 39011647 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01727g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Microelectrode arrays are commonly used to study the electrophysiological behavior of cells. Recently, there has been a growing interest in fabricating three-dimensional microelectrode arrays. Here, we present a novel process for the fast fabrication of epoxy-based 3D microelectrode array platforms with the assistance of laser-patterning technology. To this end, we photopatterned 3D pillars as scaffolds using epoxy-based dry films. Electrodes and conductor traces were fabricated by laser patterning of sputtered platinum films on top of the 3D structures, followed by deposition of parylene-C for insulation. Microelectrodes at the tip of the 3D structures were exposed using a vertical laser ablation process. The final electrodes demonstrated a low impedance of ∼10 kΩ at 1 kHz in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements under physiological conditions. We investigated the maximum compression force of the 3D structures, which could withstand approximately 0.6 N per pillar. The 3D microelectrode arrays were used to record extracellular signals from HL-1 cells in culture as a proof of principle. Our results show regular firing of action potentials recorded at the tip of the 3D structures, demonstrating the possibility of recording cell signals in non-planar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Peng
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Inola Kopic
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shivani Ratnakar Potfode
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Tetsuhiko F Teshima
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Medical & Health Informatics Laboratories NTT Research Incorporated, 940 Stewart Dr, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - George Al Boustani
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Lukas Hiendlmeier
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Chen Wang
- Microrobotic Bioengineering Lab (MRBL), Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information, and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Mian Zahid Hussain
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Berna Özkale
- Microrobotic Bioengineering Lab (MRBL), Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information, and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences and Catalysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics, Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, TUM School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Piloty-Str. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Medical & Health Informatics Laboratories NTT Research Incorporated, 940 Stewart Dr, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
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3
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Beaubois R, Cheslet J, Duenki T, De Venuto G, Carè M, Khoyratee F, Chiappalone M, Branchereau P, Ikeuchi Y, Levi T. BiœmuS: A new tool for neurological disorders studies through real-time emulation and hybridization using biomimetic Spiking Neural Network. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5142. [PMID: 38902236 PMCID: PMC11190274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48905-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Characterization and modeling of biological neural networks has emerged as a field driving significant advancements in our understanding of brain function and related pathologies. As of today, pharmacological treatments for neurological disorders remain limited, pushing the exploration of promising alternative approaches such as electroceutics. Recent research in bioelectronics and neuromorphic engineering have fostered the development of the new generation of neuroprostheses for brain repair. However, achieving their full potential necessitates a deeper understanding of biohybrid interaction. In this study, we present a novel real-time, biomimetic, cost-effective and user-friendly neural network capable of real-time emulation for biohybrid experiments. Our system facilitates the investigation and replication of biophysically detailed neural network dynamics while prioritizing cost-efficiency, flexibility and ease of use. We showcase the feasibility of conducting biohybrid experiments using standard biophysical interfaces and a variety of biological cells as well as real-time emulation of diverse network configurations. We envision our system as a crucial step towards the development of neuromorphic-based neuroprostheses for bioelectrical therapeutics, enabling seamless communication with biological networks on a comparable timescale. Its embedded real-time functionality enhances practicality and accessibility, amplifying its potential for real-world applications in biohybrid experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Beaubois
- IMS, CNRS UMR5218, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-Institute of Industrial Science, UMI 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jérémy Cheslet
- IMS, CNRS UMR5218, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-Institute of Industrial Science, UMI 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Duenki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-Institute of Industrial Science, UMI 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Marta Carè
- DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Farad Khoyratee
- IMS, CNRS UMR5218, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Michela Chiappalone
- DIBRIS, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Rehab Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- LIMMS, CNRS-Institute of Industrial Science, UMI 2820, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Timothée Levi
- IMS, CNRS UMR5218, Bordeaux INP, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France.
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4
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Voitiuk K, Seiler ST, Pessoa de Melo M, Geng J, Hernandez S, Schweiger HE, Sevetson JL, Parks DF, Robbins A, Torres-Montoya S, Ehrlich D, Elliott MAT, Sharf T, Haussler D, Mostajo-Radji MA, Salama SR, Teodorescu M. A feedback-driven IoT microfluidic, electrophysiology, and imaging platform for brain organoid studies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.15.585237. [PMID: 38559212 PMCID: PMC10979982 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.585237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of tissue cultures, particularly brain organoids, takes a high degree of coordination, measurement, and monitoring. We have developed an automated research platform enabling independent devices to achieve collaborative objectives for feedback-driven cell culture studies. Unified by an Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, our approach enables continuous, communicative interactions among various sensing and actuation devices, achieving precisely timed control of in vitro biological experiments. The framework integrates microfluidics, electrophysiology, and imaging devices to maintain cerebral cortex organoids and monitor their neuronal activity. The organoids are cultured in custom, 3D-printed chambers attached to commercial microelectrode arrays for electrophysiology monitoring. Periodic feeding is achieved using programmable microfluidic pumps. We developed computer vision fluid volume estimations of aspirated media, achieving high accuracy, and used feedback to rectify deviations in microfluidic perfusion during media feeding/aspiration cycles. We validated the system with a 7-day study of mouse cerebral cortex organoids, comparing manual and automated protocols. The automated experimental samples maintained robust neural activity throughout the experiment, comparable with the control samples. The automated system enabled hourly electrophysiology recordings that revealed dramatic temporal changes in neuron firing rates not observed in once-a-day recordings.
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5
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Hruska-Plochan M, Wiersma VI, Betz KM, Mallona I, Ronchi S, Maniecka Z, Hock EM, Tantardini E, Laferriere F, Sahadevan S, Hoop V, Delvendahl I, Pérez-Berlanga M, Gatta B, Panatta M, van der Bourg A, Bohaciakova D, Sharma P, De Vos L, Frontzek K, Aguzzi A, Lashley T, Robinson MD, Karayannis T, Mueller M, Hierlemann A, Polymenidou M. A model of human neural networks reveals NPTX2 pathology in ALS and FTLD. Nature 2024; 626:1073-1083. [PMID: 38355792 PMCID: PMC10901740 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Human cellular models of neurodegeneration require reproducibility and longevity, which is necessary for simulating age-dependent diseases. Such systems are particularly needed for TDP-43 proteinopathies1, which involve human-specific mechanisms2-5 that cannot be directly studied in animal models. Here, to explore the emergence and consequences of TDP-43 pathologies, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, colony morphology neural stem cells (iCoMoNSCs) via manual selection of neural precursors6. Single-cell transcriptomics and comparison to independent neural stem cells7 showed that iCoMoNSCs are uniquely homogenous and self-renewing. Differentiated iCoMoNSCs formed a self-organized multicellular system consisting of synaptically connected and electrophysiologically active neurons, which matured into long-lived functional networks (which we designate iNets). Neuronal and glial maturation in iNets was similar to that of cortical organoids8. Overexpression of wild-type TDP-43 in a minority of neurons within iNets led to progressive fragmentation and aggregation of the protein, resulting in a partial loss of function and neurotoxicity. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a novel set of misregulated RNA targets in TDP-43-overexpressing neurons and in patients with TDP-43 proteinopathies exhibiting a loss of nuclear TDP-43. The strongest misregulated target encoded the synaptic protein NPTX2, the levels of which are controlled by TDP-43 binding on its 3' untranslated region. When NPTX2 was overexpressed in iNets, it exhibited neurotoxicity, whereas correcting NPTX2 misregulation partially rescued neurons from TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration. Notably, NPTX2 was consistently misaccumulated in neurons from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology. Our work directly links TDP-43 misregulation and NPTX2 accumulation, thereby revealing a TDP-43-dependent pathway of neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vera I Wiersma
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina M Betz
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Izaskun Mallona
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Ronchi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna Maniecka
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eva-Maria Hock
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Tantardini
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florent Laferriere
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonu Sahadevan
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Hoop
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Igor Delvendahl
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beatrice Gatta
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Panatta
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Puneet Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- NCCR RNA and Disease Technology Platform, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laura De Vos
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Frontzek
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Aguzzi
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tammaryn Lashley
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological diseases, Department of Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Mueller
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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van der Molen T, Spaeth A, Chini M, Bartram J, Dendukuri A, Zhang Z, Bhaskaran-Nair K, Blauvelt LJ, Petzold LR, Hansma PK, Teodorescu M, Hierlemann A, Hengen KB, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Kosik KS, Sharf T. Protosequences in human cortical organoids model intrinsic states in the developing cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.29.573646. [PMID: 38234832 PMCID: PMC10793448 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.29.573646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal firing sequences are thought to be the basic building blocks of neural coding and information broadcasting within the brain. However, when sequences emerge during neurodevelopment remains unknown. We demonstrate that structured firing sequences are present in spontaneous activity of human brain organoids and ex vivo neonatal brain slices from the murine somatosensory cortex. We observed a balance between temporally rigid and flexible firing patterns that are emergent phenomena in human brain organoids and early postnatal murine somatosensory cortex, but not in primary dissociated cortical cultures. Our findings suggest that temporal sequences do not arise in an experience-dependent manner, but are rather constrained by an innate preconfigured architecture established during neurogenesis. These findings highlight the potential for brain organoids to further explore how exogenous inputs can be used to refine neuronal circuits and enable new studies into the genetic mechanisms that govern assembly of functional circuitry during early human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tjitse van der Molen
