1
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Connors BM, Siegle MR, Harding J, Rossi S, Staton BA, Jones ML, Bradford MJ, Brown R, Bechtol B, Doherty B, Cox S, Sutherland BJG. Chinook salmon diversity contributes to fishery stability and trade-offs with mixed-stock harvest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2709. [PMID: 36131546 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Variation among populations in life history and intrinsic population characteristics (i.e., population diversity) helps maintain resilience to environmental change and dampen interannual variability in ecosystem services. As a result, ecological variation, and the processes that generate it, is considered central to strategies for managing risks to ecosystems in an increasingly variable and uncertain world. However, characterizing population diversity is difficult, particularly in large and remote regions, which often prevents its formal consideration in management advice. We combined genetic stock identification of archived scale and tissue samples with state-space run-reconstruction models to estimate migration timing and annual return abundance for eight geographically and genetically distinct Chinook salmon populations within the Canadian portion of the Yukon River. We found that among-population variation in migration timing and return abundances resulted in aggregate return migrations that were 2.1 times longer and 1.4 times more stable than if they had composed a single homogeneous population. We then fit state-space spawner-recruitment models to the annual return abundances to characterize among-population diversity in intrinsic productivity and population size and their consequences for the fisheries they support. Productivity and carrying capacity varied among populations by approximately 2.4-fold (2.9 to 6.9 recruits per spawner) and three-fold (8800 to 27,000 spawners), respectively. This diversity implies an equilibrium trade-off between harvesting of the population aggregate and the conservation of individual populations whereby the harvest rate predicted to maximize aggregate harvests comes at the cost of overfishing ~40% of the populations but with a relatively low risk of extirpating the weakest ones. Our findings illustrate how population diversity in one of the largest salmon-producing river basins in the world contributes to fishery stability and food security in a region where salmon have high cultural and subsistence value. More generally, our work demonstrates the utility of molecular analyses of archived biological material for characterizing diversity in biological systems and its benefits and consequences for trade-offs in decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan M Connors
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Matthew R Siegle
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joel Harding
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven Rossi
- Landmark Fisheries Research, Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Michael L Jones
- Quantitative Fisheries Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Randy Brown
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | | | - Beau Doherty
- Landmark Fisheries Research, Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sean Cox
- Landmark Fisheries Research, Port Moody, British Columbia, Canada
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ben J G Sutherland
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Sergeant CJ, Sexton EK, Moore JW, Westwood AR, Nagorski SA, Ebersole JL, Chambers DM, O'Neal SL, Malison RL, Hauer FR, Whited DC, Weitz J, Caldwell J, Capito M, Connor M, Frissell CA, Knox G, Lowery ED, Macnair R, Marlatt V, McIntyre JK, McPhee MV, Skuce N. Risks of mining to salmonid-bearing watersheds. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn0929. [PMID: 35776798 PMCID: PMC10883362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Sergeant
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Erin K Sexton
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Alana R Westwood
- School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sonia A Nagorski
- Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | | | - David M Chambers
- Center for Science in Public Participation, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA
| | - Sarah L O'Neal
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Rachel L Malison
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - F Richard Hauer
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Diane C Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
| | - Jill Weitz
- Salmon Beyond Borders, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Jackie Caldwell
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | | | - Mark Connor
- Lands, Resources, and Fisheries, Taku River Tlingit First Nation, Atlin, BC V0W 1A0, Canada
| | - Christopher A Frissell
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, Polson, MT 59860, USA
- Department of Hydrology, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, MT 59855, USA
| | - Greg Knox
- SkeenaWild Conservation Trust, Terrace, BC V8G 1M9, Canada
| | - Erin D Lowery
- Environment, Land, and Licensing Business Unit, Seattle City Light, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | - Vicki Marlatt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Puyallup Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA
| | - Megan V McPhee
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK 99801, USA
| | - Nikki Skuce
- Northern Confluence Initiative, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0, Canada
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3
