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Boxall LR, Arden-Close E, James J, Appleton KM. Protocol: The effects of nutrient- vs food- vs food-substitution-based dietary recommendations for reducing free sugar intakes, on free sugar intakes, dietary profiles and sweet taste outcomes: A randomised controlled trial. Nutr Health 2024; 30:269-278. [PMID: 35818972 PMCID: PMC11141080 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221111234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary guidelines are intended to inform and aid the general public, with the aim of improving healthy diets and reducing health risk. The effectiveness of these guidelines, however, is rarely investigated. AIM This work investigates the effects of three different types of dietary recommendations for reducing free sugars, on free sugar intakes over 12 weeks. Secondary aims will also investigate how these different recommendations affect secondary outcomes, outcomes in subsets of the trial population, and identify barriers and facilitators to dietary change. METHODS Using a randomised controlled parallel-group trial with three intervention and one control arms, 240 individuals consuming >5% total energy intake from free sugars will be randomized to receive: nutrient-based, nutrient- and food-based, nutrient-, food- and food-substitution-based recommendations or no recommendations, with outcomes assessed for the following 12 weeks. Our primary outcomes are free sugar intakes and adherence to the recommendations. Secondary outcomes are daily energy intake, dietary composition, anthropometry, sweet food perceptions and preferences, sweet food choice, attitudes towards sweet foods, eating behaviour and food choice, knowledge and lifestyle variables, quality of life, adverse events, and barriers and facilitators towards intervention adherence. RESULTS Data will contribute to three distinct analyses: 1) Analyses to investigate the effects of the three different dietary recommendations versus control; 2) Analyses of the effects of the dietary recommendations in different population subgroups, and 3) Investigation of the barriers and facilitators to success. CONCLUSION This work offers new perspectives on the effects of different dietary recommendations to enact behaviour change.
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Nguyen H, Lin C, Bell K, Huang A, Hannum M, Ramirez V, Christensen C, Rawson NE, Colquitt L, Domanico P, Sasimovich I, Herriman R, Joseph P, Braimah O, Reed DR. Worldwide study of the taste of bitter medicines and their modifiers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590957. [PMID: 38712219 PMCID: PMC11071635 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The bitter taste of medicines hinders patient compliance, but not everyone experiences these difficulties because people worldwide differ in their bitterness perception. To better understand how people from diverse ancestries perceive medicines and taste modifiers, 338 adults, European and recent US and Canada immigrants from Asia, South Asia, and Africa, rated the bitterness intensity of taste solutions on a 100-point generalized visual analog scale and provided a saliva sample for genotyping. The taste solutions were five medicines, tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), moxifloxacin, praziquantel, amodiaquine, and propylthiouracil (PROP), and four other solutions, TAF mixed with sucralose (sweet, reduces bitterness) or 6-methylflavone (tasteless, reduces bitterness), sucralose alone, and sodium chloride alone. Bitterness ratings differed by ancestry for two of the five drugs (amodiaquine and PROP) and for TAF mixed with sucralose. Genetic analysis showed that people with variants in one bitter receptor variant gene (TAS2R38) reported PROP was more bitter than did those with a different variant (p= 7.6e-19) and that people with either an RIMS2 or a THSD4 genotype found sucralose more bitter than did others (p=2.6e-8, p=7.9e-11, resp.). Our findings may help guide the formulation of bad-tasting medicines to meet the needs of those most sensitive to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Nguyen
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | - Cailu Lin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | | | - Amy Huang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paule Joseph
- National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism & National Institute of Nursing Research, Bethesda MD, USA
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Kim K, Chun IJ, Suh JH, Sung J. Relationships between sensory properties and metabolomic profiles of different apple cultivars. Food Chem X 2023; 18:100641. [PMID: 37008726 PMCID: PMC10053392 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavor is a critical factor in apple quality. To better understand apple flavor, this study aimed to identify the relationships between sensory attributes and the chemical composition (volatiles and non-volatiles) of apples using a combined metabolomic and sensory evaluation. Sensory results showed the positive (apple, fruity, pineapple, sweetness, sourness) and negative (cucumber) flavor attributes of apples. A metabolomic analysis with statistical correlations revealed significant metabolites related to the flavor attributes of apples. Volatile esters (e.g., hexyl acetate and 2-methylbutyl acetate for apple and fruity notes) and non-volatile sugars and acids (total sugars, tartaric acid, and malic acid for balanced sweet and tart flavors) were associated with the apple flavor preferred by consumers. Some aldehydes and alcohols (e.g., (E)-2-nonenal) contributed to a negative hedonic perception (cucumber). The collected information demonstrated the roles of key chemical compounds in apple flavor quality, and may be applicable to quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keono Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, South Korea
| | - Ik-Jo Chun
- Department of Horticulture and Breeding, Andong National University, Andong 36729, South Korea
| | - Joon Hyuk Suh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Jeehye Sung
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Andong National University, Andong 36729, South Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Ferrão LFV, Sater H, Lyrene P, Amadeu RR, Sims CA, Tieman DM, Munoz PR. Terpene volatiles mediates the chemical basis of blueberry aroma and consumer acceptability. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111468. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Golding J, Pembrey ME, Gregory S, Suderman M, Iles-Caven Y, Northstone K. Paternal grandmother's smoking in pregnancy is associated with extreme aversion to bitter taste in their grandchildren. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2022; 8:dvac003. [PMID: 35299985 PMCID: PMC8923060 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvac003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although there are many examples in the experimental literature of an environmental exposure in one generation impacting the phenotypes of subsequent generations, there are few studies that can assess whether such associations occur in humans. The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) has, however, been able to determine whether there are associations between grandparental exposures and their grandchildren's development. Several of our studies, including sensitivity to loud noise, have shown associations between a grandmother smoking in pregnancy and the phenotype of the grandchild. These results were mostly specific to the sex of the grandchild and to whether the prenatal (i.e. during pregnancy) smoking occurred in the maternal or paternal grandmother. Here, we have used ancestral data on prenatal smoking among the grandmothers of the ALSPAC index children to examine possible effects on the grandchild's ability to detect the bitter taste of PROP (6 n-propylthiouracil), distinguishing between the 10% deemed 'extreme tasters', and the rest of the population (total N = 4656 children). We showed that grandchildren whose paternal (but not maternal) grandmothers had smoked in pregnancy were more likely than those of non-smoking grandmothers to be extreme tasters [odds ratio (OR) 1.28; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 1.59] and that this was more likely in granddaughters (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.03, 1.95) than grandsons (OR 1.18; 95% CI 0.88, 1.60). This pattern of association between paternal foetal exposure and the granddaughter's development has been found with several other outcomes, suggesting that investigations should be undertaken to investigate possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Golding
