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Cai W, Lian L, Li A, Zhang Q, Li M, Zhang J, Xie Y. Cardiac resident macrophages: The core of cardiac immune homeostasis. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111169. [PMID: 38599440 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are essential in maintaining the balance of the immune homeostasis in the heart. One of the main factors in the progression of cardiovascular diseases, such as myocarditis, myocardial infarction(MI), and heart failure(HF), is the imbalance in the regulatory mechanisms of CRMs. Recent studies have reported novel heterogeneity and spatiotemporal complexity of CRMs, and their role in maintaining cardiac immune homeostasis and treating cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we focus on the functions of CRMs, including immune surveillance, immune phagocytosis, and immune metabolism, and explore the impact of CRM's homeostasis imbalance on cardiac injury and cardiac repair. We also discuss the therapeutic approaches linked to CRMs. The immunomodulatory strategies targeting CRMs may be a therapeutic approach for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Cai
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Aolin Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300183, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300183, China.
| | - YingYu Xie
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China.
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2
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Perry N, Braun R, Ben‐Hamo‐Arad A, Kanaan D, Arad T, Porat‐Kuperstein L, Toledano H. Integrin restriction by miR-34 protects germline progenitors from cell death during aging. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14131. [PMID: 38450871 PMCID: PMC11166360 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
During aging, regenerative tissues must dynamically balance the two opposing processes of proliferation and cell death. While many microRNAs are differentially expressed during aging, their roles as dynamic regulators of tissue regeneration have yet to be described. We show that in the highly regenerative Drosophila testis, miR-34 levels are significantly elevated during aging. miR-34 modulates germ cell death and protects the progenitor germ cells from accelerated aging. However, miR-34 is not expressed in the progenitors themselves but rather in neighboring cyst cells that kill the progenitors. Transcriptomics followed by functional analysis revealed that during aging, miR-34 modifies integrin signaling by limiting the levels of the heterodimeric integrin receptor αPS2 and βPS subunits. In addition, we found that in cyst cells, this heterodimer is essential for inducing phagoptosis and degradation of the progenitor germ cells. Together, these data suggest that the miR-34-integrin signaling axis acts as a sensor of progenitor germ cell death to extend progenitor functionality during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Perry
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Racheli Braun
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
- Biomedical Engineering FacultyTechnion IITsHaifaIsrael
| | - Aya Ben‐Hamo‐Arad
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Diana Kanaan
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Tal Arad
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | | | - Hila Toledano
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Natural SciencesUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
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3
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Wang J, Cao H, Yang H, Wang N, Weng Y, Luo H. The function of CD36 in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1413947. [PMID: 38881887 PMCID: PMC11176518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1413947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
CD36 is a scavenger receptor that has been reported to function as a signaling receptor that responds to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and could integrate metabolic pathways and cell signaling through its dual functions. Thereby influencing activation to regulate the immune response and immune cell differentiation. Recent studies have revealed that CD36 plays critical roles in the process of lipid metabolism, inflammatory response and immune process caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. This review will comprehensively investigate CD36's functions in lipid uptake and processing, inflammatory response, immune response and therapeutic targets and biomarkers in the infection process of M. tuberculosis. The study also raised outstanding issues in this field to designate future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Food and Nutrition Safety, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou BOE Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Weng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Kunshan, Suzhou, China
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4
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Yuan S, Chai Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Jiang L, Lu N, Jiang H, Wang J, Pan X, Deng J. Engineering Efferocytosis-Mimicking Nanovesicles to Regulate Joint Anti-Inflammation and Peripheral Immunosuppression for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2404198. [PMID: 38810118 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints and the dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood. Therefore, an optimal treatment strategy should aim to eliminate the inflammatory response in the joints and simultaneously restore the immune tolerance of Tregs in peripheral blood. Accordingly, we developed an efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicle that contains three functional factors for immunomodulating of efferocytosis, including "find me" and "eat me" signals for professional (macrophage) or non-professional phagocytes (T lymphocyte), and "apoptotic metabolite" for metabolite digestion. We showed that efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles targeted the inflamed joints and spleen of mice with collagen-induced arthritis, further recruiting and selectively binding to macrophages and T lymphocytes to induce M2 macrophage polarization and Treg differentiation and T helper cell 17 (Th17) recession. Under systemic administration, the efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles effectively maintained the pro-inflammatory M1/anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage balance in joints and the Treg/Th17 imbalance in peripheral blood to prevent RA progression. This study demonstrates the potential of efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles for RA immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yuan
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Yingqian Chai
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jianghua Xu
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Youchao Wang
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Ning Lu
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Joint Centre of Translational Medicine, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair Materials, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
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Han R, Ren Z, Wang Q, Zha H, Wang E, Wu M, Zheng Y, Lu JH. Synthetic Biomimetic Liposomes Harness Efferocytosis Machinery for Highly Efficient Macrophages-Targeted Drug Delivery to Alleviate Inflammation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308325. [PMID: 38790144 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages play pivotal roles in the regulation of inflammatory responses and tissue repair, making them a prime target for inflammation alleviation. However, the accurate and efficient macrophages targeting is still a challenging task. Motivated by the efficient and specific removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages efferocytosis, a novel biomimetic liposomal system called Effero-RLP (Efferocytosis-mediated Red blood cell hybrid Liposomes) is developed which incorporates the membrane of apoptotic red blood cells (RBCs) with liposomes for the purpose of highly efficient macrophages targeting. Rosiglitazone (ROSI), a PPARγ agonist known to attenuate macrophage inflammatory responses, is encapsulated into Effero-RLP as model drug to regulate macrophage functions in DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Intriguingly, the Effero-RLP exhibits selective and efficient uptake by macrophages, which is significantly inhibited by the efferocytosis blocker Annexin V. In animal models, the Effero-RLP demonstrates rapid recognition by macrophages, leading to enhanced accumulation at inflammatory sites. Furthermore, ROSI-loaded Effero-RLP effectively alleviates inflammation and protects colon tissue from injury in the colitis mouse model, which is abolished by deletion of macrophages from mice model. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of macrophage targeting using efferocytosis biomimetic liposomes. The development of Effero-RLP presents novel and promising strategies for alleviating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zhengyu Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haidong Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Erjin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
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6
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Cauvi DM, Hawisher D, Derunes J, Rodriguez E, De Maio A. Membrane phospholipids activate the inflammatory response in macrophages by various mechanisms. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23619. [PMID: 38661031 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302471r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, which are small membrane-encapsulated particles derived from all cell types, are emerging as important mechanisms for intercellular communication. In addition, exosomes are currently envisioned as potential carriers for the delivery of drugs to target tissues. The natural population of exosomes is very variable due to the limited amount of cargo components present in these small vesicles. Consequently, common components of exosomes may play a role in their function. We have proposed that membrane phospholipids could be a common denominator in the effect of exosomes on cellular functions. In this regard, we have previously shown that liposomes made of phosphatidylcholine (PC) or phosphatidylserine (PS) induced a robust alteration of macrophage (Mϕ) gene expression. We herewith report that these two phospholipids modulate gene expression in Mϕs by different mechanisms. PS alters cellular responses by the interaction with surface receptors, particularly CD36. In contrast, PC is captured by a receptor-independent process and likely triggers an activity within endocytic vesicles. Despite this difference in the capture mechanisms, both lipids mounted similar gene expression responses. This investigation suggests that multiple mechanisms mediated by membrane phospholipids could be participating in the alteration of cellular functions by exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Cauvi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dennis Hawisher
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julia Derunes
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Enrique Rodriguez
- Initiative for Maximizing Student Development (IMSD Program), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Antonio De Maio
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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7
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Typiak M, Żurawa-Janicka D. Not an immune cell, but they may act like one-cells with immune properties outside the immune system. Immunol Cell Biol 2024. [PMID: 38650437 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The cells presented in this work are not classified as cells that make up the immune system. They, however, present functions and molecules, which are characteristic of immune cells. These characteristic functions are, for example, sensing threat, performing phagocytosis, presentation of foreign antigens, cytokine release or enhancing immune memory. The enlisted immune response mechanisms are carried out by the possession of molecules such as Toll-like receptors, receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG, major histocompatibility complex class II molecules, costimulatory CD80/CD86 proteins and molecules needed for NLRP3 (NOD-like family pyrin domain containing 3) inflammasome activation. Thanks to these properties, the described nonimmune cells play an important role in the local immune response and support of the entire body in the fight against pathogens. They constitute the first line of defense of tissues and organs against pathogens and molecules recognized as harmful. The cells described in this article are particularly important in immunologically privileged places (e.g. the Bowman's capsule in the kidney), where "typical" immune cells normally do not have access. In this paper, we present immune-like functions and molecule suites of resident kidney cells (podocytes and mesangial cells), cochlear resident cells, fibrocytes and fibroblasts, as well as some stem cells (mesenchymal stem cells and umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena Typiak
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dorota Żurawa-Janicka
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland
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8
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Mann V, Sundaresan A, Shishodia S. Overnutrition and Lipotoxicity: Impaired Efferocytosis and Chronic Inflammation as Precursors to Multifaceted Disease Pathogenesis. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:241. [PMID: 38666853 PMCID: PMC11048223 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Overnutrition, driven by the consumption of high-fat, high-sugar diets, has reached epidemic proportions and poses a significant global health challenge. Prolonged overnutrition leads to the deposition of excessive lipids in adipose and non-adipose tissues, a condition known as lipotoxicity. The intricate interplay between overnutrition-induced lipotoxicity and the immune system plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases. This review aims to elucidate the consequences of impaired efferocytosis, caused by lipotoxicity-poisoned macrophages, leading to chronic inflammation and the subsequent development of severe infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer, as well as chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Chronic overnutrition promotes adipose tissue expansion which induces cellular stress and inflammatory responses, contributing to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and metabolic syndrome. Moreover, sustained exposure to lipotoxicity impairs the efferocytic capacity of macrophages, compromising their ability to efficiently engulf and remove dead cells. The unresolved chronic inflammation perpetuates a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, exacerbating tissue damage and promoting the development of various diseases. The interaction between overnutrition, lipotoxicity, and impaired efferocytosis highlights a critical pathway through which chronic inflammation emerges, facilitating the development of severe infectious diseases, autoimmunity, cancer, and chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. Understanding these intricate connections sheds light on potential therapeutic avenues to mitigate the detrimental effects of overnutrition and lipotoxicity on immune function and tissue homeostasis, thereby paving the way for novel interventions aimed at reducing the burden of these multifaceted diseases on global health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shishir Shishodia
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, Houston, TX 77004, USA; (V.M.); (A.S.)
