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F K, L B, M EM, M R B, N F, R B, F B, A DS, C D, M N F, G G, M J G, M L, A L, W L M, A N, A S, G S, E I V, K V, L V, B Z, L A, D D, M B. "Ectomycorrhizal exploration type" could be a functional trait explaining the spatial distribution of tree symbiotic fungi as a function of forest humus forms. MYCORRHIZA 2024; 34:203-216. [PMID: 38700516 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-024-01146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
In European forests, most tree species form symbioses with ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The EM fungi are classified into different morphological types based on the development and structure of their extraradical mycelium. These structures could be root extensions that help trees to acquire nutrients. However, the relationship between these morphological traits and functions involved in soil nutrient foraging is still under debate.We described the composition of mycorrhizal fungal communities under 23 tree species in a wide range of climates and humus forms in Europe and investigated the exploratory types of EM fungi. We assessed the response of this tree extended phenotype to humus forms, as an indicator of the functioning and quality of forest soils. We found a significant relationship between the relative proportion of the two broad categories of EM exploration types (short- or long-distance) and the humus form, showing a greater proportion of long-distance types in the least dynamic soils. As past land-use and host tree species are significant factors structuring fungal communities, we showed this relationship was modulated by host trait (gymnosperms versus angiosperms), soil depth and past land use (farmland or forest).We propose that this potential functional trait of EM fungi be used in future studies to improve predictive models of forest soil functioning and tree adaptation to environmental nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalfallah F
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, F-54000, France
- INRAE, BEF, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Bon L
- INRAE, ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - El Mazlouzi M
- INRAE, ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
- IEES, Université Paris Est Créteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Créteil, 94010, 94010, France
| | - Bakker M R
- INRAE, ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Fanin N
- INRAE, ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France
| | - Bellanger R
- INRAE, Site de la Villa Thuret, Antibes, 1353 UEVT, 06600, France
| | - Bernier F
- INRAE, Domaine de l'Hermitage, Cestas Pierroton, 0570 UEFP, 33610, France
| | - De Schrijver A
- Departement Biowetenschappen en Industriële Technologie, AgroFoodNature HOGENT, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | - Ducatillon C
- INRAE, Site de la Villa Thuret, Antibes, 1353 UEVT, 06600, France
| | - Fotelli M N
- Forest Research Institute Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, 57006, Greece
| | - Gateble G
- INRAE, Site de la Villa Thuret, Antibes, 1353 UEVT, 06600, France
| | - Gundale M J
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901-83, Sweden
| | - Larsson M
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901-83, Sweden
| | - Legout A
- INRAE, BEF, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Mason W L
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY, Scotland, UK
| | - Nordin A
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, 901-83, Sweden
| | - Smolander A
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, Helsinki, 00790, Finland
| | - Spyroglou G
- Forest Research Institute Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, Vassilika, Thessaloniki, 57006, Greece
| | - Vanguelova E I
- Forest Research, Alice Holt, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Verheyen K
- Forest & Nature Lab, Ghent University, Gontrode, Melle, 9090, Belgium
| | - Vesterdal L
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, 1958, Denmark
| | - Zeller B
- INRAE, BEF, Nancy, F-54000, France
| | - Augusto L
- INRAE, ISPA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, Villenave d'Ornon, F-33140, France.
| | | | - Buée M
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, IAM, Nancy, F-54000, France.
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2
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López‐Martínez AM, Magallón S, von Balthazar M, Schönenberger J, Sauquet H, Chartier M. Angiosperm flowers reached their highest morphological diversity early in their evolutionary history. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1348-1360. [PMID: 38029781 PMCID: PMC10952840 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Flowers are the complex and highly diverse reproductive structures of angiosperms. Because of their role in sexual reproduction, the evolution of flowers is tightly linked to angiosperm speciation and diversification. Accordingly, the quantification of floral morphological diversity (disparity) among angiosperm subgroups and through time may give important insights into the evolutionary history of angiosperms as a whole. Based on a comprehensive dataset focusing on 30 characters describing floral structure across angiosperms, we used 1201 extant and 121 fossil flowers to measure floral disparity and explore patterns of floral evolution through time and across lineages. We found that angiosperms reached their highest floral disparity in the Early Cretaceous. However, decreasing disparity toward the present likely has not precluded the innovation of other complex traits at other morphological levels, which likely played a key role in the outstanding angiosperm species richness. Angiosperms occupy specific regions of the theoretical morphospace, indicating that only a portion of the possible floral trait combinations is observed in nature. The ANA grade, the magnoliids, and the early-eudicot grade occupy large areas of the morphospace (higher disparity), whereas nested groups occupy narrower regions (lower disparity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. López‐Martínez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
| | - Susana Magallón
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de BiologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er Circuito de Ciudad UniversitariaCoyoacánCiudad de México04510Mexico
| | - Maria von Balthazar
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Jürg Schönenberger
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW)Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain TrustSydneyNSW2000Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of New South Wales, Biological Sciences North (D26)SydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Marion Chartier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaRennweg 14ViennaA‐1030Austria
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3
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Kipp MA, Stüeken EE, Strömberg CAE, Brightly WH, Arbour VM, Erdei B, Hill RS, Johnson KR, Kvaček J, McElwain JC, Miller IM, Slodownik M, Vajda V, Buick R. Nitrogen isotopes reveal independent origins of N 2-fixing symbiosis in extant cycad lineages. Nat Ecol Evol 2024; 8:57-69. [PMID: 37974002 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02251-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cycads are ancient seed plants (gymnosperms) that emerged by the early Permian. Although they were common understory flora and food for dinosaurs in the Mesozoic, their abundance declined markedly in the Cenozoic. Extant cycads persist in restricted populations in tropical and subtropical habitats and, with their conserved morphology, are often called 'living fossils.' All surviving taxa receive nitrogen from symbiotic N2-fixing cyanobacteria living in modified roots, suggesting an ancestral origin of this symbiosis. However, such an ancient acquisition is discordant with the abundance of cycads in Mesozoic fossil assemblages, as modern N2-fixing symbioses typically occur only in nutrient-poor habitats where advantageous for survival. Here, we use foliar nitrogen isotope ratios-a proxy for N2 fixation in modern plants-to probe the antiquity of the cycad-cyanobacterial symbiosis. We find that fossilized cycad leaves from two Cenozoic representatives of extant genera have nitrogen isotopic compositions consistent with microbial N2 fixation. In contrast, all extinct cycad genera have nitrogen isotope ratios that are indistinguishable from co-existing non-cycad plants and generally inconsistent with microbial N2 fixation, pointing to nitrogen assimilation from soils and not through symbiosis. This pattern indicates that, rather than being ancestral within cycads, N2-fixing symbiosis arose independently in the lineages leading to living cycads during or after the Jurassic. The preferential survival of these lineages may therefore reflect the effects of competition with angiosperms and Cenozoic climatic change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kipp
- Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Astrobiology Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Earth and Climate Sciences, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Astrobiology Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, UK
| | - Caroline A E Strömberg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Victoria M Arbour
- Department of Knowledge, Royal BC Museum, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Boglárka Erdei
- Botanical Department, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robert S Hill
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kirk R Johnson
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jiří Kvaček
- Department of Palaeontology, National Museum, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jennifer C McElwain
- Department of Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ian M Miller
- National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Miriam Slodownik
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vivi Vajda
- Research Division, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger Buick
- Department of Earth & Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Virtual Planetary Laboratory, NASA Astrobiology Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
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Sroka P, Godunko RJ, Prokop J. Fluctuation in the diversity of mayflies (Insecta, Ephemerida) as documented in the fossil record. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16052. [PMID: 37749134 PMCID: PMC10519997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their aquatic larvae, the evolution of mayflies is intricately tied to environmental changes affecting lakes and rivers. Despite a rich fossil record, little is known about the factors shaping the pattern of diversification of mayflies in deep time. We assemble an unprecedented dataset encompassing all fossil occurrences of mayflies and perform a Bayesian analysis to identify periods of increased origination or extinction. We provide strong evidence for a major extinction of mayflies in the mid-Cretaceous. This extinction and subsequent faunal turnover were probably connected with the rise of angiosperms. Their dominance caused increased nutrient input and changed the chemistry of the freshwater environments, a trend detrimental mainly to lacustrine insects. Mayflies underwent a habitat shift from hypotrophic lakes to running waters, where most of their diversity has been concentrated from the Late Cretaceous to the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Sroka
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman J Godunko
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Branišovská 31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Łodź, Banacha 12/16, 90237, Łodź, Poland
| | - Jakub Prokop
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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5