- **Correspondence address. Centre for Academic Child Health, Bristol Medical School (PHS), University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK. Tel: +44 117 3310198; E-mail:
| | - Marcus E Pembrey
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Steven Gregory
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew Suderman
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yasmin Iles-Caven
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Relationships between Intensity and Liking for Chemosensory Stimuli in Food Models: A Large-Scale Consumer Segmentation. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010005. [PMID: 35010132 PMCID: PMC8750454 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study, which was conducted as part of the Italian Taste project, was aimed at exploring the relationship between actual liking and sensory perception in four food models. Each food model was spiked with four levels of prototypical tastant (i.e., citric acid, sucrose, sodium chloride, capsaicin) to elicit a target sensation (TS) at an increasing perceived intensity. Participants (N = 2258; 59% women, aged 18-60) provided demographic information, a stated liking for 40 different foods/beverages, and their responsiveness to tastants in water. A food-specific Pearson's coefficient was calculated individually to estimate the relationship between actual liking and TS responsiveness. Considering the relationship magnitude, consumers were grouped into four food-specific clusters, depending on whether they showed a strong negative (SNC), a weak negative (WNC), a weak positive (WPC), or a strong positive correlation (SPC). Overall, the degree of liking raised in parallel with sweetness responsiveness, fell as sourness and pungency perception increased, and showed an inverted U-shape relationship with saltiness. The SNC clusters generally perceived TSs at higher intensities, except for sourness. Clusters were validated by associating the level of stated liking towards food/beverages; however, some unexpected indications emerged: adding sugar to coffee or preferring spicy foods differentiated those presenting positive correlations from those showing negative correlations. Our findings constitute a step towards a more comprehensive understanding of food preferences.
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I remember it like it was yesterday: Age-related differences in the subjective experience of remembering. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 29:1223-1245. [PMID: 34918271 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been frequently described that older adults subjectively report the vividness of their memories as being as high, or even higher, than young adults, despite poorer objective memory performance. Here, we review studies that examined age-related differences in the subjective experience of memory vividness. By examining vividness calibration and resolution, studies using different types of approaches converge to suggest that older adults overestimate the intensity of their vividness ratings relative to young adults, and that they rely on retrieved memory details to a lesser extent to judge vividness. We discuss potential mechanisms underlying these observations. Inflation of memory vividness with regard to the richness of memory content may stem from age-differences in vividness criterion or scale interpretation and psycho-social factors. The reduced reliance on episodic memory details in older adults may stem from age-related differences in how they monitor these details to make their vividness ratings. Considered together, these findings emphasize the importance of examining age-differences in memory vividness using different analytical methods and they provide valuable evidence that the subjective experience of remembering is more than the reactivation of memory content. In this vein, we recommend that future studies explore the links between memory vividness and other subjective memory scales (e.g., ratings of details or memory confidence) in healthy aging and/or other populations, as it could be used as a window to better characterize the cognitive processes that underpin the subjective assessment of the quality of recollected events.
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Hartley L, Russell CG, Liem DG. Addition of a visual cue to rice increases perceived flavour intensity but not liking. Food Res Int 2021; 139:109922. [PMID: 33509489 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rice is a common staple for about 50% of the world population. Sodium based ingredients such as table salt (NaCl) and mono-sodium glutamate (MSG) are often added to rice to increase flavour intensity and subsequent liking. Due to negative health consequences of excessive NaCl consumption and negative consumer perception of MSG, alternative strategies to increase perceived flavour intensity of rice are needed. As such, the present research aimed to investigate the effect of a visual product cue on perceived flavour intensity and liking of rice. In a within-subject, randomised design, 151 participants tasted six different rice samples (i.e., with and without a visual cue, at 0%, 0.05% and 0.1% MSG concentrations). Next, they rated perceived flavour intensity (rank-order and general labelled magnitude scale measures), liking (9-point hedonic scale) and preference (rank-order), over two sessions separated by one week. Across all MSG concentrations, the presence of the visual cue significantly increased reported perceived flavour intensity. No effect of the visual cue on liking nor preference were found. In conclusion, a visual product cue increased perceived flavour intensity of rice, but not liking or preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Hartley
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, CASS Food Research Centre, Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Catherine G Russell
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, CASS Food Research Centre, Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Djin Gie Liem
- Deakin University, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, CASS Food Research Centre, Burwood Campus 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.
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Goldstein P, Losin EAR, Anderson SR, Schelkun VR, Wager TD. Clinician-Patient Movement Synchrony Mediates Social Group Effects on Interpersonal Trust and Perceived Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:1160-1174. [PMID: 32544602 PMCID: PMC7722052 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is an unfortunate consequence of many medical procedures, which in some patients becomes chronic and debilitating. Among the factors affecting medical pain, clinician-patient (C-P) similarity and nonverbal communication are particularly important for pain diagnosis and treatment. Participants (N = 66) were randomly assigned to clinician and patient roles and were grouped into C-P dyads. Clinicians administered painful stimuli to patients as an analogue of a painful medical procedure. We manipulated the perceived C-P similarity of each dyad using groups ostensibly based on shared beliefs and values, and each patient was tested twice: Once with a same group clinician (concordant, CC) and once with a clinician from the other group (discordant, DC). Movement synchrony was calculated as a marker of nonverbal communication. We tested whether movement synchrony mediated the effects of group concordance on patients' pain and trust in the clinician. Movement synchrony was higher in CC than DC dyads. Higher movement synchrony predicted reduced pain and increased trust in the clinician. Movement synchrony also formally mediated the group concordance effects on pain and trust. These findings increase our understanding of the role of nonverbal C-P communication on pain and related outcomes. Interpersonal synchrony may be associated with better pain outcomes, independent of the specific treatment provided. PERSPECTIVE: This article demonstrates that movement synchrony in C-P interactions is an unobtrusive measure related to their relationship quality, trust toward the clinician, and pain. These findings suggest that interpersonal synchrony may be associated with better patient outcomes, independent of the specific treatment provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Goldstein
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; The School of Public Health, University of Haifa, Israel
| | | | | | - Victoria R Schelkun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Tor D Wager
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado.