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John L, Vijay R. Role of TAM Receptors in Antimalarial Humoral Immune Response. Pathogens 2024; 13:298. [PMID: 38668253 PMCID: PMC11054553 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune response against malaria and the clearance of Plasmodium parasite relies on germinal-center-derived B cell responses that are temporally and histologically layered. Despite a well-orchestrated germinal center response, anti-Plasmodium immune response seldom offers sterilizing immunity. Recent studies report that certain pathophysiological features of malaria such as extensive hemolysis, hypoxia as well as the extrafollicular accumulation of short-lived plasmablasts may contribute to this suboptimal immune response. In this review, we summarize some of those studies and attempt to connect certain host intrinsic features in response to the malarial disease and the resultant gaps in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijo John
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pookode 673576, Kerala, India
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Center for Cancer Cell Biology, Immunology and Infection, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60047, USA
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10
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Schelemei P, Wagner E, Picard FSR, Winkels H. Macrophage mediators and mechanisms in cardiovascular disease. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23424. [PMID: 38275140 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302001r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages are major players in myocardial infarction (MI) and atherosclerosis, two major cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Atherosclerosis is caused by the buildup of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in blood vessels, causing inflammation, vascular injury, and plaque formation. Plaque rupture or erosion can cause thrombus formation resulting in inadequate blood flow to the heart muscle and MI. Inflammation, particularly driven by macrophages, plays a central role in both atherosclerosis and MI. Recent integrative approaches of single-cell analysis-based classifications in both murine and human atherosclerosis as well as experimental MI showed overlap in origin, diversity, and function of macrophages in the aorta and the heart. We here discuss differences and communalities between macrophages in the heart and aorta at steady state and in atherosclerosis or upon MI. We focus on markers, mediators, and functional states of macrophage subpopulations. Recent trials testing anti-inflammatory agents show a major benefit in reducing the inflammatory burden of CVD patients, but highlight a necessity for a broader understanding of immune cell ontogeny and heterogeneity in CVD. The novel insights into macrophage biology in CVD represent exciting opportunities for the development of novel treatment strategies against CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Schelemei
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Elena Wagner
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix Simon Ruben Picard
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Winkels
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:39-64. [PMID: 38888769 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
One hundred years have passed since the death of Élie Metchnikoff (1845-1916). He was the first to observe the uptake of particles by cells and realized the importance of this process, named phagocytosis, for the host response to injury and infection. He also was a strong advocate of the role of phagocytosis in cellular immunity, and with this, he gave us the basis for our modern understanding of inflammation and the innate immune response. Phagocytosis is an elegant but complex process for the ingestion and elimination of pathogens, but it is also important for the elimination of apoptotic cells and hence fundamental for tissue homeostasis. Phagocytosis can be divided into four main steps: (i) recognition of the target particle, (ii) signaling to activate the internalization machinery, (iii) phagosome formation, and (iv) phagolysosome maturation. In this chapter, we present a general view of our current knowledge on phagocytosis performed mainly by professional phagocytes through antibody and complement receptors and discuss aspects that remain incompletely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Uribe-Querol
- Laboratorio de Biología del Desarrollo, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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12
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Ivashkevich D, Ponomarenko A, Manzhulo I, Sultanov R, Dyuizen I. Effect of Oleoylethanolamide-Based Dietary Supplement on Systemic Inflammation in the Development of Alimentary-Induced Obesity in Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:4345. [PMID: 37892420 PMCID: PMC10609781 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex effect of oleoylethanolamide-based dietary supplement (OEA-DS) was studied in a model of diet-induced obesity in mice. Physiological, biochemical, and immunohistochemical methods were used to reveal differences in the changes in the weight of experimental animals, morphological changes in the spleen tissues, and changes in the cytokine expression profile in the spleen, blood plasma, and macrophage cell culture. First, it is shown that a hypercaloric diet high in carbohydrates and cholesterol led to the development of systemic inflammation, accompanied by organ morphological changes and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines. In parallel, the use of OEA-DS reduced the intensity of cellular inflammatory reactions, accompanied by a decrease in markers of cellular inflammation and proliferation, such as CD68, Iba-1, and Ki67 in the spleen tissue, and stabilized the level of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα) both in animals and in cell culture. In addition, in the macrophage cell culture (RAW264.7), it was shown that OEA-DS also suppressed the production of reactive oxygen species and nitrites in LPS-induced inflammation. The results of this study indicate the complex action of OEA-DS in obesity, which includes a reduction of systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arina Ponomarenko
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (D.I.); (I.M.); (R.S.); (I.D.)
