1
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Gutgesell M, McCann K, O'Connor R, Kc K, Fraser EDG, Moore JC, McMeans B, Donohue I, Bieg C, Ward C, Pauli B, Scott A, Gillam W, Gedalof Z, Hanner RH, Tunney T, Rooney N. The productivity-stability trade-off in global food systems. Nat Ecol Evol 2024:10.1038/s41559-024-02529-y. [PMID: 39227681 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-024-02529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Historically, humans have managed food systems to maximize productivity. This pursuit has drastically modified terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems globally by reducing species diversity and body size while creating very productive, yet homogenized, environments. Such changes alter the structure and function of ecosystems in ways that ultimately erode their stability. This productivity-stability trade-off has largely been ignored in discussions around global food security. Here, we synthesize empirical and theoretical literature to demonstrate the existence of the productivity-stability trade-off and argue the need for its explicit incorporation in the sustainable management of food systems. We first explore the history of human management of food systems, its impacts on average body size within and across species and food web stability. We then demonstrate how reductions in body size are symptomatic of a broader biotic homogenization and rewiring of food webs. We show how this biotic homogenization decompartmentalizes interactions among energy channels and increases energy flux within the food web in ways that threaten their stability. We end by synthesizing large-scale ecological studies to demonstrate the prevalence of the productivity-stability trade-off. We conclude that management strategies promoting landscape heterogeneity and maintenance of key food web structures are critical to sustainable food production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Krishna Kc
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John C Moore
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Bailey McMeans
- University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Brett Pauli
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexa Scott
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Tyler Tunney
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Neil Rooney
- University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Zhao M, Jiang M, Qin L, Hu N, Meng J, Wang M, Wang G. The recovery of soil eukaryotic alpha and beta diversity after wetland restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171814. [PMID: 38508279 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Soil eukaryotes play an important role in regulating the ecological processes and ecosystem functioning. However, the recovery potential of soil eukaryotic diversity during wetland restoration is largely unknown. We compared the alpha and beta diversity of soil eukaryotes of farmlands and natural and restored wetlands to explore the underlying abiotic and biotic driving forces in the Sanjiang Plain, China. We found that there was no significant difference of the alpha diversity of soil eukaryotes, while the beta diversity of soil eukaryotes differed significantly between the three land use types, with the mean values in the restored wetlands in between those in the natural wetlands and farmlands. The composition of soil eukaryotic communities were less diverse in farmlands compared to restored and natural wetlands. Network property of soil eukaryotes community (positive: negative edges) increased from farmlands to restored wetlands to natural wetlands, indicating enhanced species positive: negative interactions during restoration. The structural equation modeling indicated that species positive: negative interactions and soil nutrients directly affected soil eukaryotic beta diversity. Soil pH and soil water content indirectly affected soil eukaryotic beta diversity by directly affecting species interactions. Our findings suggest that wetland restoration could change soil environment, strengthen microbial cooperation, and increase eukaryotic beta diversity. However, it may take a very long time to reach the original level of soil eukaryotic structure and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
| | - Nanlin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingci Meng
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China.
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3
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Kang D, Sun Z, Tao J, Huang Y, Zhao T. Patterns of Tadpole β Diversity in Temperate Montane Streams. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1240. [PMID: 38672388 PMCID: PMC11047721 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the spatial variation and formation mechanism of biological diversity is a hot topic in ecological studies. Comparing with α diversity, β diversity is more accurate in reflecting community dynamics. During the past decades, β diversity studies usually focused on plants, mammals, and birds. Studies of amphibian β diversity in montane ecosystems, in particular, tadpoles, are still rare. In this study, Mount Emei, located in southwestern China, was selected as the study area. We explored the tadpole β diversity in 18 streams, based on a two-year survey (2018-2019). Our results indicated a high total β diversity in tadpole assemblages, which was determined by both turnover and nestedness processes, and the dominant component was turnover. Both the total β diversity and turnover component were significantly and positively correlated with geographical, elevational, and environmental distances, but no significant relationship was detected between these and the nestedness component. Moreover, the independent contributions of river width, current velocity, and chlorophyll α were larger than that of geographical and elevational distance. Overall, tadpole β diversity was determined by both spatial and environmental factors, while the contribution of environmental factors was larger. Future studies can focus on functional and phylogenetic structures, to better understand the tadpole assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Kang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.S.); (J.T.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zijian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Jiacheng Tao
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637009, China;
| | - Tian Zhao
- College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (Z.S.); (J.T.)
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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4
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Kuipers KJJ, Sim S, Hilbers JP, van den Berg SK, de Jonge MMJ, Trendafilova K, Huijbregts MAJ, Schipper AM. Land use diversification may mitigate on-site land use impacts on mammal populations and assemblages. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:6234-6247. [PMID: 37665234 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Land use is a major cause of biodiversity decline worldwide. Agricultural and forestry diversification measures, such as the inclusion of natural elements or diversified crop types, may reduce impacts on biodiversity. However, the extent to which such measures may compensate for the negative impacts of land use remains unknown. To fill that gap, we synthesised data from 99 studies that recorded mammal populations or assemblages in natural reference sites and in cropland and forest plantations, with or without diversification measures. We quantified the responses to diversification measures based on individual species abundance, species richness and assemblage intactness as quantified by the mean species abundance indicator. In cropland with natural elements, mammal species abundance and richness were, on average, similar to natural conditions, while in cropland without natural elements they were reduced by 28% and 34%, respectively. We found that mammal species richness was comparable between diversified forest plantations and natural reference sites, and 32% lower in plantations without natural elements. In both cropland and plantations, assemblage intactness was reduced compared with natural reference conditions, but the reduction was smaller if diversification measures were in place. In addition, we found that responses to land use were modified by species traits and environmental context. While habitat specialist populations were reduced in cropland without diversification and in forest plantations, habitat generalists benefited. Furthermore, assemblages were impacted more by land use in tropical regions and landscapes containing a larger share of (semi)natural habitat compared with temperate regions and more converted landscapes. Given that mammal assemblage intactness is reduced also when diversification measures are in place, special attention should be directed to species that suffer from land use impacts. That said, our results suggest potential for reconciling land use and mammal conservation, provided that the diversification measures do not compromise yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen J J Kuipers
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Sim
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, UK
| | - Jelle P Hilbers
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefanie K van den Berg
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melinda M J de Jonge
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Trendafilova
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences (RIBES), Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, The Hague, The Netherlands
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5
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Marcacci G, Westphal C, Rao VS, Kumar S S, Tharini KB, Belavadi VV, Nölke N, Tscharntke T, Grass I. Urbanization alters the spatiotemporal dynamics of plant-pollinator networks in a tropical megacity. Ecol Lett 2023; 26:1951-1962. [PMID: 37858984 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization is a major driver of biodiversity change but how it interacts with spatial and temporal gradients to influence the dynamics of plant-pollinator networks is poorly understood, especially in tropical urbanization hotspots. Here, we analysed the drivers of environmental, spatial and temporal turnover of plant-pollinator interactions (interaction β-diversity) along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, a South Indian megacity. The compositional turnover of plant-pollinator interactions differed more between seasons and with local urbanization intensity than with spatial distance, suggesting that seasonality and environmental filtering were more important than dispersal limitation for explaining plant-pollinator interaction β-diversity. Furthermore, urbanization amplified the seasonal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions, with stronger temporal turnover in urban compared to rural sites, driven by greater turnover of native non-crop plant species (not managed by people). Our study demonstrates that environmental, spatial and temporal gradients interact to shape the dynamics of plant-pollinator networks and urbanization can strongly amplify these dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marcacci
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vikas S Rao
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Shabarish Kumar S
- Department of Apiculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - K B Tharini
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasuki V Belavadi
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India
| | - Nils Nölke