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12
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Losin EAR, Woo CW, Medina NA, Andrews-Hanna JR, Eisenbarth H, Wager TD. Neural and sociocultural mediators of ethnic differences in pain. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:517-530. [PMID: 32015488 PMCID: PMC7494052 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding ethnic differences in pain is important for addressing disparities in pain care. A common belief is that African Americans are hyposensitive to pain compared to Whites, but African Americans show increased pain sensitivity in clinical and laboratory settings. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these differences are unknown. We studied an ethnicity- and gender-balanced sample of African Americans, Hispanics and non-Hispanic Whites using functional magnetic resonance imaging during thermal pain. Higher pain report in African Americans was mediated by discrimination and increased frontostriatal circuit activations associated with pain rating, discrimination, experimenter trust and extranociceptive aspects of pain elsewhere. In contrast, the neurologic pain signature, a neuromarker sensitive and specific to nociceptive pain, mediated painful heat effects on pain report largely similarly in African American and other groups. Findings identify a brain basis for higher pain in African Americans related to interpersonal context and extranociceptive central pain mechanisms and suggest that nociceptive pain processing may be similar across ethnicities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Choong-Wan Woo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Natalia A Medina
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Tor D Wager
- Dartmouth College, Department of Psychology and Brain Sciences, Hanover, NH, USA.
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13
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Campbell SM, Sims CA, Bartoshuk LM, Colquhoun TA, Schwieterman ML, Folta KM. Manipulation of sensory characteristics and volatile compounds in strawberry fruit through the use of isolated wavelengths of light. J Food Sci 2020; 85:771-780. [PMID: 32043600 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consumers consistently note that there is room for improvement in the flavor of commercial strawberries. Fruit flavor and aroma are affected by both genetics and environment. This work tests the hypothesis that sensory quality may be manipulated using postharvest light treatments. Individual detached fruits representing two different cultivars received a 24-hr treatment of 100 µmol m-2 s-1 blue LED light while the control was kept in complete darkness. Following treatment, samples were analyzed for flavor volatiles, sugars, acids, firmness, and sensory differences in human trials. Fruits were rated for overall liking, texture, sweetness, sourness, and overall strawberry flavor intensity (OSFI) on the sensory and hedonic versions of the global intensity scale (GIS). A positive treatment effect was observed for "Strawberry Festival" fruit for the overall liking rating. A triangle test revealed a significant treatment effect, as light-treated fruit tested higher in many flavor volatiles including those known to contribute to sweetness in strawberries. Levels of several volatiles were consistently higher in the treated fruit across all four harvests: acetic acid hexyl ester, butanoic acid octyl ester, methyl isovalerate, and pentanoic acid ethyl ester. The results show that postharvest light treatment can be used to modulate sensory quality of fruit, perhaps offering a means to complement genetic efforts in fruit flavor and aroma improvement. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results indicate that it may be possible to increase the sensory quality of strawberry fruits using an inexpensive and noninvasive light treatment. Light may be applied during transport or storage to improve fruit quality. This concept could also be extended into other realms of storage, such as residential and commercial refrigeration, further increasing the quality impact of the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Campbell
- Authors Campbell, Colquhoun, and Schwieterman are with Dept. of Environmental Horticulture, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Charles A Sims
- Authors Sims and Bartoshuk are with Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Authors Sims and Bartoshuk are with Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Authors Campbell, Colquhoun, and Schwieterman are with Dept. of Environmental Horticulture, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Michael L Schwieterman
- Authors Campbell, Colquhoun, and Schwieterman are with Dept. of Environmental Horticulture, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
| | - Kevin M Folta
- Author Folta is with Dept. of Horticultural Sciences, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611
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Sung J, Suh JH, Chambers AH, Crane J, Wang Y. Relationship between Sensory Attributes and Chemical Composition of Different Mango Cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5177-5188. [PMID: 30977646 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the relationship between the chemical composition and sensory quality of different mango ( Mangifera indica L.) cultivars by multivariate statistical analysis. The results showed that the high hedonic rating of mangoes was due in part to its flavor profile such as fruity, pineapple, and coconut with sweetness. High hedonic liking and positive flavors of mangoes could be responsible for the volatile compounds including fruity esters, 1-octanol, ( E, Z)-2,6-nonadienal, and γ-octalactone with high contents of sugars. On the other hand, turpentine-like and green flavors of mangoes are attributed to the relatively low hedonic liking of mangoes, which correlated with high contents of amino acids and terpenes. These findings demonstrated that interaction between individual chemical compounds within mangoes could be responsible for the specific sensory qualities of mango cultivars and provided insight into a paradigm for the selection and development of new and more desirable mango cultivars in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehye Sung
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center , University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
| | | | - Alan H Chambers
- Tropical Research and Education Center , University of Florida , IFAS, 18905 SW 280 Street , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Jonathan Crane
- Tropical Research and Education Center , University of Florida , IFAS, 18905 SW 280 Street , Homestead , Florida 33031 , United States
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Citrus Research and Education Center , University of Florida , 700 Experiment Station Road , Lake Alfred , Florida 33850 , United States
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16
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Kershaw JC, Running CA. Data approximation strategies between generalized line scales and the influence of labels and spacing. J SENS STUD 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Kershaw
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
- Department of Food SciencePurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
- Department of Public and Allied HealthBowling Green State University Bowling Green Ohio
| | - Cordelia A. Running
- Department of Nutrition SciencePurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
- Department of Food SciencePurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
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Hudson SD, Sims CA, Odabasi AZ, Colquhoun TA, Snyder DJ, Stamps JJ, Dotson SC, Puentes L, Bartoshuk LM. Flavor Alterations Associated with Miracle Fruit and Gymnema sylvestre. Chem Senses 2018; 43:481-488. [PMID: 29905783 PMCID: PMC6108391 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and flavor (retronasal olfaction) interact in the brain. The rules of that interaction are not well understood. This study uses 2 taste modifiers that alter sweet to examine the effects on flavors. Subjects used the Global Sensory Intensity Scale to assess the aroma, sweetness, sourness, and flavor of 10 foods. As previous work had shown, miracle fruit added sweetness to acids, which secondarily reduced sourness (mixture suppression) and Gymnema sylvestre reduced sweetness in sweet foods as well as the sweetness induced by miracle fruit. In this study, multiple regression showed that both sweet and sour contribute to flavor. Gymnema sylvestre reduced the perceived sweet of predominantly sweet foods (chocolate and maple syrup) as expected; reducing the sweet, reduced the flavor. The effects of miracle fruit were complicated by its dual action: intensification of sweet and reduction of sour. Predominantly sour foods (vinegar, lemon, mustard, pickle) were sweetened by miracle fruit but any flavor enhancement associated with the added sweet appears to have been countered by the flavor reduction associated with reduced sourness. Moderately sour foods that are also sweet (tomatoes, strawberries) were sweetened by miracle fruit and thus flavor was enhanced; flavor loss through sour reduction was apparently not sufficient to counter the flavor enhancement due to increased sweet so the net result was that tomato and strawberry flavors were enhanced. The flavors of control foods (not predominantly sweet or sour [sausage, peanuts]) showed only small changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia D Hudson