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Alex Spaeth
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Mattia Chini
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Bartram
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aditya Dendukuri
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Zongren Zhang
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Kiran Bhaskaran-Nair
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Lon J. Blauvelt
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Linda R. Petzold
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Paul K. Hansma
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Klingelbergstrasse 48, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Keith B. Hengen
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ileana L. Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg Center of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kenneth S. Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tal Sharf
- UC Santa Cruz Genomics Institute, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Institute for the Biology of Stem Cells, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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7
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Lv S, He E, Luo J, Liu Y, Liang W, Xu S, Zhang K, Yang Y, Wang M, Song Y, Wu Y, Cai X. Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derived Neurons on Microelectrode Arrays to Model Neurological Disease: A Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301828. [PMID: 37863819 PMCID: PMC10667858 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
In situ physiological signals of in vitro neural disease models are essential for studying pathogenesis and drug screening. Currently, an increasing number of in vitro neural disease models are established using human-induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) derived neurons (hiPSC-DNs) to overcome interspecific gene expression differences. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can be readily interfaced with two-dimensional (2D), and more recently, three-dimensional (3D) neural stem cell-derived in vitro models of the human brain to monitor their physiological activity in real time. Therefore, MEAs are emerging and useful tools to model neurological disorders and disease in vitro using human iPSCs. This is enabling a real-time window into neuronal signaling at the network scale from patient derived. This paper provides a comprehensive review of MEA's role in analyzing neural disease models established by hiPSC-DNs. It covers the significance of MEA fabrication, surface structure and modification schemes for hiPSC-DNs culturing and signal detection. Additionally, this review discusses advances in the development and use of MEA technology to study in vitro neural disease models, including epilepsy, autism spectrum developmental disorder (ASD), and others established using hiPSC-DNs. The paper also highlights the application of MEAs combined with hiPSC-DNs in detecting in vitro neurotoxic substances. Finally, the future development and outlook of multifunctional and integrated devices for in vitro medical diagnostics and treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiya Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Enhui He
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
- The State Key Lab of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou321100China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Wei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Shihong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Kui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Mixia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yilin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yirong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer TechnologyAerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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8
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Radivojevic M, Rostedt Punga A. Functional imaging of conduction dynamics in cortical and spinal axons. eLife 2023; 12:e86512. [PMID: 37606618 PMCID: PMC10444024 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian axons are specialized for transmitting action potentials to targets within the central and peripheral nervous system. A growing body of evidence suggests that, besides signal conduction, axons play essential roles in neural information processing, and their malfunctions are common hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The technologies available to study axonal function and structure integrally limit the comprehension of axon neurobiology. High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) allow for accessing axonal action potentials at high spatiotemporal resolution, but provide no insights on axonal morphology. Here, we demonstrate a method for electrical visualization of axonal morphologies based on extracellular action potentials recorded from cortical and motor neurons using HD-MEAs. The method enabled us to reconstruct up to 5-cm-long axonal arbors and directly monitor axonal conduction across thousands of recording sites. We reconstructed 1.86 m of cortical and spinal axons in total and found specific features in their structure and function.
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9
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Forró C, Musall S, Montes VR, Linkhorst J, Walter P, Wessling M, Offenhäusser A, Ingebrandt S, Weber Y, Lampert A, Santoro F. Toward the Next Generation of Neural Iontronic Interfaces. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301055. [PMID: 37434349 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural interfaces are evolving at a rapid pace owing to advances in material science and fabrication, reduced cost of scalable complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies, and highly interdisciplinary teams of researchers and engineers that span a large range from basic to applied and clinical sciences. This study outlines currently established technologies, defined as instruments and biological study systems that are routinely used in neuroscientific research. After identifying the shortcomings of current technologies, such as a lack of biocompatibility, topological optimization, low bandwidth, and lack of transparency, it maps out promising directions along which progress should be made to achieve the next generation of symbiotic and intelligent neural interfaces. Lastly, it proposes novel applications that can be achieved by these developments, ranging from the understanding and reproduction of synaptic learning to live-long multimodal measurements to monitor and treat various neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forró
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Musall
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Zoology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 3, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Viviana Rincón Montes
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - John Linkhorst
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sven Ingebrandt
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Weber
- Department of Epileptology, Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Angelika Lampert
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Institute for Biological Information Processing - Bioelectronics IBI-3, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Materials in Electrical Engineering 1, RWTH Aachen, Sommerfeldstr. 24, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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10
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Zhao ET, Hull JM, Mintz Hemed N, Uluşan H, Bartram J, Zhang A, Wang P, Pham A, Ronchi S, Huguenard JR, Hierlemann A, Melosh NA. A CMOS-based highly scalable flexible neural electrode interface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf9524. [PMID: 37285436 PMCID: PMC10246892 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf9524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Perception, thoughts, and actions are encoded by the coordinated activity of large neuronal populations spread over large areas. However, existing electrophysiological devices are limited by their scalability in capturing this cortex-wide activity. Here, we developed an electrode connector based on an ultra-conformable thin-film electrode array that self-assembles onto silicon microelectrode arrays enabling multithousand channel counts at a millimeter scale. The interconnects are formed using microfabricated electrode pads suspended by thin support arms, termed Flex2Chip. Capillary-assisted assembly drives the pads to deform toward the chip surface, and van der Waals forces maintain this deformation, establishing Ohmic contact. Flex2Chip arrays successfully measured extracellular action potentials ex vivo and resolved micrometer scale seizure propagation trajectories in epileptic mice. We find that seizure dynamics in absence epilepsy in the Scn8a+/- model do not have constant propagation trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T. Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M. Hull
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nofar Mintz Hemed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hasan Uluşan
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julian Bartram
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anqi Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pingyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert Pham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Ronchi
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nicholas A. Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Iyer V, Issadore DA, Aflatouni F. The next generation of hybrid microfluidic/integrated circuit chips: recent and upcoming advances in high-speed, high-throughput, and multifunctional lab-on-IC systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2553-2576. [PMID: 37114950 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the field's inception, pioneers in microfluidics have made significant progress towards realizing complete lab-on-chip systems capable of sophisticated sample analysis and processing. One avenue towards this goal has been to join forces with the related field of microelectronics, using integrated circuits (ICs) to perform on-chip actuation and sensing. While early demonstrations focused on using microfluidic-IC hybrid chips to miniaturize benchtop instruments, steady advancements in the field have enabled a new generation of devices that expand past miniaturization into high-performance applications that would not be possible without IC hybrid integration. In this review, we identify recent examples of labs-on-chip that use high-resolution, high-speed, and multifunctional electronic and photonic chips to expand the capabilities of conventional sample analysis. We focus on three particularly active areas: a) high-throughput integrated flow cytometers; b) large-scale microelectrode arrays for stimulation and multimodal sensing of cells over a wide field of view; c) high-speed biosensors for studying molecules with high temporal resolution. We also discuss recent advancements in IC technology, including on-chip data processing techniques and lens-free optics based on integrated photonics, that are poised to further advance microfluidic-IC hybrid chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David A Issadore
