1
|
Tchatchouang A, Brunette I, Rochette PJ, Proulx S. Expression and Impact of Fibronectin, Tenascin-C, Osteopontin, and Type XIV Collagen in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:38. [PMID: 38656280 PMCID: PMC11044831 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.4.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is characterized by Descemet's membrane (DM) abnormalities, namely an increased thickness and a progressive appearance of guttae and fibrillar membranes. The goal of this study was to identify abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins expressed in FECD DMs and to evaluate their impact on cell adhesion and migration. Methods Gene expression profiles from in vitro (GSE112039) and ex vivo (GSE74123) healthy and FECD corneal endothelial cells were analyzed to identify deregulated matrisome genes. Healthy and end-stage FECD DMs were fixed and analyzed for guttae size and height. Immunostaining of fibronectin, tenascin-C, osteopontin, and type XIV collagen was performed on ex vivo specimens, as well as on tissue-engineered corneal endothelium reconstructed using healthy and FECD cells. An analysis of ECM protein expression according to guttae and fibrillar membrane was performed using immunofluorescent staining and phase contrast microscopy. Finally, cell adhesion was evaluated on fibronectin, tenascin-C, and osteopontin, and cell migration was studied on fibronectin and tenascin-C. Results SPP1 (osteopontin), FN1 (fibronectin), and TNC (tenascin-C) genes were upregulated in FECD ex vivo cells, and SSP1 was upregulated in both in vitro and ex vivo FECD conditions. Osteopontin, fibronectin, tenascin-C, and type XIV collagen were expressed in FECD specimens, with differences in their location. Corneal endothelial cell adhesion was not significantly affected by fibronectin or tenascin-C but was decreased by osteopontin. The combination of fibronectin and tenascin-C significantly increased cell migration. Conclusions This study highlights new abnormal ECM components in FECD, suggests a certain chronology in their deposition, and demonstrates their impact on cell behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ange Tchatchouang
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL–CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Brunette
- Centre de recherche de l'hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Rochette
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL–CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Proulx
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec–Université Laval, axe médecine régénératrice, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département d'ophtalmologie et d'ORL–CCF, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
- Centre de recherche en organogénèse expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Québec, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Dai Y, Li Y, Xu J. Integrative analysis of gene expression datasets in corneal endothelium samples of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Exp Eye Res 2023; 237:109712. [PMID: 37918501 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
FECD is an age-related progressive ocular disorder characterized by the gradual loss of corneal endothelial cells. Although the exact pathogenesis of FECD remains incompletely understood, differentially expressed genes in the corneal endothelium of FECD patients compared to controls have been reported in several studies. However, a consensus regarding consistently affected genes in FECD has not been established. To address this issue, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis incorporating five studies with data that met our predefined inclusion criteria. The combined dataset included 41 FECD patients and 26 controls. We conducted study-level analyses, followed by a meta-analysis, and subsequent functional enrichment analysis targeting the topmost DEGs. Our findings revealed a total of 1537 consistently dysregulated genes in the corneal endothelium of FECD patients. Notably, only 14.6% (224/1537) of these DEGs had been previously identified as statistically significant in individual datasets. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that the upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, with a particularly high enrichment in "The NLRP3 inflammasome" and "Inflammasomes" pathways. In conclusion, we successfully identify a set of consistently dysregulated genes in FECD, which are associated with both established and novel biological pathways. This study highlights the importance of further investigating the role of inflammasomes in FECD pathogenesis and exploring strategies to modulate inflammasome activation for the management of this debilitating condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yiqin Dai
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bellucci C, Mora P, Tedesco SA, Gandolfi S, Chierego C, Bellucci R. 12-year follow-up of the first endothelial keratoplasty without Descemet stripping in a 3-month newborn with Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED). BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:433. [PMID: 37880638 PMCID: PMC10599049 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial Keratoplasty (EK) is now considered as the standard treatment for Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) by many surgeons. We present the 12-year clinical outcome of the youngest operated patient with CHED in which we successfully performed a bilateral EK procedure without removing the recipient endothelium-Descemet complex. CASE PRESENTATION In November 2010 we performed EK without Descemet Stripping in a 3-month female newborn, thinking that the lower manipulation obtained by leaving the recipient endothelium-Descemet complex could be the key factor for the success of our surgery. Such a particular technique was new in newborns. The surgery was a success, but the long-term visual result was not predictable at that time. We followed the patient at 4 months, and then yearly. At the latest visit in October 2022 the visual, cognitive, and motorial developments were normal, with Best-corrected Distance Visual Acuity of 0.4 LogMAR with - 0.75 D sf + 2.75 D cyl @ 105° in the right eye (RE) and 0.4 LogMAR with + 1.50 D sf + 2.50 D cyl @ 60° in the left eye (LE). The endothelial microscope showed an unexpected healthy endothelium, with a cell count of 2383 cells/mm2 in the RE and of 2547 cells/mm2 in the LE from a starting donor count of 2900 cells/mm2. No secondary procedures were performed during the 12-year follow-up. CONCLUSION EK without Descemet stripping has proved to be a successful procedure over time in our newborn. The unexpected healthy endothelium suggests a role of the Descemet membrane in CHED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bellucci
- Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy.
| | - Paolo Mora
- Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Salvatore A Tedesco
- Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Stefano Gandolfi
- Ophthalmology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong J, Dong J, Ruan W, Duan X. Potential Theranostic Roles of SLC4 Molecules in Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15166. [PMID: 37894847 PMCID: PMC10606849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The solute carrier family 4 (SLC4) is an important protein responsible for the transport of various ions across the cell membrane and mediating diverse physiological functions, such as the ion transporting function, protein-to-protein interactions, and molecular transduction. The deficiencies in SLC4 molecules may cause multisystem disease involving, particularly, the respiratory system, digestive, urinary, endocrine, hematopoietic, and central nervous systems. Currently, there are no effective strategies to treat these diseases. SLC4 proteins are also found to contribute to tumorigenesis and development, and some of them are regarded as therapeutic targets in quite a few clinical trials. This indicates that SLC4 proteins have potential clinical prospects. In view of their functional characteristics, there is a critical need to review the specific functions of bicarbonate transporters, their related diseases, and the involved pathological mechanisms. We summarize the diseases caused by the mutations in SLC4 family genes and briefly introduce the clinical manifestations of these diseases as well as the current treatment strategies. Additionally, we illustrate their roles in terms of the physiology and pathogenesis that has been currently researched, which might be the future therapeutic and diagnostic targets of diseases and a new direction for drug research and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaohong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral Biology & Clinic of Oral Rare Diseases and Genetic Diseases, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (J.Z.); (J.D.); (W.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsedilina TR, Sharova E, Iakovets V, Skorodumova LO. Systematic review of SLC4A11, ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 variants in the development of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1153122. [PMID: 37441688 PMCID: PMC10333596 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1153122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pathogenic role of variants in TCF4 and COL8A2 in causing Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is not controversial and has been confirmed by numerous studies. The causal role of other genes, SLC4A11, ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1, which have been reported to be associated with FECD, is more complicated and less obvious. We performed a systematic review of the variants in the above-mentioned genes in FECD cases, taking into account the currently available population frequency information, transcriptomic data, and the results of functional studies to assess their pathogenicity. Methods Search for articles published in 2005-2022 was performed manually between July 2022 and February 2023. We searched for original research articles in peer-reviewed journals, written in English. Variants in the genes of interest identified in patients with FECD were extracted for the analysis. We classified each presented variant by pathogenicity status according to the ACMG criteria implemented in the Varsome tool. Diagnosis, segregation data, presence of affected relatives, functional analysis results, and gene expression in the corneal endothelium were taken into account. Data on the expression of genes of interest in the corneal endothelium were extracted from articles in which transcriptome analysis was performed. The identification of at least one variant in a gene classified as pathogenic or significantly associated with FECD was required to confirm the causal role of the gene in FECD. Results The analysis included 34 articles with 102 unique ZEB1 variants, 20 articles with 64 SLC4A11 variants, six articles with 26 LOXHD1 variants, and five articles with four AGBL1 variants. Pathogenic status was confirmed for seven SLC4A11 variants found in FECD. No variants in ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 genes were classified as pathogenic for FECD. According to the transcriptome data, AGBL1 and LOXHD1 were not expressed in the corneal endothelium. Functional evidence for the association of LOXHD1, and AGBL1 with FECD was conflicting. Conclusion Our analysis confirmed the causal role of SLC4A11 variants in the development of FECD. The causal role of ZEB1, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 variants in FECD has not been confirmed. Further evidence from familial cases and functional analysis is needed to confirm their causal roles in FECD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Romanovna Tsedilina
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Sharova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeriia Iakovets
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Liubov Olegovna Skorodumova