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Charles A Sims
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Asli Z Odabasi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Derek J Snyder
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer J Stamps
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawn C Dotson
- BioSciences and Sweetness Research, Coca-Cola, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Methodology Used to Assess Acceptability of Oral Pediatric Medicines: A Systematic Literature Search and Narrative Review. Paediatr Drugs 2017; 19:223-233. [PMID: 28413843 DOI: 10.1007/s40272-017-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory guidelines require that any new medicine designed for a pediatric population must be demonstrated as being acceptable to that population. There is currently no guidance on how to conduct or report on acceptability testing. AIM Our objective was to undertake a review of the methods used to assess the acceptability of medicines within a pediatric population and use this review to propose the most appropriate methodology. METHODS We used a defined search strategy to identify literature reports of acceptability assessments of medicines conducted within pediatric populations and extracted information about the tools used in these studies for comparison across studies. RESULTS In total, 61 articles were included in the analysis. Palatability was the most common (54/61) attribute measured when evaluating acceptability. Simple scale methods were most commonly used, with visual analog scales (VAS) and hedonic scales used both separately and in combination in 34 of the 61 studies. Hedonic scales alone were used in 14 studies and VAS alone in just five studies. Other tools included Likert scales; forced choice or preference; surveys or questionnaires; observations of facial expressions during administration, ease of swallowing, or ability to swallow the dosage; prevalence of complaints or refusal to take the medicine; and time taken for a nurse to administer the medicine. CONCLUSIONS The best scale in terms of validity, reliability, feasibility, and preference to use when assessing acceptability remains unclear. Further work is required to select the most appropriate method to justify whether a medicine is acceptable to a pediatric population.
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Losin EAR, Anderson SR, Wager TD. Feelings of Clinician-Patient Similarity and Trust Influence Pain: Evidence From Simulated Clinical Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:787-799. [PMID: 28479279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.02.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain is influenced by many factors other than external sources of tissue damage. Among these, the clinician-patient relationship is particularly important for pain diagnosis and treatment. However, the effects of the clinician-patient relationship on pain remain underexamined. We tested the hypothesis that patients who believe they share core beliefs and values with their clinician will report less pain than patients who do not. We also measured feelings of perceived clinician-patient similarity and trust to see if these interpersonal factors influenced pain. We did so by experimentally manipulating perceptions of similarity between participants playing the role of clinicians and participants playing the role of patients in simulated clinical interactions. Participants were placed in 2 groups on the basis of their responses to a questionnaire about their personal beliefs and values, and painful thermal stimulation was used as an analog of a painful medical procedure. We found that patients reported feeling more similarity and trust toward their clinician when they were paired with clinicians from their own group. In turn, patients' positive feelings of similarity and trust toward their clinicians-but not clinicians' feelings toward patients or whether the clinician and patient were from the same group-predicted lower pain ratings. Finally, the most anxious patients exhibited the strongest relationship between their feelings about their clinicians and their pain report. These findings increase our understanding of context-driven pain modulation and suggest that interventions aimed at increasing patients' feelings of similarity to and trust in health care providers may help reduce the pain experienced during medical care. PERSPECTIVE We present novel evidence that the clinician-patient relationship can affect the pain experienced during medical care. We found that "patients" in simulated clinical interactions who reported feeling more similarity and trust toward their "clinicians" reported less pain, suggesting that increasing feelings of clinician-patient similarity and trust may reduce pain disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven R Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Cox Neuroscience Annex, Coral Gables, Florida
| | - Tor D Wager
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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Wang QJ, Reinoso Carvalho F, Persoone D, Spence C. Assessing the effect of shape on the evaluation of expected and actual chocolate flavour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s13411-017-0052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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A sipometer for measuring motivation to consume and reward value of foods and beverages in humans: Description and proof of principle. Physiol Behav 2017; 171:216-227. [PMID: 28089706 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New methods, derived from animal work, for measuring food reward value (i.e. reinforcing value of food), and motivation (i.e. strength of desire) to consume, in humans are described and validated. A sipping device (sipometer) was developed that permits access to a liquid food or beverage on two reward schedules: continuous reinforcement (CR) and progressively increasing time spent exerting pressure on a straw (PR-schedule). In addition, a pictorial scale showing a cup, from which the 'amount wanted' could be marked was used to pre-test potential consumption. Intake, time spent sipping, breakpoint, and pressure exerted were the main dependent variables measured. Three pilot experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1, participants (n=8) consumed yogurt shakes after a 1-h or 21-h food deprivation period on both schedules. In Experiment 2, participants (n=8) sham-consumed (i.e. spit out) sweet and non-sweet beverages, utilizing both schedules. In Experiment 3, sham-consuming sweet and non-sweet beverages on both schedules and working for shake on the PR schedule were repeated, after three nights of either habitual sleep or short sleep duration (n=7) in a crossover design. In Experiment 1, participants sipped longer after 21-h vs. 1-h of food deprivation (13±3.0 vs. 8.0±2.1s; p=0.04), on the PR schedule. In Experiment 2, sham-intake (p=0.01) and sipping time (p=0.04) were greater for sweet than non-sweet beverages on the PR schedule and a similar, though not conventionally significant, effect was observed for exerted pressure (p=0.09). In both Experiment 2 and Experiment 3 after habitual sleep, on the PR schedule, cumulative pressure difference between sweet and non-sweet beverage increased with difference in amount wanted in the taste test. In contrast, after short sleep participants were less willing to work for sweet taste as their wanting increased, suggesting that sleep deprivation raises desire, but lowers behavioral output. Taken together these results demonstrate that the sipometer and associated ratings are reliable and useful measures of motivation to consume and reward value in humans. Participants were more motivated to obtain access to sweet beverages, especially when these were better liked than to obtain access to non-sweet beverages.