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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Suzuki I, Matsuda N, Han X, Noji S, Shibata M, Nagafuku N, Ishibashi Y. Large-Area Field Potential Imaging Having Single Neuron Resolution Using 236 880 Electrodes CMOS-MEA Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2207732. [PMID: 37088859 PMCID: PMC10369302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The electrophysiological technology having a high spatiotemporal resolution at the single-cell level and noninvasive measurements of large areas provide insights on underlying neuronal function. Here, a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-microelectrode array (MEA) is used that uses 236 880 electrodes each with an electrode size of 11.22 × 11.22 µm and 236 880 covering a wide area of 5.5 × 5.9 mm in presenting a detailed and single-cell-level neural activity analysis platform for brain slices, human iPS cell-derived cortical networks, peripheral neurons, and human brain organoids. Propagation pattern characteristics between brain regions changes the synaptic propagation into compounds based on single-cell time-series patterns, classification based on single DRG neuron firing patterns and compound responses, axonal conduction characteristics and changes to anticancer drugs, and network activities and transition to compounds in brain organoids are extracted. This detailed analysis of neural activity at the single-cell level using the CMOS-MEA provides a new understanding of the basic mechanisms of brain circuits in vitro and ex vivo, on human neurological diseases for drug discovery, and compound toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuro Suzuki
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuda
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobo Han
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Shuhei Noji
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Mikako Shibata
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Nami Nagafuku
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
| | - Yuto Ishibashi
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, 35-1 Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 982-8577, Japan
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13
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Ahnood A, Chambers A, Gelmi A, Yong KT, Kavehei O. Semiconducting electrodes for neural interfacing: a review. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1491-1518. [PMID: 36734845 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00830k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, the advent of electronic technology to directly interface with neural tissue has transformed the fields of medicine and biology. Devices that restore or even replace impaired bodily functions, such as deep brain stimulators and cochlear implants, have ushered in a new treatment era for previously intractable conditions. Meanwhile, electrodes for recording and stimulating neural activity have allowed researchers to unravel the vast complexities of the human nervous system. Recent advances in semiconducting materials have allowed effective interfaces between electrodes and neuronal tissue through novel devices and structures. Often these are unattainable using conventional metallic electrodes. These have translated into advances in research and treatment. The development of semiconducting materials opens new avenues in neural interfacing. This review considers this emerging class of electrodes and how it can facilitate electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and modulation with high spatial and temporal precision. Semiconducting electrodes have advanced electrically based neural interfacing technologies owing to their unique electrochemical and photo-electrochemical attributes. Key operation modalities, namely sensing and stimulation in electrical, biochemical, and optical domains, are discussed, highlighting their contrast to metallic electrodes from the application and characterization perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Ahnood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andre Chambers
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, RMIT University, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Omid Kavehei
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.,The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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14
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Wang AY, Sheng Y, Li W, Jung D, Junek GV, Liu H, Park J, Lee D, Wang M, Maharjan S, Kumashi S, Hao J, Zhang YS, Eggan K, Wang H. A Multimodal and Multifunctional CMOS Cellular Interfacing Array for Digital Physiology and Pathology Featuring an Ultra Dense Pixel Array and Reconfigurable Sampling Rate. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:1057-1074. [PMID: 36417722 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3224064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The article presents a fully integrated multimodal and multifunctional CMOS biosensing/actuating array chip and system for multi-dimensional cellular/tissue characterization. The CMOS chip supports up to 1,568 simultaneous parallel readout channels across 21,952 individually addressable multimodal pixels with 13 μm × 13 μm 2-D pixel pitch along with 1,568 Pt reference electrodes. These features allow the CMOS array chip to perform multimodal physiological measurements on living cell/tissue samples with both high throughput and single-cell resolution. Each pixel supports three sensing and one actuating modalities, each reconfigurable for different functionalities, in the form of full array (FA) or fast scan (FS) voltage recording schemes, bright/dim optical detection, 2-/4-point impedance sensing (ZS), and biphasic current stimulation (BCS) with adjustable stimulation area for single-cell or tissue-level stimulation. Each multi-modal pixel contains an 8.84 μm × 11 μm Pt electrode, 4.16 μm × 7.2 μm photodiode (PD), and in-pixel circuits for PD measurements and pixel selection. The chip is fabricated in a standard 130nm BiCMOS process as a proof of concept. The on-chip electrodes are constructed by unique design and in-house post-CMOS fabrication processes, including a critical Al shorting of all pixels during fabrication and Al etching after fabrication that ensures a high-yield planar electrode array on CMOS with high biocompatibility and long-term measurement reliability. For demonstration, extensive biological testing is performed with human and mouse progenitor cells, in which multidimensional biophysiological data are acquired for comprehensive cellular characterization.
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15
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Habibey R, Striebel J, Schmieder F, Czarske J, Busskamp V. Long-term morphological and functional dynamics of human stem cell-derived neuronal networks on high-density micro-electrode arrays. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951964. [PMID: 36267241 PMCID: PMC9578684 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive electrophysiological characterizations of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal networks are essential to determine to what extent these in vitro models recapitulate the functional features of in vivo neuronal circuits. High-density micro-electrode arrays (HD-MEAs) offer non-invasive recording with the best spatial and temporal resolution possible to date. For 3 months, we tracked the morphology and activity features of developing networks derived from a transgenic hiPSC line in which neurogenesis is inducible by neurogenic transcription factor overexpression. Our morphological data revealed large-scale structural changes from homogeneously distributed neurons in the first month to the formation of neuronal clusters over time. This led to a constant shift in position of neuronal cells and clusters on HD-MEAs and corresponding changes in spatial distribution of the network activity maps. Network activity appeared as scarce action potentials (APs), evolved as local bursts with longer duration and changed to network-wide synchronized bursts with higher frequencies but shorter duration over time, resembling the emerging burst features found in the developing human brain. Instantaneous firing rate data indicated that the fraction of fast spiking neurons (150–600 Hz) increases sharply after 63 days post induction (dpi). Inhibition of glutamatergic synapses erased burst features from network activity profiles and confirmed the presence of mature excitatory neurotransmission. The application of GABAergic receptor antagonists profoundly changed the bursting profile of the network at 120 dpi. This indicated a GABAergic switch from excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission during circuit development and maturation. Our results suggested that an emerging GABAergic system at older culture ages is involved in regulating spontaneous network bursts. In conclusion, our data showed that long-term and continuous microscopy and electrophysiology readouts are crucial for a meaningful characterization of morphological and functional maturation in stem cell-derived human networks. Most importantly, assessing the level and duration of functional maturation is key to subject these human neuronal circuits on HD-MEAs for basic and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouhollah Habibey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Striebel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Felix Schmieder
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Czarske
- Laboratory of Measurement and Sensor System Technique, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Competence Center for Biomedical Computational Laser Systems (BIOLAS), TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Institute of Applied Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Volker Busskamp,
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16
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Kumar SS, Gänswein T, Buccino AP, Xue X, Bartram J, Emmenegger V, Hierlemann A. Tracking axon initial segment plasticity using high-density microelectrode arrays: A computational study. Front Neuroinform 2022; 16:957255. [PMID: 36221258 PMCID: PMC7613690 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2022.957255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being composed of highly plastic neurons with extensive positive feedback, the nervous system maintains stable overall function. To keep activity within bounds, it relies on a set of negative feedback mechanisms that can induce stabilizing adjustments and that are collectively termed “homeostatic plasticity.” Recently, a highly excitable microdomain, located at the proximal end of the axon—the axon initial segment (AIS)—was found to exhibit structural modifications in response to activity perturbations. Though AIS plasticity appears to serve a homeostatic purpose, many aspects governing its expression and its functional role in regulating neuronal excitability remain elusive. A central challenge in studying the phenomenon is the rich heterogeneity of its expression (distal/proximal relocation, shortening, lengthening) and the variability of its functional role. A potential solution is to track AISs of a large number of neurons over time and attempt to induce structural plasticity in them. To this end, a promising approach is to use extracellular electrophysiological readouts to track a large number of neurons at high spatiotemporal resolution by means of high-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs). However, an analysis framework that reliably identifies specific activity signatures that uniquely map on to underlying microstructural changes is missing. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of such a task and used the distal relocation of the AIS as an exemplary problem. We used sophisticated computational models to systematically explore the relationship between incremental changes in AIS positions and the specific consequences observed in simulated extracellular field potentials. An ensemble of feature changes in the extracellular fields that reliably characterize AIS plasticity was identified. We trained models that could detect these signatures with remarkable accuracy. Based on these findings, we propose a hybrid analysis framework that could potentially enable high-throughput experimental studies of activity-dependent AIS plasticity using HD-MEAs.
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17
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Joshi PS, Hu K, Larkin JW, Rosenstein JK. Programmable Electrochemical Stimulation on a Large-Scale CMOS Microelectrode Array. IEEE BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE : HEALTHCARE TECHNOLOGY : [PROCEEDINGS]. IEEE BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:439-443. [PMID: 37126479 PMCID: PMC10148594 DOI: 10.1109/biocas54905.2022.9948674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we present spatio-temporally controlled electrochemical stimulation of aqueous samples using an integrated CMOS microelectrode array with 131,072 pixels. We demonstrate programmable gold electrodeposition in arbitrary spatial patterns, controllable electrolysis to produce microscale hydrogen bubbles, and spatially targeted electrochemical pH modulation. Dense spatially-addressable electrochemical stimulation is important for a wide range of bioelectronics applications.