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Agroecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Rolls RJ, Deane DC, Johnson SE, Heino J, Anderson MJ, Ellingsen KE. Biotic homogenisation and differentiation as directional change in beta diversity: synthesising driver-response relationships to develop conceptual models across ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1388-1423. [PMID: 37072381 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic homogenisation is defined as decreasing dissimilarity among ecological assemblages sampled within a given spatial area over time. Biotic differentiation, in turn, is defined as increasing dissimilarity over time. Overall, changes in the spatial dissimilarities among assemblages (termed 'beta diversity') is an increasingly recognised feature of broader biodiversity change in the Anthropocene. Empirical evidence of biotic homogenisation and biotic differentiation remains scattered across different ecosystems. Most meta-analyses quantify the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, rather than attempting to identify underlying ecological drivers of such changes. By conceptualising the mechanisms that contribute to decreasing or increasing dissimilarity in the composition of ecological assemblages across space, environmental managers and conservation practitioners can make informed decisions about what interventions may be required to sustain biodiversity and can predict potential biodiversity outcomes of future disturbances. We systematically reviewed and synthesised published empirical evidence for ecological drivers of biotic homogenisation and differentiation across terrestrial, marine, and freshwater realms to derive conceptual models that explain changes in spatial beta diversity. We pursued five key themes in our review: (i) temporal environmental change; (ii) disturbance regime; (iii) connectivity alteration and species redistribution; (iv) habitat change; and (v) biotic and trophic interactions. Our first conceptual model highlights how biotic homogenisation and differentiation can occur as a function of changes in local (alpha) diversity or regional (gamma) diversity, independently of species invasions and losses due to changes in species occurrence among assemblages. Second, the direction and magnitude of change in beta diversity depends on the interaction between spatial variation (patchiness) and temporal variation (synchronicity) of disturbance events. Third, in the context of connectivity and species redistribution, divergent beta diversity outcomes occur as different species have different dispersal characteristics, and the magnitude of beta diversity change associated with species invasions also depends strongly on alpha and gamma diversity prior to species invasion. Fourth, beta diversity is positively linked with spatial environmental variability, such that biotic homogenisation and differentiation occur when environmental heterogeneity decreases or increases, respectively. Fifth, species interactions can influence beta diversity via habitat modification, disease, consumption (trophic dynamics), competition, and by altering ecosystem productivity. Our synthesis highlights the multitude of mechanisms that cause assemblages to be more or less spatially similar in composition (taxonomically, functionally, phylogenetically) through time. We consider that future studies should aim to enhance our collective understanding of ecological systems by clarifying the underlying mechanisms driving homogenisation or differentiation, rather than focusing only on reporting the prevalence and direction of change in beta diversity, per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Rolls
- School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, 2351, Australia
| | - David C Deane
- School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Sarah E Johnson
- Natural Resources Department, Northland College, Ashland, WI, 54891, USA
| | - Jani Heino
- Geography Research Unit, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 8000, Oulu, FI-90014, Finland
| | - Marti J Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study (NZIAS), Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kari E Ellingsen
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Fram Centre, P.O. Box 6606 Langnes, Tromsø, 9296, Norway
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7
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Biology, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of Wild Bees in Tree Fruit Orchards. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010031. [PMID: 36671724 PMCID: PMC9854918 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Different species of bees provide essential ecosystem services by pollinating various agricultural crops, including tree fruits. Many fruits and nuts depend on insect pollination, primarily by wild and managed bees. In different geographical regions where orchard crops are grown, fruit growers rely on wild bees in the farmscape and use orchard bees as alternative pollinators. Orchard crops such as apples, pears, plums, apricots, etc., are mass-flowering crops and attract many different bee species during their bloom period. Many bee species found in orchards emerge from overwintering as the fruit trees start flowering in spring, and the active duration of these bees aligns very closely with the blooming time of fruit trees. In addition, most of the bees in orchards are short-range foragers and tend to stay close to the fruit crops. However, the importance of orchard bee communities is not well understood, and many challenges in maintaining their populations remain. This comprehensive review paper summarizes the different types of bees commonly found in tree fruit orchards in the fruit-growing regions of the United States, their bio-ecology, and genetic diversity. Additionally, recommendations for the management of orchard bees, different strategies for protecting them from multiple stressors, and providing suitable on-farm nesting and floral resource habitats for propagation and conservation are discussed.
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8
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Marcacci G, Grass I, Rao VS, Kumar S S, Tharini KB, Belavadi VV, Nölke N, Tscharntke T, Westphal C. Functional diversity of farmland bees across rural-urban landscapes in a tropical megacity. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2699. [PMID: 35751512 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization poses a major threat to biodiversity and food security, as expanding cities, especially in the Global South, increasingly compete with natural and agricultural lands. However, the impact of urban expansion on agricultural biodiversity in tropical regions is overlooked. Here we assess how urbanization affects the functional response of farmland bees, the most important pollinators for crop production. We sampled bees across three seasons in 36 conventional vegetable-producing farms spread along an urbanization gradient in Bengaluru, an Indian megacity. We investigated how landscape and local environmental drivers affected different functional traits (sociality, nesting behavior, body size, and specialization) and functional diversity (functional dispersion) of bee communities. We found that the functional responses to urbanization were trait specific with more positive than negative effects of gray area (sealed surfaces and buildings) on species richness, functional diversity, and abundance of most functional groups. As expected, larger, solitary, cavity-nesting, and, surprisingly, specialist bees benefited from urbanization. In contrast to temperate cities, the abundance of ground nesters increased in urban areas, presumably because larger patches of bare soil were still available beside roads and buildings. However, overall bee abundance and the abundance of social bees (85% of all bees) decreased with urbanization, threatening crop pollination. Crop diversity promotes taxonomic and functional diversity of bee communities. Locally, flower resources promote the abundance of all functional groups, and natural vegetation can maintain diverse pollinator communities throughout the year, especially during the noncropping season. However, exotic plants decrease functional diversity and bee specialization. To safeguard bees and their pollination services in urban farms, we recommend (1) preserving seminatural vegetation (hedges) around cropping fields to provide nesting opportunities for aboveground nesters, (2) promoting farm-level crop diversification of beneficial crops (e.g., pulses, vegetables, and spices), (3) maintaining native natural vegetation along field margins, and (4) controlling and removing invasive exotic plants that disrupt native plant-pollinator interactions. Overall, our results suggest that urban agriculture can maintain functionally diverse bee communities and, if managed in a sustainable manner, be used to develop win-win solutions for biodiversity conservation of pollinators and food security in and around cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marcacci
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ingo Grass
- Ecology of Tropical Agricultural Systems, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Vikas S Rao
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Shabarish Kumar S
- Department of Apiculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - K B Tharini
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Vasuki V Belavadi
- Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Nils Nölke
- Forest Inventory and Remote Sensing, Faculty of Forest Sciences and Forest Ecology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Catrin Westphal
- Functional Agrobiodiversity, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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9
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von Königslöw V, Fornoff F, Klein A. Wild bee communities benefit from temporal complementarity of hedges and flower strips in apple orchards. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivien von Königslöw
- University of Freiburg Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Freiburg Germany
| | - Felix Fornoff
- University of Freiburg Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology Freiburg Germany
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10
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Ward LT, Hladik ML, Guzman A, Winsemius S, Bautista A, Kremen C, Mills NJ. Pesticide exposure of wild bees and honey bees foraging from field border flowers in intensively managed agriculture areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154697. [PMID: 35318049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bees are critical for food crop pollination, yet their populations are declining as agricultural practices intensify. Pollinator-attractive field border plantings (e.g. hedgerows and forb strips) can increase bee diversity and abundance in agricultural areas; however, recent studies suggest these plants may contain pesticides. Pesticide exposure for wild bees remains largely unknown; however, this information is needed to inform agricultural practices and pesticide regulations meant to protect bees. It is important to determine whether border plantings that attract and support pollinators may also deliver pesticides to them. In this study, we collected various samples for pesticide residue analysis, including: multiple species of wild bees, honey bees, flowers from four types of bee-attractive field border plants, and soil. Silicone bands were also utilized as passive aerial samplers of pesticide residues. The five pesticides detected most frequently across all samples were the insecticide bifenthrin, the herbicides thiobencarb, metolaclor, and propanil, and the fungicide fluopyram. We detected the greatest number of parent pesticides in bands (24), followed by soil (21). Pesticides were also detected in field border plant flowers (16), which do not receive direct pesticide applications, and included many products which were not applied to adjacent field crops. Pesticide concentrations were lower in bees than in flowers but higher in bees than in soils. Pesticide residue per bee (ng/bee) increased with increasing wild bee size, though pesticide concentration (ng/g) did not increase. While honey bees and wild bees contained a similar number and concentration of pesticides overall, pesticide mixtures varied by bee type, and included some mixtures known to cause sublethal effects. The results from this study highlight the benefits of measuring more sample types to capture the total exposome of bees, including a greater range of bee species, as well as the need to consider exposure to pesticides at the landscape level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura T Ward
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA.
| | - Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J St., Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Aidee Guzman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Sara Winsemius
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616-8627, USA
| | - Ariana Bautista
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA; Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Dept of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre, 429-2202 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Mills
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall #3114, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
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11
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Corline NJ, Vasquez‐Housley P, Yokel E, Gilmore C, Stapleton B, Lusardi R. When Humans Work Like Beavers: Riparian Restoration Enhances Invertebrate Gamma Diversity and Habitat Heterogeneity. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Corline
- Center for Watershed Sciences University of California, Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
| | | | - Erich Yokel
- Scott River Watershed Council 541 N. Hwy. 3 Etna CA 96027 USA
| | - Charnna Gilmore
- Scott River Watershed Council 541 N. Hwy. 3 Etna CA 96027 USA
| | - Betsy Stapleton
- Scott River Watershed Council 541 N. Hwy. 3 Etna CA 96027 USA
| | - Robert Lusardi
- Center for Watershed Sciences University of California, Davis One Shields Ave Davis CA 95616 USA
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology University of California, Davis One Shields Ave Davis 95616 USA
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12
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Cecala JM, Wilson Rankin EE. Diversity and turnover of wild bee and ornamental plant assemblages in commercial plant nurseries. Oecologia 2022; 198:773-783. [PMID: 35201380 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-022-05135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In human-modified landscapes, understanding how habitat characteristics influence the diversity and composition of beneficial organisms is critical to conservation efforts and modeling ecosystem services. Assessing turnover, or the magnitude of change in species composition across sites or through time, is crucial to said efforts, yet is often overlooked. For pollinators such as wild bees, variables influencing temporal turnover, particularly across seasons within a year, remain poorly understood. To investigate how local and landscape characteristics correlate with bee diversity and turnover across seasons, we recorded wild bee and flowering ornamental plant assemblages at 13 plant nurseries in California between spring and autumn over 2 years. Nurseries cultivate a broad diversity of flowering plant species that differ widely across sites and seasons, providing an opportunity to test for correlations between turnover and diversity of plants and bees. As expected, we documented strong seasonal trends in wild bee diversity and composition. We found that local habitat factors, such as increased cultivation of native plants, were positively associated with bee diversity in sweep netting collections, whereas we detected moderate influences of landscape level factors such as proportion of surrounding natural area in passive trap collections. We also detected a moderate positive correlation between the magnitude of turnover in plant species and that of bee species (as number of taxa gained) across consecutive seasons. Our results have implications for the conservation of wild bees in ornamental plant landscapes, and highlight the utility of plant nurseries for investigating hypotheses related to diversity and turnover in plant-pollinator systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob M Cecala
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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13
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Marcacci G, Gremion J, Mazenauer J, Sori T, Kebede F, Ewnetu M, Christe P, Arlettaz R, Jacot A. High semi‐natural vegetation cover and heterogeneity of field sizes promote bird beta‐diversity at larger scales in Ethiopian Highlands. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marcacci
- Functional Agrobiodiversity University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Bern Switzerland
| | - Jérémy Gremion
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Tolera Sori
- Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Fanuel Kebede
- Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Mihret Ewnetu
- Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Philippe Christe
- Department of Ecology and Evolution University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Alain Jacot
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution Bern Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sion Switzerland
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14
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Hu D, Jiang L, Hou Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Lv G. Environmental filtration and dispersal limitation explain different aspects of beta diversity in desert plant communities. Glob Ecol Conserv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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15
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García de León D, Rey Benayas JM, Andivia E. Contributions of Hedgerows to People: A Global Meta-Analysis. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2021.789612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedgerows are linear landscape features of woody vegetation usually located around agricultural fields. An increasing number of studies have addressed the effects of hedgerows on biodiversity and ecosystem services. This study is aimed to synthesize these effects and compare the levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services in farmland with hedgerows and (1) farmland without hedgerows and (2) nearby natural habitat at the global scale. We hypothesized that farmland with hedgerows (1) enhances biodiversity and ecosystem services as compared to farmland without hedgerows but (2) supports lower levels of biodiversity and ecosystem services than natural habitat. Our systematic literature review retained 835 observations from 170 primary studies, which were analyzed following the standard methodology in meta-analyses. Our results partially support both hypotheses. Farmland with hedgerows exhibited higher levels of biodiversity and provisioning services than farmland without hedgerows (H1). Farmland with hedgerows provided similar levels of biodiversity (edge effects) but lower levels of ecosystem services than natural habitat (H2). The effects of hedgerows on biodiversity and ecosystem services depended on control ecosystem type (grassland/meadow or forest/woodland) but were largely independent of climate type (temperate or tropical) and the focus of spatial scale (field or landscape). In conclusion, conservation and restoration of hedgerows contribute to people in several ways by enhancing biodiversity and multifunctionality in agricultural landscapes.