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Peng HW, Xiang KL, Erst AS, Lian L, Ortiz RDC, Jabbour F, Chen ZD, Wang W. A complete genus-level phylogeny reveals the Cretaceous biogeographic diversification of the poppy family. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2023; 181:107712. [PMID: 36693534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2023.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms, a trigger for the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), underwent a rapid expansion and occupied all the environments during the Mid-Upper Cretaceous. Yet, Cretaceous biogeographic patterns and processes underlying the distribution of angiosperm diversity in the Northern Hemisphere are still poorly known. Here, we elucidated the biogeographic diversification of the angiosperm family Papaveraceae, an ancient Northern Hemisphere clade characterized by poor dispersal ability and high level of regional endemism. Based on both plastome and multi-locus datasets, we reconstructed a robust time-calibrated phylogeny that includes all currently recognized 45 genera of this family. Within the time-calibrated phylogenetic framework, we conducted 72 biogeographic analyses by testing the sensitivity of uncertainties of area delimitation, maxarea constraints, and the parameters of the model, i.e., j (describing jump-dispersal events) and w (modifying dispersal multiplier matrices), to ancestral range estimations. We also inferred ancestral habitat and ecological niches. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support Papaveraceae as monophyletic. Pteridophylloideae is strongly supported as sister to Hypecoideae-Fumarioideae. Our results indicate that the j parameter and number of predefined areas strongly affect ancestral range estimates, generating questionable ancestral ranges, whereas maxarea constraint and w parameter have no effect and improve model fit. After accounting for these uncertainties, our results indicate that Papaveraceae differentiated in Asian wet forests during the Lower Cretaceous and subsequently occupied the Asian and western North American arid and open areas. Three dispersals from Asia to western North America via the Bering land bridge occurred in the Mid-Upper Cretaceous, largely in agreement with the KTR. Habitat shift and ecological niche divergence resulted in the subsequent disjunctions between Asia and western North America. These findings suggest that the interplay of range expansion and niche divergence-driven vicariance might have shaped Cretaceous biogeographic patterns of angiosperms with Papaveraceae-like ecological requirements and dispersal abilities in the Northern Hemisphere, hence contributing to the knowledge on the geographic expansion of angiosperms during the KTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Wen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kun-Li Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Andrey S Erst
- Central Siberian Botanical Garden, Russian Academy of Sciences, Zolotodolinskaya str, 101, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Lian Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Rosa Del C Ortiz
- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Florian Jabbour
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université des Antilles, EPHE, 57, rue Cuvier, CP39, Paris 75005, France
| | - Zhi-Duan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Asar Y, Ho SYW, Sauquet H. Early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators: were they unlinked? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:858-869. [PMID: 35568622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present-day ubiquity of angiosperm-insect pollination has led to the hypothesis that these two groups coevolved early in their evolutionary history. However, recent fossil discoveries and fossil-calibrated molecular dating analyses challenge the notion that early diversifications of angiosperms and insects were inextricably linked. In this article, we examine (i) the discrepancies between dates of emergence for angiosperms and major clades of insects; (ii) the long history of gymnosperm-insect pollination modes, which likely shaped early angiosperm-insect pollination mutualisms; and (iii) how the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene) mass extinction event was vital in propelling modern angiosperm-insect mutualisms. We posit that the early diversifications of angiosperms and their insect pollinators were largely decoupled until the end of the Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Asar
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon Y W Ho
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hervé Sauquet
- National Herbarium of New South Wales (NSW), Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia; Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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7
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Maxwell TL, Fanin N, Parker WC, Bakker MR, Belleau A, Meredieu C, Augusto L, Munson AD. Tree species identity drives nutrient use efficiency in young mixed‐species plantations, at both high and low water availability. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania L. Maxwell
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France
- Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux France
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | - Nicolas Fanin
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - William C. Parker
- Ontario Forest Research Institute Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry Sault Ste. Marie ON Canada
| | - Mark R. Bakker
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Ariane Belleau
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique Université Laval Québec QC Canada
| | | | - Laurent Augusto
- INRAE, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, ISPA Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Alison D. Munson
- Centre d’étude de la forêt, Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique Université Laval Québec QC Canada
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8
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Češljar G, Jovanović F, Brašanac-Bosanac L, Đorđević I, Mitrović S, Eremija S, Ćirković-Mitrović T, Lučić A. Impact of an Extremely Dry Period on Tree Defoliation and Tree Mortality in Serbia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1286. [PMID: 35631711 PMCID: PMC9144404 DOI: 10.3390/plants11101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents research results on forest decline in Serbia. The results were obtained through monitoring defoliation of 34 tree species at 130 sample plots during the period from 2004 to 2018. This research aimed to determine whether the occurrence of defoliation and tree mortality were caused by drought. Defoliation was assessed in 5% steps according to the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) methodology. All the trees recorded as dead were singled out, and annual mortality rates were calculated. To determine changes in air temperature and precipitation regimes during the study period, we processed and analysed climatic data related to air temperature and precipitation throughout the year and in the growing season at 28 main weather stations in Serbia. Tree mortality patterns were established by classifying trees into three groups. The first group of trees exhibited a gradual increase in defoliation during the last few years of monitoring, with dying as the final outcome. The second group was characterised by sudden death of trees. The third group of trees reached a higher degree of defoliation immediately after the first monitoring year, and the trees died after several years. Tree mortality rates were compared between years using the Standardised Precipitation Evaporation Index (SPI) and the Standardised Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), the most common methods used to monitor drought. The most intensive forest decline was recorded during the period from 2013 to 2016, when the largest percentage of the total number of all trees died. According to the annual mortality rates calculated for the three observation periods (2004-2008, 2009-2013, and 2014-2018) the highest forest decline rate was recorded in the period from 2014 to 2018, with no statistically significant difference between broadleaved and coniferous tree species. As the sample of coniferous species was small, the number of sample plots should be increased in order to achieve better systematic forest condition monitoring in Serbia. The analysis of the relationship between defoliation and climatic parameters proved the correlation between them. It was noted that the forest decline in Serbia was preceded by an extremely dry period with high temperatures from 2011 to 2013, supporting the hypothesis that it was caused by drought. We therefore conclude that these unfavourable climatic conditions had serious and long-term consequences on forest ecosystems in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Češljar
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Filip Jovanović
- Department of Forest Establishment, Silviculture and Ecology, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (F.J.); (S.E.); (T.Ć.-M.)
| | - Ljiljana Brašanac-Bosanac
- Department of Environmental Protection and Improvement, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.B.-B.); (S.M.)
| | - Ilija Đorđević
- Department of Spatial Regulation, GIS and Forest Policy, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Suzana Mitrović
- Department of Environmental Protection and Improvement, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.B.-B.); (S.M.)
| | - Saša Eremija
- Department of Forest Establishment, Silviculture and Ecology, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (F.J.); (S.E.); (T.Ć.-M.)
| | - Tatjana Ćirković-Mitrović
- Department of Forest Establishment, Silviculture and Ecology, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia; (F.J.); (S.E.); (T.Ć.-M.)
| | - Aleksandar Lučić
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding, Seed and Nursery Production, Institute of Forestry, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia;
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9
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Pastore MA, Classen AT, D'Amato AW, Foster JR, Adair EC. Cold-air pools as microrefugia for ecosystem functions in the face of climate change. Ecology 2022; 103:e3717. [PMID: 35388477 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cold-air pooling is a global phenomenon that frequently sustains low temperatures in sheltered, low-lying depressions and valleys and drives other key environmental conditions, such as soil temperature, soil moisture, vapor pressure deficit, frost frequency, and winter dynamics. Local climate patterns in areas prone to cold-air pooling are partly decoupled from regional climates and thus may be buffered from macroscale climate change. There is compelling evidence from studies across the globe that cold-air pooling impacts plant communities and species distributions, making these decoupled microclimate areas potentially important microrefugia for species under climate warming. Despite interest in the potential for cold-air pools to enable species persistence under warming, studies investigating the effects of cold-air pooling on ecosystem processes are scarce. Because local temperatures and vegetation composition are critical drivers of ecosystem processes like carbon cycling and storage, cold-air pooling may also act to preserve ecosystem functions. We review research exploring the ecological impacts of cold-air pooling with a focus on vegetation, and then present a new conceptual framework in which cold-air pooling creates feedbacks between species and ecosystem properties that generate unique hotspots for carbon accrual in some systems relative to areas more vulnerable to regional climate change impacts. Finally, we describe key steps to motivate future research investigating the potential for cold-air pools to serve as microrefugia for ecosystem functions under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, USA
| | - Anthony W D'Amato
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Jane R Foster
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - E Carol Adair
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
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10
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Tree functional traits, forest biomass, and tree species diversity interact with site properties to drive forest soil carbon. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1097. [PMID: 35233020 PMCID: PMC8888738 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28748-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Forests constitute important ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. However, how trees and environmental conditions interact to determine the amount of organic carbon stored in forest soils is a hotly debated subject. In particular, how tree species influence soil organic carbon (SOC) remains unclear. Based on a global compilation of data, we show that functional traits of trees and forest standing biomass explain half of the local variability in forest SOC. The effects of functional traits on SOC depended on the climatic and soil conditions with the strongest effect observed under boreal climate and on acidic, poor, coarse-textured soils. Mixing tree species in forests also favours the storage of SOC, provided that a biomass over-yielding occurs in mixed forests. We propose that the forest carbon sink can be optimised by (i) increasing standing biomass, (ii) increasing forest species richness, and (iii) choosing forest composition based on tree functional traits according to the local conditions. Forests constitute important ecosystems in the global carbon cycle. This study investigates how tree species influence soil organic carbon using a global dataset, showing the importance of tree functional traits and forest standing biomass to optimise forest carbon sink.