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18
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Lee J, Gänswein T, Ulusan H, Emmenegger V, Saguner AM, Duru F, Hierlemann A. Repeated and On-Demand Intracellular Recordings of Cardiomyocytes Derived from Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3181-3191. [PMID: 36166837 PMCID: PMC7613763 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds may have cardiotoxic properties, triggering potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. To investigate proarrhythmic effects of drugs, the patch clamp technique has been used as the gold standard for characterizing the electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes in vitro. However, the applicability of this technology for drug screening is limited, as it is complex to use and features low throughput. Recent studies have demonstrated that 3D-nanostructured electrodes enable to obtain intracellular signals from many cardiomyocytes in parallel; however, the tedious electrode fabrication and limited measurement duration still remain major issues for cardiotoxicity testing. Here, we demonstrate how porous Pt-black electrodes, arranged in high-density microelectrode arrays, can be used to record intracellular-like signals of cardiomyocytes at large scale repeatedly over an extended period of time. The developed technique, which yields highly parallelized electroporations using stimulation voltages around 1 V peak-to-peak amplitude, enabled intracellular-like recordings at high success rates without causing significant alteration in key electrophysiological features. In a proof-of-concept study, we investigated electrophysiological modulations induced by two clinically applied drugs, nifedipine and quinidine. As the obtained results were in good agreement with previously published data, we are confident that the developed technique has the potential to be routinely used in in vitro platforms for cardiotoxicity screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Lee
- Corresponding Authors Jihyun Lee — Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; ® Phone: +41 (0)61 387 31 28; jihyun.lee@ bsse.ethz.ch; Andreas Hierlemann — Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Phone: +41 (0)61 387 31 50;
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Corresponding Authors Jihyun Lee — Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; ® Phone: +41 (0)61 387 31 28; jihyun.lee@ bsse.ethz.ch; Andreas Hierlemann — Bio Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Phone: +41 (0)61 387 31 50;
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19
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Spanu A, Martines L, Tedesco M, Martinoia S, Bonfiglio A. Simultaneous recording of electrical and metabolic activity of cardiac cells in vitro using an organic charge modulated field effect transistor array. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:945575. [PMID: 35992349 PMCID: PMC9385991 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.945575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro electrogenic cells monitoring is an important objective in several scientific and technological fields, such as electrophysiology, pharmacology and brain machine interfaces, and can represent an interesting opportunity in other translational medicine applications. One of the key aspects of cellular cultures is the complexity of their behavior, due to the different kinds of bio-related signals, both chemical and electrical, that characterize these systems. In order to fully understand and exploit this extraordinary complexity, specific devices and tools are needed. However, at the moment this important scientific field is characterized by the lack of easy-to-use, low-cost devices for the sensing of multiple cellular parameters. To the aim of providing a simple and integrated approach for the study of in vitro electrogenic cultures, we present here a new solution for the monitoring of both the electrical and the metabolic cellular activity. In particular, we show here how a particular device called Micro Organic Charge Modulated Array (MOA) can be conveniently engineered and then used to simultaneously record the complete cell activity using the same device architecture. The system has been tested using primary cardiac rat myocytes and allowed to detect the metabolic and electrical variations thar occur upon the administration of different drugs. This first example could lay the basis for the development of a new generation of multi-sensing tools that can help to efficiently probe the multifaceted in vitro environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laura Martines
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Tedesco
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Martinoia
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bonfiglio
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Interdepartmental Center for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Motor Neuron Diseases, Cagliari, Italy
- Scuola Universitaria Superiore IUSS, Pavia, Italy
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20
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Sharf T, van der Molen T, Glasauer SMK, Guzman E, Buccino AP, Luna G, Cheng Z, Audouard M, Ranasinghe KG, Kudo K, Nagarajan SS, Tovar KR, Petzold LR, Hierlemann A, Hansma PK, Kosik KS. Functional neuronal circuitry and oscillatory dynamics in human brain organoids. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4403. [PMID: 35906223 PMCID: PMC9338020 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain organoids replicate much of the cellular diversity and developmental anatomy of the human brain. However, the physiology of neuronal circuits within organoids remains under-explored. With high-density CMOS microelectrode arrays and shank electrodes, we captured spontaneous extracellular activity from brain organoids derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. We inferred functional connectivity from spike timing, revealing a large number of weak connections within a skeleton of significantly fewer strong connections. A benzodiazepine increased the uniformity of firing patterns and decreased the relative fraction of weakly connected edges. Our analysis of the local field potential demonstrate that brain organoids contain neuronal assemblies of sufficient size and functional connectivity to co-activate and generate field potentials from their collective transmembrane currents that phase-lock to spiking activity. These results point to the potential of brain organoids for the study of neuropsychiatric diseases, drug action, and the effects of external stimuli upon neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Sharf
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA. .,Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA.
| | - Tjitse van der Molen
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Stella M K Glasauer
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Elmer Guzman
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Alessio P Buccino
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Luna
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Zhuowei Cheng
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Morgane Audouard
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kamalini G Ranasinghe
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Kiwamu Kudo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Srikantan S Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kenneth R Tovar
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Linda R Petzold
- Department of Computer Science, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul K Hansma
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA. .,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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21
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Jung HS, Jung WB, Wang J, Abbott J, Horgan A, Fournier M, Hinton H, Hwang YH, Godron X, Nicol R, Park H, Ham D. CMOS electrochemical pH localizer-imager. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm6815. [PMID: 35895813 PMCID: PMC9328676 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm6815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
pH controls a large repertoire of chemical and biochemical processes in water. Densely arrayed pH microenvironments would parallelize these processes, enabling their high-throughput studies and applications. However, pH localization, let alone its arrayed realization, remains challenging because of fast diffusion of protons in water. Here, we demonstrate arrayed localizations of picoliter-scale aqueous acids, using a 256-electrochemical cell array defined on and operated by a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)-integrated circuit. Each cell, comprising a concentric pair of cathode and anode with their current injections controlled with a sub-nanoampere resolution by the CMOS electronics, creates a local pH environment, or a pH "voxel," via confined electrochemistry. The system also monitors the spatiotemporal pH profile across the array in real time for precision pH control. We highlight the utility of this CMOS pH localizer-imager for high-throughput tasks by parallelizing pH-gated molecular state encoding and pH-regulated enzymatic DNA elongation at any selected set of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sae Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Woo-Bin Jung
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey Abbott
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | | | - Henry Hinton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Young-Ha Hwang
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | | | - Robert Nicol
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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22
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Schröter M, Wang C, Terrigno M, Hornauer P, Huang Z, Jagasia R, Hierlemann A. Functional imaging of brain organoids using high-density microelectrode arrays. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:530-544. [PMID: 36120104 PMCID: PMC9474390 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-022-00282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Studies have provided evidence that human cerebral organoids (hCOs) recapitulate fundamental milestones of early brain development, but many important questions regarding their functionality and electrophysiological properties persist. High-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) represent an attractive analysis platform to perform functional studies of neuronal networks at the cellular and network scale. Here, we use HD-MEAs to derive large-scale electrophysiological recordings from sliced hCOs. We record the activity of hCO slices over several weeks and probe observed neuronal dynamics pharmacologically. Moreover, we present results on how the obtained recordings can be spike-sorted and subsequently studied across scales. For example, we show how to track single neurons across several days on the HD-MEA and how to infer axonal action potential velocities. We also infer putative functional connectivity from hCO recordings. The introduced methodology will contribute to a better understanding of developing neuronal networks in brain organoids and provide new means for their functional characterization. IMPACT STATEMENT Human cerebral organoids (hCOs) represent an attractive in vitro model system to study key physiological mechanisms underlying early neuronal network formation in tissue with healthy or disease-related genetic backgrounds. Despite remarkable advances in the generation of brain organoids, knowledge on the functionality of their neuronal circuits is still scarce. Here, we used complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-based high-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) to perform large-scale recordings from sliced hCOs over several weeks and quantified their activity across scales. Using single-cell and network metrics, we were able to probe aspects of hCO neurophysiology that are more difficult to obtain with other techniques, such as patch clamping (lower yield) and calcium imaging (lower temporal resolution). These metrics included, for example, extracellular action potential (AP) waveform features and axonal AP velocity at the cellular level, as well as functional connectivity at the network level. Analysis was enabled by the large sensing area and the high spatiotemporal resolution provided by HD-MEAs, which allowed recordings from hundreds of neurons and spike sorting of their activity. Our results demonstrate that HD-MEAs provide a multi-purpose platform for the functional characterization of hCOs, which will be key in improving our understanding of this model system and assessing its relevance for translational research. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-022-00282-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schröter
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Congwei Wang
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Terrigno
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Hornauer
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ziqiang Huang
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ravi Jagasia
- NRD, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Bio Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Tang T, Park JH, Zhang L, Ng KA, Yoo J. Group-Chopping: An 8-Channel, 0.04% Gain Mismatch, 2.1 µW 0.017 mm 2 Instrumentation Amplifier for Bio-Potential Recording. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:361-371. [PMID: 35412987 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3166513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An 8-channel AFE with a group-chopping instrumentation amplifier (GCIA) is proposed for bio-potential recording applications. The group-chopping technique cascades chopper switches to progressively swap channels and dynamically removes gain mismatch among all channels. An 8-phase non-overlapping clocking scheme is developed and achieves excellent between-channel gain mismatch characteristics. The dynamic offsets among all channels are mitigated by the GCIA as well. The GCIA is the first work that minimizes the gain mismatch across more than two channels. With the help of the group-chopping, combined with an area-efficient open-loop structure, the GCIA shows <0.04% between-channel gain mismatch, the lowest mismatch reported to date. The chip is fabricated in 0.18µm 1P6M CMOS, occupies only 0.017 mm2/Ch., consumes 2.1 μW/Ch. under 0.5 V supply and achieves an NEF of 2.1.
