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Investigating the Existence of Ribosomal Protein L5 Gene in Syrian Strain of Leishmania tropica Genome: Sequencing It and Evaluating Its Immune Response as DNA Vaccine. J Parasitol Res 2021; 2021:6617270. [PMID: 34094593 PMCID: PMC8163552 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6617270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Syria is caused mainly by Leishmania tropica. It represents a serious health problem, which has aggravated further after the civil war in the country. Until now, there are no effective protective strategies, safe therapy, or efficacious vaccine to protect from this infection. DNA vaccines represent a promising approach for achieving protection against leishmaniasis. The L5 ribosomal protein plays fundamental roles in the assembly process of the ribosome subunits, so this study has chosen the ribosomal protein L5 gene to design a DNA vaccine against Leishmania tropica infection. After proving the existence of the ribosomal protein L5 gene in a Syrian strain of Leishmania tropica (LCED Syrian 01), it was sequenced and cloned into a pCI plasmid, and the designed DNA vaccine was administered to BALB/c mice. The protective response was evaluated by measuring lesion development in immunized BALB/c mice for 6 weeks after challenging mice with the parasite. RT-qPCR was used to quantify IL-12, IFN-γ, and IL-4 in draining lymph nodes (DLNs) of immunized mice. In the final week, the parasite burden was determined in footpad lesions and local draining lymph nodes (DLNs). This study demonstrated the presence and expression of the ribosomal protein L5 gene in the Syrian strain of Leishmania tropica promastigotes. The sequence of the ribosomal protein cDNA L5 gene was determined and published in Genbank. The gene size was 918 bp. Expression was also demonstrated at the level of cDNA. This study also demonstrated that vaccination with the ribosomal protein L5 gene induces TH1 response in immunized mice. This response prevents the partial development of a skin lesion of Leishmania.
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Targeting proinsulin to local immune cells using an intradermal microneedle delivery system; a potential antigen-specific immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes. J Control Release 2020; 322:593-601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hamuro L, Kijanka G, Kinderman F, Kropshofer H, Bu DX, Zepeda M, Jawa V. Perspectives on Subcutaneous Route of Administration as an Immunogenicity Risk Factor for Therapeutic Proteins. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2946-2954. [PMID: 28576695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of therapeutic proteins are being developed for delivery through the subcutaneous (SC) route of administration. Relative to intravenous (IV) administration, the SC route offers more convenience to patients, flexibility in dosing, and potential to reduce health care costs. There is a perception that SC administration can pose a higher immunogenicity risk than IV administration for a given protein. To evaluate whether there is a difference in therapeutic protein immunogenicity associated with administration routes, a more detailed understanding of the interactions with the immune system by each route is needed. Few approved therapeutic proteins have available clinical immunogenicity data sets in the public domain that represent both IV and SC administration routes. This has prevented a direct comparison of the 2 routes of administration across a large sample size. Of the 6 marketed products where SC and IV route-related incidences of anti-drug antibody (ADA) were available, 4 were associated with higher immunogenicity incidence with SC. In other cases, there was no apparent difference between the SC and IV routes. Overall, the ADA incidence was low (<15%) with no impact on safety or efficacy. The challenges associated with identifying specific risk factors unique to SC administration are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora Hamuro
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543.
| | - Grzegorz Kijanka
- Leiden University, Faculty of Science, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Drug Delivery Technology, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Harald Kropshofer
- F.Hoffman-La Roche Ltd, Pharmaceuticals Division, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - De-Xiu Bu
- Pfizer, PDM Immunogenicity Sciences, Andover, Massachusetts 01810
| | - Monica Zepeda
- Halozyme Therapeutics 11388 Sorrento Valley Road, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Vibha Jawa
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, K-15 E-410C, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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Seasonal influenza vaccines and hurdles to mutual protection. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22 Suppl 5:S113-S119. [PMID: 27568914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
While vaccines against seasonal influenza are available, major hurdles still exist that prevent their use having any impact on epidemic spread. Recent epidemiologic data question the appropriateness of traditional vaccination timing (prior to the winter season) in many parts of the world. Furthermore, vaccine uptake in most countries even in high-risk populations does not reach the 75% target recommended by the World Health Organization. Influenza viruses continually undergo antigenic variation, and both inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines confer only short-lived strain-specific immunity, so annual revaccination is required. Improving vaccine-induced immunity is therefore an important goal. A vaccine that could confer durable protection against emerging influenza strains could significantly reduce onward transmission. Therefore, further understanding of protective immunity against influenza (including broadly cross-protective immune mechanisms such as haemagglutinin stem-binding antibodies and T cells) offers the hope of vaccines that can confer the long-lived heterosubtypic immune responses required for mutual protection.