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13
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Lieffrig SA, Gyimesi G, Mao Y, Finnemann SC. Clearance phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelial during photoreceptor outer segment renewal: Molecular mechanisms and relation to retinal inflammation. Immunol Rev 2023; 319:81-99. [PMID: 37555340 PMCID: PMC10615845 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian photoreceptor outer segment renewal is a highly coordinated process that hinges on timed cell signaling between photoreceptor neurons and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelial (RPE). It is a strictly rhythmic, synchronized process that underlies in part circadian regulation. We highlight findings from recently developed methods that quantify distinct phases of outer segment renewal in retinal tissue. At light onset, outer segments expose the conserved "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine exclusively at their distal, most aged tip. A coordinated two-receptor efferocytosis process follows, in which ligands bridge outer segment phosphatidylserine with the RPE receptors αvβ5 integrin, inducing cytosolic signaling toward Rac1 and focal adhesion kinase/MERTK, and with MERTK directly, additionally inhibiting RhoA/ROCK and thus enabling F-actin dynamics favoring outer segment fragment engulfment. Photoreceptors and RPE persist for life with each RPE cell in the eye servicing dozens of overlying photoreceptors. Thus, RPE cells phagocytose more often and process more material than any other cell type. Mutant mice with impaired outer segment renewal largely retain functional photoreceptors and retinal integrity. However, when anti-inflammatory signaling in the RPE via MERTK or the related TYRO3 is lacking, catastrophic inflammation leads to immune cell infiltration that swiftly destroys the retina causing blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Lieffrig
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Gavin Gyimesi
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | | | - Silvia C. Finnemann
- Center for Cancer, Genetic Diseases and Gene Regulation, Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
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14
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Pinos I, Yu J, Pilli N, Kane MA, Amengual J. Functional characterization of interleukin 4 and retinoic acid signaling crosstalk during alternative macrophage activation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159291. [PMID: 36754230 PMCID: PMC9974901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid possesses potent immunomodulatory properties in various cell types, including macrophages. In this study, we first investigated the effects at the transcriptional and functional levels of exogenous retinoic acid in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) in the presence or absence of interleukin 4 (IL4), a cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties. We examined the effect of IL4 on vitamin A homeostasis in macrophages by quantifying retinoid synthesis and secretion. Our RNAseq data show that exogenous retinoic acid synergizes with IL4 to regulate anti-inflammatory pathways such as oxidative phosphorylation and phagocytosis. Efferocytosis and lysosomal degradation assays validated gene expression changes at the functional level. IL4 treatment altered the expression of several genes involved in vitamin A transport and conversion to retinoic acid. Radiolabeling experiments and mass spectrometry assays revealed that IL4 stimulates retinoic acid production and secretion in a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-dependent manner. In summary, our studies highlight the key role of exogenous and endogenous retinoic acid in shaping the anti-inflammatory response of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pinos
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jianshi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nageswara Pilli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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15
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Fu P, Zhang M, Wu M, Zhou W, Yin X, Chen Z, Dan C. Research progress of endogenous hematoma absorption after intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1115726. [PMID: 36970539 PMCID: PMC10036389 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-traumatic intraparenchymal brain hemorrhage is referred to as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Although ICH is associated with a high rate of disability and case fatality, active intervention can significantly lower the rate of severe disability. Studies have shown that the speed of hematoma clearance after ICH determines the patient's prognosis. Following ICH, depending on the hematoma volume and mass effect, either surgical- or medication-only conservative treatment is chosen. The goal of promoting endogenous hematoma absorption is more relevant because surgery is only appropriate for a small percentage of patients, and open surgery can cause additional trauma to patients. The primary method of removing hematoma after ICH in the future will involve understanding how to produce and manage macrophage/microglial endogenous phagocytic hematomas. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms and key targets for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Fu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Manqing Zhang
- Medical College of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Moxin Wu
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weixin Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoping Yin
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiying Chen
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Medical School of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying Chen
| | - Chuanjun Dan
- Emergency Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, China
- Chuanjun Dan
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16
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Matz AJ, Qu L, Karlinsey K, Vella AT, Zhou B. Capturing the multifaceted function of adipose tissue macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1148188. [PMID: 36875144 PMCID: PMC9977801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1148188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) bolster obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction and represent a targetable population to lessen obesity-associated health risks. However, ATMs also facilitate adipose tissue function through multiple actions, including adipocyte clearance, lipid scavenging and metabolism, extracellular remodeling, and supporting angiogenesis and adipogenesis. Thus, high-resolution methods are needed to capture macrophages' dynamic and multifaceted functions in adipose tissue. Herein, we review current knowledge on regulatory networks critical to macrophage plasticity and their multifaceted response in the complex adipose tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa J. Matz
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Lili Qu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Keaton Karlinsey
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Anthony T. Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Beiyan Zhou
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
- Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, United States
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17
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Yap J, Irei J, Lozano-Gerona J, Vanapruks S, Bishop T, Boisvert WA. Macrophages in cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:373-385. [PMID: 36627513 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-022-00823-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), as a result of thrombosis or vascular occlusion, is the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases. The devastating consequences of MI are compounded by the complexities of cellular functions involved in the initiation and resolution of early-onset inflammation and the longer-term effects related to scar formation. The resultant tissue damage can occur as early as 1 h after MI and activates inflammatory signalling pathways to elicit an immune response. Macrophages are one of the most active cell types during all stages after MI, including the cardioprotective, inflammatory and tissue repair phases. In this Review, we describe the phenotypes of cardiac macrophage involved in MI and their cardioprotective functions. A specific subset of macrophages called resident cardiac macrophages (RCMs) are derived from yolk sac progenitor cells and are maintained as a self-renewing population, although their numbers decrease with age. We explore sophisticated sequencing techniques that demonstrate the cardioprotective properties of this cardiac macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, we discuss the interactions between cardiac macrophages and other important cell types involved in the pathology and resolution of inflammation after MI. We summarize new and promising therapeutic approaches that target macrophage-mediated inflammation and the cardioprotective properties of RCMs after MI. Finally, we discuss future directions for the study of RCMs in MI and cardiovascular health in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Yap
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jason Irei
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Javier Lozano-Gerona
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Selena Vanapruks
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tianmai Bishop
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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18
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Zhang M, Lin Y, Chen R, Yu H, Li Y, Chen M, Dou C, Yin P, Zhang L, Tang P. Ghost messages: cell death signals spread. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:6. [PMID: 36624476 PMCID: PMC9830882 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death is a mystery in various forms. Whichever type of cell death, this is always accompanied by active or passive molecules release. The recent years marked the renaissance of the study of these molecules showing they can signal to and communicate with recipient cells and regulate physio- or pathological events. This review summarizes the defined forms of messages cells could spread while dying, the effects of these signals on the target tissue/cells, and how these types of communications regulate physio- or pathological processes. By doing so, this review hopes to identify major unresolved questions in the field, formulate new hypothesis worthy of further investigation, and when possible, provide references for the search of novel diagnostic/therapeutics agents. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Lin
- grid.412463.60000 0004 1762 6325Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruijing Chen
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haikuan Yu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ce Dou
- grid.410570.70000 0004 1760 6682Department of Orthopedics, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038 People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengbin Yin
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Licheng Zhang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
| | - Peifu Tang
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China ,National Clinical Research Center for Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing, 100853 People’s Republic of China
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19
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Shi J, Wu X, Wang Z, Li F, Meng Y, Moore RM, Cui J, Xue C, Croce KR, Yurdagul A, Doench JG, Li W, Zarbalis KS, Tabas I, Yamamoto A, Zhang H. A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies WDFY3 as a regulator of macrophage efferocytosis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7929. [PMID: 36566259 PMCID: PMC9789999 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic clearance of dying cells, termed efferocytosis, is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet our understanding of efferocytosis regulation remains incomplete. Here we perform a FACS-based, genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in primary mouse macrophages to search for novel regulators of efferocytosis. The results show that Wdfy3 knockout in macrophages specifically impairs uptake, but not binding, of apoptotic cells due to defective actin disassembly. Additionally, WDFY3 interacts with GABARAP, thus facilitating LC3 lipidation and subsequent lysosomal acidification to permit the degradation of apoptotic cell components. Mechanistically, while the C-terminus of WDFY3 is sufficient to rescue the impaired degradation induced by Wdfy3 knockout, full-length WDFY3 is required to reconstitute the uptake of apoptotic cells. Finally, WDFY3 is also required for efficient efferocytosis in vivo in mice and in vitro in primary human macrophages. This work thus expands our knowledge of the mechanisms of macrophage efferocytosis, as well as supports genome-wide CRISPR screen as a platform for interrogating complex functional phenotypes in primary macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianting Shi
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Xun Wu
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Ziyi Wang
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Fang Li
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Yujiao Meng
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA ,grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Rebecca M. Moore
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Jian Cui
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Chenyi Xue
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Katherine R. Croce
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- grid.411417.60000 0004 0443 6864Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center at Shreveport, Shreveport, LA USA
| | - John G. Doench
- grid.66859.340000 0004 0546 1623Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Wei Li
- grid.239560.b0000 0004 0482 1586Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC USA ,grid.253615.60000 0004 1936 9510Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Konstantinos S. Zarbalis
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684University of California at Davis, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ,grid.415852.f0000 0004 0449 5792Shriners Hospitals for Children Northern California, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684UC Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Ira Tabas
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Ai Yamamoto
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA ,grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Hanrui Zhang
- grid.239585.00000 0001 2285 2675Cardiometabolic Genomics Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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20
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Yu J, Zheng C, Zheng J, Duan G, Guo Q, Zhang P, Wan M, Duan Y. Development of Intestinal Injury and Restoration of Weaned Piglets under Chronic Immune Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112215. [PMID: 36358587 PMCID: PMC9686571 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced chronic immune stress on intestinal morphology and function, immune system, oxidative status, and mitochondrial function in piglets. Fifty healthy Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire piglets (21 ± 2 days old, barrow, 6.98 ± 0.14 kg body weight) were selected and randomly allotted to five groups, which were slaughtered at 0 (0 group), 1, 5, 9, and 15 d of LPS injection. The results showed that compared with the piglets without LPS injection, LPS injection significantly impaired the intestinal morphology and permeability at 1, 5, and 9 d, as manifested by the increased serum lactic acid and decreased ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p < 0.05). Moreover, intestinal inflammation and oxidative and mitochondrial injury were caused at 1 d, as manifested by upregulated IL-6 mRNA expression, increased malondialdehyde content, and impaired mitochondrial morphology (p < 0.05). However, these parameters were restored to levels identical to 0 group at 9~15 d, accompanied by significantly increased antioxidant capacity, enhanced protein expression of CD3+ and CD68+, and upregulated mRNA abundance of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and functions (p < 0.05). Collectively, these results suggest that the intestinal injury of piglets caused by chronic immune stress could be self-repaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Changbing Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Geyan Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Peiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengliao Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yehui Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0731-8461-9767
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21