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nakagawa T, Tokuda Y, Nakano M, Komori Y, Hanada N, Tourtas T, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Kruse F, Tashiro K, Koizumi N, Okumura N. RNA-Seq-based transcriptome analysis of corneal endothelial cells derived from patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8647. [PMID: 37244951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the most common inherited corneal disease. Fibrillar focal excrescences called guttae and corneal edema due to corneal endothelial cell death result in progressive vision loss. Multiple genetic variants have been reported, but the pathogenesis of FECD is not fully understood. In this study, we used RNA-Seq to analyze differential gene expression in the corneal endothelium obtained from patients with FECD. Differential expression analysis of transcriptomic profiles revealed that expression of 2366 genes (1092 upregulated and 1274 downregulated genes) was significantly altered in the corneal endothelium of patients with FECD compared to healthy subjects. Gene ontology analysis demonstrated an enrichment of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) organization, response to oxidative stress, and apoptotic signaling. Several pathway analyses consistently indicated the dysregulation of ECM-associated pathways. Our differential gene expression findings support the previously proposed underlying mechanisms, including oxidative stress and apoptosis of endothelial cells, as well as the phenotypic clinical FECD hallmark of ECM deposits. Further investigation focusing on differentially expressed genes related to these pathways might be beneficial for elucidating mechanisms and developing novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nakagawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tokuda
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Nakano
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuya Komori
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Naoya Hanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Theofilos Tourtas
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Friedrich Kruse
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kei Tashiro
- Department of Genomic Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Noriko Koizumi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan
| | - Naoki Okumura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, 610-0394, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ye M, Lu Q, Zhao D, Zhao B, Zhang S, Liao Y, Liao R. New Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy in a Chinese Family. Cornea 2023; 42:529-535. [PMID: 36796013 PMCID: PMC10060041 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical presentation of atypical endothelial corneal dystrophy (ECD) and to identify possible associated genetic variants in a Chinese family. METHODS Six affected members, 4 unaffected first-degree relatives, and 3 spouses who were enrolled in this study underwent ophthalmic examinations. Genetic linkage analysis was performed for 4 affected and 2 unaffected members, and whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for 2 patients to identify disease-causing variants. Candidate causal variants were verified using Sanger sequencing in family members and 200 healthy controls. RESULTS The mean age at disease onset was 16.5 years. The early phenotype of this atypical ECD was characterized by multiple small white translucent spots located in Descemet membrane of the peripheral cornea. These spots coalesced to form opacities with variable shapes, and eventually merged along the limbus. Subsequently, translucent spots appeared in central Descemet membrane and accumulated, causing diffuse polymorphous opacities over time. Finally, significant endothelial decompensation led to diffuse corneal edema. A heterozygous missense variant in the KIAA1522 gene (c.1331G>A; p.R444Q) was identified by WES, which was present in all 6 patients but was absent in the unaffected members and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The clinical features of atypical ECD are unique compared with those of known corneal dystrophies. Moreover, genetic analysis identified the c.1331G>A variant in KIAA1522 , which may be responsible for the pathogenesis of this atypical ECD. Thus, we propose this is a new form of ECD based on our clinical findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Ye
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qinyi Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Duran Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bingying Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengquan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; and
| | - Yi Liao
- Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Rongfeng Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comparing Gene Panels for Non-Retinal Indications: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030738. [PMID: 36981008 PMCID: PMC10047970 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance: The options for genetic testing continue to grow for ocular conditions, including optic atrophy, anterior segment dysgenesis, cataracts, corneal dystrophy, nystagmus, and glaucoma. Gene panels can vary in content and coverage, as we and others have evaluated in inherited retinal disease (IRD). Objective: To describe gene panel testing options for inherited eye disease phenotypes and their differences. This review is important for making diagnostic decisions. Evidence review: A licensed, certified genetic counselor (RP) used Concert Genetics and the search terms optic atrophy, corneal dystrophy, cataract, glaucoma, anterior segment dysgenesis, microphthalmia/anophthalmia, and nystagmus to identify available testing options performed by CLIA-certified commercial genetic testing laboratories. Other co-authors were surveyed with respect to genetic panels used for the indications of interest. Ophthalmic panels were then compared using Concert Genetics in addition to their own websites. Findings: Panels from each clinical category were included and summarized. This comparison highlighted the differences and similarities between panels so that clinicians can make informed decisions. Conclusions: Access to genetic testing is increasing. The diagnostic yield of genetic testing is increasing. Each panel is different, so phenotyping or characterizing clinical characteristics that may help predict a specific genotype, as well as pre-test hypotheses regarding a genotype, should shape the choice of panels.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma W, Li X, Yang L, Pan J, Chen Y, Lu Y, Dong X, Li D, Gan W. High VSX1 expression promotes the aggressiveness of clear cell renal cell carcinoma by transcriptionally regulating FKBP10. J Transl Med 2022; 20:554. [PMID: 36463181 PMCID: PMC9719260 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common urological malignancy, has an unfavorable prognosis and an unknown mechanism of progression. Through survival analyses screening of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, we identified Visual system homeobox1 (VSX1) as a novel potential prognostic biomarker in ccRCC and subsequently investigated the oncogenic role of VSX1 in ccRCC. METHODS The differential expression of VSX1 in human tumors and the clinical prognoses were analyzed in the TCGA dataset and Gene Expression Omnibus. Spearman's correlation coefficient was determined for the correlation analysis of VSX1 expression and other genes of interest. The roles of VSX1 in cell proliferation, invasion, and migration of ccRCC cells were evaluated via the CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, and Transwell assay, respectively. Further results were demonstrated by western blotting, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, tumor sphere formation, flow cytometry, and the dual‑luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS VSX1 mRNA upregulation was generally observed in multiple human malignancies from the TCGA database and was confirmed in ccRCC clinical specimens from our department. High VSX1 expression usually indicated that overall and disease-free survival were unfavorable for patients with ccRCC. In terms of mechanism, knockdown or overexpression of VSX1 affected ccRCC aggressiveness in vitro. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay implied that VSX1 overexpression significantly increased the luciferase activity of TMEM44, FKBP10, and TRIB3, which indicated that VSX1 promoted ccRCC invasiveness via transcriptional regulation of these genes. The significantly enhanced growth in vitro that was induced by stable VSX1 overexpression was almost restored to normal by the knockdown of FKBP10. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that VSX1 was a novel prognostic biomarker in ccRCC and that high VSX1 expression promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and migration in ccRCC via transcriptional activation of downstream target genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Ma
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yang
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Chen
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanwen Lu
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Dong
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Laboratory & State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Weidong Gan
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, No. 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shyam R, Ogando DG, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO Corneal Endothelial Cells Lead to ER Stress. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:878395. [PMID: 35557943 PMCID: PMC9086159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.878395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies from Slc4a11 -/- mice have identified glutamine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction as a significant contributor toward oxidative stress, impaired lysosomal function, aberrant autophagy, and cell death in this Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy (CHED) model. Because lysosomes are derived from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi, we asked whether ER function is affected by mitochondrial ROS in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelial cells. In mouse Slc4a11 -/- corneal endothelial tissue, we observed the presence of dilated ER and elevated expression of ER stress markers BIP and CHOP. Slc4a11 KO mouse corneal endothelial cells incubated with glutamine showed increased aggresome formation, BIP and GADD153, as well as reduced ER Ca2+ release as compared to WT. Induction of mitoROS by ETC inhibition also led to ER stress in WT cells. Treatment with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ, restored ER Ca2+ release and relieved ER stress markers in Slc4a11 KO cells in vitro. Systemic MitoQ also reduced BIP expression in Slc4a11 KO endothelium. We conclude that mitochondrial ROS can induce ER stress in corneal endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harboyan Syndrome: A Novel SLC4A11 Variant With Unique Genotype-Phenotype Correlation. Cornea 2022; 41:1053-1057. [PMID: 35439766 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of an infant with a SLC4A11 mutation associated with bilateral corneal edema, hearing loss, and hydronephrosis present since birth. METHODS This was a case report. Ophthalmic and systemic examination of the proband, histopathologic and ultrastructural characteristics of bilateral corneal discs, and molecular genetic evaluation by whole-exome sequencing are described. RESULTS A male infant was born with bilateral corneal opacities, sensorineural hearing loss, and hydronephrosis to healthy parents after an uneventful pregnancy. Penetrating keratoplasty of the left eye at age 10 months demonstrated minimal corneal edema with normal thickness Descemet membrane and cellular endothelium with intracytoplasmic vacuoles and degenerative changes in rare cells. Penetrating keratoplasty of the right eye 6 months later disclosed prominent corneal edema with a thickened posterior banded layer of Descemet membrane and severe endothelial atrophy. Whole-exome sequencing of the proband and parents' blood demonstrated a homozygous mutation in SLC4A11 gene (c.1735_1737delCTC,p.Leu579del). The combined clinical, histopathologic, and molecular genetic findings raised consideration of an unusual phenotype of Harboyan syndrome manifesting as congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy with a prelingual rather than, as previously described, postlingual hearing loss. CONCLUSIONS We report a novel homozygous SLC4A11 variant with a previously undocumented phenotype of CHED in association with prelingual sensorineural hearing loss and hydronephrosis, thus broadening our understanding of the spectrum of genotypic and phenotypic findings of Harboyan syndrome.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shyam R, Ogando DG, Kim ET, Murugan S, Choi M, Bonanno JA. Rescue of the Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy Mouse Model by Adeno-Associated Viruse-Mediated Slc4a11 Replacement. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2022; 2:100084. [PMID: 36051248 PMCID: PMC9432820 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2021.