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Rozenfeld JHK, Duarte EL, Barbosa LRS, Lamy MT. The effect of an oligonucleotide on the structure of cationic DODAB vesicles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:7498-506. [PMID: 25706300 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05652c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a small single-stranded oligonucleotide (ODN) on the structure of cationic DODAB vesicles was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. ODN adsorption induced coalescence of vesicles and formation of multilamellar structures with close contact between lamellae. It also increased the phase transition temperature by 10 °C but decreased transition cooperativity. The ODN rigidified and stabilized the gel phase. In the fluid phase, a simultaneous decrease of ordering close to the bilayer surface and increase in bilayer core rigidity was observed in the presence of the ODN. These effects may be due not only to electrostatic shielding of DODAB head groups but also to superficial dehydration of the bilayers. The data suggest that oligonucleotides may induce the formation of a multilamellar poorly hydrated coagel-like phase below phase transition. These effects should be taken into account when planning ODN delivery employing cationic bilayer carriers.
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Rozenfeld JHK, Duarte EL, Oliveira TR, Lonez C, Ruysschaert JM, Lamy MT. Oligonucleotide adsorption affects phase transition but not interdigitation of diC14-amidine bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:11102-11108. [PMID: 23926901 DOI: 10.1021/la4016004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the effect of a small single-stranded oligonucleotide (ODN) on the colloid stability and structure of cationic diC14-amidine liposomes. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) shows that small, stable, anionic assemblies are formed in presence of excess ODN negative charge. This charge overcompensation condition was further characterized. A less cooperative bilayer phase transition is observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of probes at different bilayer depths show that ODN electrostatic adsorption increases the rigidity of both interdigitated gel and lamellar fluid phases. The increase in gel phase rigidity could be explained by the transformation of an adjacent to an interpenetrated interdigitation. Interdigitated fusogenic bilayers may find interesting applications in delivery of therapeutic oligonucleotides.
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Feng WH. CTLA4 mediated targeting enhances immunogenicity against PRRSV in a DNA prime/killed virus boost strategy. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Khan-Farooqi HR, Prins RM, Liau LM. Tumor immunology, immunomics and targeted immunotherapy for central nervous system malignancies. Neurol Res 2013; 27:692-702. [PMID: 16197806 DOI: 10.1179/016164105x49490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Although the brain was traditionally considered as 'immunologically privileged', recent findings have implied an involvement of immune mechanisms in neurological disease and illness, including central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. In this review, we initially focus on aspects of the immune system critical for effective antitumor immunity, as an understanding of normal immunological functions and how they relate to tumor immunology will set a foundation for understanding the unique challenges facing the integration of neuro-oncology and neuroimmunology. We summarize current knowledge of immune responses in the 'immunologically quiescent' brain and its role in tumor immunology. We will then discuss the emerging field of 'immunomics' and recent advances in molecular technologies, such as DNA microarray, which are being applied to brain tumor antigen epitope discovery and patient stratification for brain cancer immunotherapy. This, in turn, should have significant importance for ultimately designing and developing efficient and focused strategies for anticancer immunotherapy. Finally, the current state of immune-based treatment paradigms and future directions will be discussed, paying particular attention to targeted antibody strategies, adoptive cellular immunotherapy, and tumor vaccine approaches that have been studied in clinical trials for CNS neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haumith R Khan-Farooqi
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-6901, USA