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11
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Song Y, Poorter L, Horsting A, Delzon S, Sterck F. Pit and tracheid anatomy explain hydraulic safety but not hydraulic efficiency of 28 conifer species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1033-1048. [PMID: 34626106 PMCID: PMC8793876 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Conifers face increased drought mortality risks because of drought-induced embolism in their vascular system. Variation in embolism resistance may result from species differences in pit structure and function, as pits control the air seeding between water-transporting conduits. This study quantifies variation in embolism resistance and hydraulic conductivity for 28 conifer species grown in a 50-year-old common garden experiment and assesses the underlying mechanisms. Conifer species with a small pit aperture, high pit aperture resistance, and large valve effect were more resistant to embolism, as they all may reduce air seeding. Surprisingly, hydraulic conductivity was only negatively correlated with tracheid cell wall thickness. Embolism resistance and its underlying pit traits related to pit size and sealing were more strongly phylogenetically controlled than hydraulic conductivity and anatomical tracheid traits. Conifers differed in hydraulic safety and hydraulic efficiency, but there was no trade-off between safety and efficiency because they are driven by different xylem anatomical traits that are under different phylogenetic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Song
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelina Horsting
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- University of Bordeaux, INRA, UMR BIOGECO, 33450 Talence, France
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Vigneau J, Borg M. The epigenetic origin of life history transitions in plants and algae. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2021; 34:267-285. [PMID: 34236522 PMCID: PMC8566409 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-021-00422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants and algae have a complex life history that transitions between distinct life forms called the sporophyte and the gametophyte. This phenomenon-called the alternation of generations-has fascinated botanists and phycologists for over 170 years. Despite the mesmerizing array of life histories described in plants and algae, we are only now beginning to learn about the molecular mechanisms controlling them and how they evolved. Epigenetic silencing plays an essential role in regulating gene expression during multicellular development in eukaryotes, raising questions about its impact on the life history strategy of plants and algae. Here, we trace the origin and function of epigenetic mechanisms across the plant kingdom, from unicellular green algae through to angiosperms, and attempt to reconstruct the evolutionary steps that influenced life history transitions during plant evolution. Central to this evolutionary scenario is the adaption of epigenetic silencing from a mechanism of genome defense to the repression and control of alternating generations. We extend our discussion beyond the green lineage and highlight the peculiar case of the brown algae. Unlike their unicellular diatom relatives, brown algae lack epigenetic silencing pathways common to animals and plants yet display complex life histories, hinting at the emergence of novel life history controls during stramenopile evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérômine Vigneau
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Borg
- Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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Neves DM, Kerkhoff AJ, Echeverría-Londoño S, Merow C, Morueta-Holme N, Peet RK, Sandel B, Svenning JC, Wiser SK, Enquist BJ. The adaptive challenge of extreme conditions shapes evolutionary diversity of plant assemblages at continental scales. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2021132118. [PMID: 34504011 PMCID: PMC8449343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021132118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical conservatism hypothesis (TCH) posits that the latitudinal gradient in biological diversity arises because most extant clades of animals and plants originated when tropical environments were more widespread and because the colonization of colder and more seasonal temperate environments is limited by the phylogenetically conserved environmental tolerances of these tropical clades. Recent studies have claimed support of the TCH, indicating that temperate plant diversity stems from a few more recently derived lineages that are nested within tropical clades, with the colonization of the temperate zone being associated with key adaptations to survive colder temperatures and regular freezing. Drought, however, is an additional physiological stress that could shape diversity gradients. Here, we evaluate patterns of evolutionary diversity in plant assemblages spanning the full extent of climatic gradients in North and South America. We find that in both hemispheres, extratropical dry biomes house the lowest evolutionary diversity, while tropical moist forests and many temperate mixed forests harbor the highest. Together, our results support a more nuanced view of the TCH, with environments that are radically different from the ancestral niche of angiosperms having limited, phylogenetically clustered diversity relative to environments that show lower levels of deviation from this niche. Thus, we argue that ongoing expansion of arid environments is likely to entail higher loss of evolutionary diversity not just in the wet tropics but in many extratropical moist regions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Neves
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | | | - Susy Echeverría-Londoño
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - Cory Merow
- Eversource Energy Center, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06268
| | - Naia Morueta-Holme
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Robert K Peet
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Brody Sandel
- Department of Biology, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, CA 95053
| | - Jens-Christian Svenning
- Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Susan K Wiser
- Ecosystems and Conservation Group, Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand
| | - Brian J Enquist
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501
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14
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Köhler C, Dziasek K, Del Toro-De León G. Postzygotic reproductive isolation established in the endosperm: mechanisms, drivers and relevance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200118. [PMID: 33866810 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosperm is a developmental innovation of angiosperms that supports embryo growth and germination. Aside from this essential reproductive function, the endosperm fuels angiosperm evolution by rapidly establishing reproductive barriers between incipient species. Specifically, the endosperm prevents hybridization of newly formed polyploids with their non-polyploid progenitors, a phenomenon termed the triploid block. Furthermore, recently diverged diploid species are frequently reproductively isolated by endosperm-based hybridization barriers. Current genetic approaches have revealed a prominent role for epigenetic processes establishing these barriers. In particular, imprinted genes, which are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, underpin the interploidy barrier in the model species Arabidopsis. We will discuss the mechanisms establishing hybridization barriers in the endosperm, the driving forces for these barriers and their impact for angiosperm evolution. This article is part of the theme issue 'How does epigenetics influence the course of evolution?'
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Köhler
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Dziasek
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
| | - Gerardo Del Toro-De León
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences and Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Uppsala 75007, Sweden
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15
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Katz O, Puppe D, Kaczorek D, Prakash NB, Schaller J. Silicon in the Soil-Plant Continuum: Intricate Feedback Mechanisms within Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:652. [PMID: 33808069 PMCID: PMC8066056 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Plants' ability to take up silicon from the soil, accumulate it within their tissues and then reincorporate it into the soil through litter creates an intricate network of feedback mechanisms in ecosystems. Here, we provide a concise review of silicon's roles in soil chemistry and physics and in plant physiology and ecology, focusing on the processes that form these feedback mechanisms. Through this review and analysis, we demonstrate how this feedback network drives ecosystem processes and affects ecosystem functioning. Consequently, we show that Si uptake and accumulation by plants is involved in several ecosystem services like soil appropriation, biomass supply, and carbon sequestration. Considering the demand for food of an increasing global population and the challenges of climate change, a detailed understanding of the underlying processes of these ecosystem services is of prime importance. Silicon and its role in ecosystem functioning and services thus should be the main focus of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Katz
- Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mt. Masada, Tamar Regional Council, 86910 Tamar, Israel
- Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Hatmarim Blv, 8855630 Eilat, Israel
| | - Daniel Puppe
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
| | - Danuta Kaczorek
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
- Department of Soil Environment Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nagabovanalli B. Prakash
- Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore 560065, India;
| | - Jörg Schaller
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany; (D.P.); (D.K.); (J.S.)