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare condition that manifests at an early age showing corneal edema, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually apoptosis of the endothelium due to loss of function of the membrane transport protein SLC4A11. This project tested whether replacing Slc4a11 into the Slc4a11 -/- CHED mouse model can reverse the disease-associated phenotypes. Design Experimental study. Participants Five-week-old or 11-week-old Slc4a11 -/- mice. Age- and gender-matched Slc4a11 +/+ animals were used as controls. A total of 124 animals (62 female, and 62 male) were used in this study. Fifty-three animals of the genotype Slc4a11 +/+ were used as age- and gender-matched noninjected controls. Seventy-one Slc4a11 -/- mice were administered anterior chamber injections of adeno-associated virus (AAV). Methods Anterior chambers of young (5 weeks old) or older (11 weeks old) Slc4a11 -/- mice were injected once with adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) mouse Slc4a11 or AAV9-Null vectors. Corneal thickness was measured using OCT. End point analysis included corneal endothelial cell density, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and corneal lactate concentration. Main Outcome Measures Corneal thickness, endothelial cell loss, lactate levels, and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Results In the young animals, AAV9-Slc4a11 reversed corneal edema, endothelial cell loss, mitochondrial oxidative stress, lactate transporter expression, and corneal lactate concentration to the levels observed in wild-type animals. In the older animals, gene replacement did not reverse the phenotype but prevented progression. Conclusions Functional rescue of CHED phenotypes in the Slc4a11 -/- mouse is possible; however, early intervention is critical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Edward T. Kim
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Subashree Murugan
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Overview of Congenital Corneal Opacities: Clinical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2022; 62:1-13. [PMID: 34965222 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
14
|
Altered gene expression in slc4a11 -/- mouse cornea highlights SLC4A11 roles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20885. [PMID: 34686736 PMCID: PMC8536660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98921-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC4A11 is a H+/NH3/water transport protein, of corneal endothelial cells. SLC4A11 mutations cause congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy and some cases of Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. To probe SLC4A11’s roles, we compared gene expression in RNA from corneas of 17-week-old slc4a11−/− (n = 3) and slc4a11+/+ mice (n = 3) and subjected to RNA sequencing. mRNA levels for a subset of genes were also assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT RT-PCR). Cornea expressed 13,173 genes, which were rank-ordered for their abundance. In slc4a11−/− corneas, 100 genes had significantly altered expression. Abundant slc14a1 expression, encoding the urea transporter UT-A, suggests a significant role in the cornea. The set of genes with altered expression was subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, revealing that alterations clustered into extracellular region, cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and plasma membrane functions. Gene expression changes further clustered into classes (with decreasing numbers of genes): cell fate and development, extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, ion homeostasis and energy metabolism. Together these gene changes confirm earlier suggestions of a role of SLC4A11 in ion homeostasis, energy metabolism, cell adhesion, and reveal an unrecognized SLC4A11 role in cytoskeletal organization.
Collapse
|
15
|
SLC4A11 mutations causative of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) progressing to Harboyan syndrome in consanguineous Pakistani families. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7467-7476. [PMID: 34637099 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive corneal hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare congenital disorder of cornea. Mutations in SLC4A11 gene are associated with CHED phenotype. CHED is also an early feature of Harboyan syndrome. The aim of the present study was to identify genetic mutations in the SLC4A11 gene in CHED cases belonging to inbred Pakistani families. Furthermore, all homozygous mutation carriers were investigated for hearing deficit. METHODS AND RESULTS This study included consanguineous CHED families presented at Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan from June 2018 to September 2018. DNA was extracted from blood samples. Direct sequencing of SLC4A11 gene was performed. All identified variants were evaluated by in silico programs i.e., SIFT, PolyPhen-2, and MutationTaster. Pathogenicity of the two identified splice site variants was analyzed by Human Splicing Finder and MaxEnt Scan. Screening of five CHED families revealed a total of three previously un reported (p.Arg128Gly, c.2241-2A > T and c.1898-2A > C in family CHED19, CHED22 and CHED26 respectively) and two already reported homozygous disease causing variants (p.Arg869Cys and p.Val824Met in family CHED24 and CHED25 respectively) as predicted by mutation taster. All of these variants segregated with disease phenotype and were not detected in controls. CONCLUSION Affected individuals of the five CHED families screened in this study had the disease due to SLC4A11 mutations and progressing to Harboyan syndrome. Identification of previously unreported mutations aid to heterogeneity of SLC4A11 and CHED pathogenesis as well as helped to provide genetic counseling to affected families.
Collapse
|
16
|
Brewer CM, Nelson BR, Wakenight P, Collins SJ, Okamura DM, Dong XR, Mahoney WM, McKenna A, Shendure J, Timms A, Millen KJ, Majesky MW. Adaptations in Hippo-Yap signaling and myofibroblast fate underlie scar-free ear appendage wound healing in spiny mice. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2722-2740.e6. [PMID: 34610329 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) are terrestrial mammals that evolved unique scar-free regenerative wound-healing properties. Myofibroblasts (MFs) are the major scar-forming cell type in skin. We found that following traumatic injury to ear pinnae, MFs appeared rapidly in both Acomys and mouse yet persisted only in mouse. The timing of MF loss in Acomys correlated with wound closure, blastema differentiation, and nuclear localization of the Hippo pathway target protein Yap. Experiments in vitro revealed an accelerated PP2A-dependent dephosphorylation activity that maintained nuclear Yap in Acomys dermal fibroblasts (DFs) and was not detected in mouse or human DFs. Treatment of Acomys in vivo with the nuclear Yap-TEAD inhibitor verteporfin prolonged MF persistence and converted tissue regeneration to fibrosis. Forced Yap activity prevented and rescued TGF-β1-induced human MF formation in vitro. These results suggest that Acomys evolved modifications of Yap activity and MF fate important for scar-free regenerative wound healing in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Brewer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Branden R Nelson
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Paul Wakenight
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Sarah J Collins
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Daryl M Okamura
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Xiu Rong Dong
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William M Mahoney
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Aaron McKenna
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jay Shendure
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrew Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shyam R, Ogando DG, Choi M, Liton PB, Bonanno JA. Mitochondrial ROS Induced Lysosomal Dysfunction and Autophagy Impairment in an Animal Model of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:15. [PMID: 34533563 PMCID: PMC8458782 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Slc4a11 knock out (KO) mouse model recapitulates the human disease phenotype associated with congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). Increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the Slc4a11 KO mouse model is a major cause of edema and endothelial cell loss. Here, we asked if autophagy was activated by ROS in the KO mice. Methods Immortalized cell lines and mouse corneal endothelia were used to measure autophagy and lysosome associated protein expressions using Protein Simple Wes immunoassay. Autophagy and lysosome functions were examined in wild type (WT) and KO cells as well as animals treated with the mitochondrial ROS quencher MitoQ. Results Even though autophagy activation was evident, autophagy flux was aberrant in Slc4a11 KO cells and corneal endothelium. Expression of lysosomal proteins and lysosomal mass were decreased along with reduced nuclear translocation of lysosomal master regulator, transcription factor EB (TFEB). MitoQ reversed aberrant lysosomal functions and TFEB nuclear localization in KO cells. MitoQ injections in KO animals reduced corneal edema and decreased the rate of endothelial cell loss. Conclusions Mitochondrial ROS disrupts TFEB signaling causing lysosomal dysfunction with impairment of autophagy in Slc4a11 KO corneal endothelium. Our study is the first to identify the presence as well as cause of lysosomal dysfunction in an animal model of CHED, and to identify a potential therapeutic approach.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anion Transport Proteins/genetics
- Autophagy/physiology
- Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cathepsin L/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/genetics
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/metabolism
- Corneal Dystrophies, Hereditary/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelium, Corneal/drug effects
- Endothelium, Corneal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Immunohistochemistry
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Organophosphorus Compounds/pharmacology
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Symporters/genetics
- Transfection
- Ubiquinone/analogs & derivatives
- Ubiquinone/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalekshmy Shyam
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Diego G. Ogando
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Moonjung Choi
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Paloma B. Liton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joseph A. Bonanno
- Vision Science Program, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang J, Dai Y, Wu D, Li Y, Xu J. Whole exome sequencing identified FAM149A as a plausible causative gene for congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, affecting Nrf2-Antioxidant signaling upon oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 173:117-124. [PMID: 34303830 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare genetic disease of the corneal endothelium with a very early onset of bilateral corneal edema due to degeneration and dysfunction of the corneal endothelium. Currently SLC4A11 is the only established causative gene for CHED, but not all these reported CHED patients could be explained by SLC4A11 deficiency, indicating that the genetic predisposition of CHED still requires further exploration. METHODS Trio-based whole-exome sequencing was performed on a CHED patient and his unaffected parents. The GATK2 and an in-house bioinformatics pipeline were applied for variant analyses, following the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Potential pathogenic variants were further validated by Sanger sequencing. The expression profiles of FAM149A in cell line, murine tissues or human corneal endothelia were determined by RT-qPCR. Small interfering RNA was used to knock down the expression of FAM149A in vitro. Cell viability was detected by a CCK-8 assay. ROS and 8-OHdG were examined by fluorometric analysis. The nuclear translocation of NRF2 was determined by western blotting. RESULTS We identified a homozygous mutation (NM_015398.3: c.991A > G; p.R331G) in the FAM149A gene that related to the phenotype of CHED. FAM149A was found to be highly expressed in corneal endothelium, and up-regulated upon oxidative stress. Further functional investigations demonstrated that deficiency in FAM149A impaired Nrf2-antioxidant signaling, rendering cells more vulnerable to oxidative stress. Consistently, the expression of FAM149A was significantly reduced in patients with corneal endothelium dysfunction. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated, for the first time, FAM149A as a plausible causative gene for CHED etiology, offering new insight for future investigation targeting CHED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yiqin Dai