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16
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O'Brien SA, Dehling DM, Tylianakis JM. The recovery of functional diversity with restoration. Ecology 2021; 103:e3618. [PMID: 34927237 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ecological restoration aims at recovering biodiversity in degraded ecosystems, and it is commonly assessed via species richness. However, it is unclear whether increasing species richness in a site also recovers its functional diversity, which has been shown to be a better representation of ecosystem functioning. We conducted a quantitative synthesis of 30 restoration projects and tested whether restoration improves functional diversity. We compared actively and passively restored sites with degraded and reference sites with respect to four key measures of functional diversity (richness, evenness, dispersion and functional turnover) and two measures of species diversity (richness and evenness). We separately analyzed longitudinal studies (which monitor degraded, reference and restored sites through time) and space-for-time substitutions (which compare at one point in time degraded and reference sites with restored sites of different ages). Space-for-time studies suggested that species and functional diversity improved over time. However, replicated longitudinal data showed no sustained benefits of active or passive restoration for functional diversity measures, relative to degraded sites. This could suggest that the positive results in space-for-time designs may have been unreliable, but the relative short duration of longitudinal studies suggests a need for longer-term longitudinal research to robustly demonstrate the absence of any effect. These differences across study designs may explain the variable results found in recent studies directly measuring the response of functional diversity to restoration. We recommend that future assessments of ecological community dynamics include control sites in monitoring, to ensure the consequences of treatments, including but not limited to restoration, are correctly partitioned from unassisted temporal changes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A O'Brien
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jason M Tylianakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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17
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Smith GP, Gardner J, Gibbs J, Griswold T, Hauser M, Yanega D, Ponisio LC. Sex‐associated differences in the network roles of pollinators. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P. Smith
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior Cornell University W361 Mudd Hall, 215 Tower Road Ithaca New York 14853 USA
- Department of Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon 272 Onyx Bridge Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Joel Gardner
- Department of Entomology University of Manitoba 12 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology University of Manitoba 12 Dafoe Road Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
| | - Terry Griswold
- USDA‐ARS Pollinating Insects Research Unit Utah State University 1410 North 800 East Logan Utah 84322 USA
| | - Martin Hauser
- Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch California Department of Food and Agriculture 3294 Meadowview Road Sacramento California 95832 USA
| | - Doug Yanega
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
| | - Lauren C. Ponisio
- Department of Biology Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Oregon 272 Onyx Bridge Eugene Oregon 97403 USA
- Department of Entomology University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside California 92521 USA
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18
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Cohen H, Smith GP, Sardiñas H, Zorn JF, McFrederick QS, Woodard SH, Ponisio LC. Mass-flowering monoculture attracts bees, amplifying parasite prevalence. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211369. [PMID: 34641730 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As the global agricultural footprint expands, it is increasingly important to address the link between the resource pulses characteristic of monoculture farming and wildlife epidemiology. To understand how mass-flowering crops impact host communities and subsequently amplify or dilute parasitism, we surveyed wild and managed bees in a monoculture landscape with varying degrees of floral diversification. We screened 1509 bees from 16 genera in sunflower fields and in non-crop flowering habitat across 200 km2 of the California Central Valley. We found that mass-flowering crops increase bee abundance. Wild bee abundance was subsequently associated with higher parasite presence, but only in sites with a low abundance of non-crop flowers. Bee traits related to higher dispersal ability (body size) and diet breadth (pollen lecty) were also positively related to parasite presence. Our results highlight the importance of non-crop flowering habitat for supporting bee communities. We suggest monoculture alone cannot support healthy bees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamutahl Cohen
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Collier County Extension Service, 14700 Immokalee Road, Naples, FL 34120, USA.,Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 272 Onyx Bridge, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Gordon P Smith
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 272 Onyx Bridge, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Hillary Sardiñas
- California Association of Resource Conservation Districts, 801 K Street, MS 14-15, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA
| | - Jocelyn F Zorn
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 272 Onyx Bridge, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Quinn S McFrederick
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - S Hollis Woodard
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lauren C Ponisio
- Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, 272 Onyx Bridge, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Building, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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19
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Willing CE, Pierroz G, Guzman A, Anderegg LDL, Gao C, Coleman-Derr D, Taylor JW, Bruns TD, Dawson TE. Keep your friends close: Host compartmentalisation of microbial communities facilitates decoupling from effects of habitat fragmentation. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:2674-2686. [PMID: 34523223 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Root-associated fungal communities modify the climatic niches and even the competitive ability of their hosts, yet how the different components of the root microbiome are modified by habitat loss remains a key knowledge gap. Using principles of landscape ecology, we tested how free-living versus host-associated microbes differ in their response to landscape heterogeneity. Further, we explore how compartmentalisation of microbes into specialised root structures filters for key fungal symbionts. Our study demonstrates that free-living fungal community structure correlates with landscape heterogeneity, but that host-associated fungal communities depart from these patterns. Specifically, biotic filtering in roots, especially via compartmentalisation within specialised root structures, decouples the biogeographic patterns of host-associated fungal communities from the soil community. In this way, even as habitat loss and fragmentation threaten fungal diversity in the soils, plant hosts exert biotic controls to ensure associations with critical mutualists, helping to preserve the root mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Willing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Grady Pierroz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - Aidee Guzman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Leander D L Anderegg
- Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Cheng Gao
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA
| | - John W Taylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Tom D Bruns
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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20
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Pollinator interaction flexibility across scales affects patch colonization and occupancy. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:787-793. [PMID: 33795853 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Global change alters ecological communities and may disrupt ecological interactions and the provision of ecosystem functions. As ecological communities respond to global change, species may either go locally extinct or form novel interactions. To date, few studies have assessed how flexible species are in their interaction patterns, mainly due to the scarcity of data spanning long time series. Using a ten-year species-level dataset on the assembly of mutualistic networks from the Central Valley in California, we test whether interaction flexibility affects pollinators' colonization and persistence and their resulting habitat occupancy in a highly modified landscape. We propose three metrics of interaction flexibility associated with different scales of organization within ecological communities and explore which species' traits affect them. Our results provide empirical evidence linking species' ability to colonize habitat patches across a landscape to the role they play in networks. Phenological breadth and body size had contrasting effects on interaction flexibility. We demonstrate the relationship between mutualistic networks and species' ability to colonize and persist in the landscape, suggesting interaction flexibility as a potential mechanism for communities to maintain ecosystem function despite changes in community composition.
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21
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Angelella GM, McCullough CT, O’Rourke ME. Honey bee hives decrease wild bee abundance, species richness, and fruit count on farms regardless of wildflower strips. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3202. [PMID: 33547371 PMCID: PMC7865060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81967-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pollinator refuges such as wildflower strips are planted on farms with the goals of mitigating wild pollinator declines and promoting crop pollination services. It is unclear, however, whether or how these goals are impacted by managed honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) hives on farms. We examined how wildflower strips and honey bee hives and/or their interaction influence wild bee communities and the fruit count of two pollinator-dependent crops across 21 farms in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Although wild bee species richness increased with bloom density within wildflower strips, populations did not differ significantly between farms with and without them whereas fruit counts in both crops increased on farms with wildflower strips during one of 2 years. By contrast, wild bee abundance decreased by 48%, species richness by 20%, and strawberry fruit count by 18% across all farm with honey bee hives regardless of wildflower strip presence, and winter squash fruit count was consistently lower on farms with wildflower strips with hives as well. This work demonstrates that honey bee hives could detrimentally affect fruit count and wild bee populations on farms, and that benefits conferred by wildflower strips might not offset these negative impacts. Keeping honey bee hives on farms with wildflower strips could reduce conservation and pollination services.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Angelella
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA ,grid.508980.cPresent Address: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Temperate Tree Fruit and Vegetable Research Unit, 5230 Konnowac Pass Road, Wapato, WA 98951 USA
| | - C. T. McCullough
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA ,grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Present Address: Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - M. E. O’Rourke
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA ,grid.482914.20000 0000 9502 2261Present Address: USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Kansas City, MO USA
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22