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16
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Aritsara ANA, Razakandraibe VM, Ramananantoandro T, Gleason SM, Cao KF. Increasing axial parenchyma fraction in the Malagasy Magnoliids facilitated the co-optimisation of hydraulic efficiency and safety. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1467-1480. [PMID: 32981106 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of angiosperms was accompanied by the segregation and specialisation of their xylem tissues. This study aimed to determine whether the fraction and arrangement of parenchyma tissue influence the hydraulic efficiency-safety trade-off in the basal angiosperms. We examined xylem anatomical structure and hydraulic functioning of 28 woody species of Magnoliids in a tropical rainforest of Madagascar and reported, for the first time, quantitative measurements that support the relationship between vessel-to-xylem parenchyma connectivity and the hydraulic efficiency-safety trade-off. We also introduced a new measurement - the distance of species from the trade-off limit - to quantify the co-optimisation of hydraulic efficiency and safety. Although the basal angiosperms in this study had low hydraulic conductivity and safety, species with higher axial parenchyma fraction (APf) had significantly higher hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic efficiency-safety optimisation was accompanied by higher APf and vessel-to-axial parenchyma connectivity. Conversely, species exhibiting high ray parenchyma fraction and high vessel-to-ray connectivity had lower Ks and were further away from the hydraulic trade-off limit line. Our results provide evidence that axial parenchyma fraction and paratracheal arrangement are associated with both enhanced hydraulic efficiency and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ny Aina Aritsara
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences du Bois, Département Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 175, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Vonjisoa M Razakandraibe
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences du Bois, Département Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 175, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Tahiana Ramananantoandro
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences du Bois, Département Foresterie et Environnement, Ecole Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 175, Antananarivo, 101, Madagascar
| | - Sean M Gleason
- Water Management and Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Kun-Fang Cao
- Plant Ecophysiology and Evolution Group, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530004, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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17
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18
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Condamine FL, Silvestro D, Koppelhus EB, Antonelli A. The rise of angiosperms pushed conifers to decline during global cooling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28867-28875. [PMID: 33139543 PMCID: PMC7682372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2005571117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition among species and entire clades can impact species diversification and extinction, which can shape macroevolutionary patterns. The fossil record shows successive biotic turnovers such that a dominant group is replaced by another. One striking example involves the decline of gymnosperms and the rapid diversification and ecological dominance of angiosperms in the Cretaceous. It is generally believed that angiosperms outcompeted gymnosperms, but the macroevolutionary processes and alternative drivers explaining this pattern remain elusive. Using extant time trees and vetted fossil occurrences for conifers, we tested the hypotheses that clade competition or climate change led to the decline of conifers at the expense of angiosperms. Here, we find that both fossil and molecular data show high congruence in revealing 1) low diversification rates, punctuated by speciation pulses, during warming events throughout the Phanerozoic and 2) that conifer extinction increased significantly in the Mid-Cretaceous (100 to 110 Ma) and remained high ever since. Their extinction rates are best explained by the rise of angiosperms, rejecting alternative models based on either climate change or time alone. Our results support the hypothesis of an active clade replacement, implying that direct competition with angiosperms increased the extinction of conifers by pushing their remaining species diversity and dominance out of the warm tropics. This study illustrates how entire branches on the Tree of Life may actively compete for ecological dominance under changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, UMR 5554 Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier), 34095 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniele Silvestro
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva B Koppelhus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Alexandre Antonelli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3AE, United Kingdom
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19
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Fan D, Wang X, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhang S, Xie Z. Does Cathaya argyrophylla, an ancient and threatened Pinaceae species endemic to China, show eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 8:coaa094. [PMID: 33093958 PMCID: PMC7566968 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cathaya argyrophylla is an ancient and threatened Pinaceae species endemic to China, but its eco-physiological traits are rarely reported. We hypothesized that Cathaya showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives, which lead to its current endangered status. Here we collected the photosynthetic capacity (P n, maximum photosynthesis rate) and branchlet hydraulic safety (P 50, the water potential at which a 50% loss in conductivity occurs) of Pinaceae species globally, including our measurements on Cathaya. We applied the phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate: (i) the phylogenetic signal of the two key traits across Pinaceae species, and (ii) the trait-climate relationships and the photosynthesis-cavitation resistance relationship across Pinaceae species. We applied the polygenetic quantile regression (PQR) method to assess whether Cathaya showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives in terms of cavitation resistance and photosynthetic capacity. It was found that P 50, and to a less extent, P n, had a strong phylogenetic signal consistent with niche conservation among Pinaceae species. Hydraulic safety largely determined non-threatened Pinaceae species' distribution across moisture gradients at the global scale. There was also an adaptive trade-off relationship between P n and P 50. Cathaya is a high cavitation resistant, low photosynthetic capacity species. It showed eco-physiological outliers to its Pinaceae relatives because it had lower P 50 and P n below the 10% quantile boundaries along moisture and/or temperature gradients; also, it was above the 90% quantile boundary of the P n and P 50 relationship across non-endangered Pinaceae species. The PQR output demonstrated that in the subtropical area of China characterized by abundant rainfall, Cathaya has extra high hydraulic safety, suggesting inefficiency of carbon economy associated with either competition or other life history strategies, which lead to its current endangered status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Fan
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiangping Wang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, 35 Qinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wangfeng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Shihezi University, No. 221, Beisi Road, Shihezi 832000, China
| | - Xiangying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20, Xiangshan Nanxin Cun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Shouren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20, Xiangshan Nanxin Cun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 20, Xiangshan Nanxin Cun, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China
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20
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Evolutionary diversity in tropical tree communities peaks at intermediate precipitation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1188. [PMID: 31980639 PMCID: PMC6981197 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global patterns of species and evolutionary diversity in plants are primarily determined by a temperature gradient, but precipitation gradients may be more important within the tropics, where plant species richness is positively associated with the amount of rainfall. The impact of precipitation on the distribution of evolutionary diversity, however, is largely unexplored. Here we detail how evolutionary diversity varies along precipitation gradients by bringing together a comprehensive database on the composition of angiosperm tree communities across lowland tropical South America (2,025 inventories from wet to arid biomes), and a new, large-scale phylogenetic hypothesis for the genera that occur in these ecosystems. We find a marked reduction in the evolutionary diversity of communities at low precipitation. However, unlike species richness, evolutionary diversity does not continually increase with rainfall. Rather, our results show that the greatest evolutionary diversity is found in intermediate precipitation regimes, and that there is a decline in evolutionary diversity above 1,490 mm of mean annual rainfall. If conservation is to prioritise evolutionary diversity, areas of intermediate precipitation that are found in the South American ‘arc of deforestation’, but which have been neglected in the design of protected area networks in the tropics, merit increased conservation attention.
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21
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Tree Species Traits Determine the Success of LiDAR-Based Crown Mapping in a Mixed Temperate Forest. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to automatically delineate individual tree crowns using remote sensing data opens the possibility to collect detailed tree information over large geographic regions. While individual tree crown delineation (ITCD) methods have proven successful in conifer-dominated forests using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data, it remains unclear how well these methods can be applied in deciduous broadleaf-dominated forests. We applied five automated LiDAR-based ITCD methods across fifteen plots ranging from conifer- to broadleaf-dominated forest stands at Harvard Forest in Petersham, MA, USA, and assessed accuracy against manual delineation of crowns from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. We then identified tree- and plot-level factors influencing the success of automated delineation techniques. There was relatively little difference in accuracy between automated crown delineation methods (51–59% aggregated plot accuracy) and, despite parameter tuning, none of the methods produced high accuracy across all plots (27—90% range in plot-level accuracy). The accuracy of all methods was significantly higher with increased plot conifer fraction, and individual conifer trees were identified with higher accuracy (mean 64%) than broadleaf trees (42%) across methods. Further, while tree-level factors (e.g., diameter at breast height, height and crown area) strongly influenced the success of crown delineations, the influence of plot-level factors varied. The most important plot-level factor was species evenness, a metric of relative species abundance that is related to both conifer fraction and the degree to which trees can fill canopy space. As species evenness decreased (e.g., high conifer fraction and less efficient filling of canopy space), the probability of successful delineation increased. Overall, our work suggests that the tested LiDAR-based ITCD methods perform equally well in a mixed temperate forest, but that delineation success is driven by forest characteristics like functional group, tree size, diversity, and crown architecture. While LiDAR-based ITCD methods are well suited for stands with distinct canopy structure, we suggest that future work explore the integration of phenology and spectral characteristics with existing LiDAR as an approach to improve crown delineation in broadleaf-dominated stands.