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yue Li
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Català P, Thuret G, Skottman H, Mehta JS, Parekh M, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Collin RWJ, Nuijts RMMA, Ferrari S, LaPointe VLS, Dickman MM. Approaches for corneal endothelium regenerative medicine. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 87:100987. [PMID: 34237411 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The state of the art therapy for treating corneal endothelial disease is transplantation. Advances in the reproducibility and accessibility of surgical techniques are increasing the number of corneal transplants, thereby causing a global deficit of donor corneas and leaving 12.7 million patients with addressable visual impairment. Approaches to regenerate the corneal endothelium offer a solution to the current tissue scarcity and a treatment to those in need. Methods for generating corneal endothelial cells into numbers that could address the current tissue shortage and the possible strategies used to deliver them have now become a therapeutic reality with clinical trials taking place in Japan, Singapore and Mexico. Nevertheless, there is still a long way before such therapies are approved by regulatory bodies and become clinical practice. Moreover, acellular corneal endothelial graft equivalents and certain drugs could provide a treatment option for specific disease conditions without the need of donor tissue or cells. Finally, with the emergence of gene modulation therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease, it would be possible to treat presymptomatic patients or those presenting early symptoms, drastically reducing the need for donor tissue. It is necessary to understand the most recent developments in this rapidly evolving field to know which conditions could be treated with which approach. This article provides an overview of the current and developing regenerative medicine therapies to treat corneal endothelial disease and provides the necessary guidance and understanding towards the treatment of corneal endothelial disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pere Català
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Laboratory of Biology, Engineering and Imaging of Corneal Graft, BiiGC, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saint Etienne, Saint Etienne, France; Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-National University Singapore Medical School, Singapore; Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Mohit Parekh
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; The Veneto Eye Bank Foundation, Venice, Italy; Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium; Ophthalmology, Visual Optics and Visual Rehabilitation, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mor M Dickman
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Uehara H, Zhang X, Pereira F, Narendran S, Choi S, Bhuvanagiri S, Liu J, Ravi Kumar S, Bohner A, Carroll L, Archer B, Zhang Y, Liu W, Gao G, Ambati J, Jun AS, Ambati BK. Start codon disruption with CRISPR/Cas9 prevents murine Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. eLife 2021; 10:e55637. [PMID: 34100716 PMCID: PMC8216720 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation of collagen type VIII alpha 2 chain (COL8A2) gene leads to early-onset Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), which progressively impairs vision through the loss of corneal endothelial cells. We demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9-based postnatal gene editing achieves structural and functional rescue in a mouse model of FECD. A single intraocular injection of an adenovirus encoding both the Cas9 gene and guide RNA (Ad-Cas9-Col8a2gRNA) efficiently knocked down mutant COL8A2 expression in corneal endothelial cells, prevented endothelial cell loss, and rescued corneal endothelium pumping function in adult Col8a2 mutant mice. There were no adverse sequelae on histology or electroretinography. Col8a2 start codon disruption represents a non-surgical strategy to prevent vision loss in early-onset FECD. As this demonstrates the ability of Ad-Cas9-gRNA to restore the phenotype in adult post-mitotic cells, this method may be widely applicable to adult-onset diseases, even in tissues affected with disorders of non-reproducing cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Uehara
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of OregonEugene, ORUnited States
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of OregonEugene, ORUnited States
| | - Felipe Pereira
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Siddharth Narendran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Susie Choi
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Sai Bhuvanagiri
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Jinlu Liu
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Sangeetha Ravi Kumar
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of OregonEugene, ORUnited States
| | - Austin Bohner
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Lara Carroll
- Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Bonnie Archer
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of OregonEugene, ORUnited States
| | - Yue Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Wei Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Science Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical SchoolWorcesterUnited States
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Albert S Jun
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Phil and Penny Knight Campus for Accelerating Scientific Impact, University of OregonEugene, ORUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rocha-de-Lossada C, Rachwani-Anil R, Colmenero-Reina E, Borroni D, Sánchez-González JM. Laser refractive surgery in corneal dystrophies. J Cataract Refract Surg 2021; 47:662-670. [PMID: 33149045 DOI: 10.1097/j.jcrs.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight case reports and case series published between 2000 and 2019 concerning laser refractive surgery in patients with corneal dystrophies, resulting in 173 eyes from 94 patients, were included in this systematic review. Best results were achieved in posterior corneal polymorphous and Cogan dystrophy. Unfavorable results were found in Avellino dystrophy and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). Photorefractive keratectomy was not indicated in Meesmann and Avellino dystrophy. Laser in situ keratomileusis was indicated in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy but not in FECD, Avellino, or Cogan dystrophy. Small-incision lenticule extraction and other dystrophies such as lattice, fleck, Lisch, or François did not achieve enough scientific evidence to report any recommendation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rocha-de-Lossada
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (Rocha-de-Lossada); Department of Ophthalmology, Regional University Hospital of Malaga, Malaga, Spain (Rachwani-Anil); Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Vistalaser Clinic, Malaga, Spain (Colmenero-Reina); Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia (Borroni); Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom (Borroni); Department of Physics of Condensed Matter, Optics Area. University of Seville, Seville, Spain (Sánchez-González); Department of Ophthalmology, Tecnolaser Clinic Vision, Refractive Surgery Centre, Seville, Spain (Sánchez-González)
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chibani Z, Abid IZ, Söderkvist P, Feki J, Aifa MH. Autosomal recessive congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy associated with a novel SLC4A11 mutation in two consanguineous Tunisian families. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:281-287. [PMID: 33879471 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autosomal recessive congenital hereditary corneal dystrophy (CHED) is a rare isolated developmental anomaly of the eye characterised by diffuse bilateral corneal clouding that may lead to visual impairment requiring corneal transplantation. CHED is known to be caused by mutations in the solute carrier family 4 member 11 (SLC4A11) gene which encodes a membrane transporter protein (sodium bicarbonate transporter-like solute carrier family 4 member 11). METHODS To identify SLC4A11 gene mutations associated with CHED (OMIM: #217700), genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood and sequenced for all exons and intron-exon boundaries in two large Tunisian families. RESULTS A novel deletion SLC4A11 mutation (p. Leu479del; c.1434_1436del) is responsible for CHED in both analysed families. This non-frameshift mutation was found in a homozygous state in affected members and heterozygous in non-affected members. In silico analysis largely support the pathogenicity of this alteration that may leads to stromal oedema by disrupting the osmolarity balance. Being localised to a region of alpha-helical secondary structure, Leu479 deletion may induce protein-compromising structural rearrangements. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical and genetic study exploring CHED in Tunisia. The present work also expands the list of pathogenic genotypes in SLC4A11 gene and its associated clinical diagnosis giving more insights into genotype-phenotype correlations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Chibani
- Molecular and Functional Genetics Laboratory, University of Sfax, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Imen Zone Abid
- Department of Ophthalmology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Peter Söderkvist
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jamel Feki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Habib Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Hmani Aifa
- Molecular and Functional Genetics Laboratory, University of Sfax, Faculty of Science of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wolffsohn JS, Dumbleton K, Huntjens B, Kandel H, Koh S, Kunnen CME, Nagra M, Pult H, Sulley AL, Vianya-Estopa M, Walsh K, Wong S, Stapleton F. CLEAR - Evidence-based contact lens practice. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:368-397. [PMID: 33775383 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Evidence-based contact lens -->practice involves finding, appraising and applying research findings as the basis for patient management decisions. These decisions should be informed by the strength of the research study designs that address the question, as well as by the experience of the practitioner and the preferences and environment of the patient. This reports reviews and summarises the published research evidence that is available to inform soft and rigid contact lens history and symptoms taking, anterior eye health examination (including the optimised use of ophthalmic dyes, grading scales, imaging techniques and lid eversion), considerations for contact lens selection (including the ocular surface measurements required to select the most appropriate lens parameter, lens modality and material selection), evaluation of lens fit, prescribing (teaching self-application and removal, adaptation, care regimen and cleaning instructions, as well as -->minimising risks of lens wear through encouraging compliance) and an aftercare routine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathy Dumbleton
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Sciences at City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Himal Kandel
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shizuka Koh
- Department of Innovative Visual Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Manbir Nagra
- Vision and Eye Research Institute, ARU, Cambridge, UK
| | - Heiko Pult
- Optometry and Vision Research, Weinheim, Germany
| | | | - Marta Vianya-Estopa
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Walsh
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Stephanie Wong
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education, School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Fiona Stapleton