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24
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Lee HS, Eom K, Park M, Ku SB, Lee K, Lee HM. High-density neural recording system design. Biomed Eng Lett 2022; 12:251-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s13534-022-00233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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25
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Weaver IA, Li A, Shields BC, Tadross MR. An Open-Source Transparent Microelectrode Array. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35349992 PMCID: PMC9176384 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The micro-electrode array (MEA) is a cell-culture surface with integrated electrodes used for assays of electrically excitable cells and tissues. MEAs have been a workhorse in the study of neurons and myocytes, owing to the scalability and millisecond temporal resolution of the technology. However, traditional MEAs are opaque, precluding inverted microscope access to modern genetically encoded optical sensors and effectors. To address this gap, transparent MEAs have been developed. However, for many labs, transparent MEAs remain out of reach due to the cost of commercially available products, and the complexity of custom fabrication. Here, we describe an open-source transparent MEA based on the OpenEphys platform. This resource is designed to be accessible, requiring minimal microelectrode fabrication or circuit design experience. We include low-noise connectors for seamless integration with the Intan Technologies headstage, and a mechanically stable adaptor conforming to the 24-well plate footprint for compatibility with most inverted microscopes. We demonstrate the performance of this transparent MEA in a multiplexed electrical and optogenetic assay of primary rat hippocampal neurons.
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26
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Zeinolabedin SMA, Schuffny FM, George R, Kelber F, Bauer H, Scholze S, Hanzsche S, Stolba M, Dixius A, Ellguth G, Walter D, Hoppner S, Mayr C. A 16-Channel Fully Configurable Neural SoC With 1.52 μW/Ch Signal Acquisition, 2.79 μW/Ch Real-Time Spike Classifier, and 1.79 TOPS/W Deep Neural Network Accelerator in 22 nm FDSOI. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2022; 16:94-107. [PMID: 35025750 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2022.3142987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of high-density micro-electrodes arrays, developing neural probes satisfying the real-time and stringent power-efficiency requirements becomes more challenging. A smart neural probe is an essential device in future neuroscientific research and medical applications. To realize such devices, we present a 22 nm FDSOI SoC with complex on-chip real-time data processing and training for neural signal analysis. It consists of a digitally-assisted 16-channel analog front-end with 1.52 μW/Ch, dedicated bio-processing accelerators for spike detection and classification with 2.79 μW/Ch, and a 125 MHz RISC-V CPU, utilizing adaptive body biasing at 0.5 V with a supporting 1.79 TOPS/W MAC array. The proposed SoC shows a proof-of-concept of how to realize a high-level integration of various on-chip accelerators to satisfy the neural probe requirements for modern applications.
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27
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Kmon P. Highly Configurable 100 Channel Recording and Stimulating Integrated Circuit for Biomedical Experiments. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8482. [PMID: 34960575 PMCID: PMC8705452 DOI: 10.3390/s21248482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the design results of a 100-channel integrated circuit dedicated to various biomedical experiments requiring both electrical stimulation and recording ability. The main design motivation was to develop an architecture that would comprise not only the recording and stimulation, but would also block allowing to meet different experimental requirements. Therefore, both the controllability and programmability were prime concerns, as well as the main chip parameters uniformity. The recording stage allows one to set their parameters independently from channel to channel, i.e., the frequency bandwidth can be controlled in the (0.3 Hz-1 kHz)-(20 Hz-3 kHz) (slow signal path) or (0.3 Hz-1 kHz)-4.7 kHz (fast signal path) range, while the voltage gain can be set individually either to 43.5 dB or 52 dB. Importantly, thanks to in-pixel circuitry, main system parameters may be controlled individually allowing to mitigate the circuitry components spread, i.e., lower corner frequency can be tuned in the 54 dB range with approximately 5% precision, and the upper corner frequency spread is only 4.2%, while the voltage gain spread is only 0.62%. The current stimulator may also be controlled in the broad range (69 dB) with its current setting precision being no worse than 2.6%. The recording channels' input-referred noise is equal to 8.5 µVRMS in the 10 Hz-4.7 kHz bandwidth. The single-pixel occupies 0.16 mm2 and consumes 12 µW (recording part) and 22 µW (stimulation blocks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kmon
- Department of Measurement and Electronics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
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28
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Tandon P, Bhaskhar N, Shah N, Madugula S, Grosberg L, Fan VH, Hottowy P, Sher A, Litke AM, Chichilnisky EJ, Mitra S. Automatic Identification of Axon Bundle Activation for Epiretinal Prosthesis. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2021; 29:2496-2502. [PMID: 34784278 PMCID: PMC8860174 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2021.3128486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Retinal prostheses must be able to activate cells in a selective way in order to restore high-fidelity vision. However, inadvertent activation of far-away retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) through electrical stimulation of axon bundles can produce irregular and poorly controlled percepts, limiting artificial vision. In this work, we aim to provide an algorithmic solution to the problem of detecting axon bundle activation with a bi-directional epiretinal prostheses. Methods: The algorithm utilizes electrical recordings to determine the stimulation current amplitudes above which axon bundle activation occurs. Bundle activation is defined as the axonal stimulation of RGCs with unknown soma and receptive field locations, typically beyond the electrode array. The method exploits spatiotemporal characteristics of electrically-evoked spikes to overcome the challenge of detecting small axonal spikes. Results: The algorithm was validated using large-scale, single-electrode and short pulse, ex vivo stimulation and recording experiments in macaque retina, by comparing algorithmically and manually identified bundle activation thresholds. For 88% of the electrodes analyzed, the threshold identified by the algorithm was within ±10% of the manually identified threshold, with a correlation coefficient of 0.95. Conclusion: This works presents a simple, accurate and efficient algorithm to detect axon bundle activation in epiretinal prostheses. Significance: The algorithm could be used in a closed-loop manner by a future epiretinal prosthesis to reduce poorly controlled visual percepts associated with bundle activation. Activation of distant cells via axonal stimulation will likely occur in other types of retinal implants and cortical implants, and the method may therefore be broadly applicable.
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29
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Cisneros-Fernandez J, Garcia-Cortadella R, Illa X, Martinez-Aguilar J, Paetzold J, Mohrlok R, Kurnoth M, Jeschke C, Teres L, Garrido JA, Guimera-Brunet A, Serra-Graells F. A 1024-Channel 10-Bit 36- μW/ch CMOS ROIC for Multiplexed GFET-Only Sensor Arrays in Brain Mapping. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2021; 15:860-876. [PMID: 34543202 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2021.3113556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a 1024-channel neural read-out integrated circuit (ROIC) for solution-gated GFET sensing probes in massive μECoG brain mapping. The proposed time-domain multiplexing of GFET-only arrays enables low-cost and scalable hybrid headstages. Low-power CMOS circuits are presented for the GFET analog frontend, including a CDS mechanism to improve preamplifier noise figures and 10-bit 10-kS/s A/D conversion. The 1024-channel ROIC has been fabricated in a standard 1.8-V 0.18- μm CMOS technology with 0.012 mm 2 and 36 μ W per channel. An automated methodology for the in-situ calibration of each GFET sensor is also proposed. Experimental ROIC tests are reported using a custom FPGA-based μECoG headstage with 16×32 and 32×32 GFET probes in saline solution and agar substrate. Compared to state-of-art neural ROICs, this work achieves the largest scalability in hybrid platforms and it allows the recording of infra-slow neural signals.
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30
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Cardes F, Baladari N, Lee J, Hierlemann A. A Low-Power Opamp-Less Second-Order Delta-Sigma Modulator for Bioelectrical Signals in 0.18 µm CMOS. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196456. [PMID: 34640776 PMCID: PMC8512173 DOI: 10.3390/s21196456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reports on a compact and low-power CMOS readout circuit for bioelectrical signals based on a second-order delta-sigma modulator. The converter uses a voltage-controlled, oscillator-based quantizer, achieving second-order noise shaping with a single opamp-less integrator and minimal analog circuitry. A prototype has been implemented using 0.18 μm CMOS technology and includes two different variants of the same modulator topology. The main modulator has been optimized for low-noise, neural-action-potential detection in the 300 Hz–6 kHz band, with an input-referred noise of 5.0 μVrms, and occupies an area of 0.0045 mm2. An alternative configuration features a larger input stage to reduce low-frequency noise, achieving 8.7 μVrms in the 1 Hz–10 kHz band, and occupies an area of 0.006 mm2. The modulator is powered at 1.8 V with an estimated power consumption of 3.5 μW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cardes
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (N.B.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikhita Baladari
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (N.B.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
- Section Bioelectronics, TU Delft, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (N.B.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; (N.B.); (J.L.); (A.H.)