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Ali R, Naqvi RA, Kumar S, Bhat AA, Rao DN. Multiple antigen peptide containing B and T cell epitopes of F1 antigen of Yersinia pestis showed enhanced Th1 immune response in murine model. Scand J Immunol 2013; 77:361-71. [PMID: 23480362 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Yersinia pestis is a facultative bacterium that can survive and proliferate inside host macrophages and cause bubonic, pneumonic and systemic infection. Apart from humoral response, cell-mediated protection plays a major role in combating the disease. Fraction 1 capsular antigen (F1-Ag) of Y. pestis has long been exploited as a vaccine candidate. In this study, F1-multiple antigenic peptide (F1-MAP or MAP)-specific cell-mediated and cytokine responses were studied in murine model. MAP consisting of three B and one T cell epitopes of F1-antigen with one palmitoyl residue was synthesized using Fmoc chemistry. Mice were immunized with different formulations of MAP in poly DL-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microspheres. F1-MAP with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN) as an adjuvant showed enhanced in vitro T cell proliferation and Th1 (IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and Th17 (IL-17A) cytokine secretion. Similar formulation also showed significantly higher numbers of cytokine (IL-2, IFN-γ)-secreting cells. Moreover, F1-MAP with CpG formulation showed significantly high (P < 0.001) percentage of CD4(+) IFN-γ(+) cells as compared to CD8(+) IFN-γ(+) cells, and also more (CD4- IFN-γ)(+) cells secrete perforin and granzyme as compared to (CD8- IFN-γ)(+) showing Th1 response. Thus, the study highlights the importance of Th1 cytokine and existence of CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune response. This study proposes a new perspective for the development of vaccination strategies for Y. pestis that trigger T cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences AIIMS, New Delhi-110029, India
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Boutennoune H, Qaqish A, Al-Aghbar M, Abdel-Hafez S, Al-Qaoud K. Induction of T helper 1 response by immunization of BALB/c mice with the gene encoding the second subunit of Echinococcus granulosus antigen B (EgAgB8/2). Parasite 2012; 19:183-8. [PMID: 22550631 PMCID: PMC3671439 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012192183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-designed plasmid containing the gene encoding the second subunit of Echinococcus granulosus AgB8 (EgAgB8/2) was used to study the effect of the immunization route on the immune response in BALB/c mice. Mice were immunized with pDRIVEEgAgB8/ 2 or pDRIVE empty cassette using the intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.) or the epidermal gene gun (g.g.) routes. Analysis of the antibody response and cytokine data revealed that gene immunization by the i.m. route induced a marked bias towards a T helper type 1 (Th1) immune response as characterized by high IFN-γ gene expression and a low IgG1/IgG2a reactivity index (R.I.) ratio of 0.04. The i.n. route showed a moderate IFN-γ expression but a higher IgG1/IgG2a R.I. ratio of 0.25 indicating a moderate Th1 response. In contrast, epidermal g.g. immunization induced a Th2 response characterized by high IL-4 expression and the highest IgG1/IgG2a R.I. ratio of 0.58. In conclusion, this study showed the advantage of genetic immunization using the i.m. route and i.n. over the epidermal g.g. routes in the induction of Th1 immunity in response to E. granulosus AgB gene immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Boutennoune
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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11
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Chen J, Lin L, Li N, She F. Enhancement of Helicobacter pylori outer inflammatory protein DNA vaccine efficacy by co-delivery of interleukin-2 and B subunit heat-labile toxin gene encoded plasmids. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 56:85-92. [PMID: 22150716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine for controlling H. pylori-associated infection, which is present in about half the people in the world, is a priority. The H. pylori outer inflammatory protein (oipA) has been demonstrated to be a potential antigen for a vaccine. In the present study, use of oipA gene encoded construct (poipA) for C57BL/6 mice vaccination was investigated. Whether co-delivery of IL-2 gene encoded construct (pIL-2) and B subunit heat-labile toxin of Escherichia coli gene encoded construct (pLTB) can modulate the immune response and enhance DNA vaccine efficacy was also explored. Our results demonstrated that poipA administered intradermally ('gene gun' immunization) promoted a strong Th2 immune response, whereas co-delivery of either pIL-2 or pLTB adjuvant elicited a Th1-biased immune response. PoipA administered with both pIL-2 and pLTB adjuvants promoted a strong Th1 immune response. Regardless of the different immune responses promoted by the various vaccination regimes, all immunized mice had smaller bacterial loads after H. pylori challenge than did PBS negative and pVAX1 mock controls. Co-delivery of adjuvant(s) enhances poipA DNA vaccine efficacy by shifting the immune response from being Th2 to being Th1-biased, which results in a greater reduction in bacterial load after H. pylori challenge. Both prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination can achieve sterile immunity in some subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansen Chen
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Fujian Medical University Affiliated Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, Fujian, China