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Milmoe NJ, Tucker AS. Craniofacial transitions: the role of EMT and MET during head development. Development 2021; 148:148/4/dev196030. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.196030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Within the developing head, tissues undergo cell-fate transitions to shape the forming structures. This starts with the neural crest, which undergoes epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to form, amongst other tissues, many of the skeletal tissues of the head. In the eye and ear, these neural crest cells then transform back into an epithelium, via mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), highlighting the flexibility of this population. Elsewhere in the head, the epithelium loses its integrity and transforms into mesenchyme. Here, we review these craniofacial transitions, looking at why they happen, the factors that trigger them, and the cell and molecular changes they involve. We also discuss the consequences of aberrant EMT and MET in the head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Milmoe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diseases of the corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res 2021; 205:108495. [PMID: 33596440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The corneal endothelial monolayer and associated Descemet's membrane (DM) complex is a unique structure that plays an essential role in corneal function. Endothelial cells are neural crest derived cells that rest on a special extracellular matrix and play a major role in maintaining stromal hydration within a narrow physiologic range necessary for clear vision. A number of diseases affect the endothelial cells and DM complex and can impair corneal function and vision. This review addresses different human corneal endothelial diseases characterized by loss of endothelial function including: Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD), posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED), bullous keratopathy, iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome, post-traumatic fibrous downgrowth, glaucoma and diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lisch W, Weiss JS. Early and late clinical landmarks of corneal dystrophies. Exp Eye Res 2020; 198:108139. [PMID: 32726603 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Corneal dystrophies (CDs) represent a heterogenous group of genetic diseases (Lisch and Weiss, 2019). The International Committee of Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) distinguishes between 22 distinct forms of corneal dystrophy (CD) which are predominantly autosomal dominant, although autosomal recessive and X-chromosomal dominant and recessive patterns do exist. A detailed corneal examination of as many affected family members as possible can show the phenotypic differences of the various generations. There are few publications which describe the different CDs with regard to the early and late phenotypes. According to early and late phenotype, three types of CD are generally classified: (1) Thirteen CDs with early and late clinical landmarks. However, it must be pointed out that the different penetrances of the gene often leads to quantitative differences in the corneal phenotype in peers in distinct generations of the same family. (2) Seven CDs with late onset and very little progression of the corneal changes. (3) Two CDs with congenital haze which can be interpreted as the final phenotype of this dystrophy. This applies to autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter Lisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Jayne S Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology, and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Soh YQ, Kocaba V, Weiss JS, Jurkunas UV, Kinoshita S, Aldave AJ, Mehta JS. Corneal dystrophies. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:46. [PMID: 32528047 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Corneal dystrophies are broadly defined as inherited disorders that affect any layer of the cornea and are usually progressive, bilateral conditions that do not have systemic effects. The 2015 International Classification of Corneal Dystrophies classifies corneal dystrophies into four classes: epithelial and subepithelial dystrophies, epithelial-stromal TGFBI dystrophies, stromal dystrophies and endothelial dystrophies. Whereas some corneal dystrophies may result in few or mild symptoms and morbidity throughout a patient's lifetime, others may progress and eventually result in substantial visual and ocular disturbances that require medical or surgical intervention. Corneal transplantation, either with full-thickness or partial-thickness donor tissue, may be indicated for patients with advanced corneal dystrophies. Although corneal transplantation techniques have improved considerably over the past two decades, these surgeries are still associated with postoperative risks of disease recurrence, graft failure and other complications that may result in blindness. In addition, a global shortage of cadaveric corneal graft tissue critically limits accessibility to corneal transplantation in some parts of the world. Ongoing advances in gene therapy, regenerative therapy and cell augmentation therapy may eventually result in the development of alternative, novel treatments for corneal dystrophies, which may substantially improve the quality of life of patients with these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qiang Soh
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.,Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Viridiana Kocaba
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,Netherlands Institute for Innovative Ocular Surgery, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jayne S Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Pathology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University, School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shigeru Kinoshita
- Department of Frontier Medical Science and Technology for Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore. .,Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. .,Ophthalmology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phenotypic and functional characterization of corneal endothelial cells during in vitro expansion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7402. [PMID: 32366916 PMCID: PMC7198491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of cell culture-based methods for the establishment and expansion of human corneal endothelial cells (CEnC) has provided a source of transplantable corneal endothelium, with a significant potential to challenge the one donor-one recipient paradigm. However, concerns over cell identity remain, and a comprehensive characterization of the cultured CEnC across serial passages has not been performed. To this end, we compared two established CEnC culture methods by assessing the transcriptomic changes that occur during in vitro expansion. In confluent monolayers, low mitogenic culture conditions preserved corneal endothelial cell state identity better than culture in high mitogenic conditions. Expansion by continuous passaging induced replicative cell senescence. Transcriptomic analysis of the senescent phenotype identified a cell senescence signature distinct for CEnC. We identified activation of both classic and new cell signaling pathways that may be targeted to prevent senescence, a significant barrier to realizing the potential clinical utility of in vitro expansion.
Collapse
|
29
|
Coexistence of Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy and Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy Associated With SLC4A11 Mutations in Affected Families. Cornea 2019; 39:354-357. [DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
30
|
Kim Y, You HJ, Park SH, Kim MS, Chae H, Park J, Jekarl DW, Kim J, Kwon A, Choi H, Kim Y, Paek AR, Lee A, Kim JM, Park SY, Kim Y, Joo K, Jung J, Chung SH, Mok JW, Kim M. A Mutation in ZNF143 as a Novel Candidate Gene for Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8081174. [PMID: 31390831 PMCID: PMC6723187 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corneal dystrophies (CDs) are a diverse group of inherited disorders with a heterogeneous genetic background. Here, we report the identification of a novel ZNF143 heterozygous missense mutation in three individuals of the same family with clinical and pathological features that are consistent with endothelial CD. Ophthalmologic examination revealed diffuse corneal clouding and edema with decreased endothelial cell density. Pathological findings showed increased corneal thickness due to edema of basal epithelial cells and stroma, and abnormal metaplastic endothelium with stratified epithelium-like changes. Patients’ metaplastic corneal endothelial cells expressed predominantly cytokerain 7, cytokeratin 19, and E-cadherin. Although Sanger sequencing did not detect any mutation associated with endothelial CDs, whole exome sequencing identified the ZNF143 c.937G>C p.(Asp313His) mutation as a candidate gene for our patients’ endothelial CD. In-vitro functional studies demonstrated that mutant ZNF143 promoted the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition; it upregulated the expression of genes associated with epithelialization in human corneal endothelial cells. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokine responsive genes were significantly enriched after mutant ZNF143 transfection, which may contribute to the severe phenotype of the three patients. These findings link a mutation in ZNF143 with endothelial CD for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hye Jin You
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea
| | - Shin Hae Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Man Soo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hyojin Chae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Jekarl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ahlm Kwon
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Yeojae Kim
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - A Rome Paek
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi-do 10408, Korea
| | - Ahwon Lee
- Department of Hospital Pathology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | | | - Seon Young Park
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04312, Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Life Systems, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04312, Korea
| | - Keehyoung Joo
- Center for in Silico Protein Science, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Korea
- Center for Advanced Computation, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Korea
- Center for Advanced Computation, Korea Institute for Advanced Study, Seoul 02455, Korea
| | | | - So-Hyang Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Catholic Institutes of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Jee Won Mok
- Catholic Institutes of Visual Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Clinical and genetic update of corneal dystrophies. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107715. [PMID: 31301286 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies (IC3D) distinguishes between 22 distinct forms of corneal dystrophy which are predominantly autosomal dominant, although autosomal recessive and X-chromosomal dominant patterns do exist. Before any genetic examination, there should be documentation of a detailed corneal exam of as many affected and unaffected family members as possible, because detailed phenotypic description is essential for accurate diagnosis. Corneal documentation should be performed in direct and indirect illumination at the slit lamp with the pharmacologically dilated pupil. For the majority of the corneal dystrophies, a phenotype-genotype correlation has not been demonstrated. However, for the dystrophies associated with mutations in the transforming growth factor, ß-induced gene (TGFBI) a general phenotype-genotype correlation is evident. The discovery of collagen, type XVII, alpha 1 mutation (COL17A1), causative in the called epithelial recurrent erosion dystrophy (ERED) was a very important step in the accurate diagnosis of corneal dystrophies. This led to the subsequent discovery that the entity previously called 10q Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy, was in reality actually COL17A1 ERED, and not Thiel-Behnke corneal dystrophy. In addition to the phenotypic landmarks, we describe the current genotype of the individual corneal dystrophies. Differential diagnosis can be aided by information on histopathology, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and confocal microscopy.