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Sullaway GH, Shelton AO, Samhouri JF. Synchrony erodes spatial portfolios of an anadromous fish and alters availability for resource users. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:2692-2703. [PMID: 34553382 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental forces can create spatially synchronous dynamics among nearby populations. However, increased climate variability, driven by anthropogenic climate change, will likely enhance synchrony among spatially disparate populations. Population synchrony may lead to greater fluctuations in abundance, but the consequences of population synchrony across multiple scales of biological organization, including impacts to putative competitors, dependent predators or human communities, are rarely considered in this context. Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha stocks distribute across the Northeast Pacific, creating spatially variable portfolios that support large ocean fisheries and marine mammal predators, such as killer whales Orcinus orca. We rely on a multi-population model that simulates Chinook salmon ocean distribution and abundance to understand spatial portfolios, or variability in abundance within and among ocean distribution regions, of Chinook salmon stocks across 17 ocean regions from Southeast Alaska to California. We found the expected positive correlation between the number of stocks in an ocean region and spatial portfolio strength; however, increased demographic synchrony eroded Chinook salmon spatial portfolios in the ocean. Moreover, we observed decreased resource availability within ocean fishery management jurisdictions but not within killer whale summer habitat. We found a strong portfolio effect across both Southern Resident and Northern Resident killer whale habitats that was relatively unaffected by increased demographic synchrony, likely a result of the large spatial area included in these habitats. However, within the areas of smaller fishing management jurisdictions we found a weakening of Chinook salmon portfolios and increased but inconsistent likelihood of low abundance years as demographic synchrony increased. We suggest that management and conservation actions that reduce spatial synchrony can enhance short-term ecosystem resilience by promoting the stabilizing effect multiple stocks have on aggregate Chinook salmon populations and overall resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoa H Sullaway
- Lynker, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew O Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Finn RJR, Chalifour L, Gergel SE, Hinch SG, Scott DC, Martin TG. Quantifying lost and inaccessible habitat for Pacific salmon in Canada’s Lower Fraser River. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Riley J. R. Finn
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British ColumbiaV8L 3Y3Canada
| | - Lia Chalifour
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Biology University of Victoria Victoria British ColumbiaV8W 2Y2Canada
| | - Sarah E. Gergel
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Scott G. Hinch
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - David C. Scott
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation Sidney British ColumbiaV8L 3Y3Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Tara G. Martin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Science Faculty of Forestry The Conservation Decisions Lab University of British Columbia 2424 Main Mall Vancouver British ColumbiaV6T 1Z4Canada
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5
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Thomson AI, Archer FI, Coleman MA, Gajardo G, Goodall‐Copestake WP, Hoban S, Laikre L, Miller AD, O’Brien D, Pérez‐Espona S, Segelbacher G, Serrão EA, Sjøtun K, Stanley MS. Charting a course for genetic diversity in the UN Decade of Ocean Science. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1497-1518. [PMID: 34178100 PMCID: PMC8210796 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of the world's oceans is intrinsically linked to the biodiversity of the ecosystems they sustain. The importance of protecting and maintaining ocean biodiversity has been affirmed through the setting of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 14 to conserve and sustainably use the ocean for society's continuing needs. The decade beginning 2021-2030 has additionally been declared as the UN Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development. This program aims to maximize the benefits of ocean science to the management, conservation, and sustainable development of the marine environment by facilitating communication and cooperation at the science-policy interface. A central principle of the program is the conservation of species and ecosystem components of biodiversity. However, a significant omission from the draft version of the Decade of Ocean Science Implementation Plan is the acknowledgment of the importance of monitoring and maintaining genetic biodiversity within species. In this paper, we emphasize the importance of genetic diversity to adaptive capacity, evolutionary potential, community function, and resilience within populations, as well as highlighting some of the major threats to genetic diversity in the marine environment from direct human impacts and the effects of global climate change. We then highlight the significance of ocean genetic diversity to a diverse range of socioeconomic factors in the marine environment, including marine industries, welfare and leisure pursuits, coastal communities, and wider society. Genetic biodiversity in the ocean, and its monitoring and maintenance, is then discussed with respect to its integral role in the successful realization of the 2030 vision for the Decade of Ocean Science. Finally, we suggest how ocean genetic diversity might be better integrated into biodiversity management practices through the continued interaction between environmental managers and scientists, as well as through key leverage points in industry requirements for Blue Capital financing and social responsibility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melinda A. Coleman
- New South Wales FisheriesNational Marine Science CentreCoffs HarbourNSWAustralia
- National Marine Science CentreSouthern Cross UniversityCoffs HarbourNSWAustralia
- Oceans Institute and School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaCrawleyWAAustralia
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Laboratory of Genetics, Aquaculture & BiodiversityUniversidad de Los LagosOsornoChile