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Montgomery I, Caruso T, Reid N. Hedgerows as Ecosystems: Service Delivery, Management, and Restoration. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012120-100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hedge density, structure, and function vary with primary production and slope gradient and are subject to other diverse factors. Hedgerows are emerging ecosystems with both above- and belowground components. Functions of hedges can be categorized as provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting ecosystem services; these functions include food production, noncrop food and wood production, firewood production, pollination, pest control, soil conservation and quality improvement, mitigation of water flux and availability, carbon sequestration, landscape connectivity and character maintenance, and contributions to biodiversity. Urban hedges provide a relatively equitable microclimate and critical connections between green spaces and enhance human health and well-being through contact with biodiversity. Soil and water conservation are well researched in tropical hedges but less is known about their contribution to pollination, pest control, and biodiversity. Establishing a minimum hedge width and longer intervals between cutting of temperate hedges would enhance biosecurity and promote carbon sequestration and biodiversity. Hedges have a global role in mitigating biodiversity loss and climate change, which restoration should maximize, notwithstanding regional character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Montgomery
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;,
| | - Tancredi Caruso
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Neil Reid
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom;,
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23
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Willing CE, Pierroz G, Coleman-Derr D, Dawson TE. The generalizability of water-deficit on bacterial community composition; Site-specific water-availability predicts the bacterial community associated with coast redwood roots. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4721-4734. [PMID: 33000868 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Experimental drought has been shown to delay the development of the root microbiome and increase the relative abundance of Actinobacteria, however, the generalizability of these findings to natural systems or other diverse plant hosts remains unknown. Bacterial cell wall thickness and growth morphology (e.g., filamentous or unicellular) have been proposed as traits that may mediate bacterial responses to environmental drivers. Leveraging a natural gradient of water-availability across the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) range, we tested three hypotheses: (a) that site-specific water-availability is an important predictor of bacterial community composition for redwood roots and rhizosphere soils; (b) that there is relative enrichment of Actinobacteria and other monoderm bacterial groups within the redwood microbiome in response to drier conditions; and (c) that bacterial growth morphology is an important predictor of bacteria response to water-availability, where filamentous taxa will become more dominant at drier sites compared to unicellular bacteria. We find that both α- and β-diversity of redwood bacterial communities is partially explained by water-availability and that Actinobacterial enrichment is a conserved response of land plants to water-deficit. Further, we highlight how the trend of Actinobacterial enrichment in the redwood system is largely driven by the Actinomycetales. We propose bacterial growth morphology (filamentous vs. unicellular) as an additional mechanism behind the increase in Actinomycetales with increasing aridity. A trait-based approach including cell-wall thickness and growth morphology may explain the distribution of bacterial taxa across environmental gradients and help to predict patterns of bacterial community composition for a wide range of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Willing
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Grady Pierroz
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Devin Coleman-Derr
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Todd E Dawson
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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24
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Ecological intensification and diversification approaches to maintain biodiversity, ecosystem services and food production in a changing world. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:229-240. [PMID: 32886114 PMCID: PMC7487174 DOI: 10.1042/etls20190205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
How do we redesign agricultural landscapes to maintain their productivity and profitability, while promoting rather than eradicating biodiversity, and regenerating rather than undermining the ecological processes that sustain food production and are vital for a liveable planet? Ecological intensification harnesses ecological processes to increase food production per area through management processes that often diversify croplands to support beneficial organisms supplying these services. By adding more diverse vegetation back into landscapes, the agricultural matrix can also become both more habitable and more permeable to biodiversity, aiding in conserving biodiversity over time. By reducing the need for costly inputs while maintaining productivity, ecological intensification methods can maintain or even enhance profitability. As shown with several examples, ecological intensification and diversification can assist in creating multifunctional landscapes that are more environmentally and economically sustainable. While single methods of ecological intensification can be incorporated into large-scale industrial farms and reduce negative impacts, complete redesign of such systems using multiple methods of ecological intensification and diversification can create truly regenerative systems with strong potential to promote food production and biodiversity. However, the broad adoption of these methods will require transformative socio-economic changes because many structural barriers continue to maintain the current agrichemical model of agriculture.
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25
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Bryant BP, Kelsey TR, Vogl AL, Wolny SA, MacEwan D, Selmants PC, Biswas T, Butterfield HS. Shaping Land Use Change and Ecosystem Restoration in a Water-Stressed Agricultural Landscape to Achieve Multiple Benefits. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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26
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Lane IG, Herron‐Sweet CR, Portman ZM, Cariveau DP. Floral resource diversity drives bee community diversity in prairie restorations along an agricultural landscape gradient. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian G. Lane
- Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
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27
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Local Factors Rather than the Landscape Context Explain Species Richness and Functional Trait Diversity and Responses of Plant Assemblages of Mediterranean Cereal Field Margins. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9060778. [PMID: 32580354 PMCID: PMC7356665 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Arable field margins are valuable habitats providing a wide range of ecosystem services in rural landscapes. Agricultural intensification in recent decades has been a major cause of decline in plant diversity in these habitats. However, the concomitant effects on plant functional diversity are less documented, particularly in Mediterranean areas. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of margin width and surrounding landscape (cover and diversity of land use and field size), used as proxies for management intensity at local and landscape scales, on plant species richness, functional diversity and functional trait values in margins of winter cereal fields in southern Spain. Five functional traits were selected: life form, growth form, seed mass, seed dispersal mode and pollination type. RLQ and fourth-corner analyses were used to link functional traits and landscape variables. A total of 306 plant species were recorded. Species richness and functional diversity were positively related to margin width but showed no response to landscape variables. Functional trait values were affected neither by the local nor landscape variables. Our results suggest that increasing the margin width of conventionally managed cereal fields would enhance both taxonomic and functional diversity of margin plant assemblages, and thus the services they provide to the agro-ecosystem.
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28
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Ponisio LC. Pyrodiversity promotes interaction complementarity and population resistance. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4431-4447. [PMID: 32489608 PMCID: PMC7246207 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Theory predicts that network characteristics may help anticipate how populations and communities respond to extreme climatic events, but local environmental context may also influence responses to extreme events. For example, altered fire regimes in many ecosystems may significantly affect the context for how species and communities respond to changing climate. In this study, I tested whether the responses of a pollinator community to extreme drought were influenced by the surrounding diversity of fire histories (pyrodiversity) which can influence their interaction networks via changing partner availability. I found that at the community level, pyrodiverse landscapes promote functional complementarity and generalization, but did not consistently enhance functional redundancy or resistance to simulated co-extinction cascades. Pyrodiversity instead supported flexible behaviors that enable populations to resist perturbations. Specifically, pollinators that can shift partners and network niches are better able to take advantage of the heterogeneity generated by pyrodiversity, thereby buffering pollinator populations against changes in plant abundances. These findings suggest that pyrodiversity is unlikely to improve community-level resistance to droughts, but instead promotes population resistance and community functionality. This study provides unique evidence that resistance to extreme climatic events depends on both network properties and historical environmental context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Ponisio
- Department of EntomologyUniversity of California, RiversideRiversideCAUSA
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29
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Li X, Zhu H, Geisen S, Bellard C, Hu F, Li H, Chen X, Liu M. Agriculture erases climate constraints on soil nematode communities across large spatial scales. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:919-930. [PMID: 31479174 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic conversion of natural to agricultural land reduces aboveground biodiversity. Yet, the overall consequences of land-use changes on belowground biodiversity at large scales remain insufficiently explored. Furthermore, the effects of conversion on different organism groups are usually determined at the taxonomic level, while an integrated investigation that includes functional and phylogenetic levels is rare and absent for belowground organisms. Here, we studied the Earth's most abundant metazoa-nematodes-to examine the effects of conversion from natural to agricultural habitats on soil biodiversity across a large spatial scale. To this aim, we investigated the diversity and composition of nematode communities at the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic level in 16 assemblage pairs (32 sites in total with 16 in each habitat type) in mainland China. While the overall alpha and beta diversity did not differ between natural and agricultural systems, all three alpha diversity facets decreased with latitude in natural habitats. Both alpha and beta diversity levels were driven by climatic differences in natural habitats, while none of the diversity levels changed in agricultural systems. This indicates that land conversion affects soil biodiversity in a geographically dependent manner and that agriculture could erase climatic constraints on soil biodiversity at such a scale. Additionally, the functional composition of nematode communities was more dissimilar in agricultural than in natural habitats, while the phylogenetic composition was more similar, indicating that changes among different biodiversity facets are asynchronous. Our study deepens the understanding of land-use effects on soil nematode diversity across large spatial scales. Moreover, the detected asynchrony of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity highlights the necessity to monitor multiple facets of soil biodiversity in ecological studies such as those investigating environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Li