Collapse
|
32
|
Association of rs613872 and Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion in the TCF4 Gene of German Patients With Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2019; 38:799-805. [PMID: 30973406 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion in the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) gene in a large cohort of German patients with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). METHODS Genomic DNA was obtained from 398 patients with FECD and from 58 non-FECD controls. Thirty-seven previously reported SNPs were evaluated by genotyping. The 398 FECD samples were analyzed for TNR expansions by short tandem repeat assays and Southern blotting. The possible associations between the TNR length and clinical parameters (age, sex, visual acuity, and central corneal thickness) were analyzed in 132 patients. RESULTS The SNPs in COL8A2, TCF8, LOXHD1, and AGBL1 showed no heterogeneity in 36 cases, although SLCA411 showed 3 nonsense mutations. SNPs were detected for TCF4 (rs613872, rs2123392, rs17089887, rs1452787, and rs1348047), but only rs613872 showed a significant association with FECD (P = 9.93 × 10). Overall, 315/398 (79%) patients harbored TNR lengths >50, whereas no non-FECD controls harbored TNR lengths >50. The TCF4 SNP rs613872 genotype was TT: 39 (67%), TG: 18 (31%), and GG: 1 (2%) in non-FECD controls; TT: 39 (47%), TG: 38 (46%), and GG: 6 (7%) in FECD cases harboring TNR <50; and TT: 23 (8%), TG: 224 (79%), and GG: 38 (13%) in FECD cases harboring TNR >50 (P = 2.93 × 10). No significant association was detected between the TNR length and clinical parameters. CONCLUSIONS Our large German cohort demonstrated a significant association between the risk allele G in rs613872 and FECD, irrespective of TNR expansion, although this risk allele was more frequent in FECD cases with TNR expansion than without.
Collapse
|
33
|
ZEB1 insufficiency causes corneal endothelial cell state transition and altered cellular processing. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218279. [PMID: 31194824 PMCID: PMC6564028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The zinc finger e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor is a master regulator of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and of the reverse mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) processes. ZEB1 plays an integral role in mediating cell state transitions during cell lineage specification, wound healing and disease. EMT/MET are characterized by distinct changes in molecular and cellular phenotype that are generally context-independent. Posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD), associated with ZEB1 insufficiency, provides a new biological context in which to understand and evaluate the classic EMT/MET paradigm. PPCD is characterized by a cadherin-switch and transition to an epithelial-like transcriptomic and cellular phenotype, which we study in a cell-based model of PPCD generated using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ZEB1 knockout in corneal endothelial cells (CEnCs). Transcriptomic and functional studies support the hypothesis that CEnC undergo a MET-like transition in PPCD, termed endothelial to epithelial transition (EnET), and lead to the conclusion that EnET may be considered a corollary to the classic EMT/MET paradigm.
Collapse
|
34
|
Alka K, Casey JR. Ophthalmic Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs as a Therapy for Corneal Dystrophies Caused by SLC4A11 Mutation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:4258-4267. [PMID: 30140924 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose SLC4A11 is a plasma membrane protein of corneal endothelial cells. Some mutations of the SLC4A11 gene result in SLC4A11 protein misfolding and failure to mature to the plasma membrane. This gives rise to some cases of Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) and congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED). We screened ophthalmic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for their ability to correct SLC4A11 folding defects. Methods Five ophthalmic NSAIDs were tested for their therapeutic potential in some genetic corneal dystrophy patients. HEK293 cells expressing CHED and FECD-causing SLC4A11 mutants were grown on 96-well dishes in the absence or presence of NSAIDs. Ability of NSAIDs to correct mutant SLC4A11 cell-surface trafficking was assessed with a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay and by confocal microscopy. The ability of mutant SLC4A11-expressing cells to mediate water flux (SLC4A11 mediates water flux across the corneal endothelial cell basolateral membrane as part of the endothelial water pump) was measured upon treatment with ophthalmic NSAIDs. Results BRET-assays revealed significant rescue of SLC4A11 mutants to the cell surface by 4 of 5 NSAIDs tested. The NSAIDs, diclofenac and nepafenac, were effective in moving endoplasmic reticulum-retained missense mutant SLC4A11 to the cell surface, as measured by confocal immunofluorescence. Among intracellular-retained SLC4A11 mutants, 20 of 30 had significant restoration of cell surface abundance upon treatment with diclofenac. Diclofenac restored mutant SLC4A11 water flux activity to the level of wild-type SLC4A11 in some cases. Conclusions These results encourage testing diclofenac eye drops as a treatment for corneal dystrophy in patients whose disease is caused by some SLC4A11 missense mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Alka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Angmo D, Selvan H, Behera A, Suman P. Response to comment on ‘Unilateral corneal edema in young: A diagnostic dilemma’. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:442-443. [PMID: 30777985 PMCID: PMC6407402 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2079_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
36
|
Feizi S. Corneal endothelial cell dysfunction: etiologies and management. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2018; 10:2515841418815802. [PMID: 30560230 PMCID: PMC6293368 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418815802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A transparent cornea is essential for the formation of a clear image on the
retina. The human cornea is arranged into well-organized layers, and each layer
plays a significant role in maintaining the transparency and viability of the
tissue. The endothelium has both barrier and pump functions, which are important
for the maintenance of corneal clarity. Many etiologies, including Fuchs’
endothelial corneal dystrophy, surgical trauma, and congenital hereditary
endothelial dystrophy, lead to endothelial cell dysfunction. The main treatment
for corneal decompensation is replacement of the abnormal corneal layers with
normal donor tissue. Nowadays, the trend is to perform selective endothelial
keratoplasty, including Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty
and Descemet’s membrane endothelial keratoplasty, to manage corneal endothelial
dysfunction. This selective approach has several advantages over penetrating
keratoplasty, including rapid recovery of visual acuity, less likelihood of
graft rejection, and better patient satisfaction. However, the global limitation
in the supply of donor corneas is becoming an increasing challenge,
necessitating alternatives to reduce this demand. Consequently, in
vitro expansion of human corneal endothelial cells is evolving as a
sustainable choice. This method is intended to prepare corneal endothelial cells
in vitro that can be transferred to the eye. Herein, we
describe the etiologies and manifestations of human corneal endothelial cell
dysfunction. We also summarize the available options for as well as recent
developments in the management of corneal endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Feizi
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 16666, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zakharevich M, Kattan JM, Chen JL, Lin BR, Cervantes AE, Chung DD, Frausto RF, Aldave AJ. Elucidating the molecular basis of PPCD: Effects of decreased ZEB1 expression on corneal endothelial cell function. Mol Vis 2017; 23:740-752. [PMID: 29046608 PMCID: PMC5644665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the functional role that the zinc e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) gene, which underlies the genetic basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 (PPCD3), plays in corneal endothelial cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and barrier function. METHODS A human corneal endothelial cell line (HCEnC-21T) was transfected with siRNA targeting ZEB1 mRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and barrier assays were performed: Cell proliferation was assessed with cell counting using a hemocytometer; cell apoptosis, induced by either ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation or doxorubicin treatment, was quantified by measuring cleaved caspase 3 (cCASP3) protein levels; and cell migration and barrier function were monitored with electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). RESULTS ZEB1 knockdown in HCEnC-21T cells transfected with siRNA targeting ZEB1 did not result in a significant difference in cell proliferation when compared with control. Although knockdown of ZEB1 in HCEnC-21T cells sensitized the cells to UV-induced apoptosis, ZEB1 knockdown did not alter the cells' susceptibility to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis, as measured with cCASP3 protein levels, compared with controls. Similarly, no difference was observed in cell migration following ZEB1 knockdown. However, cell barrier function increased significantly following ZEB1 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS The corneal endothelium in PPCD3 is characterized by morphologic, anatomic, and molecular features that are more consistent with an epithelial-like rather than an endothelial-like phenotype. Although these characteristics have been well documented, we demonstrate for the first time that susceptibility to UV-induced apoptosis and cell barrier function are significantly altered in the setting of reduced ZEB1. The significance of an altered cellular response to apoptotic stimuli and increased cell barrier function in the pathobiology of PPCD remains to be fully elucidated.