| | | | - Sean Hoban
- Centre for Tree ScienceThe Morton ArboretumLisleILUSA
| | - Linda Laikre
- Centre for Tree ScienceThe Morton ArboretumLisleILUSA
- The Wildlife Analysis UnitThe Swedish Environmental Protection AgencyStockholmSweden
| | - Adam D. Miller
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesCentre for Integrative EcologyDeakin UniversityGeelongVicAustralia
- Deakin Genomics CentreDeakin UniversityGeelongVic.Australia
| | | | - Sílvia Pérez‐Espona
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteMidlothianUK
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Chair of Wildlife Ecology and ManagementUniversity FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Ester A. Serrão
- CCMARCentre of Marine SciencesFaculty of Sciences and TechnologyUniversity of AlgarveFaroPortugal
| | - Kjersti Sjøtun
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
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6
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Price MHH, Moore JW, Connors BM, Wilson KL, Reynolds JD. Portfolio simplification arising from a century of change in salmon population diversity and artificial production. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H. H. Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada Institute of Oceans Sciences Sidney BC Canada
| | - Kyle L. Wilson
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group Department of Biological Sciences Simon Fraser University Burnaby BC Canada
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7
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Atlas WI, Ban NC, Moore JW, Tuohy AM, Greening S, Reid AJ, Morven N, White E, Housty WG, Housty JA, Service CN, Greba L, Harrison S, Sharpe C, Butts KIR, Shepert WM, Sweeney-Bergen E, Macintyre D, Sloat MR, Connors K. Indigenous Systems of Management for Culturally and Ecologically Resilient Pacific Salmon ( Oncorhynchus spp.) Fisheries. Bioscience 2020; 71:186-204. [PMID: 33613129 PMCID: PMC7882363 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) are at the center of social–ecological systems that have supported Indigenous peoples around the North Pacific Rim since time immemorial. Through generations of interdependence with salmon, Indigenous Peoples developed sophisticated systems of management involving cultural and spiritual beliefs, and stewardship practices. Colonization radically altered these social–ecological systems, disrupting Indigenous management, consolidating authority within colonial governments, and moving most harvest into mixed-stock fisheries. We review Indigenous management of salmon, including selective fishing technologies, harvest practices, and governance grounded in multigenerational place-based knowledge. These systems and practices showcase pathways for sustained productivity and resilience in contemporary salmon fisheries. Contrasting Indigenous systems with contemporary management, we document vulnerabilities of colonial governance and harvest management that have contributed to declining salmon fisheries in many locations. We suggest that revitalizing traditional systems of salmon management can improve prospects for sustainable fisheries and healthy fishing communities and identify opportunities for their resurgence.
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Affiliation(s)
- William I Atlas
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Wild Salmon Center, in Portland, Oregon
| | - Natalie C Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- Earth2Ocean Group, Biological Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adrian M Tuohy
- Wild Fish Conservancy, Duvall, Washington, Spencer Greening is affiliated with the Faculty of Environment, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, and with the Gitga'at First Nation, both in British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Andrea J Reid
- Department of Biology and the Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and with the Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Nisga'a Nation, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Elroy White
- Central Coast Archaeology, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - William G Housty
- Heiltsuk Integrated Resource Management Department, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | - Jess A Housty
- QQs Projects Society, Bella Bella, British Columbia, Canada.,Heiltsuk Nation
| | | | - Larry Greba
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sam Harrison
- Kitasoo and Xai'xais First Nations, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ciara Sharpe
- Lax Kw'alaams Fisheries, Prince Rupert, British Columbia
| | | | | | | | - Donna Macintyre
- Lake Babine Nation Fisheries, Burns Lake, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Katrina Connors
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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8
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Stier AC, Olaf Shelton A, Samhouri JF, Feist BE, Levin PS. Fishing, environment, and the erosion of a population portfolio. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C. Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara California93101USA
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis 735 State Street Santa Barbara California93101USA
| | - Andrew Olaf Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington98112USA
| | - Jameal F. Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington98112USA
| | - Blake E. Feist
- Conservation Biology Division Northwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration Seattle Washington98112USA
| | - Phillip S. Levin
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences University of Washington Box 355020 Seattle Washington98195USA
- The Nature Conservancy 74 Wall Street Seattle Washington USA
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9