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Brown K, Sims C, Odabasi A, Bartoshuk L, Conner P, Gray D. Consumer Acceptability of Fresh-Market Muscadine Grapes. J Food Sci 2016; 81:S2808-S2816. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept; Univ. of Florida; PO Box 110370 Gainesville FL 32611-0370 USA
| | - Charles Sims
- Univ. of Georgia-Tifton Campus; 2360 Rainwater Rd Tifton GA 31793 USA
| | - Asli Odabasi
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept; Univ. of Florida; PO Box 110370 Gainesville FL 32611-0370 USA
| | - Linda Bartoshuk
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Dept; Univ. of Florida; PO Box 110370 Gainesville FL 32611-0370 USA
| | - Patrick Conner
- Univ. of Georgia-Tifton Campus; 2360 Rainwater Rd Tifton GA 31793 USA
| | - Dennis Gray
- Mid-Florida Research and Education Center; Univ. of Florida; 2725 Binion Rd Apopka FL 32703-8504 USA
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Schneider S, Stone AA. The meaning of vaguely quantified frequency response options on a quality of life scale depends on respondents' medical status and age. Qual Life Res 2016; 25:2511-2521. [PMID: 27071685 PMCID: PMC5345903 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-report items in quality of life (QoL) scales commonly use vague quantifiers like "sometimes" or "often" to measure the frequency of health-related experiences. This study examined whether the meaning of such vaguely quantified response options differs depending on people's medical status and age, which may undermine the validity of QoL group comparisons. METHODS Respondents (n = 600) rated the frequency of positive and negative QoL experiences using vague quantifiers (never, rarely, sometimes, often, always) and provided open-ended numeric frequency counts for the same items. Negative binomial regression analyses examined whether the numeric frequencies associated with each vague quantifier differed between medical status (no vs. one or more medical conditions) and age (18-40 vs. 60+ years) groups. RESULTS Compared to respondents without a chronic condition, those with a medical condition assigned a higher numeric frequency to the same vague quantifiers for negative QoL experiences; this effect was not evident for positive QoL experiences. Older respondents' numeric frequencies were more extreme (i.e., lower at the low end and somewhat higher at the high end of the response range) than those of younger respondents. After adjusting for these effects, differences in QoL became somewhat more pronounced between medical status groups, but not between age groups. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that people with different medical backgrounds and age do not interpret vague frequency quantifiers on a QoL scale in the same way. Open-ended numeric frequency reports may be useful to detect and potentially correct for differences in the meaning of vague quantifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Schneider
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA.
| | - Arthur A Stone
- Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science, Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3332, USA
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Physiology of Taste Disorders. CURRENT OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40136-016-0116-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Oral sensations (i.e., taste, oral somatosensation, retronasal olfaction) are integrated into a composite sense of flavor, which guides dietary choices with long-term health impact. The nerves carrying this input are vulnerable to peripheral damage from multiple sources (e.g., otitis media, tonsillectomy, head injury), and this regional damage can boost sensations elsewhere in the mouth because of central interactions among nerve targets. Mutual inhibition governs this compensatory process, but individual differences lead to variation in whole-mouth outcomes: some individuals are unaffected, others experience severe loss, and some encounter sensory increases that may (if experienced early in life) elevate sweet-fat palatability and body mass. Phantom taste, touch, or pain sensations (e.g., burning mouth syndrome) may also occur, particularly in those expressing the most taste buds. To identify and treat these conditions effectively, emerging clinical tests measure regional vs. whole-mouth sensation, stimulated vs. phantom cues, and oral anatomy. Scaling methods allowing valid group comparisons have strongly aided these efforts. Overall, advances in measuring oral sensory function in health and disease show promise for understanding the varied clinical consequences of nerve damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Snyder
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, P.O. Box 110370, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA.
| | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 572 Newell Drive, P.O. Box 110370, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0370, USA
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Williams JA, Bartoshuk LM, Fillingim RB, Dotson CD. Exploring Ethnic Differences in Taste Perception. Chem Senses 2016; 41:449-56. [PMID: 26994473 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that nutritional intake can vary substantially as a function of demographic variables such as ethnicity and/or sex. Although a variety of factors are known to underlie the relationship between these demographic variables and nutritional intake, it is interesting to speculate that variation in food intake associated with ethnicity or sex may result, in part, from differences in the perceived taste of foods in these different populations. Thus, we initiated a study to evaluate taste responsiveness in different ethnic groups. Moreover, because of the known differences in taste responsiveness between males and females, analyses were stratified by sex. The ethnic groups tested differed significantly from one another in reported perceived taste intensity. Our results showed that Hispanics and African Americans rated taste sensations higher than non-Hispanic Whites and that these differences were more pronounced in males. Understanding the nature of these differences in taste perception is important, because taste perception may contribute to dietary health risk. When attempting to modify diet, individuals of different ethnicities may require personalized interventions that take into account the different sensory experience that these individuals may have when consuming foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny A Williams
- University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610-3628, USA
| | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA, Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Roger B Fillingim
- Department of Community Dentistry & Behavioral Science, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL 32610-3628, USA
| | - Cedrick D Dotson
- Center for Smell and Taste, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA, and Department of Psychiatry, Division of Addiction Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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27
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Effect of vinegar on the perceived saltiness of naengmyeon and onmyeon soup systems. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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28
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Gilbert JL, Guthart MJ, Gezan SA, Pisaroglo de Carvalho M, Schwieterman ML, Colquhoun TA, Bartoshuk LM, Sims CA, Clark DG, Olmstead JW. Identifying Breeding Priorities for Blueberry Flavor Using Biochemical, Sensory, and Genotype by Environment Analyses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138494. [PMID: 26378911 PMCID: PMC4574478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeding for a subjective goal such as flavor is challenging, as many blueberry cultivars are grown worldwide, and identifying breeding targets relating to blueberry flavor biochemistry that have a high degree of genetic control and low environmental variability are priorities. A variety of biochemical compounds and physical characters induce the sensory responses of taste, olfaction, and somatosensation, all of which interact to create what is perceived flavor. The goal of this study was to identify the flavor compounds with a larger genetic versus environmental component regulating their expression over an array of cultivars, locations, and years. Over the course of three years, consumer panelists rated overall liking, texture, sweetness, sourness, and flavor intensity of 19 southern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids) genotypes in 30 sensory panels. Significant positive correlations to overall liking of blueberry fruit (P<0.001) were found with sweetness (R2 = 0.70), texture (R2 = 0.68), and flavor (R2 = 0.63). Sourness had a significantly negative relationship with overall liking (R2 = 0.55). The relationship between flavor and texture liking was also linear (R2 = 0.73, P<0.0001) demonstrating interaction between olfaction and somatosensation. Partial least squares analysis was used to identify sugars, acids, and volatile compounds contributing to liking and sensory intensities, and revealed strong effects of fructose, pH, and several volatile compounds upon all sensory parameters measured. To assess the feasibility of breeding for flavor components, a three year study was conducted to compare genetic and environmental influences on flavor biochemistry. Panelists could discern genotypic variation in blueberry sensory components, and many of the compounds affecting consumer favor of blueberries, such as fructose, pH, β-caryophyllene oxide and 2-heptanone, were sufficiently genetically controlled that allocating resources for their breeding is worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Gilbert
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Guthart
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Melissa Pisaroglo de Carvalho
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael L Schwieterman
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Linda M Bartoshuk
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles A Sims
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David G Clark
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Department of Environmental Horticulture, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - James W Olmstead
- Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America; Horticultural Sciences Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
Pleasure and pain are among our most salient experiences, and we want to know how our pleasures and pains stack up against those of others. Older psychophysical methods fail to provide valid comparisons of pleasure and pain across individuals or groups. We are making progress in measurement, but we still have a ways to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bartoshuk
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Florida
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31
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Stafford LD, Whittle A. Obese Individuals Have Higher Preference and Sensitivity to Odor of Chocolate. Chem Senses 2015; 40:279-84. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Schwieterman ML, Colquhoun TA, Jaworski EA, Bartoshuk LM, Gilbert JL, Tieman DM, Odabasi AZ, Moskowitz HR, Folta KM, Klee HJ, Sims CA, Whitaker VM, Clark DG. Strawberry flavor: diverse chemical compositions, a seasonal influence, and effects on sensory perception. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88446. [PMID: 24523895 PMCID: PMC3921181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fresh strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa) are valued for their characteristic red color, juicy texture, distinct aroma, and sweet fruity flavor. In this study, genetic and environmentally induced variation is exploited to capture biochemically diverse strawberry fruit for metabolite profiling and consumer rating. Analyses identify fruit attributes influencing hedonics and sensory perception of strawberry fruit using a psychophysics approach. Sweetness intensity, flavor intensity, and texture liking are dependent on sugar concentrations, specific volatile compounds, and fruit firmness, respectively. Overall liking is most greatly influenced by sweetness and strawberry flavor intensity, which are undermined by environmental pressures that reduce sucrose and total volatile content. The volatile profiles among commercial strawberry varieties are complex and distinct, but a list of perceptually impactful compounds from the larger mixture is better defined. Particular esters, terpenes, and furans have the most significant fits to strawberry flavor intensity. In total, thirty-one volatile compounds are found to be significantly correlated to strawberry flavor intensity, only one of them negatively. Further analysis identifies individual volatile compounds that have an enhancing effect on perceived sweetness intensity of fruit independent of sugar content. These findings allow for consumer influence in the breeding of more desirable fruits and vegetables. Also, this approach garners insights into fruit metabolomics, flavor chemistry, and a paradigm for enhancing liking of natural or processed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Schwieterman
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Thomas A. Colquhoun
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Jaworski
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Linda M. Bartoshuk
- College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Gilbert
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Denise M. Tieman
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Asli Z. Odabasi
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin M. Folta
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Harry J. Klee
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Charles A. Sims
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vance M. Whitaker
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Wimauma, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - David G. Clark
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Plant Innovation Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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Abstract
The flavor quality of many fresh fruits available to consumers today is generally believed to have deteriorated. While agricultural and postharvest practices certainly contribute to poor flavor, a large part of the problem is the challenge of breeding for and accurately assessing such a complex, multigenic trait in a natural product such as a fruit. Here we address the parallel challenges linked to measurement of flavor and human preferences, particularly as it applies to a complex, whole food in which many chemicals and sensations are synthesized into a distinct and recognizable flavor profile. What is flavor? What contributes to the pleasure evoked by flavors? We examine interactions between taste and olfaction as well as psychophysical measurement limitations that confound efforts to understand human flavor preferences. The ability to address these questions in a whole food presents exciting opportunities to understand the basic principles of how we select the foods that we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Bartoshuk
- College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690, USA.