Collapse
|
38
|
Parents of Patients With Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy Should Be Evaluated for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Cornea 2017; 36:e34-e35. [PMID: 28976417 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000001397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Zhang W, Ogando DG, Kim ET, Choi MJ, Li H, Tenessen JM, Bonanno JA. Conditionally Immortal Slc4a11-/- Mouse Corneal Endothelial Cell Line Recapitulates Disrupted Glutaminolysis Seen in Slc4a11-/- Mouse Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3723-3731. [PMID: 28738416 PMCID: PMC5525555 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To establish conditionally immortal mouse corneal endothelial cell lines with genetically matched Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- mice as a model for investigating pathology and therapies for SLC4A11 associated congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) and Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy. Methods We intercrossed H-2Kb-tsA58 mice (Immortomouse) expressing an IFN-γ dependent and temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large T antigen (tsTAg) with Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- C57BL/6 mice. The growth characteristics of the cell lines was assessed by doubling time. Ion transport activities (Na+/H+ exchange, bicarbonate, lactate, and Slc4a11 ammonia transport) were analyzed by intracellular pH measurement. The metabolic status of the cell lines was assessed by analyzing TCA cycle intermediates via gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results The immortalized Slc4a11+/+ and Slc4a11-/- mouse corneal endothelial cells (MCECs) remained proliferative through passage 49 and maintained similar active ion transport activity. As expected, proliferation was temperature sensitive and IFN-γ dependent. Slc4a11-/- MCECs exhibited decreased proliferative capacity, reduced NH3:H+ transport, altered expression of glutaminolysis enzymes similar to the Slc4a11-/- mouse, and reduced proportion of TCA cycle intermediates derived from glutamine with compensatory increases in glucose flux compared with Slc4a11+/+ MCECs. Conclusions This is the first report of the immortalization of MCECs. Ion transport of the immortalized endothelial cells remains active, except for NH3:H+ transporter activity in Slc4a11-/- MCECs. Furthermore, Slc4a11-/- MCECs recapitulate the glutaminolysis defects observed in Slc4a11-/- mouse corneal endothelium, providing an excellent tool to study the pathogenesis of SLC4A11 mutations associated with corneal endothelial dystrophies and to screen potential therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Zhang
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Diego G Ogando
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Edward T Kim
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Moon-Jung Choi
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Hongde Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Jason M Tenessen
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| | - Joseph A Bonanno
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Chung DD, Frausto RF, Lin BR, Hanser EM, Cohen Z, Aldave AJ. Transcriptomic Profiling of Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:3202-3214. [PMID: 28654985 PMCID: PMC5488878 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the molecular basis of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy (PPCD) by examining the PPCD transcriptome and the effect of decreased ZEB1 expression on corneal endothelial cell (CEnC) gene expression. Methods Next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyses of corneal endothelium from two PPCD-affected individuals (one with PPCD3 and one of unknown genetic cause) compared with two age-matched controls, and primary human CEnC (pHCEnC) transfected with siRNA-mediated ZEB1 knockdown. The expression of selected differentially expressed genes was validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and/or assessed by in situ hybridization in the corneal endothelium of four independent cases of PPCD (one with PPCD3 and three of unknown genetic cause). Results Expression of 16% and 46% of the 104 protein-coding genes specific to ex vivo corneal endothelium was lost in the endothelium of two individuals with PPCD. Thirty-two genes associated with ZEB1 and 3 genes (BMP4, CCND1, ZEB1) associated with OVOL2 were differentially expressed in the same direction in both individuals with PPCD. Immunohistochemistry staining and RNA-seq analyses demonstrated variable expression of type IV collagens in PPCD corneas. Decreasing ZEB1 expression in pHCEnC altered expression of 711 protein-coding genes, many of which are associated with canonical pathways regulating various cellular processes. Conclusions Identification of the altered transcriptome in PPCD and in a cell-based model of PPCD provided insight into the molecular alterations characterizing PPCD. Further study of the differentially expressed genes associated with ZEB1 and OVOL2 is expected to identify candidate genes for individuals with PPCD and without a ZEB1 or OVOL2 mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doug D Chung
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ricardo F Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Benjamin R Lin
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Evelyn M Hanser
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Zack Cohen
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Foja S, Luther M, Hoffmann K, Rupprecht A, Gruenauer-Kloevekorn C. CTG18.1 repeat expansion may reduce TCF4 gene expression in corneal endothelial cells of German patients with Fuchs' dystrophy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255:1621-1631. [PMID: 28608272 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It was the aim of this investigation to elucidate the functional effects of CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat expansion and the polymorphism rs613872 in the transcription factor 4 (TCF4) in corneas of patients affected by Fuchs' endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). METHODS Sixty-one unrelated German patients with FECD and 113 unaffected controls were investigated and genotyped for the CTG18.1 locus by triplet primed PCR (TP-PCR) and the rs613872 polymorphism via Sanger sequencing and by employing genomic DNA from peripheral blood leucocytes. DNA and RNA retrieved from human corneal endothelial explants were examined for alterations in the gene expression of TCF4, ZEB1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, as well as the CTG18.1 locus. RESULTS The CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat expansion (>50 repeats) was detected in the peripheral blood in 77% of affected FECD patients and 11.5% of the healthy volunteers. Applying the TP-PCR method, the length of CTG18.1 repeat expansions correlates in the blood and corneal cells. We noted that the CTG18.1 trinucleotide repeat expansion was associated with reduced TCF4 and ZEB1 gene expression, especially in the explanted corneal endothelial cells. While E-cadherin gene expression was not detected in any corneal endothelial cells, expression of CDH2 (N-cadherin) was detected in FECD-affected endothelium and in our controls. CONCLUSIONS The CTG18.1 repeat expansion may reduce gene expression of TCF4 and ZEB1, suggesting that a mechanism triggering a loss of function may contribute to FECD. The correlation of CTG18.1 repeat expansion from blood and the cornea may represent the first step toward investigating the potential relevance of testing the blood of cornea donors to minimize the risk of transplanting grafts potentially affected with FECD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Foja
- Department of Human Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle, Germany.
| | - Mirjam Luther
- Department of Human Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of Human Genetics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Andreas Rupprecht
- Opthalmic Surgery, Augenärzte am Markt, Halle; in affilation with Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Claudia Gruenauer-Kloevekorn
- Opthalmic Surgery, Augenärzte am Markt, Halle; in affilation with Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
State of the Art and Beyond: Anterior Segment Diagnostics Genetic Diagnostics in Corneal Disease. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2017; 57:13-26. [PMID: 28590278 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0000000000000178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
43
|
|
44
|
Khuc E, Bainer R, Wolf M, Clay SM, Weisenberger DJ, Kemmer J, Weaver VM, Hwang DG, Chan MF. Comprehensive characterization of DNA methylation changes in Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175112. [PMID: 28384203 PMCID: PMC5383226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transparency of the human cornea is necessary for vision. Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is a bilateral, heritable degeneration of the corneal endothelium, and a leading indication for corneal transplantation in developed countries. While the early onset, and rarer, form of FECD has been linked to COL8A2 mutations, the more common, late onset form of FECD has genetic mutations linked to only a minority of cases. Epigenetic modifications that occur in FECD are unknown. Here, we report on and compare the DNA methylation landscape of normal human corneal endothelial (CE) tissue and CE from FECD patients using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 (HM450) DNA methylation array. We show that DNA methylation profiles are distinct between control and FECD samples. Differentially methylated probes (10,961) were identified in the FECD samples compared with the control samples, with the majority of probes being hypermethylated in the FECD samples. Genes containing differentially methylated sites were disproportionately annotated to ontological categories involving cytoskeletal organization, ion transport, hematopoetic cell differentiation, and cellular metabolism. Our results suggest that altered DNA methylation patterns may contribute to loss of corneal transparency in FECD through a global accumulation of sporadic DNA methylation changes in genes critical to basic CE biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Khuc
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Russell Bainer
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Marie Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Selene M. Clay
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Weisenberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jacquelyn Kemmer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie M. Weaver
- Department of Surgery and Center for Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Bay Area Physical Sciences-Oncology Program, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Anatomy and Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David G. Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matilda F. Chan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe 2 cases of congenital corneal endothelial edema resulting from novel de novo mutations. METHODS Case A patient was a 15-month-old white child and case B patient was a 3-year-old Hispanic child presenting with bilateral cloudy corneas since birth. Clinicopathologic findings are presented. DNA samples were screened for mutations in candidate genes by Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Slit-lamp examination of case A patient revealed stromal edema and haze. Histology of the keratoplasty button showed stromal thickening with loss of endothelium and thin Descemet membrane. Sanger sequencing established the diagnosis of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy by detection of a compound heterozygous mutation in SLC4A11. The proband displayed a novel de novo frameshift mutation in one SLC4A11 allele, p.(Pro817Argfs*32), in conjunction with a maternally inherited missense mutation in SLC4A11, p.(Arg869His). Case B patient similarly presented with stromal edema and stromal haze. Histopathologic analysis revealed a spongy epithelium, focal discontinuities in Bowman layer, stromal thickening with areas of compacted posterior stroma, variable thickness of Descemet membrane, and regional multilayered endothelium. Sanger sequencing found a novel de novo nonsense mutation in the first exon of ZEB1, p.(Cys7*). CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, we report the earliest clinical presentation of posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy resulting from a de novo mutation in ZEB1. Additionally, we present a congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy case with a thin Descemet membrane with a novel compound heterozygous SLC4A11 mutation. In the absence of a family history or consanguinity, de novo mutations may result in congenital corneal endothelial dystrophies.