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31
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Yuan X, Hierlemann A, Frey U. Extracellular Recording of Entire Neural Networks Using a Dual-Mode Microelectrode Array With 19584 Electrodes and High SNR. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2021; 56:2466-2475. [PMID: 34326555 PMCID: PMC7611388 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2021.3066043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological research on neural networks and their activity focuses on the recording and analysis of large data sets that include information of thousands of neurons. CMOS microelectrode arrays (MEAs) feature thousands of electrodes at a spatial resolution on the scale of single cells and are, therefore, ideal tools to support neural-network research. Moreover, they offer high spatio-temporal resolution and signal to-noise ratio (SNR) to capture all features and subcellular resolution details of neuronal signaling. Here, we present a dual-mode (DM) MEA, which enables simultaneous: 1) full-frame readout from all electrodes and 2) high-SNR readout from an arbitrarily selectable subset of electrodes. The DM-MEA includes 19584 electrodes, 19584 full-frame recording channels with noise levels of 10.4 μVrms in the action potential (AP) frequency band (300 Hz-5 kHz), 246 low-noise recording channels with noise levels of 3.0 μVrms in the AP band and eight stimulation units. The capacity to simultaneously perform full-frame and high-SNR recordings endows the presented DM-MEA with great flexibility for various applications in neuroscience and pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Yuan
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. She is now with MaxWell Biosystems AG, 8047 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- Urs Frey was with the Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland. He is now with MaxWell Biosystems AG, 8047 Zurich, Switzerland
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32
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Pérez-Prieto N, Delgado-Restituto M. Recording Strategies for High Channel Count, Densely Spaced Microelectrode Arrays. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:681085. [PMID: 34326718 PMCID: PMC8313871 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.681085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience research into how complex brain functions are implemented at an extra-cellular level requires in vivo neural recording interfaces, including microelectrodes and read-out circuitry, with increased observability and spatial resolution. The trend in neural recording interfaces toward employing high-channel-count probes or 2D microelectrodes arrays with densely spaced recording sites for recording large neuronal populations makes it harder to save on resources. The low-noise, low-power requirement specifications of the analog front-end usually requires large silicon occupation, making the problem even more challenging. One common approach to alleviating this consumption area burden relies on time-division multiplexing techniques in which read-out electronics are shared, either partially or totally, between channels while preserving the spatial and temporal resolution of the recordings. In this approach, shared elements have to operate over a shorter time slot per channel and active area is thus traded off against larger operating frequencies and signal bandwidths. As a result, power consumption is only mildly affected, although other performance metrics such as in-band noise or crosstalk may be degraded, particularly if the whole read-out circuit is multiplexed at the analog front-end input. In this article, we review the different implementation alternatives reported for time-division multiplexing neural recording systems, analyze their advantages and drawbacks, and suggest strategies for improving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Pérez-Prieto
- Institute of Microelectronics of Seville (IMSE-Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica), Spanish National Research Council, Seville, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Restituto
- Institute of Microelectronics of Seville (IMSE-Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica), Spanish National Research Council, Seville, Spain
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33
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Lemay SG, Moazzenzade T. Single-Entity Electrochemistry for Digital Biosensing at Ultralow Concentrations. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9023-9031. [PMID: 34167291 PMCID: PMC8264825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying ultralow analyte concentrations is a continuing challenge in the analytical sciences in general and in electrochemistry in particular. Typical hurdles for affinity sensors at low concentrations include achieving sufficiently efficient mass transport of the analyte, dealing with slow reaction kinetics, and detecting a small transducer signal against a background signal that itself fluctuates slowly in time. Recent decades have seen the advent of methods capable of detecting single analytes ranging from the nanoscale to individual molecules, representing the ultimate mass sensitivity to these analytes. However, single-entity detection does not automatically translate into a superior concentration sensitivity. This is largely because electrochemical transducers capable of such detection are themselves miniaturized, exacerbating mass transport and binding kinetic limitations. In this Perspective, we discuss how these challenges can be tackled through so-called digital sensing: large arrays of separately addressable single-entity detectors that provide real-time information on individual binding events. We discuss the advantages of this approach and the barriers to its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge G. Lemay
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Taghi Moazzenzade
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
and Faculty of Science and Technology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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34
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Grob L, Rinklin P, Zips S, Mayer D, Weidlich S, Terkan K, Weiß LJK, Adly N, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Inkjet-Printed and Electroplated 3D Electrodes for Recording Extracellular Signals in Cell Culture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3981. [PMID: 34207725 PMCID: PMC8229631 DOI: 10.3390/s21123981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations into cardiac or nervous tissues call for systems that are able to electrically record in 3D as opposed to 2D. Typically, challenging microfabrication steps are required to produce 3D microelectrode arrays capable of recording at the desired position within the tissue of interest. As an alternative, additive manufacturing is becoming a versatile platform for rapidly prototyping novel sensors with flexible geometric design. In this work, 3D MEAs for cell-culture applications were fabricated using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. The aspect ratio and height of the printed 3D electrodes were user-defined by adjusting the number of deposited droplets of silver nanoparticle ink along with a continuous printing method and an appropriate drop-to-drop delay. The Ag 3D MEAs were later electroplated with Au and Pt in order to reduce leakage of potentially cytotoxic silver ions into the cellular medium. The functionality of the array was confirmed using impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and recordings of extracellular potentials from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Grob
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Sabrina Weidlich
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Korkut Terkan
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Lennart J. K. Weiß
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Nouran Adly
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
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Sharifshazileh M, Burelo K, Sarnthein J, Indiveri G. An electronic neuromorphic system for real-time detection of high frequency oscillations (HFO) in intracranial EEG. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3095. [PMID: 34035249 PMCID: PMC8149394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23342-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of biomedical signals for clinical studies and therapeutic applications can benefit from embedded devices that can process these signals locally and in real-time. An example is the analysis of intracranial EEG (iEEG) from epilepsy patients for the detection of High Frequency Oscillations (HFO), which are a biomarker for epileptogenic brain tissue. Mixed-signal neuromorphic circuits offer the possibility of building compact and low-power neural network processing systems that can analyze data on-line in real-time. Here we present a neuromorphic system that combines a neural recording headstage with a spiking neural network (SNN) processing core on the same die for processing iEEG, and show how it can reliably detect HFO, thereby achieving state-of-the-art accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. This is a first feasibility study towards identifying relevant features in iEEG in real-time using mixed-signal neuromorphic computing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali Sharifshazileh
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karla Burelo
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Sarnthein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Giacomo Indiveri
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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16p11.2 deletion is associated with hyperactivation of human iPSC-derived dopaminergic neuron networks and is rescued by RHOA inhibition in vitro. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2897. [PMID: 34006844 PMCID: PMC8131375 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reciprocal copy number variations (CNVs) of 16p11.2 are associated with a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we use human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons carrying CNVs of 16p11.2 duplication (16pdup) and 16p11.2 deletion (16pdel), engineered using CRISPR-Cas9. We show that 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons have increased soma size and synaptic marker expression compared to isogenic control lines, while 16pdup iPSC-derived DA neurons show deficits in neuronal differentiation and reduced synaptic marker expression. The 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons have impaired neurophysiological properties. The 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neuronal networks are hyperactive and have increased bursting in culture compared to controls. We also show that the expression of RHOA is increased in the 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons and that treatment with a specific RHOA-inhibitor, Rhosin, rescues the network activity of the 16pdel iPSC-derived DA neurons. Our data suggest that 16p11.2 deletion-associated iPSC-derived DA neuron hyperactivation can be rescued by RHOA inhibition.
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Ronchi S, Buccino AP, Prack G, Kumar SS, Schröter M, Fiscella M, Hierlemann A. Electrophysiological Phenotype Characterization of Human iPSC-Derived Neuronal Cell Lines by Means of High-Density Microelectrode Arrays. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000223. [PMID: 33729694 PMCID: PMC7610355 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of cellular reprogramming have opened a route to studying the fundamental mechanisms underlying common neurological disorders. High-density microelectrode-arrays (HD-MEAs) provide unprecedented means to study neuronal physiology at different scales, ranging from network through single-neuron to subcellular features. In this work, HD-MEAs are used in vitro to characterize and compare human induced-pluripotent-stem-cell-derived dopaminergic and motor neurons, including isogenic neuronal lines modeling Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Reproducible electrophysiological network, single-cell and subcellular metrics are used for phenotype characterization and drug testing. Metrics, such as burst shape and axonal velocity, enable the distinction of healthy and diseased neurons. The HD-MEA metrics can also be used to detect the effects of dosing the drug retigabine to human motor neurons. Finally, it is shown that the ability to detect drug effects and the observed culture-to-culture variability critically depend on the number of available recording electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ronchi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Paolo Buccino
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Gustavo Prack
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Sreedhar Saseendran Kumar
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Schröter
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Michele Fiscella
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- MaxWell Biosystems AG, Albisriederstrasse 253, Zürich, 8047, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Hierlemann
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
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Tissue Chips and Microphysiological Systems for Disease Modeling and Drug Testing. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12020139. [PMID: 33525451 PMCID: PMC7911320 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue chips (TCs) and microphysiological systems (MPSs) that incorporate human cells are novel platforms to model disease and screen drugs and provide an alternative to traditional animal studies. This review highlights the basic definitions of TCs and MPSs, examines four major organs/tissues, identifies critical parameters for organization and function (tissue organization, blood flow, and physical stresses), reviews current microfluidic approaches to recreate tissues, and discusses current shortcomings and future directions for the development and application of these technologies. The organs emphasized are those involved in the metabolism or excretion of drugs (hepatic and renal systems) and organs sensitive to drug toxicity (cardiovascular system). This article examines the microfluidic/microfabrication approaches for each organ individually and identifies specific examples of TCs. This review will provide an excellent starting point for understanding, designing, and constructing novel TCs for possible integration within MPS.