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Rezvan H, Rees R, Ali SA. Leishmania mexicana Gp63 cDNA Using Gene Gun Induced Higher Immunity to L. mexicana Infection Compared to Soluble Leishmania Antigen in BALB/C. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2011; 6:60-75. [PMID: 22347315 PMCID: PMC3279899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is a worldwide disease prevalent in tropical and sub tropical countries. Many attempts have been made and different strategies have been approached to develop a potent vaccine against Leishmania. DNA immunisation is a method, which is shown to be effective in Leishmania vaccination. Leishmania Soluble Antigen (SLA) has also recently been used Leishmania vaccination. METHODS The immunity generated by SLA and L. mexicana gp63 cDNA was compared in groups of 6 mice, which were statistically analysed by student t- test with the P-value of 0.05. SLA was administered by two different methods; intramuscular injection and injection of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with SLA. L. mexicana gp63 cDNA was administered by the gene gun. RESULTS Immunisation of BALB/c mice with L. mexicana gp63 resulted in high levels of Th1-type immune response and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity, which were accompanied with protection induced by the immunisation against L. mexicana infection. In contrast, administration of SLA, produced a mixed Th1/Th2-type immune responses as well as a high level of CTL activity but did not protect mice from the infection. CONCLUSION The results indicate higher protection by DNA immunisation using L. mexicana gp63 cDNA compared to SLA, which is accompanied by a high level of Th1 immune response. However, the CTL activity does not necessarily correlate with the protection induced by the vaccine. Also, gene gun immunisation is a potential approach in Leishmania vaccination. These findings would be helpful in opening new windows in Leishmania vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Rezvan
- Department of Laboratory Science, School of Paraveterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
,Corresponding author: Tel: 0811-4227350, Fax: 0811-4227475, E-mail:
| | - R Rees
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK, NG11 8NS
| | - SA Ali
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK, NG11 8NS
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Sawant PM, Verma PC, Subudhi PK, Chaturvedi U, Singh M, Kumar R, Tiwari AK. Immunomodulation of bivalent Newcastle disease DNA vaccine induced immune response by co-delivery of chicken IFN-γ and IL-4 genes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:36-44. [PMID: 21820185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The basic objective of this study was to enumerate whether co-administration of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and/or interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene along with a bivalent Newcastle disease (ND) DNA vaccine construct could modulate the immune response to the DNA vaccine in chickens. pVIVO2 vector carrying Haemaglutinin-Neuraminidase (HN) and Fusion (F) genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) at its two cloning sites was used as a DNA vaccine. The same vector was used to clone the chicken IFN-γ and IL-4 genes at the multiple cloning site-1 separately. In vitro expression of IFN-γ and IL-4 gene constructs was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and that of HN and F genes by indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT) in addition to RT-PCR. The chickens were immunized thrice intramuscularly at 21, 36 and 46 days of age with the bivalent DNA vaccine alone, or in combination with IFN-γ/IL-4 or both cytokine gene constructs. The bivalent DNA vaccine led to increase in both NDV specific antibodies as assessed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and haemagglutination inhibition test (HI) and cell mediated immune (CMI) response as assessed by lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) employing MTT assay. Co-administration of the DNA vaccine with IL-4 gene resulted in highest IgY levels while IFN-γ produced highest CMI response. The DNA vaccine alone could afford only 10% protection against challenge infection by velogenic NDV. This protection was increased to 40% when IL-4 gene construct was co-administered with the DNA vaccine. Co-injection of IFN-γ as well as the combination of IFN-γ and IL-4 gene constructs with the DNA vaccine yielded 20% protection. Our study suggests that IL-4 may prove to be more appropriate as a genetic adjuvant than IFN-γ for ND DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Sawant
- Immunology Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Chen Z, Cao J, Liao X, Ke J, Zhu S, Zhao P, Qi Z. Plasmids Enriched with CpG Motifs Activate Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells In Vitro and Enhance Th-1 Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Mice. Viral Immunol 2011; 24:199-209. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinshan Ke