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Wilkie LM, Capaldi Phillips ED, Wadhera D. Sodium Chloride Suppresses Vegetable Bitterness Only When Plain Vegetables Are Perceived as Highly Bitter. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-013-9159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sucrose and Non-nutritive Sweeteners Can Suppress the Bitterness of Vegetables Independent of PTC Taster Phenotype. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-013-9151-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Effects of topical nasal anesthetic on fiberoptic endoscopic examination of swallowing with sensory testing (FEESST). Dysphagia 2013; 29:33-43. [PMID: 23828313 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-013-9473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objections to the use of topical nasal anesthesia (TNA) during fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) with sensory testing (FEESST) have been raised, primarily because of the possibility of desensitizing the pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa and affecting both the sensory and motor aspects of the swallow. Furthermore, it has been suggested that TNA is not necessary during FEES as it does not improve patient comfort or make the procedure easier for the endoscopist. The purpose of this double-blind, randomized, controlled, crossover clinical trial was to determine how gel TNA during flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing with sensory testing affects sensation, swallowing, and comfort rating scores in healthy non-dysphagic participants. Laryngopharyngeal sensory thresholds and swallowing durations were compared between two conditions: TNA and sham. Transition duration decreased statistically significantly during the TNA condition compared to the sham for 10 ml only (p < 0.05). All other swallowing measures did not change between the conditions. Laryngopharyngeal sensory thresholds and perceptions did not change between conditions. No change was observed for subject comfort scores, ease of exam, or quality of view. Future studies should evaluate TNA administration variables, including concentration, dosage amount, and method of application, to determine the optimal strategy for providing comfort while avoiding altered swallowing.
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McPartland JC, Crowley MJ, Perszyk DR, Naples A, Mukerji CE, Wu J, Molfese P, Bolling DZ, Pelphrey KA, Mayes LC. Temporal dynamics reveal atypical brain response to social exclusion in autism. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2013; 1:271-9. [PMID: 21731598 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant social difficulties, children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are vulnerable to the effects of social exclusion. We recorded EEG while children with ASD and typical peers played a computerized game involving peer rejection. Children with ASD reported ostracism-related distress comparable to typically developing children. Event-related potentials (ERPs) indicated a distinct pattern of temporal processing of rejection events in children with ASD. While typically developing children showed enhanced response to rejection at a late slow wave indexing emotional arousal and regulation, those with autism showed attenuation at an early component, suggesting reduced engagement of attentional resources in the aversive social context. Results emphasize the importance of studying the time course of social information processing in ASD; they suggest distinct mechanisms subserving similar overt behavior and yield insights relevant to development and implementation of targeted treatment approaches and objective measures of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C McPartland
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 South Frontage Road, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
Food marketing is often singled out as the leading cause of the obesity epidemic. The present review examines current food marketing practices to determine how exactly they may be influencing food intake, and how food marketers could meet their business objectives while helping people eat healthier. Particular attention is paid to the insights provided by recently published studies in the areas of marketing and consumer research, and those insights are integrated with findings from studies in nutrition and related disciplines. The review begins with an examination of the multiple ways in which 1) food pricing strategies and 2) marketing communication (including branding and food claims) bias food consumption. It then describes the effects of newer and less conspicuous marketing actions, focusing on 3) packaging (including the effects of package design and package-based claims) and 4) the eating environment (including the availability, salience, and convenience of food). Throughout, this review underscores the promising opportunities that food manufacturers and retailers have to make profitable "win-win" adjustments to help consumers eat better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Chandon
- INSEAD, Boulevard de Constance, 77300 Fontainebleau, France.
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41
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Bartoshuk LM, Catalanotto F, Hoffman H, Logan H, Snyder DJ. Taste damage (otitis media, tonsillectomy and head and neck cancer), oral sensations and BMI. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:516-26. [PMID: 22728784 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Otitis media and tonsillectomy are associated with enhanced palatability of energy dense foods and with weight gain. Otitis media can damage the chorda tympani nerve (CN VII); tonsillectomy and head and neck radiation treatment can damage the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). Both of these nerves function prominently in taste sensation. The present study utilizes these sources of damage to study central interactions among the nerves that mediate oral sensations. Mild damage restricted to one of these nerves can actually intensify sensations evoked from undamaged nerves (i.e., whole-mouth taste, oral tactile sensations evoked by fats and irritants). These intensifications may result from disruption of central inhibitory taste circuits, as taste damage appears to disinhibit other oral sensory nerves. In addition, mild damage restricted to one taste nerve can intensify odors perceived from foods in the mouth during chewing and swallowing (i.e., retronasal olfaction); this may be a secondary consequence of the intensification of whole-mouth taste. Damage to both nerves leads to widespread oral sensory loss. At present, the link between sensory alterations and weight gain has not been established for adults (e.g., does increased fat preference occur in individuals with oral sensory intensifications, those with losses, or both?). Finally, pain in non-oral locations is also related to taste loss. When participants rated "the most intense pain of any kind they had ever experienced," those with the greatest taste loss gave the highest ratings. These effects suggest that taste loss significantly influences long-term health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Bartoshuk
- University of Florida, 4073 SW 21st Terrace, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA.