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huimin Zhu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Céline Bellard
- Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique & Evolution, UMR8079, Université Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Feng Hu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixin Li
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Chen
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
| | - Manqiang Liu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Nanjing, China
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30
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Nicholson CC, Egan PA. Natural hazard threats to pollinators and pollination. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:380-391. [PMID: 31621147 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical events that can impact human welfare both directly and indirectly, via shocks to ecosystems and the services they provide. Animal-mediated pollination is critical for sustaining agricultural economies and biodiversity, yet stands to lose both from present exposure to natural hazards, and future climate-driven shifts in their distribution, frequency, and intensity. In contrast to the depth of knowledge available for anthropogenic-related threats, our understanding of how naturally occurring extreme events impact pollinators and pollination has not yet been synthesized. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the potential impacts of natural hazards on pollinators and pollination in natural and cultivated systems. From a total of 117 studies (74% of which were observational), we found evidence of community and population-level impacts to plants and pollinators from seven hazard types, including climatological (extreme heat, fire, drought), hydrological (flooding), meteorological (hurricanes), and geophysical (volcanic activity, tsunamis). Plant and pollinator response depended on the type of natural hazard and level of biological organization observed; 19% of cases reported no significant impact, whereas the majority of hazards held consistent negative impacts. However, the effects of fire were mixed, but taxa specific; meta-analysis revealed that bee abundance and species richness tended to increase in response to fire, differing significantly from the mainly negative response of Lepidoptera. Building from this synthesis, we highlight important future directions for pollination-focused natural hazard research, including the need to: (a) advance climate change research beyond static "mean-level" changes by better incorporating "shock" events; (b) identify impacts at higher levels of organization, including ecological networks and co-evolutionary history; and (c) address the notable gap in crop pollination services research-particularly in developing regions of the world. We conclude by discussing implications for safeguarding pollination services in the face of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie C Nicholson
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Paul A Egan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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31
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Tooker JF, O'Neal ME, Rodriguez-Saona C. Balancing Disturbance and Conservation in Agroecosystems to Improve Biological Control. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 65:81-100. [PMID: 31923378 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances associated with agricultural intensification reduce our ability to achieve sustainable crop production. These disturbances stem from crop-management tactics and can leave crop fields more vulnerable to insect outbreaks, in part because natural-enemy communities often tend to be more susceptible to disturbance than herbivorous pests. Recent research has explored practices that conserve natural-enemy communities and reduce pest outbreaks, revealing that different components of agroecosystems can influence natural-enemy populations. In this review, we consider a range of disturbances that influence pest control provided by natural enemies and how conservation practices can mitigate or counteract disturbance. We use four case studies to illustrate how conservation and disturbance mitigation increase the potential for biological control and provide co-benefits for the broader agroecosystem. To facilitate the adoption of conservation practices that improve top-down control across significant areas of the landscape, these practices will need to provide multifunctional benefits, but should be implemented with natural enemies explicitly in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA;
| | - Matthew E O'Neal
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA;
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32
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Nicholson CC, Ward KL, Williams NM, Isaacs R, Mason KS, Wilson JK, Brokaw J, Gut LJ, Rothwell NL, Wood TJ, Rao S, Hoffman GD, Gibbs J, Thorp RW, Ricketts TH. Mismatched outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem services: testing the responses of crop pollinators and wild bee biodiversity to habitat enhancement. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:326-335. [PMID: 31797535 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Supporting ecosystem services and conserving biodiversity may be compatible goals, but there is concern that service-focused interventions mostly benefit a few common species. We use a spatially replicated, multiyear experiment in four agricultural settings to test if enhancing habitat adjacent to crops increases wild bee diversity and abundance on and off crops. We found that enhanced field edges harbored more taxonomically and functionally abundant, diverse, and compositionally different bee communities compared to control edges. Enhancements did not increase the abundance or diversity of bees visiting crops, indicating that the supply of pollination services was unchanged following enhancement. We find that actions to promote crop pollination improve multiple dimensions of biodiversity, underscoring their conservation value, but these benefits may not be spilling over to crops. More work is needed to identify the conditions that promote effective co-management of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie C Nicholson
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, VT, USA.,Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, VT, USA.,Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Kimiora L Ward
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA.,Institute for Applied Ecology, Santa Fe, 87505, NM, USA
| | - Neal M Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Keith S Mason
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.,Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Julianna K Wilson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Julia Brokaw
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55455, MN, USA
| | - Larry J Gut
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA
| | - Nikki L Rothwell
- Northwest Michigan Horticultural Research Center, Traverse City, 49684, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Wood
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, 48824, MI, USA.,Laboratory of Zoology, University of Mons, Mons, 7000, Belgium
| | - Sujaya Rao
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 55455, MN, USA.,Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - George D Hoffman
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, 97331, OR, USA
| | - Jason Gibbs
- Department of Entomology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2, MB, Canada
| | - Robbin W Thorp
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, 95616, CA, USA
| | - Taylor H Ricketts
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, VT, USA.,Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, 05405, VT, USA
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Gibson DR, Rowe L, Isaacs R, Landis DA. Screening Drought-Tolerant Native Plants for Attractiveness to Arthropod Natural Enemies in the U.S. Great Lakes Region. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1469-1480. [PMID: 31701140 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods provide a variety of critical ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes; however, agricultural intensification can reduce insect abundance and diversity. Designing and managing habitats to enhance beneficial insects requires the identification of effective insectary plants that attract natural enemies and provide floral resources. We tested the attractiveness of 54 plant species with tolerance to dry soils, contrasting perennial forbs and shrubs native to the Great Lakes region to selected non-native species in three common garden experiments in Michigan during 2015-2016. Overall, we found 32 species that attracted significantly more natural enemies than associated controls. Among these, Achillea millefolium and Solidago juncea were consistently among the most attractive plants at all three sites, followed by Solidago speciosa, Coreopsis tripteris, Solidago nemoralis, Pycnanthemum pilosum, and Symphyotrichum oolantangiense. Species which attracted significantly more natural enemies at two sites included: Asclepias syriaca, Asclepias tuberosa, Monarda fistulosa, Oligoneuron rigidum, Pycnanthemum virginianum, Dasiphora fruticosa, Ratibida pinnata, Asclepias verticillata, Monarda punctata, Echinacea purpurea, Helianthus occidentalis, Silphium integrifolium, Silphium terebinthinaceum, Helianthus strumosus, and Symphyotrichum sericeum. Two non-native species, Lotus corniculatus, and Centaurea stoebe, were also attractive at multiple sites but less so than co-blooming native species. Parasitic Hymenoptera were the most abundant natural enemies, followed by predatory Coleoptera and Hemiptera, while Hemiptera (Aphidae, Miridae, and Tingidae) were the most abundant herbivores. Collectively, these plant species can provide floral resources over the entire growing season and should be considered as potential insectary plants in future habitat management efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gibson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI
- Jensen Ecology, Madison, WI
| | - Logan Rowe
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI
- Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Michigan State University Extension, Lansing, MI
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI
| | - Douglas A Landis
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI
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34
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Olimpi EM, Baur P, Echeverri A, Gonthier D, Karp DS, Kremen C, Sciligo A, De Master KT. Evolving Food Safety Pressures in California's Central Coast Region. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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35
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Abstract
Agroforestry can provide ecosystem services and benefits such as soil erosion control, microclimate modification for yield enhancement, economic diversification, livestock production and well-being, and water quality protection. Through increased structural and functional diversity in agricultural landscapes, agroforestry practices can also affect ecosystem services provided by insect pollinators. A literature review was conducted to synthesize information on how temperate agroforestry systems influence insect pollinators and their pollination services with particular focus on the role of trees and shrubs. Our review indicates that agroforestry practices can provide three overarching benefits for pollinators: (1) providing habitat including foraging resources and nesting or egg-laying sites, (2) enhancing site and landscape connectivity, and (3) mitigating pesticide exposure. In some cases, agroforestry practices may contribute to unintended consequences such as becoming a sink for pollinators, where they may have increased exposure to pesticide residue that can accumulate in agroforestry practices. Although there is some scientific evidence suggesting that agroforestry practices can enhance crop pollination and yield, more research needs to be conducted on a variety of crops to verify this ecosystem service. Through a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of agroforestry practices on pollinators and their key services, we can better design agroforestry systems to provide these benefits in addition to other desired ecosystem services.