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22
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Li HT, Yi TS, Gao LM, Ma PF, Zhang T, Yang JB, Gitzendanner MA, Fritsch PW, Cai J, Luo Y, Wang H, van der Bank M, Zhang SD, Wang QF, Wang J, Zhang ZR, Fu CN, Yang J, Hollingsworth PM, Chase MW, Soltis DE, Soltis PS, Li DZ. Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap. NATURE PLANTS 2019; 5:461-470. [PMID: 31061536 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 360] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Angiosperms are by far the most species-rich clade of land plants, but their origin and early evolutionary history remain poorly understood. We reconstructed angiosperm phylogeny based on 80 genes from 2,881 plastid genomes representing 85% of extant families and all orders. With a well-resolved plastid tree and 62 fossil calibrations, we dated the origin of the crown angiosperms to the Upper Triassic, with major angiosperm radiations occurring in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. This estimated crown age is substantially earlier than that of unequivocal angiosperm fossils, and the difference is here termed the 'Jurassic angiosperm gap'. Our time-calibrated plastid phylogenomic tree provides a highly relevant framework for future comparative studies of flowering plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tao Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting-Shuang Yi
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Lian-Ming Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Peng-Fei Ma
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Matthew A Gitzendanner
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jie Cai
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Michelle van der Bank
- Department of Botany & Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shu-Dong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Qing-Feng Wang
- Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Toowong, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Chao-Nan Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | | | - Mark W Chase
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Biodiversity Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - De-Zhu Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
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Massante JC, Götzenberger L, Takkis K, Hallikma T, Kaasik A, Laanisto L, Hutchings MJ, Gerhold P. Contrasting latitudinal patterns in phylogenetic diversity between woody and herbaceous communities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6443. [PMID: 31015512 PMCID: PMC6478853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42827-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although many studies have shown that species richness decreases from low to high latitudes (the Latitudinal Diversity Gradient), little is known about the relationship between latitude and phylogenetic diversity. Here we examine global latitudinal patterns of phylogenetic diversity using a dataset of 459 woody and 589 herbaceous plant communities. We analysed the relationships between community phylogenetic diversity, latitude, biogeographic realm and vegetation type. Using the most recent global megaphylogeny for seed plants and the standardised effect sizes of the phylogenetic diversity metrics ‘mean pairwise distance’ (SESmpd) and ‘mean nearest taxon distance’ (SESmntd), we found that species were more closely-related at low latitudes in woody communities. In herbaceous communities, species were more closely-related at high latitudes than at intermediate latitudes, and the strength of this effect depended on biogeographic realm and vegetation type. Possible causes of this difference are contrasting patterns of speciation and dispersal. Most woody lineages evolved in the tropics, with many gymnosperms but few angiosperms adapting to high latitudes. In contrast, the recent evolution of herbaceous lineages such as grasses in young habitat types may drive coexistence of closely-related species at high latitudes. Our results show that high species richness commonly observed at low latitudes is not associated with high phylogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny C Massante
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia.
| | - Lars Götzenberger
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-37982, Trebon, Czech Republic
| | - Krista Takkis
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Tiit Hallikma
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Lauri Laanisto
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, 51006, Estonia
| | - Michael J Hutchings
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Pille Gerhold
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
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Different degrees of water-related stress affect evolutionary diversity in a seasonally dry biome. Oecologia 2019; 189:795-802. [PMID: 30798355 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Environmental gradients play a key role in shaping diversity in tropical forests. However, we have a little understanding of how evolutionary diversity is affected by gradients and the role of niche persistence in flooded forests in dry biomes. Here, we assessed the evolutionary diversity across a flooding gradient in the Caatinga Domain of South America. We established 120 plots across four tributaries of the São Francisco River, eastern Brazil, consisting of 72 plots in flooded, 24 in occasionally flooded, and 24 in unflooded forests. We computed richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), and mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (MPD) and their standardized effect sizes (ses.PD, ses.MNTD, and ses.MPD). We found low richness, low PD, and high MNTD values in flooded forests relative to unflooded and occasionally flooded forests. MPD did not differ across the flooding gradient. The standardized effect size metrics were higher in flooded forests. Despite the unflooded and occasionally flooded forests being rich in terms of species and correlated phylogenetic structure, flooded forests showed more lineage diversity than expected by chance. We assessed whether this pattern could be driven by resprouting ability testing its phylogenetic signal. Resprouting is randomly distributed across phylogeny, but plant communities are likely assembled from random draws of the resprouters' lineage pool. Quantifying evolutionary diversity across flooding gradients in dry environments brought new insights to how the same environmental filters may lead to disparate patterns of evolutionary diversity and the role of response traits in allowing certain clades to persist in flooded habitats.
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25
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Escalera-Fanjul X, Quezada H, Riego-Ruiz L, González A. Whole-Genome Duplication and Yeast’s Fruitful Way of Life. Trends Genet 2019; 35:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Singh SP, Inderjit , Singh JS, Majumdar S, Moyano J, Nuñez MA, Richardson DM. Insights on the persistence of pines ( Pinus species) in the Late Cretaceous and their increasing dominance in the Anthropocene. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:10345-10359. [PMID: 30398478 PMCID: PMC6206191 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gymnosperms were nearly swept away by the rise of the angiosperms in the Late Cretaceous, conifers, and pines (Pinus species) in particular, survived and regained their dominance in some habitats. Diversification of pines into fire-avoiding (subgenus Haploxylon) and fire-adapted (subgenus Diploxylon) species occurred in response to abiotic and biotic factors in the Late Cretaceous such as competition with emerging angiosperms and changing fire regimes. Adaptations/traits that evolved in response to angiosperm-fuelled fire regimes and stressful environments in the Late Cretaceous were key to pine success and are also contributing to a new "pine rise" in some areas in the Anthropocene. Human-mediated activities exert both positive and negative impacts of range size and expansion and invasions of pines. Large-scale afforestation with pines, human-mediated changes to fire regimes, and other ecosystem processes are other contributing factors. We discuss traits that evolved in response to angiosperm-mediated fires and stressful environments in the Cretaceous and that continue to contribute to pine persistence and dominance and the numerous ways in which human activities favor pines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Inderjit
- Department of Environmental StudiesCentre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE)University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | | | - Sudipto Majumdar
- Department of Environmental StudiesCentre for Environmental Management of Degraded Ecosystems (CEMDE)University of DelhiDelhiIndia
| | - Jaime Moyano
- Grupo de Ecologia de InvasionesINIBIOMACONICET/Universidad Nacional del ComahueBarilocheArgentina
| | - Martin A. Nuñez
- Grupo de Ecologia de InvasionesINIBIOMACONICET/Universidad Nacional del ComahueBarilocheArgentina
| | - David M. Richardson
- Department of Botany and ZoologyCentre for Invasion BiologyStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
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Achat DL, Pousse N, Nicolas M, Augusto L. Nutrient remobilization in tree foliage as affected by soil nutrients and leaf life span. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Ludovick Achat
- INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro; UMR 1391 ISPA, MOST team; F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon France
| | | | | | - Laurent Augusto
- INRA, Bordeaux Sciences Agro; UMR 1391 ISPA, BIONUT team; F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon France
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Barba‐Montoya J, dos Reis M, Schneider H, Donoghue PCJ, Yang Z. Constraining uncertainty in the timescale of angiosperm evolution and the veracity of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:819-834. [PMID: 29399804 PMCID: PMC6055841 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Through the lens of the fossil record, angiosperm diversification precipitated a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) in which pollinators, herbivores and predators underwent explosive co-diversification. Molecular dating studies imply that early angiosperm evolution is not documented in the fossil record. This mismatch remains controversial. We used a Bayesian molecular dating method to analyse a dataset of 83 genes from 644 taxa and 52 fossil calibrations to explore the effect of different interpretations of the fossil record, molecular clock models, data partitioning, among other factors, on angiosperm divergence time estimation. Controlling for different sources of uncertainty indicates that the timescale of angiosperm diversification is much less certain than previous molecular dating studies have suggested. Discord between molecular clock and purely fossil-based interpretations of angiosperm diversification may be a consequence of false precision on both sides. We reject a post-Jurassic origin of angiosperms, supporting the notion of a cryptic early history of angiosperms, but this history may be as much as 121 Myr, or as little as 23 Myr. These conclusions remain compatible with palaeobotanical evidence and a more general KTR in which major groups of angiosperms diverged later within the Cretaceous, alongside the diversification of pollinators, herbivores and their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Barba‐Montoya
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonDarwin BuildingGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
| | - Mario dos Reis
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Harald Schneider
- Center of Integrative ConservationXishuangbanna Tropical Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesMenglunYunnanChina
- Department of BotanyNatural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondonSW7 5BDUK
| | - Philip C. J. Donoghue
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolLife Sciences BuildingTyndall AvenueBristolBS8 1TQUK
| | - Ziheng Yang
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonDarwin BuildingGower StreetLondonWC1E 6BTUK