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Forro C, Caron D, Angotzi GN, Gallo V, Berdondini L, Santoro F, Palazzolo G, Panuccio G. Electrophysiology Read-Out Tools for Brain-on-Chip Biotechnology. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:124. [PMID: 33498905 PMCID: PMC7912435 DOI: 10.3390/mi12020124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain-on-Chip (BoC) biotechnology is emerging as a promising tool for biomedical and pharmaceutical research applied to the neurosciences. At the convergence between lab-on-chip and cell biology, BoC couples in vitro three-dimensional brain-like systems to an engineered microfluidics platform designed to provide an in vivo-like extrinsic microenvironment with the aim of replicating tissue- or organ-level physiological functions. BoC therefore offers the advantage of an in vitro reproduction of brain structures that is more faithful to the native correlate than what is obtained with conventional cell culture techniques. As brain function ultimately results in the generation of electrical signals, electrophysiology techniques are paramount for studying brain activity in health and disease. However, as BoC is still in its infancy, the availability of combined BoC-electrophysiology platforms is still limited. Here, we summarize the available biological substrates for BoC, starting with a historical perspective. We then describe the available tools enabling BoC electrophysiology studies, detailing their fabrication process and technical features, along with their advantages and limitations. We discuss the current and future applications of BoC electrophysiology, also expanding to complementary approaches. We conclude with an evaluation of the potential translational applications and prospective technology developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Forro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Davide Caron
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gian Nicola Angotzi
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Gallo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Luca Berdondini
- Microtechnology for Neuroelectronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (G.N.A.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Santoro
- Tissue Electronics, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci, 53-80125 Naples, Italy; (C.F.); (F.S.)
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
| | - Gabriella Panuccio
- Enhanced Regenerative Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, 30-16163 Genova, Italy; (D.C.); (V.G.)
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40
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Buccino AP, Hurwitz CL, Garcia S, Magland J, Siegle JH, Hurwitz R, Hennig MH. SpikeInterface, a unified framework for spike sorting. eLife 2020; 9:e61834. [PMID: 33170122 PMCID: PMC7704107 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Much development has been directed toward improving the performance and automation of spike sorting. This continuous development, while essential, has contributed to an over-saturation of new, incompatible tools that hinders rigorous benchmarking and complicates reproducible analysis. To address these limitations, we developed SpikeInterface, a Python framework designed to unify preexisting spike sorting technologies into a single codebase and to facilitate straightforward comparison and adoption of different approaches. With a few lines of code, researchers can reproducibly run, compare, and benchmark most modern spike sorting algorithms; pre-process, post-process, and visualize extracellular datasets; validate, curate, and export sorting outputs; and more. In this paper, we provide an overview of SpikeInterface and, with applications to real and simulated datasets, demonstrate how it can be utilized to reduce the burden of manual curation and to more comprehensively benchmark automated spike sorters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio P Buccino
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH ZurichZürichSwitzerland
- Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA), University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Cole L Hurwitz
- School of Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Samuel Garcia
- Centre de Recherche en Neuroscience de Lyon, CNRSLyonFrance
| | | | | | | | - Matthias H Hennig
- School of Informatics, University of EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Versatile live-cell activity analysis platform for characterization of neuronal dynamics at single-cell and network level. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4854. [PMID: 32978383 PMCID: PMC7519655 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18620-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic imaging of neuronal networks in vitro has provided fundamental insights into mechanisms underlying neuronal function. Current labeling and optical imaging methods, however, cannot be used for continuous and long-term recordings of the dynamics and evolution of neuronal networks, as fluorescent indicators can cause phototoxicity. Here, we introduce a versatile platform for label-free, comprehensive and detailed electrophysiological live-cell imaging of various neurogenic cells and tissues over extended time scales. We report on a dual-mode high-density microelectrode array, which can simultaneously record in (i) full-frame mode with 19,584 recording sites and (ii) high-signal-to-noise mode with 246 channels. We set out to demonstrate the capabilities of this platform with recordings from primary and iPSC-derived neuronal cultures and tissue preparations over several weeks, providing detailed morpho-electrical phenotypic parameters at subcellular, cellular and network level. Moreover, we develop reliable analysis tools, which drastically increase the throughput to infer axonal morphology and conduction speed. Current methods of neuronal network imaging cannot be used for continuous, long-term functional recordings. Here, the authors present a dual-mode high-density microelectrode array, which can simultaneously record in full-frame and high-signal-to-noise modes for label-free electrophysiological measurements.
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Abbott J, Ye T, Krenek K, Qin L, Kim Y, Wu W, Gertner RS, Park H, Ham D. The Design of a CMOS Nanoelectrode Array with 4096 Current-Clamp/Voltage-Clamp Amplifiers for Intracellular Recording/Stimulation of Mammalian Neurons. IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS 2020; 55:2567-2582. [PMID: 33762776 PMCID: PMC7983016 DOI: 10.1109/jssc.2020.3005816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
CMOS microelectrode arrays (MEAs) can record electrophysiological activities of a large number of neurons in parallel but only extracellularly with low signal-to-noise ratio. Patch clamp electrodes can perform intracellular recording with high signal-to-noise ratio but only from a few neurons in parallel. Recently we have developed and reported a neuroelectronic interface that combines the parallelism of the CMOS MEA and the intracellular sensitivity of the patch clamp. Here, we report the design and characterization of the CMOS integrated circuit (IC), a critical component of the neuroelectronic interface. Fabricated in 0.18-μm technology, the IC features an array of 4,096 platinum black (PtB) nanoelectrodes spaced at a 20 μm pitch on its surface and contains 4,096 active pixel circuits. Each active pixel circuit, consisting of a new switched-capacitor current injector--capable of injecting from ±15 pA to ±0.7 μA with a 5 pA resolution--and an operational amplifier, is highly configurable. When configured into current-clamp mode, the pixel intracellularly records membrane potentials including subthreshold activities with ∼23 μVrms input referred noise while injecting a current for simultaneous stimulation. When configured into voltage-clamp mode, the pixel becomes a switched-capacitor transimpedance amplifier with ∼1 pArms input referred noise, and intracellularly records ion channel currents while applying a voltage for simultaneous stimulation. Such voltage/current-clamp intracellular recording/stimulation is a feat only previously possible with the patch clamp method. At the same time, as an array, the IC overcomes the lack of parallelism of the patch clamp method, measuring thousands of mammalian neurons in parallel, with full-frame intracellular recording/stimulation at 9.4 kHz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Abbott
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and the Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tianyang Ye
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Keith Krenek
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ling Qin
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. He is now with Cavium Inc., Marlborough, MA 01752, USA
| | - Youbin Kim
- Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. He is now with University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wenxuan Wu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rona S Gertner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Abbott J, Ye T, Krenek K, Gertner RS, Wu W, Jung HS, Ham D, Park H. Extracellular recording of direct synaptic signals with a CMOS-nanoelectrode array. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:3239-3248. [PMID: 32756639 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The synaptic connections between neurons are traditionally determined by correlating the action potentials (APs) of a pre-synaptic neuron and small-amplitude subthreshold potentials of a post-synaptic neuron using invasive intracellular techniques, such as patch clamping. Extracellular recording by a microelectrode array can non-invasively monitor network activities of a large number of neurons, but its reduced sensitivity usually prevents direct measurements of synaptic signals. Here, we demonstrate that a newly developed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) nanoelectrode array (CNEA) is capable of extracellularly determining direct synaptic connections in dense, multi-layer cultures of dissociated rat neurons. We spatiotemporally correlate action potential signals of hundreds of active neurons, detect small (∼1 pA after averaging) extracellular synaptic signals at the region where pre-synaptic axons and post-synaptic dendrites/somas overlap, and use those signals to map synaptic connections. We use controlled stimulation to assess stimulation-dependent synaptic strengths and to titrate a synaptic blocker (CNQX: IC50 ∼ 1 μM). The new capabilities demonstrated here significantly enhance the utilities of CNEAs in connectome mapping and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Abbott
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Tianyang Ye
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Keith Krenek
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Rona S Gertner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Wenxuan Wu
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Han Sae Jung
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Donhee Ham
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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Dou W, Zhao Q, Malhi M, Liu X, Zhang Z, Wang L, Masse S, Nanthakumar K, Hamilton R, Maynes JT, Sun Y. Label-free conduction velocity mapping and gap junction assessment of functional iPSC-Cardiomyocyte monolayers. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112468. [PMID: 32829174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac conduction is an important function of the heart. To date, accurate measurement of conduction velocity (CV) in vitro is hindered by the low spatial resolution and poor signal-to-noise ratio of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), or the cytotoxicity and end-point analysis of fluorescence optical imaging. Here, we have developed a new label-free method based on defocused brightfield imaging to quantify CV by analyzing centroid displacements and contraction trajectories of each cardiomyocyte in a monolayer of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). Our data revealed that the time delay between intracellular calcium release and the initiation of cell contraction is highly consistent across cardiomyocytes; however, the duration a cell takes to reach its maximum beating magnitude varies significantly, proving that the time delay in excitation-contraction coupling is largely constant in iPSC-CMs. Standard calcium imaging of the same iPSC-CM populations (~106 cells) was conducted for comparison with our label-free method. The results confirmed that our label-free method was capable of achieving highly accurate CV mapping (17.64 ± 0.89 cm/s vs. 17.95 ± 2.29 cm/s, p-value>0.1). Additionally, our method effectively revealed various shapes in cell beating pattern. We also performed label-free CV mapping on disease-specific iPSC-CM monolayers with plakophilin-2 (PKP2) knockdown, which effectively quantified their low CV values and further validated the arrhythmogenic role of PKP2 mutation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) through the disruption of cardiac conduction. The label-free method offers a cytotoxic-free technique for long-term measurement of dynamic beating trajectories, beating propagation and conduction velocities of cardiomyocyte monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkun Dou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Qili Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Manpreet Malhi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zhuoran Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | | | - Robert Hamilton
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 3A1, Canada.