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36
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McCormick ML, Aslan CE, Chaudhry TA, Potter KA. Benefits and limitations of isolated floral patches in a pollinator restoration project in Arizona. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly L. McCormick
- Landscape Conservation InitiativeNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86005 U.S.A
| | - Clare E. Aslan
- Landscape Conservation InitiativeNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86005 U.S.A
| | | | - Kristen A. Potter
- Landscape Conservation InitiativeNorthern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86005 U.S.A
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37
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Guzman A, Chase M, Kremen C. On-Farm Diversification in an Agriculturally-Dominated Landscape Positively Influences Specialist Pollinators. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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38
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Paterson C, Cottenie K, MacDougall AS. Restored native prairie supports abundant and species‐rich native bee communities on conventional farms. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Paterson
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph Guelph Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Karl Cottenie
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Guelph Guelph Canada N1G 2W1
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Major determinants of the occurrence of a globally invasive parasite in riverine fish over large-scale environmental gradients. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:625-634. [PMID: 31121168 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The increased rate of outbreaks of infectious diseases in ecosystems is a dramatic consequence of global change, particularly when outbreaks affect important resources such as freshwater fish. However, the links between disease-inducing epizootics and widespread human impacts, including nutrient pollution and high water conductivity, in freshwater organisms are largely unexplored. We used data from extensive surveys in northeastern Spain (99,700 km2, 15 river catchments, n = 530 sites) to explore the environmental factors that singly, or in combination, are likely to influence the occurrence of the invasive parasite, Lernaea cyprinacea, after accounting for host fish characteristics. Smaller fish, lower altitudes, higher water conductivity and nutrient pollution were associated with higher probabilities of infection in 19 endemic and widely distributed fish species. We found no evidence that interactive effects among riverine stressors related to water and physical habitat quality better explained the probability of occurrence of L. cyprinacea in fish than did additive-stressor combinations. Nutrient pollution and high water conductivity were two of the major factors contributing to the increased occurrence of L. cyprinacea. Therefore, the improvement of wastewater treatment processes and agricultural practices probably would help to reduce the occurrence of this parasite among native fish.
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40
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Countryside Biogeography: the Controls of Species Distributions in Human-Dominated Landscapes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40823-019-00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Hung KLJ, Ascher JS, Davids JA, Holway DA. Ecological filtering in scrub fragments restructures the taxonomic and functional composition of native bee assemblages. Ecology 2019; 100:e02654. [PMID: 30942484 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the long-term consequences of habitat alteration for the preservation of biodiversity and ecosystem function requires an understanding of how ecological filters drive taxonomic and functional biodiversity loss. Here, we test a set of predictions concerning the role of ecological filters in restructuring native bee assemblages inhabiting fragmented coastal sage scrub ecosystems in southern California, USA. In 2011 and 2012, we collected native bees in scrub habitat belonging to two treatment categories: large natural reserves and small habitat fragments embedded in an urban landscape. We compared bee assemblages in reserve and fragment sites with respect to their taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, beta diversity, assemblage composition, and mean geographical range size estimated via distribution maps compiled for this study from digitized specimen records. We found multiple lines of evidence that ecological filtering drove bee diversity loss in fragments: a disproportionate loss of functional diversity relative to taxonomic diversity, shifts in assemblage composition driven largely by the preferential extirpation of reserve-associated indicator species, and disproportionate loss of range-restricted species. However, we found no evidence of taxonomic or functional homogenization across fragment bee assemblages, suggesting that filtering was not sufficiently strong to cause a subset of functional traits (and their associated species) to dominate assemblages in fragments. Our results suggest that ecological filtering altered bee assemblages in habitat fragments, even when such fragments contained well-preserved native plant assemblages, underscoring the importance of preserving large areas of natural habitat for the conservation of bees (especially range-restricted taxa) and their associated ecological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Lou James Hung
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - John S Ascher
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 16 Science Drive 4, Singapore City, 117558, Singapore
| | - Jessica A Davids
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - David A Holway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, MC0116, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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Ponisio LC, de Valpine P, M'Gonigle LK, Kremen C. Proximity of restored hedgerows interacts with local floral diversity and species' traits to shape long-term pollinator metacommunity dynamics. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:1048-1060. [PMID: 30938483 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Disconnected habitat fragments are poor at supporting population and community persistence; restoration ecologists, therefore, advocate for the establishment of habitat networks across landscapes. Few empirical studies, however, have considered how networks of restored habitat patches affect metacommunity dynamics. Here, using a 10-year study on restored hedgerows and unrestored field margins within an intensive agricultural landscape, we integrate occupancy modelling with network theory to examine the interaction between local and landscape characteristics, habitat selection and dispersal in shaping pollinator metacommunity dynamics. We show that surrounding hedgerows and remnant habitat patches interact with the local floral diversity, bee diet breadth and bee body size to influence site occupancy, via colonisation and persistence dynamics. Florally diverse sites and generalist, small-bodied species are most important for maintaining metacommunity connectivity. By providing the first in-depth assessment of how a network of restored habitat influences long-term population dynamics, we confirm the conservation benefit of hedgerows for pollinator populations and demonstrate the importance of restoring and maintaining habitat networks within an inhospitable matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Ponisio
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 417 Entomology Bldg., Riverside, 92521, CA, USA
| | - Perry de Valpine
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA
| | - Leithen K M'Gonigle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada, V5A 1S6
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, 94720, CA, USA.,Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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43
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Kremen C, M'Gonigle LK, Ponisio LC. Pollinator Community Assembly Tracks Changes in Floral Resources as Restored Hedgerows Mature in Agricultural Landscapes. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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44
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Kremen C, Merenlender AM. Landscapes that work for biodiversity and people. Science 2018; 362:362/6412/eaau6020. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aau6020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
How can we manage farmlands, forests, and rangelands to respond to the triple challenge of the Anthropocene—biodiversity loss, climate change, and unsustainable land use? When managed by using biodiversity-based techniques such as agroforestry, silvopasture, diversified farming, and ecosystem-based forest management, these socioeconomic systems can help maintain biodiversity and provide habitat connectivity, thereby complementing protected areas and providing greater resilience to climate change. Simultaneously, the use of these management techniques can improve yields and profitability more sustainably, enhancing livelihoods and food security. This approach to “working lands conservation” can create landscapes that work for nature and people. However, many socioeconomic challenges impede the uptake of biodiversity-based land management practices. Although improving voluntary incentives, market instruments, environmental regulations, and governance is essential to support working lands conservation, it is community action, social movements, and broad coalitions among citizens, businesses, nonprofits, and government agencies that have the power to transform how we manage land and protect the environment.