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Tieman D, Bliss P, McIntyre L, Blandon-Ubeda A, Bies D, Odabasi A, Rodríguez G, van der Knaap E, Taylor M, Goulet C, Mageroy M, Snyder D, Colquhoun T, Moskowitz H, Clark D, Sims C, Bartoshuk L, Klee H. The Chemical Interactions Underlying Tomato Flavor Preferences. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1035-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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The influence of chemotherapy on taste perception and food hedonics: A systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 38:152-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Noxious Stimuli Sensitivity in Regular Spicy Food Users and Non-Users: Comparison of Visual Analog and General Labeled Magnitude Scaling. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-011-9100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Descriptive sensory analysis of copper and iron compounds in water in comparison with psychophysical measurement. Food Sci Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-011-0136-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Le Prell CG, Hensley BN, Campbell KCM, Hall JW, Guire K. Evidence of hearing loss in a 'normally-hearing' college-student population. Int J Audiol 2011; 50 Suppl 1:S21-31. [PMID: 21288064 DOI: 10.3109/14992027.2010.540722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We report pure-tone hearing threshold findings in 56 college students. All subjects reported normal hearing during telephone interviews, yet not all subjects had normal sensitivity as defined by well-accepted criteria. At one or more test frequencies (0.25-8 kHz), 7% of ears had thresholds ≥25 dB HL and 12% had thresholds ≥20 dB HL. The proportion of ears with abnormal findings decreased when three-frequency pure-tone-averages were used. Low-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 2.7% of ears and high-frequency PTA hearing loss was detected in 7.1% of ears; however, there was little evidence for 'notched' audiograms. There was a statistically reliable relationship in which personal music player use was correlated with decreased hearing status in male subjects. Routine screening and education regarding hearing loss risk factors are critical as college students do not always self-identify early changes in hearing. Large-scale systematic investigations of college students' hearing status appear to be warranted; the current sample size was not adequate to precisely measure potential contributions of different sound sources to the elevated thresholds measured in some subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Le Prell
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Abstract
We argue that various types of evaluative social judgments about the self or others (e.g., employee job performance ratings, self-reported attitudes, ratings of others' traits) may be obtained more accurately using comparative ratings rather than absolute ratings. Comparative ratings involve relative judgments of a target in comparison with other individuals or groups, whereas absolute ratings involve judgments of a target on scales that do not explicitly reference other people. In industrial–organizational, social, and personality psychology research that has compared the validity of comparative and absolute ratings, we have found evidence of more valid measurement as a result of comparative judgmental ratings, despite the nearly exclusive reliance on absolute judgmental ratings in these areas. We offer a social cognitive and evolutionary explanation in support of the hypothesis that humans may often be able to make more accurate ratings using comparative measures. We also recommend an agenda for greater exploitation and understanding of relative judgments in psychological research and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Goffin
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Hayes JE, Wallace MR, Knopik VS, Herbstman DM, Bartoshuk LM, Duffy VB. Allelic variation in TAS2R bitter receptor genes associates with variation in sensations from and ingestive behaviors toward common bitter beverages in adults. Chem Senses 2010; 36:311-9. [PMID: 21163912 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The 25 human bitter receptors and their respective genes (TAS2Rs) contain unusually high levels of allelic variation, which may influence response to bitter compounds in the food supply. Phenotypes based on the perceived bitterness of single bitter compounds were first linked to food preference over 50 years ago. The most studied phenotype is propylthiouracil bitterness, which is mediated primarily by the TAS2R38 gene and possibly others. In a laboratory-based study, we tested for associations between TAS2R variants and sensations, liking, or intake of bitter beverages among healthy adults who were primarily of European ancestry. A haploblock across TAS2R3, TAS2R4, and TAS2R5 explained some variability in the bitterness of espresso coffee. For grapefruit juice, variation at a TAS2R19 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was associated with increased bitterness and decreased liking. An association between a TAS2R16 SNP and alcohol intake was identified, and the putative TAS2R38-alcohol relationship was confirmed, although these polymorphisms did not explain sensory or hedonic responses to sampled scotch whisky. In summary, TAS2R polymorphisms appear to influence the sensations, liking, or intake of common and nutritionally significant beverages. Studying perceptual and behavioral differences in vivo using real foods and beverages may potentially identify polymorphisms related to dietary behavior even in the absence of known ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Hayes
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Duffy VB, Hayes JE, Davidson AC, Kidd JR, Kidd KK, Bartoshuk LM. Vegetable Intake in College-Aged Adults Is Explained by Oral Sensory Phenotypes and TAS2R38 Genotype. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2010; 3:137-148. [PMID: 21157576 DOI: 10.1007/s12078-010-9079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Taste and oral sensations vary in humans. Some of this variation has a genetic basis, and two commonly measured phenotypes are the bitterness of propylthiouracil (PROP) and the number of fungiform papillae on the anterior tongue. While the genetic control of fungiform papilla is unclear, PROP bitterness associates with allelic variation in the taste receptor gene, TAS2R38. The two common alleles are AVI and PAV (proline, alanine, valine, and isoleucine); AVI/AVI homozygotes taste PROP as less bitter than heterozygous or homozygous PAV carriers. In this laboratory-based study, we determined whether taste of a bitter probe (quinine) and vegetable intake varied by taste phenotypes and TAS2R38 genotype in healthy adults (mean age=26 years). Vegetable intake was assessed via two validated, complementary methods: food records (Food Pyramid servings standardized to energy intake) and food frequency questionnaire (general intake question and composite vegetable groups). Quinine bitterness varied with phenotypes but not TAS2R38; quinine was more bitter to those who tasted PROP as more bitter or had more papillae. Nontasters by phenotype or genotype reported greater consumption of vegetables, regardless of type (i.e., the effect generalized to all vegetables and was not restricted to those typically thought of as being bitter). Furthermore, nontasters with more papillae reported greater vegetable consumption than nontasters with fewer papillae, suggesting that when bitterness does not predominate, more papillae enhance vegetable liking. These findings suggest that genetic variation in taste, measured by multiple phenotypes or TAS2R38 genotype, can explain differences in overall consumption of vegetables, and this was not restricted to vegetables that are predominantly bitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Duffy
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Road, Unit 2101, Storrs, CT 06269-2101, USA
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Klein DA, Schebendach JE, Gershkovich M, Smith GP, Walsh BT. Modified sham feeding of sweet solutions in women with anorexia nervosa. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:132-40. [PMID: 20438741 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) is a disorder of self-starvation characterized by decreased meal size and food intake. While it is possible that reduced food intake in AN reflects an excess of inhibitory factors, e.g., cognitive inhibition related to fear of weight gain or abnormal postingestive negative feedback, it is also possible that decreased intake reflects diminished orosensory stimulation of food intake. This has been difficult to test directly because the amount of food ingested during a test meal by patients with AN reflects an integration of orosensory excitatory, and cognitive, learned, and postingestive inhibitory controls of eating. To begin to dissociate these controls, we adapted the modified sham feeding technique (MSF) to measure the intake of a series of sweetened solutions in the absence of postingestive stimulation. Subjects with AN (n=24) and normal controls (NC, n=10) were randomly presented with cherry Kool Aid solutions sweetened with five concentrations of aspartame (0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.08 and 0.28%) in a closed opaque container fitted with a straw. They were instructed to sip as much as they wanted of the solution during 15 1-minute trials and to spit the fluid out into another opaque container. Subjects with AN sipped less unsweetened solution than NC (p<0.05). Because this difference appeared to account completely for the smaller intakes of sweetened solutions by AN, responsiveness of intake to sweet taste per se was not different in AN and NC. Since MSF eliminated postingestive and presumably cognitive inhibitory controls, and the orosensory response to sweet taste was not different in AN than NC, we conclude that decreased intake by AN subjects under these conditions reflects the increased inhibition characteristic of this disorder that is presumably learned, with a possible contribution of decreased potency of orosensory stimulation by the sipped solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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