Collapse
|
46
|
Loganathan SK, Schneider HP, Morgan PE, Deitmer JW, Casey JR. Functional assessment of SLC4A11, an integral membrane protein mutated in corneal dystrophies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C735-C748. [PMID: 27558157 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00078.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SLC4A11, a member of the SLC4 family of bicarbonate transporters, is a widely expressed integral membrane protein, abundant in kidney and cornea. Mutations of SLC4A11 cause some cases of the blinding corneal dystrophies, congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy, and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. These diseases are marked by fluid accumulation in the corneal stroma, secondary to defective fluid reabsorption by the corneal endothelium. The role of SLC4A11 in these corneal dystrophies is not firmly established, as SLC4A11 function remains unclear. To clarify the normal function(s) of SLC4A11, we characterized the protein following expression in the simple, low-background expression system Xenopus laevis oocytes. Since plant and fungal SLC4A11 orthologs transport borate, we measured cell swelling associated with accumulation of solute borate. The plant water/borate transporter NIP5;1 manifested borate transport, whereas human SLC4A11 did not. SLC4A11 supported osmotically driven water accumulation that was electroneutral and Na+ independent. Studies in oocytes and HEK293 cells could not detect Na+-coupled HCO3- transport or Cl-/HCO3- exchange by SLC4A11. SLC4A11 mediated electroneutral NH3 transport in oocytes. Voltage-dependent OH- or H+ movement was not measurable in SLC4A11-expressing oocytes, but SLC4A11-expressing HEK293 cells manifested low-level cytosolic acidification at baseline. In mammalian cells, but not oocytes, OH-/H+ conductance may arise when SLC4A11 activates another protein or itself is activated by another protein. These data argue against a role of human SLC4A11 in bicarbonate or borate transport. This work provides additional support for water and ammonia transport by SLC4A11. When expressed in oocytes, SLC4A11 transported NH3, not NH3/H.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sampath K Loganathan
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hans-Peter Schneider
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universtät Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; and
| | - Patricio E Morgan
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joachim W Deitmer
- Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universtät Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; and
| | - Joseph R Casey
- Department of Biochemistry, Membrane Protein Disease Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chung DWD, Frausto RF, Chiu S, Lin BR, Aldave AJ. Investigating the Molecular Basis of PPCD3: Characterization of ZEB1 Regulation of COL4A3 Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:4136-43. [PMID: 27537263 PMCID: PMC4991021 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of the zinc finger e-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) transcription factor in posterior polymorphous corneal dystrophy 3 by demonstrating its ability to regulate type IV collagen gene transcription via binding to putative E2 box motifs. METHODS Putative E2 box motifs were identified by in silico analysis within the promoter region of collagen, type IV, alpha3 (COL4A3) and collagen, type IV, alpha4 (COL4A4). To test the ability of ZEB1 to bind to each identified E2 box, electrophoretic mobility shift assays were performed by incubating ZEB1-enriched nuclear extracts with DIG-labeled probes containing one of each of the identified E2 box motifs. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed to test the effects of ZEB1 on the luciferase activity of COL4A3 and cadherin 1 (CDH1) promoter constructs, and to determine the effect of a ZEB1 truncating mutation on CDH1 promoter activity. RESULTS ZEB1 exhibited binding to six of the nine COL4A3 E2 box probes, whereas no binding was observed for either of the two COL4A4 E2 box probes. ZEB1 overexpression resulted in reduced activity of the COL4A3 promoter construct containing all identified E2 box motifs, whereas a truncating ZEB1 mutation led to the loss of ZEB1-dependent repression of the CDH1 promoter. CONCLUSIONS COL4A3 gene expression is negatively regulated by ZEB1 binding to E2 box motifs in the COL4A3 promoter region. Therefore, the altered expression of type IV collagens, particularly COL4A3, in the corneal endothelium in individuals with PPCD3 is likely due to reduced transcriptional repression in the setting of a single functional ZEB1 allele.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duk-Won D. Chung
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ricardo F. Frausto
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Stephan Chiu
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Lin
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Anthony J. Aldave
- Stein Eye Institute David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Oliver VF, Vincent AL. The Genetics and Pathophysiology of IC3D Category 1 Corneal Dystrophies: A Review. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:272-81. [PMID: 27213768 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Corneal dystrophies are a group of inherited disorders affecting the cornea, many of which lead to visual impairment. The International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies has established criteria to clarify the status of the various corneal dystrophies, which include the knowledge of the underlying genetics. In this review, we discuss the International Committee for Classification of Corneal Dystrophies category 1 (second edition) corneal dystrophies, for which a clear genetic link has been established. We highlight the various mechanisms underlying corneal dystrophy pathology, including structural disorganization, instability or maladhesion, aberrant protein stability and deposition, abnormal cellular proliferation or apoptosis, and dysfunction of normal enzymatic processes. Understanding these genetic mechanisms is essential for designing targets for therapeutic intervention, especially in the age of gene therapy and gene editing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verity Frances Oliver
- From the *Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and †Eye Department, Greenlane Clinical Centre, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Williams KA, Irani YD. Gene Therapy and Gene Editing for the Corneal Dystrophies. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2016; 5:312-6. [PMID: 27488074 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite ever-increasing understanding of the genetic underpinnings of many corneal dystrophies, gene therapy designed to ameliorate disease has not yet been reported in any human patient. In this review, we explore the likely reasons for this apparent failure of translation. We identify the requirements for success: the genetic defect involved must have been identified and mapped, vision in the affected patient must be significantly impaired or likely to be impaired, no better or equivalently effective treatment must be available, the treatment must be capable of modulating corneal pathology, and delivery of the construct to the appropriate cell must be practicable. We consider which of the corneal dystrophies might be amenable to treatment by genetic manipulations, summarize existing therapeutic options for treatment, and explore gene editing using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas and other similar transformative technologies as the way of the future. We then summarize recent laboratory-based advances in gene delivery and the development of in vitro and in vivo models of the corneal dystrophies. Finally, we review recent experimental work that has increased our knowledge of the pathobiology of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keryn A Williams
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bykhovskaya Y, Margines B, Rabinowitz YS. Genetics in Keratoconus: where are we? EYE AND VISION 2016; 3:16. [PMID: 27350955 PMCID: PMC4922054 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-016-0047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is a non-inflammatory thinning and protrusion of the cornea in which the cornea assumes a conical shape. Complex etiology of this condition at present remains an enigma. Although environmental factors have been involved in KC pathogenesis, strong underlining genetic susceptibility has been proven. The lack of consistent findings among early genetic studies suggested a heterogeneity and complex nature of the genetic contribution to the development of KC. Recently, genome-wide linkage studies (GWLS) and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were undertaken. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based genomic screens are also currently being carried out. Application of these recently developed comprehensive genetic tools led to a much greater success and increased reproducibility of genetic findings in KC. Involvement of the LOX gene identified through GWLS has been confirmed in multiple cohorts of KC patients around the world. KC susceptibility region located at the 2q21.3 chromosomal region near the RAB3GAP1 gene identified through GWAS was independently replicated. Rare variants in the ZNF469 gene (mutated in corneal dystrophy Brittle Cornea Syndrome) and in the TGFBI gene (mutated in multiple corneal epithelial–stromal TGFBI dystrophies) have been repeatedly identified in familial and sporadic KC patients of different ethnicities. Additional comprehensive strategies using quantitative endophenotypes have been successfully employed to bring further understanding to the genetics of KC. Additional genetic determinants including the COL5A1 gene have been identified in the GWAS of KC-related trait central corneal thickness. These recent discoveries confirmed the importance of the endophenotype approach for studying complex genetic diseases such as KC and showed that different connective tissue disorders may have the same genetic determinants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Bykhovskaya
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA ; Cornea Genetic Eye Institute, 50 N. La Cienega Blvd. Suite #340, Beverly Hills, CA 90211 USA
| | - Benjamin Margines
- Cornea Genetic Eye Institute, 50 N. La Cienega Blvd. Suite #340, Beverly Hills, CA 90211 USA
| | - Yaron S Rabinowitz
- Regenerative Medicine Institute and Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA ; Cornea Genetic Eye Institute, 50 N. La Cienega Blvd. Suite #340, Beverly Hills, CA 90211 USA ; The Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| |
Collapse
|