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Katz O. Extending the scope of Darwin's 'abominable mystery': integrative approaches to understanding angiosperm origins and species richness. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 121:1-8. [PMID: 29040393 PMCID: PMC5786222 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Angiosperms are the most species-rich group of land plants, but their origins and fast and intense diversification still require an explanation. Scope Extending research scopes can broaden theoretical frameworks and lines of evidence that can lead to solving this 'abominable mystery'. Solutions lie in understanding evolutionary trends across taxa and throughout the Phanerozoic, and integration between hypotheses and ideas that are derived from multiple disciplines. Key Findings Descriptions of evolutionary chronologies should integrate between molecular phylogenies, descriptive palaeontology and palaeoecology. New molecular chronologies open new avenues of research of possible Palaeozoic angiosperm ancestors and how they evolved during as many as 200Myr until the emergence of true angiosperms. The idea that 'biodiversity creates biodiversity' requires evidence from past and present ecologies, with changes in herbivory and resource availability throughout the Phanerozoic appearing to be particularly promising. Conclusions Promoting our understanding of angiosperm origins and diversification in particular, and the evolution of biodiversity in general, requires more profound understanding of the ecological past through integrating taxonomic, temporal and ecological scopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Katz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er-Sheva, Israel
- The Dead Sea and Arava Science Center, Mt Massada, Tamar Regional Council, Israel
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30
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Cailleret M, Dakos V, Jansen S, Robert EMR, Aakala T, Amoroso MM, Antos JA, Bigler C, Bugmann H, Caccianaga M, Camarero JJ, Cherubini P, Coyea MR, Čufar K, Das AJ, Davi H, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hartmann H, Hereş AM, Hultine KR, Janda P, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Levanic T, Linares JC, Lombardi F, Mäkinen H, Mészáros I, Metsaranta JM, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Petritan AM, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Smith JM, Stan AB, Stojanovic DB, Suarez ML, Svoboda M, Trotsiuk V, Villalba R, Westwood AR, Wyckoff PH, Martínez-Vilalta J. Early-Warning Signals of Individual Tree Mortality Based on Annual Radial Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1964. [PMID: 30713543 PMCID: PMC6346433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key driver of forest dynamics and its occurrence is projected to increase in the future due to climate change. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to death, we still lack robust indicators of mortality risk that could be applied at the individual tree scale. Here, we build on a previous contribution exploring the differences in growth level between trees that died and survived a given mortality event to assess whether changes in temporal autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony in time-series of annual radial growth data can be used as early warning signals of mortality risk. Taking advantage of a unique global ring-width database of 3065 dead trees and 4389 living trees growing together at 198 sites (belonging to 36 gymnosperm and angiosperm species), we analyzed temporal changes in autocorrelation, variance, and synchrony before tree death (diachronic analysis), and also compared these metrics between trees that died and trees that survived a given mortality event (synchronic analysis). Changes in autocorrelation were a poor indicator of mortality risk. However, we found a gradual increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony in the last ∼20 years before mortality of gymnosperms, irrespective of the cause of mortality. These changes could be associated with drought-induced alterations in carbon economy and allocation patterns. In angiosperms, we did not find any consistent changes in any metric. Such lack of any signal might be explained by the relatively high capacity of angiosperms to recover after a stress-induced growth decline. Our analysis provides a robust method for estimating early-warning signals of tree mortality based on annual growth data. In addition to the frequently reported decrease in growth rates, an increase in inter-annual growth variability and a decrease in growth synchrony may be powerful predictors of gymnosperm mortality risk, but not necessarily so for angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cailleret
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Maxime Cailleret,
| | - Vasilis Dakos
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, ISEM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M. R. Robert
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mariano M. Amoroso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CCT Patagonia Norte, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Joe A. Antos
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Christof Bigler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Caccianaga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Marie R. Coyea
- Centre for Forest Research, Département des Sciences du Bois et de la Forêt, Faculté de Foresterie, de Géographie et de Géomatique, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrian J. Das
- United States Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Sequoia and Kings Canyon Field Station, Three Rivers, CA, United States
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Avignon, France
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Laurel J. Haavik
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest Sciences, Transilvania University of Brasov, Brașov, Romania
- BC3 – Basque Centre for Climate Change, Leioa, Spain
| | - Kevin R. Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jeffrey M. Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, Arcata, CA, United States
| | - Viachelsav I. Kharuk
- Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tom Levanic
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan-Carlos Linares
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Espoo, Finland
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juha M. Metsaranta
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Educational Institute of Stereas Elladas, Karpenisi, Greece
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry “Marin Dracea”, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Jeremy M. Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Amanda B. Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Dejan B. Stojanovic
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria-Laura Suarez
- Grupo Ecología Forestal, CONICET – INTA, EEA Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research – WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales, CCT CONICET Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alana R. Westwood
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Peter H. Wyckoff
- Department of Biology, University of Minnesota, Morris, Morris, MN, United States
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
- Departament de Biologia Animal, de Biologia Vegetal i d’Ecologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Scholl JP, Wiens JJ. Diversification rates and species richness across the Tree of Life. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1334. [PMID: 27605507 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species richness varies dramatically among clades across the Tree of Life, by over a million-fold in some cases (e.g. placozoans versus arthropods). Two major explanations for differences in richness among clades are the clade-age hypothesis (i.e. species-rich clades are older) and the diversification-rate hypothesis (i.e. species-rich clades diversify more rapidly, where diversification rate is the net balance of speciation and extinction over time). Here, we examine patterns of variation in diversification rates across the Tree of Life. We address how rates vary across higher taxa, whether rates within higher taxa are related to the subclades within them, and how diversification rates of clades are related to their species richness. We find substantial variation in diversification rates, with rates in plants nearly twice as high as in animals, and rates in some eukaryotes approximately 10-fold faster than prokaryotes. Rates for each kingdom-level clade are then significantly related to the subclades within them. Although caution is needed when interpreting relationships between diversification rates and richness, a positive relationship between the two is not inevitable. We find that variation in diversification rates seems to explain most variation in richness among clades across the Tree of Life, in contrast to the conclusions of previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Scholl
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
| | - John J Wiens
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721-0088, USA
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Larter M, Pfautsch S, Domec JC, Trueba S, Nagalingum N, Delzon S. Aridity drove the evolution of extreme embolism resistance and the radiation of conifer genus Callitris. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 215:97-112. [PMID: 28378882 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xylem vulnerability to embolism is emerging as a major factor in drought-induced tree mortality events across the globe. However, we lack understanding of how and to what extent climate has shaped vascular properties or functions. We investigated the evolution of xylem hydraulic function and diversification patterns in Australia's most successful gymnosperm clade, Callitris, the world's most drought-resistant conifers. For all 23 species in this group, we measured embolism resistance (P50 ), xylem specific hydraulic conductivity (Ks ), wood density, and tracheary element size from natural populations. We investigated whether hydraulic traits variation linked with climate and the diversification of this clade using a time-calibrated phylogeny. Embolism resistance varied widely across the Callitris clade (P50 : -3.8 to -18.8 MPa), and was significantly related to water scarcity, as was tracheid diameter. We found no evidence of a safety-efficiency tradeoff; Ks and wood density were not related to rainfall. Callitris diversification coincides with the onset of aridity in Australia since the early Oligocene. Our results highlight the evolutionary lability of xylem traits with climate, and the leading role of aridity in the diversification of conifers. The uncoupling of safety from other xylem functions allowed Callitris to evolve extreme embolism resistance and diversify into xeric environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Jean-Christophe Domec
- Bordeaux Sciences AGRO, UMR 1391 ISPA INRA, 1 Cours du Général de Gaulle, Gradignan Cedex, 33175, France
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Santiago Trueba
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- IRD, UMR AMAP, BPA5, Noumea, 98800, New Caledonia
| | - Nathalie Nagalingum
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
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Peris D, Labandeira CC, Peñalver E, Delclòs X, Barrón E, Pérez-de la Fuente R. The case of Darwinylus marcosi (Insecta: Coleoptera: Oedemeridae): A Cretaceous shift from a gymnosperm to an angiosperm pollinator mutualism. Commun Integr Biol 2017. [PMCID: PMC5595409 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2017.1325048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Abundant gymnosperm pollen grains associated with the oedemerid beetle Darwinylus marcosi Peris, 2016 were found in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain. This discovery provides confirmatory evidence for a pollination mutualism during the mid Mesozoic for the family Oedemeridae (Coleoptera), which today is known to pollinate only angiosperms. As a result, this new record documents a lateral host-plant transfer from an earlier gymnosperm to a later angiosperm, indicating that pollination of the latter is a derived condition within Oedemeridae. This new fossil record exemplifies one of the 4 ecological-evolutionary pollinator cohorts now known to have existed during the global shift from a gymnosperm to an angiosperm dominated global flora. Currently, all direct evidence for pollination during the 35 million-year interval of the mid Cretaceous gymnosperm-to-angiosperm transition entails recognition of gymnosperm pollen grains on insect mouthparts and other body contact surfaces, while analogous records involving angiosperms are lacking. The gathering evidence indicates that angiosperm pollination was preceded by at least 4 gymnosperm pollination modes that served as a functional and ecological prelude to the rise and expansion of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peris