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Vorselen D. Dynamics of phagocytosis mediated by phosphatidylserine. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1281-1291. [PMID: 36281986 PMCID: PMC9704538 DOI: 10.1042/bst20211254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis triggered by the phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS) is key for the removal of apoptotic cells in development, tissue homeostasis and infection. Modulation of PS-mediated phagocytosis is an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in the context of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, and cancer. Whereas the mechanisms of target recognition, lipid and protein signalling, and cytoskeletal remodelling in opsonin-driven modes of phagocytosis are increasingly well understood, PS-mediated phagocytosis has remained more elusive. This is partially due to the involvement of a multitude of receptors with at least some redundancy in functioning, which complicates dissecting their contributions and results in complex downstream signalling networks. This review focusses on the receptors involved in PS-recognition, the signalling cascades that connect receptors to cytoskeletal remodelling required for phagocytosis, and recent progress in our understanding of how phagocytic cup formation is coordinated during PS-mediated phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Vorselen
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, U.S.A
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22
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Kotlyarov S, Kotlyarova A. The Importance of the Plasma Membrane in Atherogenesis. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1036. [PMID: 36363591 PMCID: PMC9698587 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases are an important medical problem due to their high prevalence, impact on quality of life and prognosis. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is an urgent medical and social problem, the solution of which may improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment of patients. Atherosclerosis is a complex chain of events, which proceeds over many years and in which many cells in the bloodstream and the vascular wall are involved. A growing body of evidence suggests that there are complex, closely linked molecular mechanisms that occur in the plasma membranes of cells involved in atherogenesis. Lipid transport, innate immune system receptor function, and hemodynamic regulation are linked to plasma membranes and their biophysical properties. A better understanding of these interrelationships will improve diagnostic quality and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Anna Kotlyarova
- Department of Pharmacy Management and Economics, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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23
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Pan D, Wu W, Zuo G, Xie X, Li H, Ren X, Kong C, Zhou W, Zhang Z, Waterfall M, Chen S. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 promotes erythrocyte clearance by vascular smooth muscle cells in intraplaque hemorrhage through MFG-E8 production. Cell Signal 2022; 98:110419. [PMID: 35905868 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) accelerates atherosclerosis progression. To scavenge excessive red blood cells (RBCs), vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with great plasticity may function as phagocytes. Here, we investigated the erythrophagocytosis function of VSMCs and possible regulations involved. Based on transcriptional microarray analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that genes up-regulated in human carotid atheroma with IPH were enriched in functions of phagocytic activities, while those down-regulated were enriched in VSMCs contraction function. Transcriptional expression of Milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8) was also down-regulated in atheroma with IPH. In high-fat diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, erythrocytes were present in cells expressing VSMC markers αSMA in the brachiocephalic artery, suggesting VSMCs play a role in erythrophagocytosis. Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, we also found that eryptotic RBCs were bound to and internalized by VSMCs in a phosphatidylserine/MFG-E8/integrin αVβ3 dependent manner in vitro. Inhibiting S1PR2 signaling with specific inhibitor JTE-013 or siRNA decreased Mfge8 expression and impaired the erythrophagocytosis of VSMCs in vitro. Partial ligation was performed in the left common carotid artery (LCA) followed by intra-intimal injection of isolated erythrocytes to observe their clearance in vivo. Interfering S1PR2 expression in VSMCs with Adeno-associated virus 9 inhibited MFG-E8 expression inside LCA plaques receiving RBCs injection and attenuated erythrocytes clearance. Erythrophagocytosis by VSMCs increased vascular endothelial growth factor-a secretion and promoted angiogenesis. The present study revealed that VSMCs act as phagocytes for RBC clearance through S1PR2 activation induced MFG-E8 release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daorong Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangfeng Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaomin Ren
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaohua Kong
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Martin Waterfall
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Shaoliang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Nanjing First Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210006, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Salina ACG, Dos Santos D, Rodrigues TS, Fortes-Rocha M, Freitas-Filho EG, Alzamora-Terrel DL, Castro IMS, Fraga-Silva TF, de Lima MHF, Nascimento DC, Silva CM, Toller-Kawahisa JE, Becerra A, Oliveira S, Caetite DB, Almeida L, Ishimoto AY, Lima TM, Martins RB, Veras FP, do Amaral NB, Giannini MC, Bonjorno LP, Lopes MIF, Benatti MN, Batah SS, Santana RC, Vilar FC, Martins MA, Assad RL, deAlmeida SCL, de Oliveira FR, Arruda Neto E, Cunha TM, Alves-Filho JC, Bonato VLD, Cunha FQ, Fabro AT, Nakaya HI, Zamboni DS, Louzada-Junior P, de Oliveira RDR, Cunha LD. Efferocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected dying cells impairs macrophage anti-inflammatory functions and clearance of apoptotic cells. eLife 2022; 11:74443. [PMID: 35666101 PMCID: PMC9262386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease of dysfunctional immune responses, but the mechanisms triggering immunopathogenesis are not established. The functional plasticity of macrophages allows this cell type to promote pathogen elimination and inflammation or suppress inflammation and promote tissue remodeling and injury repair. During an infection, the clearance of dead and dying cells, a process named efferocytosis, can modulate the interplay between these contrasting functions. Here, we show that engulfment of SARS-CoV-2-infected apoptotic cells exacerbates inflammatory cytokine production, inhibits the expression of efferocytic receptors, and impairs continual efferocytosis by macrophages. We also provide evidence supporting that lung monocytes and macrophages from severe COVID-19 patients have compromised efferocytic capacity. Our findings reveal that dysfunctional efferocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cell corpses suppresses macrophage anti-inflammation and efficient tissue repair programs and provides mechanistic insights for the excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of tissue damage associated with COVID-19 immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina G Salina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Douglas Dos Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tamara S Rodrigues
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marlon Fortes-Rocha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Edismauro G Freitas-Filho
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel L Alzamora-Terrel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Icaro M S Castro
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Camila M Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Amanda Becerra
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Samuel Oliveira
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Diego B Caetite
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Leticia Almeida
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriene Y Ishimoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thais M Lima
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo B Martins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flavio P Veras
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Natália B do Amaral
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela C Giannini
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Letícia P Bonjorno
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel F Lopes
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Maira N Benatti
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sabrina S Batah
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo C Santana
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Vilar
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo L Assad
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Sergio C L deAlmeida
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Eurico Arruda Neto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Thiago M Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Jose C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Vania L D Bonato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Q Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Fabro
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Helder I Nakaya
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dario S Zamboni
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Paulo Louzada-Junior
- Center of Research in Inflammatory Diseases, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renê D R de Oliveira
- Division of Clinical Immunology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa D Cunha
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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25
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Mei C, Peng F, Yin W, Xu W, Yao R, Li B, Zhou R, Fan X, Li N. Increased suicidal erythrocyte death in patients with hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G9-G20. [PMID: 35411804 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00050.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Anemia is a common complication of hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HB-ACLF). Eryptosis, a suicidal erythrocyte death characterized by phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization and red blood cell-derived microparticle (RMP) generation, decreases erythrocyte lifespan. Herein, we investigated whether enhanced eryptosis is involved in the anemia pathophysiology associated with HB-ACLF. PS exposure, cell volume, cytosolic Ca2+, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were determined using flow cytometry. RMPs were extracted using a polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based method. We found that hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) were significantly lower in patients with HB-ACLF than in healthy controls (HC), patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and patients with cirrhosis. The direct antiglobulin test positive rate was 75.9% in patients with HB-ACLF while its intensity was associated with anemia. The ratio of abnormal erythrocytes was higher in patients with HB-ACLF than in HC, CHB, and cirrhosis. The percentage of PS-exposed erythrocytes was higher in patients with HB-ACLF (2.07 ± 0.11%) compared with HC (0.37 ± 0.05%), CHB (0.38 ± 0.03%), and cirrhosis (0.38 ± 0.04%). The cytosolic Ca2+ and ROS abundance were also higher in patients with HB-ACLF compared with HC, patients with CHB, and patients with cirrhosis, and were inversely correlated with the anemia in patients with HB-ACLF. PS exposure of erythrocytes collected from HC was significantly pronounced following incubation in plasma from patients with HB-ACLF compared with incubation in plasma from HC. The protein concentration and RMPs size significantly increased in patients with HB-ACLF compared with HC. Thus, the anemia in patients with HB-ACLF is associated with increased eryptosis, which is partially triggered by increased cytosolic Ca2+ and oxidative stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Acute chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a critical syndrome characterized by multiple organ failures and high short-term mortality. A common complication of HB-ACLF is anemia, however, the mechanism of anemia in HB-ACLF remains to be elucidated. We confirm that the accelerated eryptosis is involved in the pathophysiology of anemia associated with HB-ACLF, which progressively aggravates the clinical outcome. Our study illustrates the mechanism regarding the anemia pathogenesis of HB-ACLF, which may be utilized further toward therapeutic ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Mei
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics of Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenyu Yin
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Run Yao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bijuan Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Rongrong Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xuegong Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Clinical Transfusion Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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26
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Mahmoudi A, Moadab F, Safdarian E, Navashenaq JG, Rezaee M, Gheibihayat SM. MicroRNAs and Efferocytosis: Implications for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2641-2660. [PMID: 35362375 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220330150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
About 10-100 billion cells are generated in the human body in a day, and accordingly, 10-100 billion cells predominantly die for maintaining homeostasis. Dead cells generated by apoptosis are also rapidly engulfed by macrophages (Mθs) to be degraded. In case of the inefficient engulfment of apoptotic cells (ACs) via Mθs, they experience secondary necrosis and thus release intracellular materials, which display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and result in diseases. Over the last decades, researchers have also reflected on the significant contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to autoimmune diseases through the regulation of Mθs functions. Moreover, miRNAs have shown intricate involvement with completely adjusting basic Mθs functions, such as phagocytosis, inflammation, efferocytosis, tumor promotion, and tissue repair. In this review, the mechanism of efferocytosis containing "Find-Me", "Eat-Me", and "Digest-Me" signals is summarized and the biogenesis of miRNAs is briefly described. Finally, the role of miRNAs in efferocytosis is discussed. It is concluded that miRNAs represent promising treatments and diagnostic targets in impaired phagocytic clearance, which leads to different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of medical biotechnology and nanotechnology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical science, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moadab
- Medical student, Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Esmat Safdarian
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran;
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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27
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Guns J, Vanherle S, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Protein Lipidation by Palmitate Controls Macrophage Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030565. [PMID: 35159374 PMCID: PMC8834383 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are present in all tissues within our body, where they promote tissue homeostasis by responding to microenvironmental triggers, not only through clearance of pathogens and apoptotic cells but also via trophic, regulatory, and repair functions. To accomplish these divergent functions, tremendous dynamic fine-tuning of their physiology is needed. Emerging evidence indicates that S-palmitoylation, a reversible post-translational modification that involves the linkage of the saturated fatty acid palmitate to protein cysteine residues, directs many aspects of macrophage physiology in health and disease. By controlling protein activity, stability, trafficking, and protein–protein interactions, studies identified a key role of S-palmitoylation in endocytosis, inflammatory signaling, chemotaxis, and lysosomal function. Here, we provide an in-depth overview of the impact of S-palmitoylation on these cellular processes in macrophages in health and disease. Findings discussed in this review highlight the therapeutic potential of modulators of S-palmitoylation in immunopathologies, ranging from infectious and chronic inflammatory disorders to metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Guns
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (J.G.); (S.V.); (J.J.A.H.)