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45
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Garden Pollinators and the Potential for Ecosystem Service Flow to Urban and Peri-Urban Agriculture. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10062047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lamb
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences; University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Australia
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation; University of Queensland; Brisbane 4072 Australia
- Tropical Forests and People Research Centre; University of Sunshine Coast; Maroochydore 4556 Australia
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47
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Karp DS, Frishkoff LO, Echeverri A, Zook J, Juárez P, Chan KMA. Agriculture erases climate-driven β-diversity in Neotropical bird communities. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:338-349. [PMID: 28833924 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Earth is experiencing multiple global changes that will, together, determine the fate of many species. Yet, how biological communities respond to concurrent stressors at local-to-regional scales remains largely unknown. In particular, understanding how local habitat conversion interacts with regional climate change to shape patterns in β-diversity-differences among sites in their species compositions-is critical to forecast communities in the Anthropocene. Here, we study patterns in bird β-diversity across land-use and precipitation gradients in Costa Rica. We mapped forest cover, modeled regional precipitation, and collected data on bird community composition, vegetation structure, and tree diversity across 120 sites on 20 farms to answer three questions. First, do bird communities respond more strongly to changes in land use or climate in northwest Costa Rica? Second, does habitat conversion eliminate β-diversity across climate gradients? Third, does regional climate control how communities respond to habitat conversion and, if so, how? After correcting for imperfect detection, we found that local land-use determined community shifts along the climate gradient. In forests, bird communities were distinct between sites that differed in vegetation structure or precipitation. In agriculture, however, vegetation structure was more uniform, contributing to 7%-11% less bird turnover than in forests. In addition, bird responses to agriculture and climate were linked: agricultural communities across the precipitation gradient shared more species with dry than wet forest communities. These findings suggest that habitat conversion and anticipated climate drying will act together to exacerbate biotic homogenization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Karp
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, USA
| | - Luke O Frishkoff
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, USA
| | - Alejandra Echeverri
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, USA
| | - Jim Zook
- Unión de Ornitólogos de Costa Rica, Naranjo de Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Pedro Juárez
- Departamento de Historia Natural, Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica, Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Kai M A Chan
- Institute for Resources, Environment, and Sustainability, University of British Colombia, Vancouver, BC, USA
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Ponisio LC, Gaiarsa MP, Kremen C. Opportunistic attachment assembles plant-pollinator networks. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:1261-1272. [PMID: 28921857 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species and interactions are being lost at alarming rates and it is imperative to understand how communities assemble if we have to prevent their collapse and restore lost interactions. Using an 8-year dataset comprising nearly 20 000 pollinator visitation records, we explore the assembly of plant-pollinator communities at native plant restoration sites in an agricultural landscape. We find that species occupy highly dynamic network positions through time, causing the assembly process to be punctuated by major network reorganisations. The most persistent pollinator species are also the most variable in their network positions, contrary to what preferential attachment - the most widely studied theory of ecological network assembly - predicts. Instead, we suggest assembly occurs via an opportunistic attachment process. Our results contribute to our understanding of how communities assembly and how species interactions change through time while helping to inform efforts to reassemble robust communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Ponisio
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Berkeley Institute for Data Science (BIDS) University of California, Berkeley, 190 Doe Library, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, 417 Entomology Bldg. Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Marilia P Gaiarsa
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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Papanikolaou AD, Kühn I, Frenzel M, Kuhlmann M, Poschlod P, Potts SG, Roberts SPM, Schweiger O. Wild bee and floral diversity co-vary in response to the direct and indirect impacts of land use. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra D. Papanikolaou
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Ingolf Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg; Am Kirchtor 1 06108 Halle Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Mark Frenzel
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum of Kiel University; Hegewischstr. 3 D-24105 Kiel Germany
- Department of Life Sciences; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road London SW7 5BD UK
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Institute of Botany; University of Regensburg; D-93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; The University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Stuart P. M. Roberts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; The University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AR UK
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ; Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4 06120 Halle Germany
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50
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Lichtenberg EM, Kennedy CM, Kremen C, Batáry P, Berendse F, Bommarco R, Bosque-Pérez NA, Carvalheiro LG, Snyder WE, Williams NM, Winfree R, Klatt BK, Åström S, Benjamin F, Brittain C, Chaplin-Kramer R, Clough Y, Danforth B, Diekötter T, Eigenbrode SD, Ekroos J, Elle E, Freitas BM, Fukuda Y, Gaines-Day HR, Grab H, Gratton C, Holzschuh A, Isaacs R, Isaia M, Jha S, Jonason D, Jones VP, Klein AM, Krauss J, Letourneau DK, Macfadyen S, Mallinger RE, Martin EA, Martinez E, Memmott J, Morandin L, Neame L, Otieno M, Park MG, Pfiffner L, Pocock MJO, Ponce C, Potts SG, Poveda K, Ramos M, Rosenheim JA, Rundlöf M, Sardiñas H, Saunders ME, Schon NL, Sciligo AR, Sidhu CS, Steffan-Dewenter I, Tscharntke T, Veselý M, Weisser WW, Wilson JK, Crowder DW. A global synthesis of the effects of diversified farming systems on arthropod diversity within fields and across agricultural landscapes. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4946-4957. [PMID: 28488295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification is a leading cause of global biodiversity loss, which can reduce the provisioning of ecosystem services in managed ecosystems. Organic farming and plant diversification are farm management schemes that may mitigate potential ecological harm by increasing species richness and boosting related ecosystem services to agroecosystems. What remains unclear is the extent to which farm management schemes affect biodiversity components other than species richness, and whether impacts differ across spatial scales and landscape contexts. Using a global metadataset, we quantified the effects of organic farming and plant diversification on abundance, local diversity (communities within fields), and regional diversity (communities across fields) of arthropod pollinators, predators, herbivores, and detritivores. Both organic farming and higher in-field plant diversity enhanced arthropod abundance, particularly for rare taxa. This resulted in increased richness but decreased evenness. While these responses were stronger at local relative to regional scales, richness and abundance increased at both scales, and richness on farms embedded in complex relative to simple landscapes. Overall, both organic farming and in-field plant diversification exerted the strongest effects on pollinators and predators, suggesting these management schemes can facilitate ecosystem service providers without augmenting herbivore (pest) populations. Our results suggest that organic farming and plant diversification promote diverse arthropod metacommunities that may provide temporal and spatial stability of ecosystem service provisioning. Conserving diverse plant and arthropod communities in farming systems therefore requires sustainable practices that operate both within fields and across landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor M Lichtenberg
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Claire Kremen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Péter Batáry
- Agroecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frank Berendse
- Nature Conservation and Plant Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Bommarco
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nilsa A Bosque-Pérez
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Luísa G Carvalheiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (CE3C), Faculdade de Ciencias, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Neal M Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Rachael Winfree
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Björn K Klatt
- Agroecology, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sandra Åström
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Faye Benjamin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Claire Brittain
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Yann Clough
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bryan Danforth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tim Diekötter
- Department of Landscape Ecology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Johan Ekroos
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth Elle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Breno M Freitas
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Yuki Fukuda
- Centres for the Study of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Heather Grab
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Gratton
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Andrea Holzschuh
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rufus Isaacs
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Marco Isaia
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Shalene Jha
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Dennis Jonason
- Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent P Jones
- Department of Entomology, Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Maria Klein
- Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Krauss
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deborah K Letourneau
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel E Mallinger
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Emily A Martin
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Jane Memmott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lisa Neame
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Regional Planning Branch, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mark Otieno
- Department of Agricultural Resource Management, Embu University College, Embu, Kenya
| | - Mia G Park
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Humanities & Integrated Studies, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Lukas Pfiffner
- Department of Crop Science, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, Frick, Switzerland
| | | | - Carlos Ponce
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Simon G Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Katja Poveda
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mariangie Ramos
- Department of Agricultural Technology, University of Puerto Rico at Utuado, Utuado, PR, USA
| | - Jay A Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Maj Rundlöf
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hillary Sardiñas
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manu E Saunders
- Institute for Land Water & Society, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, Australia
| | - Nicole L Schon
- AgResearch, Lincoln Research Centre, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Amber R Sciligo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - C Sheena Sidhu
- University of California Cooperative Extension, San Mateo & San Francisco Counties, Half Moon Bay, CA, USA
| | - Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Milan Veselý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department for Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Julianna K Wilson
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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