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45
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Badman RP, Moore SL, Killian JL, Feng T, Cleland TA, Hu F, Wang MD. Dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticle-induced nanotoxicity in neuron cultures. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11239. [PMID: 32641693 PMCID: PMC7343881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67724-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have introduced diverse engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) into our air, water, medicine, cosmetics, clothing, and food. However, the health and environmental effects of these increasingly common ENPs are still not well understood. In particular, potential neurological effects are one of the most poorly understood areas of nanoparticle toxicology (nanotoxicology), in that low-to-moderate neurotoxicity can be subtle and difficult to measure. Culturing primary neuron explants on planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) has emerged as one of the most promising in vitro techniques with which to study neuro-nanotoxicology, as MEAs enable the fluorescent tracking of nanoparticles together with neuronal electrical activity recording at the submillisecond time scale, enabling the resolution of individual action potentials. Here we examine the dose-dependent neurotoxicity of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (dIONPs), a common type of functionalized ENP used in biomedical applications, on cultured primary neurons harvested from postnatal day 0-1 mouse brains. A range of dIONP concentrations (5-40 µg/ml) were added to neuron cultures, and cells were plated either onto well plates for live cell, fluorescent reactive oxidative species (ROS) and viability observations, or onto planar microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for electrophysiological measurements. Below 10 µg/ml, there were no dose-dependent cellular ROS increases or effects in MEA bursting behavior at sub-lethal dosages. However, above 20 µg/ml, cell death was obvious and widespread. Our findings demonstrate a significant dIONP toxicity in cultured neurons at concentrations previously reported to be safe for stem cells and other non-neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Badman
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shanna L Moore
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jessica L Killian
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Quantum Biosystems, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Thomas A Cleland
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Michelle D Wang
- Department of Physics and LASSP, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Welden R, Schöning MJ, Wagner PH, Wagner T. Light-Addressable Electrodes for Dynamic and Flexible Addressing of Biological Systems and Electrochemical Reactions. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20061680. [PMID: 32192226 PMCID: PMC7147159 DOI: 10.3390/s20061680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this review article, we are going to present an overview on possible applications of light-addressable electrodes (LAE) as actuator/manipulation devices besides classical electrode structures. For LAEs, the electrode material consists of a semiconductor. Illumination with a light source with the appropiate wavelength leads to the generation of electron-hole pairs which can be utilized for further photoelectrochemical reaction. Due to recent progress in light-projection technologies, highly dynamic and flexible illumination patterns can be generated, opening new possibilities for light-addressable electrodes. A short introduction on semiconductor–electrolyte interfaces with light stimulation is given together with electrode-design approaches. Towards applications, the stimulation of cells with different electrode materials and fabrication designs is explained, followed by analyte-manipulation strategies and spatially resolved photoelectrochemical deposition of different material types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Welden
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Research Center Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick H. Wagner
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (R.W.); (M.J.S.)
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-8), Research Center Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-6009-53766
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47
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Tedjo W, Chen T. An Integrated Biosensor System With a High-Density Microelectrode Array for Real-Time Electrochemical Imaging. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:20-35. [PMID: 31751250 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2953579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods have been shown to be advantageous to life sciences by supporting studies and discoveries in metabolism activities, DNA analysis, and neurotransmitter signaling. Meanwhile, the integration of Microelectrode Array (MEA) and the accessibility of CMOS technology permit high-density electrochemical sensing method. This paper describes an electrochemical imaging system equipped with a custom CMOS microchip. The microchip holds a 3.6 mm × 3.6 mm sensing area containing 16,064 Pt MEA, the associated 16,064 integrated read channels, and digital control circuits. The novel three-electrode system geometry with a 27.5 μm spatial pitch enables cellular level chemical gradient imaging of bio-samples. The noise level of the on-chip read channel array allows amperometric detection of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) with concentrations from 4 μM to 512 μM with 4.7 pA/μM sensitivity (R2 = 0.98). Electrochemical response to dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was also characterized by deoxygenated deionized water containing 5% to 80% of the ambient oxygen concentrations with 86 pA/mg/L sensitivity (R2 = 0.89). The system also demonstrated selectivity to different target analytes using cyclic voltammetry method to simultaneously detect NE and uric acid. Also, a custom indium tin oxide with deposited Au glass electrode was integrated into the microfluidic system to enable pH measurement, ensuring the viability of bio-samples during experiments. Electrochemical images confirm the spatiotemporal performance at four frames per second while maintaining the sensitivity to target analytes. Finally, the overall system is controlled and continuously monitored by a MATLAB-based custom user interface, which is optimized for real-time high spatiotemporal resolution chemical imaging.
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48
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Senevirathna BP, Lu S, Dandin MP, Smela E, Abshire PA. Correlation of Capacitance and Microscopy Measurements Using Image Processing for a Lab-on-CMOS Microsystem. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1214-1225. [PMID: 31283487 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2926836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a capacitance sensor chip developed in a 0.35-μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process for monitoring biological cell viability and proliferation. The chip measures the cell-to-substrate binding through capacitance-to-frequency conversion with a sensitivity of 590 kHz/fF. In vitro experiments with two human ovarian cancer cell lines (CP70 and A2780) were performed and showed the ability to track cell viability in realtime over three days. An imaging platform was developed to provide time-lapse images of the sensor surface, which allowed for concurrent visual and capacitance observation of the cells. The results showed the ability to detect single-cell binding events and changes in cell morphology. Image processing was performed to estimate the cell coverage of sensor electrodes, showing good linear correlation and providing a sensor gain of 1.28 ± 0.29 aF/μm2, which agrees with values reported in the literature. The device is designed for unsupervised operation with minimal packaging requirements. Only a microcontroller is required for readout, making it suitable for applications outside the traditional laboratory setting.
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49
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Wang S, Garakoui SK, Chun H, Salinas DG, Sijbers W, Putzeys J, Martens E, Craninckx J, Van Helleputte N, Lopez CM. A Compact Quad-Shank CMOS Neural Probe With 5,120 Addressable Recording Sites and 384 Fully Differential Parallel Channels. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2019; 13:1625-1634. [PMID: 31545741 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2942450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale in vivo electrophysiology requires tools that enable simultaneous recording of multiple brain regions at single-neuron level. This calls for the design of more compact neural probes that offer even larger arrays of addressable sites and high channel counts. With this aim, we present in this paper a quad-shank approach to integrate as many as 5,120 sites on a single probe. Compact fully-differential recording channels were designed using a single-gain-stage neural amplifier with a 14-bit ADC, achieving a mean input-referred noise of 7.44 μVrms in the action-potential band and 7.65 μVrms in the local-field-potential band, a mean total harmonic distortion of 0.17% at 1 kHz and a mean input-referred offset of 169 μV. The probe base incorporates 384 channels with on-chip power management, reference-voltage generation and digital control, thus achieving the highest level of integration in a neural probe and excellent channel-to-channel uniformity. Therefore, no calibration or external circuitry are required to achieve the above-mentioned performance. With a total area of 2.2 × 8.67 mm2 and a power consumption of 36.5 mW, the presented probe enables full-system miniaturization for acute or chronic use in small rodents.
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50
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Schwarz M, Jendrusch M, Constantinou I. Spatially resolved electrical impedance methods for cell and particle characterization. Electrophoresis 2019; 41:65-80. [PMID: 31663624 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrical impedance is an established technique used for cell and particle characterization. The temporal and spectral resolution of electrical impedance have been used to resolve basic cell characteristics like size and type, as well as to determine cell viability and activity. Such electrical impedance measurements are typically performed across the entire sample volume and can only provide an overall indication concerning the properties and state of that sample. For the study of heterogeneous structures such as cell layers, biological tissue, or polydisperse particle mixtures, an overall measured impedance value can only provide limited information and can lead to data misinterpretation. For the investigation of localized sample properties in complex heterogeneous structures/mixtures, the addition of spatial resolution to impedance measurements is necessary. Several spatially resolved impedance measurement techniques have been developed and applied to cell and particle research, including electrical impedance tomography, scanning electrochemical microscopy, and microelectrode arrays. This review provides an overview of spatially resolved impedance measurement methods and assesses their applicability for cell and particle characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Schwarz
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Iordania Constantinou
- Institute of Microtechnology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.,Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering (PVZ), Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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