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shiying Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Biodefense, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Bolhassani A, Gholami E, Zahedifard F, Moradin N, Parsi P, Doustdari F, Seyed N, Papadopoulou B, Rafati S. Leishmania major: Protective capacity of DNA vaccine using amastin fused to HSV-1 VP22 and EGFP in BALB/c mice model. Exp Parasitol 2011; 128:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Interaction of cationic bilayer fragments with a model oligonucleotide. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:649-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Bolhassani A, Safaiyan S, Rafati S. Improvement of different vaccine delivery systems for cancer therapy. Mol Cancer 2011; 10:3. [PMID: 21211062 PMCID: PMC3024302 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are the promising tools in the hands of the clinical oncologist. Many tumor-associated antigens are excellent targets for immune therapy and vaccine design. Optimally designed cancer vaccines should combine the best tumor antigens with the most effective immunotherapy agents and/or delivery strategies to achieve positive clinical results. Various vaccine delivery systems such as different routes of immunization and physical/chemical delivery methods have been used in cancer therapy with the goal to induce immunity against tumor-associated antigens. Two basic delivery approaches including physical delivery to achieve higher levels of antigen production and formulation with microparticles to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have demonstrated to be effective in animal models. New developments in vaccine delivery systems will improve the efficiency of clinical trials in the near future. Among them, nanoparticles (NPs) such as dendrimers, polymeric NPs, metallic NPs, magnetic NPs and quantum dots have emerged as effective vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases and cancer therapy. Furthermore, cell-penetrating peptides (CPP) have been known as attractive carrier having applications in drug delivery, gene transfer and DNA vaccination. This review will focus on the utilization of different vaccine delivery systems for prevention or treatment of cancer. We will discuss their clinical applications and the future prospects for cancer vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Bolhassani
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shima Safaiyan
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Rafati
- Molecular Immunology and Vaccine Research Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Ongkudon CM, Ho J, Danquah MK. Mitigating the looming vaccine crisis: production and delivery of plasmid-based vaccines. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 31:32-52. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.483460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Yasuda M, Schmid T, Rübsamen D, Colburn NH, Irie K, Murakami A. Downregulation of programmed cell death 4 by inflammatory conditions contributes to the generation of the tumor promoting microenvironment. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:837-48. [PMID: 20607724 PMCID: PMC3472367 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ample evidence has shown key roles of inflammation in tumor promotion and carcinogenesis, and tumor-associated macrophages are known to promote tumor growth and dissemination. Programmed cell death 4 (Pdcd4) is a novel tumor suppressor, and although various studies have revealed that the functions and expression mechanisms of Pdcd4 in tumor promotion, those in regard to inflammation remain unclear. In the present study, we examined whether inflammatory stimuli regulate Pdcd4 expression. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) suppressed expression of pdcd4 mRNA in human monocytic cell lines (U937, THP-1). Similarly, the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) downregulated pdcd4 level in mouse RAW264.7 and peritoneal macrophages. Furthermore, conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages suppressed pdcd4 mRNA in RAW264.7 macrophages, and findings obtained with recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and TNF-alpha-specific siRNA suggested that TNF-alpha partly mediates LPS-triggered Pdcd4 downregulation via an autocrine mechanism. Specific inhibitors of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) and c-jun N-terminus kinase (JNK) restored LPS-abolished pdcd4 mRNA. Consistently, in MCF7 mammary carcinoma cells, conditioned medium from TPA-differentiated/activated U937 cells suppressed pdcd4 mRNA. Additionally, knockdown of pdcd4 in RAW264.7 macrophages using siRNA significantly enhanced LPS-induced TNF-alpha protein production, and interferon-gamma, CC chemokine ligand (Ccl) 1, Ccl20, and interleukin-10 mRNA expression. These results suggest that Pdcd4 suppresses the induction of these inflammatory mediators. Taken together, loss of Pdcd4 in macrophages may be a critical step in establishing the inflammatory environment while that in tumor cells contributes to tumor progression.