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Campus del Riu Sec, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Conrad C. Labandeira
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Entomology and Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Enrique Peñalver
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Delclòs
- Departament de Dinàmica de la Terra i de l'Oceà, and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Barrón
- Museo Geominero, Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Madrid, Spain
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He T, Lamont BB. Baptism by fire: the pivotal role of ancient conflagrations in evolution of the Earth's flora. Natl Sci Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Fire became a defining feature of the Earth's processes as soon as land plants evolved 420 million years ago and has played a major role in shaping the composition and physiognomy of many ecosystems ever since. However, there remains a general lack of appreciation of the place of fire in the origin, evolution, ecology and conservation of the Earth's biodiversity. We review the literature on the presence of fire throughout the Earth's history following the evolution of land plants and examine the evidence for the origin and evolution of adaptive functional traits, biomes and major plant groups in relation to fire. We show that: (1) fire activities have fluctuated throughout geological time due to variations in climate, and more importantly in atmospheric oxygen, as these affected fuel levels and flammability; (2) fire promoted the early evolution and spread of major terrestrial plant groups; (3) fire has shaped the floristics, structure and function of major global biomes; and (4) fire has initiated and maintained the evolution of a wide array of fire-adapted functional traits since the evolution of land plants. We conclude that fire has been a fundamental agent of natural selection on terrestrial plants throughout the history of life on the Earth's land surface. We suggest that a paradigm shift is required to reassess ecological and evolutionary theories that exclude a role for fire, and also there is a need to review fire-suppression policies on ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation in global fire-prone regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua He
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Byron B Lamont
- Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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Cailleret M, Jansen S, Robert EMR, Desoto L, Aakala T, Antos JA, Beikircher B, Bigler C, Bugmann H, Caccianiga M, Čada V, Camarero JJ, Cherubini P, Cochard H, Coyea MR, Čufar K, Das AJ, Davi H, Delzon S, Dorman M, Gea-Izquierdo G, Gillner S, Haavik LJ, Hartmann H, Hereş AM, Hultine KR, Janda P, Kane JM, Kharuk VI, Kitzberger T, Klein T, Kramer K, Lens F, Levanic T, Linares Calderon JC, Lloret F, Lobo-Do-Vale R, Lombardi F, López Rodríguez R, Mäkinen H, Mayr S, Mészáros I, Metsaranta JM, Minunno F, Oberhuber W, Papadopoulos A, Peltoniemi M, Petritan AM, Rohner B, Sangüesa-Barreda G, Sarris D, Smith JM, Stan AB, Sterck F, Stojanović DB, Suarez ML, Svoboda M, Tognetti R, Torres-Ruiz JM, Trotsiuk V, Villalba R, Vodde F, Westwood AR, Wyckoff PH, Zafirov N, Martínez-Vilalta J. A synthesis of radial growth patterns preceding tree mortality. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:1675-1690. [PMID: 27759919 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tree mortality is a key factor influencing forest functions and dynamics, but our understanding of the mechanisms leading to mortality and the associated changes in tree growth rates are still limited. We compiled a new pan-continental tree-ring width database from sites where both dead and living trees were sampled (2970 dead and 4224 living trees from 190 sites, including 36 species), and compared early and recent growth rates between trees that died and those that survived a given mortality event. We observed a decrease in radial growth before death in ca. 84% of the mortality events. The extent and duration of these reductions were highly variable (1-100 years in 96% of events) due to the complex interactions among study species and the source(s) of mortality. Strong and long-lasting declines were found for gymnosperms, shade- and drought-tolerant species, and trees that died from competition. Angiosperms and trees that died due to biotic attacks (especially bark-beetles) typically showed relatively small and short-term growth reductions. Our analysis did not highlight any universal trade-off between early growth and tree longevity within a species, although this result may also reflect high variability in sampling design among sites. The intersite and interspecific variability in growth patterns before mortality provides valuable information on the nature of the mortality process, which is consistent with our understanding of the physiological mechanisms leading to mortality. Abrupt changes in growth immediately before death can be associated with generalized hydraulic failure and/or bark-beetle attack, while long-term decrease in growth may be associated with a gradual decline in hydraulic performance coupled with depletion in carbon reserves. Our results imply that growth-based mortality algorithms may be a powerful tool for predicting gymnosperm mortality induced by chronic stress, but not necessarily so for angiosperms and in case of intense drought or bark-beetle outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Cailleret
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M R Robert
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
- Laboratory of Wood Biology and Xylarium, Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA), Leuvensesteenweg 13, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Lucía Desoto
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Functional Ecology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Tuomas Aakala
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph A Antos
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, PO Box 3020, STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N5, Canada
| | - Barbara Beikircher
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christof Bigler
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Harald Bugmann
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Caccianiga
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Giovanni Celoria 26, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Vojtěch Čada
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jesus J Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avenida Montañana 1005, 50192, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paolo Cherubini
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Hervé Cochard
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 547 PIAF, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie R Coyea
- Département des sciences du bois et de la forêt, Centre for Forest Research, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Université Laval, 2405 rue de la Terrasse, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Katarina Čufar
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Adrian J Das
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, 47050 Generals Highway, Three Rivers, CA, 93271, USA
| | - Hendrik Davi
- Ecologie des Forest Méditerranéennes (URFM), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Domaine Saint Paul, Site Agroparc, 84914, Avignon Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1202 BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Michael Dorman
- Department of Geography and Environmental Development, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Guillermo Gea-Izquierdo
- Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Carretera La Coruña km 7.5, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sten Gillner
- Institute of Forest Botany and Forest Zoology, TU Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Fachgebiet Vegetationstechnik und Pflanzenverwendung, Institut für Landschaftsarchitektur und Umweltplanung, TU Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurel J Haavik
- Department of Entomology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1450 Jayhawk Boulevard, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Henrik Hartmann
- Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans Knöll Strasse 10, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ana-Maria Hereş
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Department of Biogeography and Global Change, National Museum of Natural History (MNCN), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), C/Serrano 115bis, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin R Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Pavel Janda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey M Kane
- Department of Forestry and Wildland Resources, Humboldt State University, 1 Harpst Street, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Vyacheslav I Kharuk
- Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Sukachev Institute of Forest, Krasnoyarsk, 660036, Russia
| | - Thomas Kitzberger
- Department of Ecology, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral S/N, Barrio Jardín Botánico, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Tamir Klein
- Institute of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), PO Box 6, 50250, Beit Dagan, Israel
| | - Koen Kramer
- Alterra - Green World Research, Wageningen University, Droevendaalse steeg 1, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Lens
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9517, 2300RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Levanic
- Department of Yield and Silviculture, Slovenian Forestry Institute, Večna pot 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Juan C Linares Calderon
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Pablo de Olavide University, Carretera de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Lloret
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Raquel Lobo-Do-Vale
- Forest Research Centre, School of Agriculture, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fabio Lombardi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria, loc. Feo di Vito, 89060, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Rosana López Rodríguez
- Forest Genetics and Physiology Research Group, Technical University of Madrid, Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Science Road, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Harri Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Viikinkaari 4, 00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Mayr
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ilona Mészáros
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Juha M Metsaranta
- Northern Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 5320-122nd Street, Edmonton, AB, T6H 3S5, Canada
| | - Francesco Minunno
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27 (Latokartanonkaari 7), 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Walter Oberhuber
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Papadopoulos
- Department of Forestry and Natural Environment Management, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Stereas Elladas, Ag Georgiou 1, 36100, Karpenissi, Greece
| | - Mikko Peltoniemi
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), PO Box 18 (Jokiniemenkuja 1), 01301, Vantaa, Finland
| | - Any M Petritan
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- National Institute for Research-Development in Forestry ''Marin Dracea'', Eroilor 128, 077190, Voluntari, Romania