- University MS Center, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-1126-9261
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28
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Nrf2 Is Required for Optimal Alveolar-Macrophage-Mediated Apoptotic Neutrophil Clearance after Oxidant Injury. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020212. [PMID: 35204093 PMCID: PMC8868099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition and clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (also known as efferocytosis), primarily mediated by macrophages, are essential to terminate lung inflammatory responses and promote tissue repair after injury. The Nrf2 transcription factor is crucial for cytoprotection and host defense. Previously, we showed sustained neutrophilic lung inflammation in Nrf2-deficient (Nrf2−/−) mice after hyperoxia-induced lung injury in vivo, but the mechanisms underlying this abnormal phenotype remain unclear. To examine whether Nrf2 regulates apoptotic neutrophil clearance, we used the alveolar macrophages (AMФs) and bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMФs) of wild-type (WT) and Nrf2−/− mice. We found that the efferocytic ability of AMФ was impaired in hyperoxia-exposed mice’s lungs, but the effect was more pronounced in Nrf2−/− mice. Importantly, AMФ-mediated efferocytosis remained impaired in Nrf2−/− mice recovering from injury but was restored to the basal state in the wild-type counterparts. Hyperoxia affected apoptotic neutrophil binding, not internalization, in both WT and Nrf2−/− BMDMФs, but the effect was more significant in the latter cells. Augmenting Nrf2 activity restored hyperoxia attenuated efferocytosis in WT, but not in Nrf2−/− macrophages. However, the loss of Nrf2 in neutrophils affected their uptake by WT macrophages. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Nrf2 is required for optimal macrophage-mediated efferocytosis and that activating Nrf2 may provide a physiological way to accelerate apoptotic cell clearance after oxidant injury.
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Before the "cytokine storm": Boosting efferocytosis as an effective strategy against SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated complications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 63:108-118. [PMID: 35039221 PMCID: PMC8741331 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and causes many health complications, including major lung diseases. Besides investigations into the virology of SARS-CoV-2, understanding the immunological routes underlying the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is important for developing effective therapeutic interventions. The clearance of SARS-CoV-2-infected apoptotic cells by professional efferocytes, through a process termed as 'efferocytosis', is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis, and reducing the chances of health complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we focus on the cellular events leading to engagement of the SARS-CoV-2 with type 2 alveolar cells, and how SARS-COV-2 infection impairs the macrophage anti-inflammatory programming. We also discuss accounts of impaired efferocytosis, and the “cytokine storm” which occur concomitantly with the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we propose how targeting impaired efferocytosis, due to the SARS-CoV-2 infection, may be a beneficial therapeutic strategy to combat COVID-19, and its complications.
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30
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Salvador AFM, Kipnis J. Immune response after central nervous system injury. Semin Immunol 2022; 59:101629. [PMID: 35753867 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) affect millions of people worldwide, and they can lead to severely damaging consequences such as permanent disability and paralysis. Multiple factors can obstruct recovery after CNS injury. One of the most significant is the progressive neuronal death that follows the initial mechanical impact, leading to the loss of undamaged cells via a process termed secondary neurodegeneration. Efforts to define treatments that limit the spread of damage, while important, have been largely ineffectual owing to gaps in the mechanistic understanding that underlies the persisting neuronal cell death. Inflammation, with its influx of immune cells that occurs shortly after injury, has been associated with secondary neurodegeneration. However, the role of the immune system after CNS injury is far more complex. Studies have indicated that the immune response after CNS injury is detrimental, owing to immune cell-produced factors (e.g., pro-inflammatory cytokines, free radicals, neurotoxic glutamate) that worsen tissue damage. Our lab and others have also demonstrated the beneficial immune response that occurs after CNS injury, with the release of growth factors such as brain-derived growth factor (BDNF) and interleukin (IL-10) and the clearance of apoptotic and myelin debris by immune cells1-4. In this review, we first discuss the multifaceted roles of the immune system after CNS injury. We then speculate on how advancements in single-cell RNA technologies can dramatically change our understanding of the immune response, how the spinal cord meninges serve as an important site for hosting immunological processes critical for recovery, and how the origin of peripherally recruited immune cells impacts their function in the injured CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Francesca M Salvador
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Jonathan Kipnis
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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31
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Cabrera JTO, Makino A. Efferocytosis of vascular cells in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 229:107919. [PMID: 34171333 PMCID: PMC8695637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell death and the clearance of apoptotic cells are tightly regulated by various signaling molecules in order to maintain physiological tissue function and homeostasis. The phagocytic removal of apoptotic cells is known as the process of efferocytosis, and abnormal efferocytosis is linked to various health complications and diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. During efferocytosis, phagocytic cells and/or apoptotic cells release signals, such as "find me" and "eat me" signals, to stimulate the phagocytic engulfment of apoptotic cells. Primary phagocytic cells are macrophages and dendritic cells; however, more recently, other neighboring cell types have also been shown to exhibit phagocytic character, including endothelial cells and fibroblasts, although they are comparatively slower in clearing dead cells. In this review, we focus on macrophage efferocytosis of vascular cells, such as endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes, and its relation to the progression and development of cardiovascular disease. We also highlight the role of efferocytosis-related molecules and their contribution to the maintenance of vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Tori O Cabrera
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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32
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Joseph-Pauline S, Morrison N, Braccia M, Payne A, Gugerty L, Mostoller J, Lecker P, Tsai EJ, Kim J, Martin M, Brahmbhatt R, Gorski G, Gerhart J, George-Weinstein M, Stone J, Purushothuman S, Bravo-Nuevo A. Acute Response and Neuroprotective Role of Myo/Nog Cells Assessed in a Rat Model of Focal Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:780707. [PMID: 34949984 PMCID: PMC8689062 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.780707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal brain injury in the form of a needlestick (NS) results in cell death and induces a self-protective response flanking the lesion. Myo/Nog cells are identified by their expression of bone morphogenetic protein inhibitor Noggin, brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1 (BAI1) and the skeletal muscle specific transcription factor MyoD. Myo/Nog cells limit cell death in two forms of retinopathy. In this study, we examined the acute response of Myo/Nog cells to a NS lesion that extended from the rat posterior parietal cortex to the hippocampus. Myo/Nog cells were identified with antibodies to Noggin and BAI1. These cells were the primary source of both molecules in the uninjured and injured brain. One day after the NS, the normally small population of Myo/Nog cells expanded approximately eightfold within a 1 mm area surrounding the lesion. Myo/Nog cells were reduced by approximately 50% along the lesion with an injection of the BAI1 monoclonal antibody and complement. The number of dying cells, identified by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL), was unchanged at this early time point in response to the decrease in Myo/Nog cells. However, increasing the number of Myo/Nog cells within the lesion by injecting BAI1-positive (+) cells isolated from the brains of other animals, significantly reduced cell death and increased the number of NeuN+ neurons compared to brains injected with phosphate buffered saline or exogenous BAI1-negative cells. These findings demonstrate that Myo/Nog cells rapidly react to injury within the brain and increasing their number within the lesion is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Morrison
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Braccia
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alana Payne
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lindsay Gugerty
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jesse Mostoller
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul Lecker
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - E-Jine Tsai
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jessica Kim
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mark Martin
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Rushil Brahmbhatt
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grzegorz Gorski
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Gerhart
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Stone
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sivaraman Purushothuman
- Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Arturo Bravo-Nuevo
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chen X, Zhu W, Xu R, Shen X, Fu Y, Cheng J, Liu L, Jiang H. Geranylgeraniol Restores Zoledronic Acid-Induced Efferocytosis Inhibition in Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:770899. [PMID: 34805177 PMCID: PMC8595285 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.770899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a severe side effect of long-term administration of bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZA), but its pathogenesis remains unclear. Impairment of the clearance of apoptotic cells (termed “efferocytosis”) by ZA may be associated with the pathogenesis of BRONJ. The aim of this study was to investigate whether ZA might inhibit macrophage efferocytosis and promote osteocytic apoptosis, and the underlying mechanisms responsible for the disturbing balance between clean and generation of osteocytic apoptosis. We found that ZA significantly promoted the apoptosis of osteocyte and pre-osteoblast via BRONJ mouse models and in vitro MC3T3-E1 but also inhibited the efferocytosis of macrophage on apoptotic cells. Moreover, supplement with geranylgeraniol (GGOH), a substrate analog for geranylgeranylation of Rac1, could restore Rac1 homeostasis and rescue macrophage efferocytosis. GGOH partially inhibits MC3T3-E1 apoptosis induced by ZA via downregulation of Rac1/JNK pathway. We also examined the Rac1 distribution and activation conditions in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and MC3T3-E1 under ZA treatment, and we found that ZA impaired Rac1 migration to BMDM membrane, leading to round appearance with less pseudopodia and efferocytosis inhibition. Moreover, ZA simultaneously activated Rac1, causing overexpression of P-JNK and cleaved caspase 3 in MC3T3-E1. Finally, the systemic administration of GGOH decreased the osteocytic apoptosis and improved the bone healing of the extraction sockets in BRONJ mouse models. Taken together, our findings provided a new insight and experimental basis for the application of GGOH in the treatment of BRONJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Jiangyin People's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongyao Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Laikui Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Basic Science of Stomatology, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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34
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Lee SA, Kim D, Min C, Moon B, Lee J, Moon H, Yang S, Lee CS, Lee G, Park D. Phagocyte Chemoattraction Is Induced through the Mcp-1-Ccr2 Axis during Efferocytosis. Cells 2021; 10:3115. [PMID: 34831339 PMCID: PMC8620886 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells generated during development and for tissue homeostasis are swiftly and continuously removed by phagocytes via a process called efferocytosis. Efficient efferocytosis can be achieved via transcriptional modulation in phagocytes that have engulfed apoptotic cells. However, such modulation and its effect on efferocytosis are not completely understood. Here, we report that phagocytes are recruited to apoptotic cells being cleared through the Mcp-1-Ccr2 axis, which facilitates clearance of apoptotic cells. We identified Mcp-1 as a modulated transcript using a microarray and found that Mcp-1 secretion was augmented in phagocytes engulfing apoptotic cells. This augmented Mcp-1 secretion was impaired by blocking phagolysosomal degradation of apoptotic cells. Conditioned medium from wild type (WT) phagocytes promoted cell migration, but that from Mcp-1-/- phagocytes did not. In addition, blockade of Ccr2, the receptor for Mcp-1, abrogated cell migration to conditioned medium from phagocytes incubated with apoptotic cells. The intrinsic efferocytosis activity of Mcp-1-/- and Ccr2-/- phagocytes was unaltered, but clearance of apoptotic cells was less efficient in the peritoneum of Mcp-1-/- and Ccr2-/- mice than in that of WT mice because fewer Ccr2-positive phagocytes were recruited. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a mechanism by which not only apoptotic cells but also phagocytes induce chemoattraction to recruit phagocytes to sites where apoptotic cells are cleared for efficient efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ah Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Deokhwan Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Min
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Byeongjin Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Juyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyunji Moon
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Susumin Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Chang Sup Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Gwangrog Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Daeho Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea; (S.-A.L.); (D.K.); (C.M.); (B.M.); (J.L.); (H.M.); (S.Y.); (G.L.)
- Laboratory of Cell Mechanobiology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
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Trzeciak A, Wang YT, Perry JSA. First we eat, then we do everything else: The dynamic metabolic regulation of efferocytosis. Cell Metab 2021; 33:2126-2141. [PMID: 34433074 PMCID: PMC8568659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic cells, or "efferocytosis," is essential for diverse processes including embryonic development, tissue turnover, organ regeneration, and immune cell development. The human body is estimated to remove approximately 1% of its body mass via apoptotic cell clearance daily. This poses several intriguing cell metabolism problems. For instance, phagocytes such as macrophages must induce or suppress metabolic pathways to find, engulf, and digest apoptotic cells. Then, phagocytes must manage the potentially burdensome biomass of the engulfed apoptotic cell. Finally, phagocytes reside in complex tissue architectures that vary in nutrient availability, the types of dying cells or debris that require clearance, and the neighboring cells they interact with. Here, we review advances in our understanding of these three key areas of phagocyte metabolism. We end by proposing a model of efferocytosis that integrates recent findings and establishes a new paradigm for testing how efferocytosis prevents chronic inflammatory disease and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Trzeciak
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ya-Ting Wang
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Justin Shaun Arnold Perry
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 417 E 68th Street, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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36
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Nakada-Tsukui K, Nozaki T. Trogocytosis in Unicellular Eukaryotes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112975. [PMID: 34831198 PMCID: PMC8616307 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a mode of internalization of a part of a live cell by nibbling and is mechanistically distinct from phagocytosis, which implies internalization of a whole cell or a particle. Trogocytosis has been demonstrated in a broad range of cell types in multicellular organisms and is also known to be involved in a plethora of functions. In immune cells, trogocytosis is involved in the "cross-dressing" between antigen presenting cells and T cells, and is thus considered to mediate intercellular communication. On the other hand, trogocytosis has also been reported in a variety of unicellular organisms including the protistan (protozoan) parasite Entamoeba histolytica. E. histolytica ingests human T cell line by trogocytosis and acquires complement resistance and cross-dresses major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the cell surface. Furthermore, trogocytosis and trogocytosis-like phenomena (nibbling of a live cell, not previously described as trogocytosis) have also been reported in other parasitic protists such as Trichomonas, Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and free-living amoebae. Thus, trogocytosis is conserved in diverse eukaryotic supergroups as a means of intercellular communication. It is depicting the universality of trogocytosis among eukaryotes. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of trogocytosis in unicellular organisms, including the history of its discovery, taxonomical distribution, roles, and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Nakada-Tsukui
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
| | - Tomoyoshi Nozaki
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Correspondence: (K.N.-T.); (T.N.); Tel.: +81-3-5285-1111 (K.N.-T.); +81-3-5841-3526 (T.N.)
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37
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Fat of the Gut: Epithelial Phospholipids in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111682. [PMID: 34769112 PMCID: PMC8584226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise a distinct set of clinical symptoms resulting from chronic inflammation within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Despite the significant progress in understanding the etiology and development of treatment strategies, IBD remain incurable for thousands of patients. Metabolic deregulation is indicative of IBD, including substantial shifts in lipid metabolism. Recent data showed that changes in some phospholipids are very common in IBD patients. For instance, phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)/PC ratios are associated with the severity of the inflammatory process. Composition of phospholipids also changes upon IBD towards an increase in arachidonic acid and a decrease in linoleic and a-linolenic acid levels. Moreover, an increase in certain phospholipid metabolites, such as lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingosine-1-phosphate and ceramide, can result in enhanced intestinal inflammation, malignancy, apoptosis or necroptosis. Because some phospholipids are associated with pathogenesis of IBD, they may provide a basis for new strategies to treat IBD. Current attempts are aimed at controlling phospholipid and fatty acid levels through the diet or via pharmacological manipulation of lipid metabolism.