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Oke KB, Cunningham CJ, Westley PAH, Baskett ML, Carlson SM, Clark J, Hendry AP, Karatayev VA, Kendall NW, Kibele J, Kindsvater HK, Kobayashi KM, Lewis B, Munch S, Reynolds JD, Vick GK, Palkovacs EP. Recent declines in salmon body size impact ecosystems and fisheries. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4155. [PMID: 32814776 PMCID: PMC7438488 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Declines in animal body sizes are widely reported and likely impact ecological interactions and ecosystem services. For harvested species subject to multiple stressors, limited understanding of the causes and consequences of size declines impedes prediction, prevention, and mitigation. We highlight widespread declines in Pacific salmon size based on 60 years of measurements from 12.5 million fish across Alaska, the last largely pristine North American salmon-producing region. Declines in salmon size, primarily resulting from shifting age structure, are associated with climate and competition at sea. Compared to salmon maturing before 1990, the reduced size of adult salmon after 2010 has potentially resulted in substantial losses to ecosystems and people; for Chinook salmon we estimated average per-fish reductions in egg production (-16%), nutrient transport (-28%), fisheries value (-21%), and meals for rural people (-26%). Downsizing of organisms is a global concern, and current trends may pose substantial risks for nature and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Oke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA.
| | - C J Cunningham
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA
- Fisheries, Aquatic Science & Technology Laboratory, Alaska Pacific University, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - P A H Westley
- College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, 99775, USA.
| | - M L Baskett
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - S M Carlson
- Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J Clark
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - A P Hendry
- Department of Biology and Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2K6, Canada
| | - V A Karatayev
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - N W Kendall
- Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia, WA, 98501, USA
| | - J Kibele
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - H K Kindsvater
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - K M Kobayashi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - B Lewis
- Division of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, AK, 99518, USA
| | - S Munch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
- National Marine Fisheries Service, Fisheries Ecology Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
| | - J D Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - G K Vick
- GKV & Sons, Contracting to Tanana Chiefs Conference, Fairbanks, AK, 99709, USA
| | - E P Palkovacs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA.
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10
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Maguire TJ, Weidman RP, Mundle SOC, Moore JW, Chezik KA, Selbie DT. Impacts of industrial atmospheric emissions on watershed export of dissolved ions in coastal streams: a Bayesian modeling approach. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:568. [PMID: 32767118 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic atmospheric emission and subsequent deposition of sulfur (S) has been linked to disrupted watershed biogeochemical processes through soil and surface water acidification. We investigated watershed-scale impacts of acidic deposition on tributary concentrations and watershed exports of major nutrients and ions for the Kitimat River Watershed, British Columbia. Since the 1950s, the Kitimat watershed had an aluminum smelting facility with substantial emissions at the river estuary. Emissions load the airshed overlying the watershed and potentially impact western tributaries leaving eastern tributaries available as reference. We assessed concentrations and export of key compounds in three reference and six potentially impacted tributaries and watersheds in 2015 and 2016. Sulfate (SO4), fluoride (F), nitrate (NO3), and chloride (Cl) were significantly higher in impacted tributaries. F concentrations exceeded the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment guideline for aquatic life in 83% of samples collected from impacted streams. Watershed export and associated uncertainty were determined by bootstrapped flow-stratified Beale's unbiased estimator. Impact of emissions on watershed export was modeled in a Bayesian approach to include variance in the export estimate to inform the uncertainty of model parameters. Export of SO4 and Ca increased significantly within 16 km and 8 km, respectively, toward the smelter emissions. The corresponding impacted area for SO4 and Ca was approximately 100 km2 and 45 km2, respectively. SO4 export is likely due to direct impacts of S deposition, with excess S being flushed from the watersheds. Ca export patterns likely result from indirect impacts of S deposition on soil chemistry and flushing of Ca. These impacts may contribute to effects within tributaries on benthic stream communities and regionally important juvenile Pacific salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Maguire
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
| | - R Paul Weidman
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- School of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Scott O C Mundle
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Moore
- School of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Kyle A Chezik
- Earth to Oceans Research Group, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel T Selbie
- School of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, Cultus Lake Salmon Research Laboratory, Cultus Lake, BC, Canada
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11