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A liposome-based platform, VacciMax, and its modified water-free platform DepoVax enhance efficacy of in vivo nucleic acid delivery. Vaccine 2010; 28:6176-82. [PMID: 20656034 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid vaccines represent a promising alternative to killed bacterial antigen, recombinant protein or peptide vaccines for infectious diseases and cancer immunotherapy. Although significant advances are made with DNA vaccines in animal studies, there are severe limitations to deliver these vaccines effectively and considerable reservations exist about current methods used. In this study, a liposome-based vaccine platform, VacciMax (VM), and its modified water-free version, DepoVax (DPX), were tested for their ability to improve in vivo delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA), mRNA and siRNA. Subcutaneously injected pDNA for IL12 and pDNA as well as mRNA for green fluorescent protein (GFP) in VM/DPX significantly enhanced their in vivo expression. Enhanced IL12 secretion and GFP expression was restricted to CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) antigen-presenting cells, but not B cells. Further, significant inhibition of plasmid/antigen-induced IL12 secretion was seen after injection of IL12-siRNA in VM. These findings suggest VM and DPX to be promising means of delivering nucleic acid vaccines in vivo, and warrant further studies on their role in inducing effective immune responses.
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Conditioning of the injection site with CpG enhances the migration of adoptively transferred dendritic cells and endogenous CD8+ T-cell responses. J Immunother 2010; 33:115-25. [PMID: 20145551 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181b8ef5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of immunotherapy using tumor-antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) is severely limited by the impaired migration of injected cells from the application site to the draining lymph nodes. As described earlier, pretreatment of the injection site with inflammatory cytokines enhances DC migration. We wanted to test whether toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands can improve migration of murine bone marrow-derived DC (BMDC) and the subsequent T-cell responses. For this purpose, we established an experimental setup closely resembling human vaccination protocols that served to investigate DC migration from the skin to the draining lymph nodes. We observed that BMDC, matured with a cytokine cocktail (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-beta, interleukin-6, prostaglandin E2), strongly expressed CCR7. The migration efficiency of adoptively transferred mature BMDCs was determined by the number of cells injected and the application site. We decided to inject DC intradermally into the ear skin and investigated the effects of pretreatment of the injection site with various TLR ligands. Conditioning of the skin site with the TLR ligands CpG and Peptidoglycan increased the number of DCs arriving in the lymph node. Mechanical stress applied to the skin, such as tape stripping of the skin was equally effective. Importantly, only pretreatment with CpG enhanced responses of endogenous CD8 T cells. Thus, conditioning of the injection site with the TLR ligand CpG could be a new promising way to improve the outcome of DC immunotherapy.
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Ali SA, Rezvan H, McArdle SE, Khodadadi A, Asteal FA, Rees RC. CTL responses to Leishmania mexicana gp63-cDNA vaccine in a murine model. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:373-83. [PMID: 19527453 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2009.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunity to Leishmania is believed to be strongly dependent upon the activation of Th1 immune responses, although the exact role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has not yet been determined. The aims of this study were to establish a suitable cytotoxicity assay to measure CTL activity and to compare immunity induced by Leishmania mexicana gp63 cDNA via i.m. injection and gene gun immunization in the BALB/c mouse model. The CTL activity was evaluated by short-term (51)Cr-release cytotoxicity assays against CT26 tumour cells transfected with L. mexicana gp63 cDNA and dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with soluble Leishmania antigen (SLA) as targets. The results clearly demonstrated that higher protection to L. mexicana infection was induced by gene gun DNA-immunization vs. i.m. injection. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity of splenocytes was observed in mice immunized either with L. mexicana gp63 cDNA or SLA and long-lived CTL activity was observed in immunized and/or re-challenged mice but not naïve mice infected with the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Ali
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham, UK.
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Babiuk S, Babiuk LA, van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk S. Editorial: DNA Vaccination: A Simple Concept with Challenges Regarding Implementation. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:51-81. [PMID: 16818365 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600743008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Th1-type epitopes-based cocktail PDDV attenuates hepatic fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice with chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:4110-7. [PMID: 19410625 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 04/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the world's major public health problems in terms of morbidity and mortality, which is characterized by a marked egg-induced CD4(+) T-cell programmed granulomatous inflammation and cumulative fibrosis. Here PDDV (peptide-DNA dual vaccine), a widely used non-viral gene delivery system, was applied. The cocktail PDDV, based on four Th1-type epitope peptides identified from Schistosoma japonicum vaccine candidates and CpG ODN1826, could induce dominant Th1-type response in C57BL/6J mice (P<0.05). The histopathological staging and collagen assessment for fibrosis showed that the cocktail PDDV presented an obvious down-regulation effect on hepatic fibrosis caused by chronic S. japonicum infection (P<0.05), and IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-13 mRNAs in liver detected by RT-PCR also showed that the cocktail PDDV represented the ability to up-regulate Th1-type responses, which paralleled with a decrease expression of alpha-SMA (P<0.05) and the up-regulated MMP9/TIMP1 balance (P<0.05) when compared to the control groups. Therefore, it is indicated that the cocktail PDDV can significantly attenuate hepatic fibrosis, in parallel with the decreased HSCs activation and the up-regulated MMP9/TIMP1 balance in favor of matrix degradation, which may be partially dependent on the increased Th1 response to restore the Th1/Th2 balance.