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38
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Apoptotic Cells Trigger Calcium Entry in Phagocytes by Inducing the Orai1-STIM1 Association. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102702. [PMID: 34685684 PMCID: PMC8534458 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Swift and continuous phagocytosis of apoptotic cells can be achieved by modulation of calcium flux in phagocytes. However, the molecular mechanism by which apoptotic cells modulate calcium flux in phagocytes is incompletely understood. Here, using biophysical, biochemical, pharmaceutical, and genetic approaches, we show that apoptotic cells induced the Orai1-STIM1 interaction, leading to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) in phagocytes through the Mertk-phospholipase C (PLC) γ1-inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R) axis. Apoptotic cells induced calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which led to the Orai1-STIM1 association and, consequently, SOCE in phagocytes. This association was attenuated by masking phosphatidylserine. In addition, the depletion of Mertk, which indirectly senses phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells, reduced the phosphorylation levels of PLCγ1 and IP3R, resulting in attenuation of the Orai1-STIM1 interaction and inefficient SOCE upon apoptotic cell stimulation. Taken together, our observations uncover the mechanism of how phagocytes engulfing apoptotic cells elevate the calcium level.
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The Multiple Roles of Trogocytosis in Immunity, the Nervous System, and Development. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:1601565. [PMID: 34604381 PMCID: PMC8483919 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1601565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Trogocytosis is a general biological process that involves one cell physically taking small parts of the membrane and other components from another cell. In trogocytosis, one cell seems to take little “bites” from another cell resulting in multiple outcomes from these cell-cell interactions. Trogocytosis was first described in protozoan parasites, which by taking pieces of host cells, kill them and cause tissue damage. Now, it is known that this process is also performed by cells of the immune system with important consequences such as cell communication and activation, elimination of microbial pathogens, and even control of cancer cells. More recently, trogocytosis has also been reported to occur in cells of the central nervous system and in various cells during development. Some of the molecules involved in phagocytosis also participate in trogocytosis. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate trogocytosis are still a mystery. Elucidating these mechanisms is becoming a research area of much interest. For example, why neutrophils can engage trogocytosis to kill Trichomonas vaginalis parasites, but neutrophils use phagocytosis to eliminate already death parasites? Thus, trogocytosis is a significant process in normal physiology that multiple cells from different organisms use in various scenarios of health and disease. In this review, we present the basic principles known on the process of trogocytosis and discuss the importance in this process to host-pathogen interactions and to normal functions in the immune and nervous systems.
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40
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Adipose Tissue Immunometabolism and Apoptotic Cell Clearance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092288. [PMID: 34571937 PMCID: PMC8470283 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The safe removal of apoptotic debris by macrophages—often referred to as efferocytosis—is crucial for maintaining tissue integrity and preventing self-immunity or tissue damaging inflammation. Macrophages clear tissues of hazardous materials from dying cells and ultimately adopt a pro-resolving activation state. However, adipocyte apoptosis is an inflammation-generating process, and the removal of apoptotic adipocytes by so-called adipose tissue macrophages triggers a sequence of events that lead to meta-inflammation and obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Signals that allow apoptotic cells to control macrophage immune functions are complex and involve metabolites released by the apoptotic cells and also metabolites produced by the macrophages during the digestion of apoptotic cell contents. This review provides a concise summary of the adipocyte-derived metabolites that potentially control adipose tissue macrophage immune functions and, hence, may induce or alleviate adipose tissue inflammation.
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Lukácsi S, Farkas Z, Saskői É, Bajtay Z, Takács-Vellai K. Conserved and Distinct Elements of Phagocytosis in Human and C. elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168934. [PMID: 34445642 PMCID: PMC8396242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis provides the cellular nutrition and homeostasis of organisms, but pathogens often take advantage of this entry point to infect host cells. This is counteracted by phagocytosis that plays a key role in the protection against invading microbes both during the initial engulfment of pathogens and in the clearance of infected cells. Phagocytic cells balance two vital functions: preventing the accumulation of cell corpses to avoid pathological inflammation and autoimmunity, whilst maintaining host defence. In this review, we compare elements of phagocytosis in mammals and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Initial recognition of infection requires different mechanisms. In mammals, pattern recognition receptors bind pathogens directly, whereas activation of the innate immune response in the nematode rather relies on the detection of cellular damage. In contrast, molecules involved in efferocytosis—the engulfment and elimination of dying cells and cell debris—are highly conserved between the two species. Therefore, C. elegans is a powerful model to research mechanisms of the phagocytic machinery. Finally, we show that both mammalian and worm studies help to understand how the two phagocytic functions are interconnected: emerging data suggest the activation of innate immunity as a consequence of defective apoptotic cell clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Lukácsi
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsa Bajtay
- MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (S.L.); (Z.B.)
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Takács-Vellai
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter s. 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.F.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Esfahani NS, Wu Q, Kumar N, Ganesan LP, Lafuse WP, Rajaram MVS. Aging influences the cardiac macrophage phenotype and function during steady state and during inflammation. Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13438. [PMID: 34342127 PMCID: PMC8373275 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging‐mediated immune dysregulation affects the normal cardiac immune cell phenotypes and functions, resulting in cardiac distress. During cardiac inflammation, immune activation is critical for mounting the regenerative responses to maintain normal heart function. We investigated the impact of aging on myeloid cell phenotype and function during cardiac inflammation induced by a sub‐lethal dose of LPS. Our data show that hearts of old mice contain more myeloid cells than the hearts of young mice. However, while the number of monocytic‐derived suppressor cells did not differ between young and old mice, monocytic‐derived suppressor cells from old mice were less able to suppress T‐cell proliferation. Since cardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are important for immune surveillance, clearance of dead cells, and tissue repair, we focused our studies on CRMs phenotype and function during steady state and LPS treatment. In the steady state, we observed significantly more MHC‐IIlow and MHC‐IIhigh CRMs in the hearts of old mice; however, these populations were decreased in both young and aged mice upon LPS treatment and the decrease in CRM populations correlated with defects in cardiac electrical activity. Notably, mice treated with a liver X receptor (LXR) agonist showed an increase in MerTK expression in CRMs of both young and old mice, which resulted in the reversal of cardiac electrical dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We conclude that aging alters the phenotype of CRMs, which contributes to the dysregulation of cardiac electrical dysfunction during infection in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Saljoughian Esfahani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity/ College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity/ College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity/ College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - Latha Prabha Ganesan
- Department of Internal Medicine College of Medicine The Ohio State UniversityWexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - William P. Lafuse
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity/ College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity/ College of Medicine The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center Columbus OH USA
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Banesh S, Trivedi V. CD36 Ectodomain Detects Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 63:992-1003. [PMID: 34173181 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cells that undergo apoptosis show phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell membrane. The fluorescently labeled hCD36_ecto is staining and detecting apoptotic cells in a flow-based assay with several advantages over Annexin V. The human CD36 ectodomain (hCD36_ecto) is stable for a range of temperatures and experimental conditions and doesn't require Ca2+ for detecting apoptosis and specific towards PS compared to other lipids. The blocking with unlabeled hCD36_ecto reduces the staining of Annexin V-FITC for apoptotic cells, whereas R63A does not affect the binding of Annexin V- FITC to apoptotic cells. It indicates the role of CD36-PS interaction in detecting apoptotic cells. Dual-staining with hCD36_ecto-FITC/PI is universally detecting apoptosis in different nucleated cells or eryptosis in non-nucleated RBCs. Hence, our study highlights the utility of CD36 as a probe to detect apoptosis in mammalian cells. It might be a robust, economical reagent for the scientific community to facilitate their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooram Banesh
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vishal Trivedi
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Having an Old Friend for Dinner: The Interplay between Apoptotic Cells and Efferocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051265. [PMID: 34065321 PMCID: PMC8161178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis, the programmed and intentional death of senescent, damaged, or otherwise superfluous cells, is the natural end-point for most cells within multicellular organisms. Apoptotic cells are not inherently damaging, but if left unattended, they can lyse through secondary necrosis. The resulting release of intracellular contents drives inflammation in the surrounding tissue and can lead to autoimmunity. These negative consequences of secondary necrosis are avoided by efferocytosis—the phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells. Efferocytosis is a product of both apoptotic cells and efferocyte mechanisms, which cooperate to ensure the rapid and complete removal of apoptotic cells. Herein, we review the processes used by apoptotic cells to ensure their timely removal, and the receptors, signaling, and cellular processes used by efferocytes for efferocytosis, with a focus on the receptors and signaling driving this process.