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Okamoto DK, Hessing-Lewis M, Samhouri JF, Shelton AO, Stier A, Levin PS, Salomon AK. Spatial variation in exploited metapopulations obscures risk of collapse. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2020; 30:e02051. [PMID: 31820525 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Unanticipated declines among exploited species have commonly occurred despite harvests that appeared sustainable prior to collapse. This is particularly true in the oceans where spatial scales of management are often mismatched with spatially complex metapopulations. We explore causes, consequences, and potential solutions for spatial mismatches in harvested metapopulations in three ways. First, we generate novel theory illustrating when and how harvesting metapopulations increases spatial variability and in turn masks local-scale volatility. Second, we illustrate why spatial variability in harvested metapopulations leads to negative consequences using an empirical example of a Pacific herring metapopulation. Finally, we construct a numerical management strategy evaluation model to identify and highlight potential solutions for mismatches in spatial scale and spatial variability. Our results highlight that spatial complexity can promote stability at large scales, however, ignoring spatial complexity produces cryptic and negative consequences for people and animals that interact with resources at small scales. Harvesting metapopulations magnifies spatial variability, which creates discrepancies between regional and local trends while increasing risk of local population collapses. Such effects asymmetrically impact locally constrained fishers and predators, which are more exposed to risks of localized collapses. Importantly, we show that dynamically optimizing harvest can minimize local risk without sacrificing yield. Thus, multiple nested scales of management may be necessary to avoid cryptic collapses in metapopulations and the ensuing ecological, social, and economic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Okamoto
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, 319 Stadium Drive, Tallahassee, Florida, 32303, USA
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Margot Hessing-Lewis
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
| | - Jameal F Samhouri
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Andrew O Shelton
- Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
| | - Adrian Stier
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, 93106, USA
| | - Philip S Levin
- The Nature Conservancy, 74 Wall Street, Seattle, California, 98121, USA
- School of Environment and Forestry Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Anne K Salomon
- Hakai Institute, Hyacinthe Bay Road, Quadra Island, Vancouver, British Columbia, V0P 1H0, Canada
- School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 643A Science Road, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada
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12
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Price MH, Connors BM, Candy JR, McIntosh B, Beacham TD, Moore JW, Reynolds JD. Genetics of century‐old fish scales reveal population patterns of decline. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael H.H. Price
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Brendan M. Connors
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Oceans Sciences Sidney BC V8L 5T5 Canada
| | - John R. Candy
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Brenda McIntosh
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Terry D. Beacham
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station Nanaimo BC V9T 6N7 Canada
| | - Jonathan W. Moore
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - John D. Reynolds
- Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological SciencesSimon Fraser University Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
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13
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Marushka L, Kenny TA, Batal M, Cheung WWL, Fediuk K, Golden CD, Salomon AK, Sadik T, Weatherdon LV, Chan HM. Potential impacts of climate-related decline of seafood harvest on nutritional status of coastal First Nations in British Columbia, Canada. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211473. [PMID: 30811408 PMCID: PMC6392226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional food systems are under pressure from various stressors, including climate change which is projected to negatively alter the abundance of marine species harvested by coastal First Nations (FNs) in British Columbia (BC). OBJECTIVE To model the potential impacts of the climate-related declines in seafood production on the nutritional status of coastal BC FNs. In addition, we projected potential changes in nutrient intakes, under different scenarios of substitution where traditional seafood is replaced with alternative non-traditional foods. METHODS The study design is a mixed-method approach that combines two datasets: projected scenarios of climate-related change on seafood catch potential for coastal BC FNs and data derived from the cross-sectional First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study. The consumption of seafood was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire among 356 FNs. The contribution of seafood consumption to protein, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), vitamins (A, B12, D, niacin), and minerals (zinc, selenium and iron) requirements was assessed using Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). RESULTS Traditional seafood consumption provided daily recommendations of EPA+DHA (74-184%) and vitamin B12 (84-152%) and substantial levels of niacin (28-55%), selenium (29-55%), vitamin D (15-30%) and protein (14-30%). Projected climate change was estimated to reduce the intakes of essential nutrients by 21% and 31% under 'strong mitigation' (Representative Concentration Pathway, RCP2.6) and 'business-as-usual' (RCP8.5) climate change scenarios, respectively, by the year 2050 relative to 2000. The hypothetical substitution of seafood with selected alternative non-traditional foods does not provide adequate amounts of nutrients. CONCLUSION Traditionally-harvested seafood remains fundamental to the contemporary diet and health of coastal BC FNs. Potential dietary shifts aggravated by climate-related declines in seafood consumption may have significant nutritional and health implications for BC FN. Strategies to improve access to seafood harvest potential in coastal communities are needed to ensure nutritional health and overall well-being and to promote food security and food sovereignty in coastal FNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesya Marushka