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McGowen AL, Hale LP, Shelburne CP, Abraham SN, Staats HF. The mast cell activator compound 48/80 is safe and effective when used as an adjuvant for intradermal immunization with Bacillus anthracis protective antigen. Vaccine 2009; 27:3544-52. [PMID: 19464533 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the mast cell activator compound 48/80 (C48/80) when used as an adjuvant delivered intradermally (ID) with recombinant anthrax protective antigen (rPA) in comparison with two well-known adjuvants. Mice were vaccinated in the ear pinnae with rPA or rPA+C48/80, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), or cholera toxin (CT). All adjuvants induced similar increases in serum anti-rPA IgG and lethal toxin neutralizing antibodies. C48/80 induced a balanced cytokine production (Th1/Th2/Th17) by antigen-restimulated splenocytes, minimal injection site inflammation, and no antigen-specific IgE. Histological analysis demonstrated that vaccination with C48/80 reduced the number of resident mast cells and induced an injection site neutrophil influx within 24h. Our data demonstrate that C48/80 is a safe and effective adjuvant, when used by the intradermal route, to induce protective antibody and balanced Th1/Th2/Th17 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afton L McGowen
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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26
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Takemoto S, Nishikawa M, Otsuki T, Yamaoka A, Maeda K, Ota A, Takakura Y. Enhanced generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by increased cytosolic delivery of MHC class I epitope fused to mouse heat shock protein 70 via polyhistidine conjugation. J Control Release 2009; 135:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kendirgi F, Yun NE, Linde NS, Zacks MA, Smith JN, Smith JK, McMicken H, Chen Y, Paessler S. Novel linear DNA vaccines induce protective immune responses against lethal infection with influenza virus type A/H5N1. HUMAN VACCINES 2008; 4:410-9. [PMID: 18443425 DOI: 10.4161/hv.4.6.6177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development for possible influenza pandemics has been challenging. Conventional vaccines such as inactivated and live attenuated virus preparations are limited in terms of production speed and capacity. DNA vaccination has emerged as a potential alternative to conventional vaccines against influenza pandemics. In this study, we use a novel, cell-free DNA manufacturing process (synDNA) to produce prototype linear DNA vaccines against the influenza virus type A/H5N1. This synDNA process does not require bacterial fermentation, so it avoids the use of antibiotic resistance genes and other nucleic acid sequences unrelated to the antigen gene expression in the actual therapeutic DNA construct. The efficacy of various vaccines expressing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins (H5N1 synDNA), hemagglutinin alone (H5 synDNA) or neuraminidase alone (N1 synDNA) was evaluated in mice. Two of the constructs (H5 synDNA and H5N1 synDNA) induced a robust protective immune response with up to 93% of treated mice surviving a lethal challenge of a virulent influenza A/Vietnam/1203/04 H5N1 isolate. In combination with a potent biological activity and simplified production footprint, these characteristics make DNA vaccines prepared with our synDNA process highly suitable as alternatives to other vaccine preparations.
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Genetic immunization with the immunodominant antigen P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae stimulates a mixed adaptive immune response in BALBc mice. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:414-20. [PMID: 19007952 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A DNA vaccine against contagious agalactia was developed for the first time, encoding the P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae. Specific immune responses elicited in BALB/c mice were evaluated. Both total IgG and IgG1 were detected in mice vaccinated with pVAX1/P48. Proliferation of mononuclear cells of the spleen, levels of gamma interferon, interleukin-12, and interleukin-2 mRNAs were enhanced in immunized animals. Results indicate that pVAX1/P48 vaccination induced both T(h)1 and T(h)2 immune responses. Nucleic acid immunization could be a new strategy against M. agalactiae infections and may be potentially used to develop vaccines for other Mycoplasma diseases.