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Pisko J, Špirková A, Čikoš Š, Olexiková L, Kovaříková V, Šefčíková Z, Fabian D. Apoptotic cells in mouse blastocysts are eliminated by neighbouring blastomeres. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9228. [PMID: 33927296 PMCID: PMC8085119 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88752-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a physiological process that occurs commonly during the development of the preimplantation embryo. The present work examines the ability of apoptotic embryonic cells to express a signal promoting their phagocytosis, and quantifies the ability of neighbouring, normal embryonic cells to perform that task. Microscopic analysis of mouse blastocysts revealed phosphatidylserine externalization to be 10 times less common than incidence of apoptotic cells (as detected by TUNEL). In spite of the low frequency of phosphatidylserine-flipping (in inner cell mass, no annexin V staining was recorded), fluorescence staining of the plasma membrane showed more than 20% of apoptotic cells to have been engulfed by neighbouring blastomeres. The mean frequency of apoptotic cells escaping phagocytosis by their extrusion into blastocyst cavities did not exceed 10%. Immunochemically visualised RAC1 (an enzyme important in actin cytoskeleton rearrangement) was seen in phagosome-like structures containing a nucleus with a condensed morphology. Gene transcript analysis showed that the embryonic cells expressed 12 receptors likely involved in phagocytic process (Scarf1, Msr1, Cd36, Itgav, Itgb3, Cd14, Scarb1, Cd44, Stab1, Adgrb1, Cd300lf, Cd93). In conclusion, embryonic cells possess all the necessary mechanisms for recognising, engulfing and digesting apoptotic cells, ensuring the clearance of most dying blastomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Pisko
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alexandra Špirková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Štefan Čikoš
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Olexiková
- Research Institute for Animal Production Nitra, National Agricultural and Food Centre (NPPC), Hlohovecká 2, 951 41, Lužianky, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Kovaříková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Zuzana Šefčíková
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Fabian
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Šoltésovej 4-6, 040 01, Košice, Slovak Republic.
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Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are clinical syndromes that cause significant mortality in clinical settings and morbidity among survivors accompanied by huge healthcare costs. Lung-resident cell dysfunction/death and neutrophil alveolitis accompanied by proteinous edema are the main pathological features of ALI/ARDS. While understanding of the mechanisms underlying ALI/ARDS pathogenesis is progressing and potential treatments such as statin therapy, nutritional strategies, and mesenchymal cell therapy are emerging, poor clinical outcomes in ALI/ARDS patients persist. Thus, a better understanding of lung-resident cell death and neutrophil alveolitis and their mitigation and clearance mechanisms may provide new therapeutic strategies to accelerate lung repair and improve outcomes in critically ill patients. Macrophages are required for normal tissue development and homeostasis as well as regulating tissue injury and repair through modulation of inflammation and other cellular processes. While macrophages mediate various functions, here we review recent dead cell clearance (efferocytosis) mechanisms mediated by these immune cells for maintaining tissue homeostasis after infectious and non-infectious lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Noone
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sekhar P Reddy
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Thiagarajan P, Parker CJ, Prchal JT. How Do Red Blood Cells Die? Front Physiol 2021; 12:655393. [PMID: 33790808 PMCID: PMC8006275 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.655393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal human red blood cells have an average life span of about 120 days in the circulation after which they are engulfed by macrophages. This is an extremely efficient process as macrophages phagocytose about 5 million erythrocytes every second without any significant release of hemoglobin in the circulation. Despite large number of investigations, the precise molecular mechanism by which macrophages recognize senescent red blood cells for clearance remains elusive. Red cells undergo several physicochemical changes as they age in the circulation. Several of these changes have been proposed as a recognition tag for macrophages. Most prevalent hypotheses for red cell clearance mechanism(s) are expression of neoantigens on red cell surface, exposure phosphatidylserine and decreased deformability. While there is some correlation between these changes with aging their causal role for red cell clearance has not been established. Despite plethora of investigations, we still have incomplete understanding of the molecular details of red cell clearance. In this review, we have reviewed the recent data on clearance of senescent red cells. We anticipate recent progresses in in vivo red cell labeling and the explosion of modern proteomic techniques will, in near future, facilitate our understanding of red cell senescence and their destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Thiagarajan
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Charles J Parker
- University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Josef T Prchal
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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Xu XS, Feng ZH, Cao D, Wu H, Wang MH, Li JZ, Gong JP. SCARF1 promotes M2 polarization of Kupffer cells via calcium-dependent PI3K-AKT-STAT3 signalling to improve liver transplantation. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13022. [PMID: 33686740 PMCID: PMC8016636 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of SCARF1 on acute rejection (AR), phagocytic clearance of Kupffer cells (KCs), M2 polarization and the exact mechanism underlying these processes. METHODS AAV was transfected into the portal vein of rats, and AR and immune tolerance (IT) models of liver transplantation were established. Liver tissue and blood samples were collected. The level of SCARF1 was detected via WB and immunohistochemical staining. Pathological changes in liver tissue were detected using HE staining. Apoptotic cells were detected using TUNEL staining. KC polarization was assessed via immunohistochemical staining. Primary KCs were isolated and co-cultured with apoptotic T lymphocytes. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and polarization of KCs were both detected using immunofluorescence. Calcium concentration was determined using immunofluorescence and a fluorescence microplate reader. The levels of PI3K, p-AKT and P-STAT3 were assessed via WB and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Compared to the IT group, the level of SCARF1 was significantly decreased in the AR group. Overexpression of SCARF1 in KCs improved AR and liver function markers. Enhanced phagocytosis mediated by SCARF1 is beneficial for improving the apoptotic clearance of AR and promoting M2 polarization of KCs. SCARF1-mediated enhancement of phagocytosis promotes increased calcium concentration in KCs, thus further activating the PI3K-AKT-STAT3 signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS SCARF1 promotes the M2 polarization of KCs by promoting phagocytosis through the calcium-dependent PI3K-AKT-STAT3 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Song Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jin-Zheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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The ultimate fate determinants of drug induced cell-death mechanisms in Trypanosomatids. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 15:81-91. [PMID: 33601284 PMCID: PMC7900639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy constitutes a major part of modern-day therapy for infectious and chronic diseases. A drug is said to be effective if it can inhibit its target, induce stress, and thereby trigger an array of cell death pathways in the form of programmed cell death, autophagy, necrosis, etc. Chemotherapy is the only treatment choice against trypanosomatid diseases like Leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Anti-trypanosomatid drugs can induce various cell death phenotypes depending upon the drug dose and growth stage of the parasites. The mechanisms and pathways triggering cell death in Trypanosomatids serve to help identify potential targets for the development of effective anti-trypanosomatids. Studies show that the key proteins involved in cell death of trypanosomatids are metacaspases, Endonuclease G, Apoptosis-Inducing Factor, cysteine proteases, serine proteases, antioxidant systems, etc. Unlike higher eukaryotes, these organisms either lack the complete set of effectors involved in cell death pathways, or are yet to be deciphered. A detailed summary of the existing knowledge of different drug-induced cell death pathways would help identify the lacuna in each of these pathways and therefore open new avenues for research and thereby new therapeutic targets to explore. The cell death pathway associated complexities in metazoans are absent in trypanosomatids; hence this summary can also help understand the trigger points as well as cross-talk between these pathways. Here we provide an in-depth overview of the existing knowledge of these drug-induced trypanosomatid cell death pathways, describe their associated physiological changes, and suggest potential interconnections amongst them.
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50
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Dobri AM, Dudău M, Enciu AM, Hinescu ME. CD36 in Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targeting. Neuroscience 2020; 453:301-311. [PMID: 33212223 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is a membrane protein with wide distribution in the human body, is enriched in the monocyte-macrophage system and endothelial cells, and is involved in the cellular uptake of long chain fatty acids (LCFA) and oxidized low-density lipoproteins. It is also a scavenger receptor, binding hydrophobic amyloid fibrils found in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. In neurobiology research, it has been mostly studied in relationship with chronic ischemia and stroke, but it was also related to amyloid clearance by microglial phagocytosis. In AD animal models, amyloid binding to CD36 has been consistently correlated with a pro-inflammatory response. Therapeutic approaches have two main focuses: CD36 blockade with monoclonal antibodies or small molecules, which is beneficial in terms of the inflammatory milieu, and upregulation of CD36 for increased amyloid clearance. The balance of the two approaches, centered on microglia, is poorly understood. Furthermore, CD36 evaluation in AD clinical studies is still at a very early stage and there is a gap in the knowledge regarding the impact of LCFA on AD progression and CD36 expression and genetic phenotype. This review summarizes the role played by CD36 in the pathogenic amyloid cascade and explore the translatability of preclinical data towards clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Dobri
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd, 050047 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Maria Dudău
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd, 050047 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ana-Maria Enciu
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd, 050047 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihail Eugen Hinescu
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5 Eroilor Sanitari Blvd, 050047 Bucharest, Romania
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