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiff-Annie Kenny
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Liliane de Stewart, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Changing Ocean Research Unit, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Nippon Foundation-UBC Nereus Program, Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Fediuk
- Dietitian and Nutrition Researcher, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher D. Golden
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard University Center for the Environment, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anne K. Salomon
- School of Resource & Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tonio Sadik
- Assembly of First Nations, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Hing Man Chan
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Service CN, Bateman AW, Adams MS, Artelle KA, Reimchen TE, Paquet PC, Darimont CT. Salmonid species diversity predicts salmon consumption by terrestrial wildlife. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:392-404. [PMID: 30618046 PMCID: PMC6850012 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Resource waves—spatial variation in resource phenology that extends feeding opportunities for mobile consumers—can affect the behaviour and productivity of recipient populations. Interspecific diversity among Pacific salmon species (Oncorhynchus spp.) creates staggered spawning events across space and time, thereby prolonging availability to terrestrial wildlife. We sought to understand how such variation might influence consumption by terrestrial predators compared with resource abundance and intra‐ and interspecific competition. Using stable isotope analysis, we investigated how the proportion of salmon in the annual diet of male black bears (Ursus americanus; n = 405) varies with species diversity and density of spawning salmon biomass, while also accounting for competition with sympatric black and grizzly bears (U. arctos horribilis), in coastal British Columbia, Canada. We found that the proportion of salmon in the annual diet of black bears was ≈40% higher in the absence of grizzly bears, but detected little effect of relative black bear density and salmon biomass density. Rather, salmon diversity had the largest positive effect on consumption. On average, increasing diversity from one salmon species to ~four (with equal biomass contributions) approximately triples the proportion of salmon in diet. Given the importance of salmon to bear life histories, this work provides early empirical support for how resource waves may increase the productivity of consumers at population and landscape scales. Accordingly, terrestrial wildlife management might consider maintaining not only salmon abundance but also diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Service
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada.,Spirit Bear Research Foundation, Klemtu, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Salmon Coast Field Station, Echo Bay, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Megan S Adams
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyle A Artelle
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada.,Earth to Ocean Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Thomas E Reimchen
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Paul C Paquet
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris T Darimont
- Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.,Hakai Institute, Heriot Bay, British Columbia, Canada.,Raincoast Conservation Foundation, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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Matsuzaki SS, Shinohara R, Uchida K, Sasaki T. Catch diversification provides multiple benefits in inland fisheries. J Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin‐Ichiro S. Matsuzaki
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem StudiesNational Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan
- Center for LimnologyUniversity of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin
| | - Ryuichiro Shinohara
- Center for Regional Environmental ResearchNational Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan
| | - Kei Uchida
- Graduate School of Environment and Information SciencesYokohama National University Yokohama Japan
| | - Takehiro Sasaki
- Graduate School of Environment and Information SciencesYokohama National University Yokohama Japan
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16
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Reyes-García V, Gallois S, Díaz-Reviriego I, Fernández-Llamazares Á, Napitupulu L. Dietary Patterns of Children on Three Indigenous Societies. J ETHNOBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-38.2.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Reyes-García
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Álvaro Fernández-Llamazares
- Global Change and Conservation (GCC), Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucentezza Napitupulu
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellatera, Barcelona, Spain
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17
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Yamane L, Botsford LW, Kilduff DP. Tracking restoration of population diversity via the portfolio effect. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Yamane
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - Louis W. Botsford
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology; University of California, Davis; Davis CA USA
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