| | - Brigitte Rohner
- Forest Ecology, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research - WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Dimitrios Sarris
- Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, 2252, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, PO Box 20537, 1678, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26500, Patras, Greece
| | - Jeremy M Smith
- Department of Geography, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309-0260, USA
| | - Amanda B Stan
- Department of Geography, Planning and Recreation, Northern Arizona University, PO Box 15016, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Frank Sterck
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan B Stojanović
- Institute of Lowland Forestry and Environment, University of Novi Sad, Antona Cehova 13, PO Box 117, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Maria L Suarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad y Medio Ambiente (INIBOMA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Quintral 1250, 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Miroslav Svoboda
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Dipartimenti di Bioscienze e Territorio, Università del Molise, C. da Fonte Lappone, 86090, Pesche, Italy
- European Forest Institute (EFI) Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - José M Torres-Ruiz
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1202 BIOGECO, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, 33615, Pessac, France
| | - Volodymyr Trotsiuk
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 961/129, 165 21, Praha 6-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ricardo Villalba
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología e Historia Ambiental, Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales (IANIGLA), CCT CONICET Mendoza, Av. Ruiz Leal s/n, Parque General San Martín, Mendoza, CP 5500, Argentina
| | - Floor Vodde
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alana R Westwood
- Boreal Avian Modelling Project, Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, 751 General Services Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2H1, Canada
| | - Peter H Wyckoff
- University of Minnesota, 600 East 4th Street, Morris, MN, 56267, USA
| | - Nikolay Zafirov
- University of Forestry, Kliment Ohridski Street 10, 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jordi Martínez-Vilalta
- CREAF, Campus UAB, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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36
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Peris D, Pérez-de la Fuente R, Peñalver E, Delclòs X, Barrón E, Labandeira CC. False Blister Beetles and the Expansion of Gymnosperm-Insect Pollination Modes before Angiosperm Dominance. Curr Biol 2017; 27:897-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ushio M, Aiba SI, Takeuchi Y, Iida Y, Matsuoka S, Repin R, Kitayama K. Plant-soil feedbacks and the dominance of conifers in a tropical montane forest in Borneo. ECOL MONOGR 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ushio
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Department of Environmental Solution Technology; Faculty of Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; 1-5 Yokotani, Seta Oe-cho Otsu 520-2194 Japan
- Joint Research Center for Science and Technology; Ryukoku University; Otsu 520-2194 Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Aiba
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Kagoshima University; Kagoshima 890-0065 Japan
| | - Yayoi Takeuchi
- Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Onogawa 16-2 Tsukuba 305-8506 Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iida
- Kyushu Research Center; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; 4-11-16 Kurokami, Chuo-ku Kumamoto 860-0862 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
| | - Rimi Repin
- Sabah Parks; Lot 45 & 46, Level 1-5, Blok H, KK Times Square 88806 Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
| | - Kanehiro Kitayama
- Center for Ecological Research; Kyoto University; 2-509-3, Hirano Otsu 520-2113 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Oiwake-cho, Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
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Resource partitioning by evergreen and deciduous species in a tropical dry forest. Oecologia 2016; 183:607-618. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Harris LW, Davies TJ. A Complete Fossil-Calibrated Phylogeny of Seed Plant Families as a Tool for Comparative Analyses: Testing the 'Time for Speciation' Hypothesis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162907. [PMID: 27706173 PMCID: PMC5051821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Explaining the uneven distribution of species richness across the branches of the tree of life has been a major challenge for evolutionary biologists. Advances in phylogenetic reconstruction, allowing the generation of large, well-sampled, phylogenetic trees have provided an opportunity to contrast competing hypotheses. Here, we present a new time-calibrated phylogeny of seed plant families using Bayesian methods and 26 fossil calibrations. While there are various published phylogenetic trees for plants which have a greater density of species sampling, we are still a long way from generating a complete phylogeny for all ~300,000+ plants. Our phylogeny samples all seed plant families and is a useful tool for comparative analyses. We use this new phylogenetic hypothesis to contrast two alternative explanations for differences in species richness among higher taxa: time for speciation versus ecological limits. We calculated net diversification rate for each clade in the phylogeny and assessed the relationship between clade age and species richness. We then fit models of speciation and extinction to individual branches in the tree to identify major rate-shifts. Our data suggest that the majority of lineages are diversifying very slowly while a few lineages, distributed throughout the tree, are diversifying rapidly. Diversification is unrelated to clade age, no matter the age range of the clades being examined, contrary to both the assumption of an unbounded lineage increase through time, and the paradigm of fixed ecological limits. These findings are consistent with the idea that ecology plays a role in diversification, but rather than imposing a fixed limit, it may have variable effects on per lineage diversification rates through time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam W. Harris
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur-Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur-Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 1B1
- African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The rise of angiosperm-dominated herbaceous floras: Insights from Ranunculaceae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27259. [PMID: 27251635 PMCID: PMC4890112 DOI: 10.1038/srep27259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise of angiosperms has been regarded as a trigger for the Cretaceous revolution of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the timeframe of the rise angiosperm-dominated herbaceous floras (ADHFs) is lacking. Here, we used the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae) as a proxy to provide insights into the rise of ADHFs. An integration of phylogenetic, molecular dating, ancestral state inferring, and diversification analytical methods was used to infer the early evolutionary history of Ranunculaceae. We found that Ranunculaceae became differentiated in forests between about 108–90 Ma. Diversification rates markedly elevated during the Campanian, mainly resulted from the rapid divergence of the non-forest lineages, but did not change across the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Our data for Ranunculaceae indicate that forest-dwelling ADHFs may have appeared almost simultaneously with angiosperm-dominated forests during the mid-Cretaceous, whereas non-forest ADHFs arose later, by the end of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Furthermore, ADHFs were relatively unaffected by the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction.
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Maynard DS, Leonard KE, Drake JM, Hall DW, Crowther TW, Bradford MA. Modelling the multidimensional niche by linking functional traits to competitive performance. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.0516. [PMID: 26136444 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Linking competitive outcomes to environmental conditions is necessary for understanding species' distributions and responses to environmental change. Despite this importance, generalizable approaches for predicting competitive outcomes across abiotic gradients are lacking, driven largely by the highly complex and context-dependent nature of biotic interactions. Here, we present and empirically test a novel niche model that uses functional traits to model the niche space of organisms and predict competitive outcomes of co-occurring populations across multiple resource gradients. The model makes no assumptions about the underlying mode of competition and instead applies to those settings where relative competitive ability across environments correlates with a quantifiable performance metric. To test the model, a series of controlled microcosm experiments were conducted using genetically related strains of a widespread microbe. The model identified trait microevolution and performance differences among strains, with the predicted competitive ability of each organism mapped across a two-dimensional carbon and nitrogen resource space. Areas of coexistence and competitive dominance between strains were identified,and the predicted competitive outcomes were validated in approximately 95% of the pairings. By linking trait variation to competitive ability, our work demonstrates a generalizable approach for predicting and modelling competitive outcomes across changing environmental contexts.
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Tank DC, Eastman JM, Pennell MW, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Hinchliff CE, Brown JW, Sessa EB, Harmon LJ. Nested radiations and the pulse of angiosperm diversification: increased diversification rates often follow whole genome duplications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:454-467. [PMID: 26053261 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Our growing understanding of the plant tree of life provides a novel opportunity to uncover the major drivers of angiosperm diversity. Using a time-calibrated phylogeny, we characterized hot and cold spots of lineage diversification across the angiosperm tree of life by modeling evolutionary diversification using stepwise AIC (MEDUSA). We also tested the whole-genome duplication (WGD) radiation lag-time model, which postulates that increases in diversification tend to lag behind established WGD events. Diversification rates have been incredibly heterogeneous throughout the evolutionary history of angiosperms and reveal a pattern of 'nested radiations' - increases in net diversification nested within other radiations. This pattern in turn generates a negative relationship between clade age and diversity across both families and orders. We suggest that stochastically changing diversification rates across the phylogeny explain these patterns. Finally, we demonstrate significant statistical support for the WGD radiation lag-time model. Across angiosperms, nested shifts in diversification led to an overall increasing rate of net diversification and declining relative extinction rates through time. These diversification shifts are only rarely perfectly associated with WGD events, but commonly follow them after a lag period.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Jonathan M Eastman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Matthew W Pennell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Cody E Hinchliff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joseph W Brown
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Emily B Sessa
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Luke J Harmon
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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