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Mutoloki S, Alexandersen S, Gravningen K, Evensen O. Time-course study of injection site inflammatory reactions following intraperitoneal injection of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) with oil-adjuvanted vaccines. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 24:386-393. [PMID: 18282765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) following vaccination with oil-based vaccines has not been previously characterized in any detail. In this study, groups of Atlantic cod were intraperitoneally injected with commercial oil-adjuvanted vaccines ALPHA JECT 3000 (AJ 3000) and AJ 6-2. A water-based vaccine ALPHA MARINE Vibrio (AVM), an experimental liposome vaccine and physiological saline (placebo) were also included for comparison. Histopathological changes at the injection sites were evaluated semi-quantitatively at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 25 weeks post-vaccination (p.v.), parallel with the examination of vaccine antigen retention. Gross intra-abdominal lesions were only examined at 12 and 25 weeks. The results show that the onset of inflammation in all vaccinated groups was rapid to develop, with intense cellular infiltrations predominated by mononuclear cells especially in groups injected by oil-based vaccines. Inflammation induced by AVM and liposome vaccines resolved within 12 weeks. In contrast, oil-adjuvanted vaccines produced mild, persistent but ultimately decreasing reactions. Persistent antigens were observed in oil-based and liposome vaccines. The results show that the cod inflammatory response is similar to other bony fish species. The findings also suggest that cod has an efficient innate immune system that is able to rapidly remove or sequester antigens from the injection site leading to the down-regulation of inflammation. Oil-adjuvanted vaccines appear to be well-tolerated by this species and show promise as a possible approach for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Basic Science and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep, N-0033 Oslo, Norway
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30
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Helson R, Olszewska W, Singh M, Megede JZ, Melero JA, O'Hagan D, Openshaw PJM. Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles modify the immune response to DNA vaccination. Vaccine 2007; 26:753-61. [PMID: 18191308 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Priming with the major surface glycoprotein G of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) expressed by recombinant vaccinia leads to strong Th2 responses and lung eosinophilia during viral challenge. We now show that DNA vaccination in BALB/c mice with plasmids encoding G attenuated RSV replication but also enhanced disease with lung eosinophilia and increased IL-4/5 production. However, formulating the DNA with PLG microparticles reduced the severity of disease during RSV challenge without significantly lessening protection against viral replication. PLG formulation greatly reduced lung eosinophilia and prevented the induction of IL-4 and IL-5 during challenge, accompanied by a less marked CD4+ T cell response and a restoration of the CD8+ T cell recruitment seen during infection of non-vaccinated animals. After RSV challenge, lung eosinophilia was enhanced and prolonged in mice vaccinated with DNA encoding a secreted form of G; this effect was virtually prevented by PLG formulation. Therefore, PLG microparticulate formulation modifies the pattern of immune responses induced by DNA vaccination boosts CD8+ T cell priming and attenuates Th2 responses. We speculate that PLG microparticles affect antigen uptake and processing, thereby influencing the outcome of DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Helson
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Paddington, London W2 1PG, UK
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31
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Ratanamart J, Huggins CG, Kirby JA, Shaw JAM. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of intrinsic immunogenicity of reporter and insulin gene therapy plasmids. J Gene Med 2007; 9:703-14. [PMID: 17595049 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmid DNA vectors offer the potential of safe gene therapy avoiding viral vector-mediated toxicity and immunogenicity. As plasmid DNA is bacterial in origin, presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or unmethylated CpG dinucleotides may stimulate host innate immunity. METHODS Primary cultures of mouse and rat dendritic cells were established and incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide; immunostimulatory CpG oligodeoxynucleotide; control GpC oligodeoxynucleotide; and a range of (pVR1012) plasmids encoding transgenes with increasing CpG content (wild-type and mutant human preproinsulin; non-mammalian eukaryotic eGFP reporter gene; and bacterial beta-galactosidase reporter gene). IL-12 secretion was assayed to determine in vitro plasmid immunogenicity. Local inflammatory response following intramuscular injection of these plasmids, with or without a non-ionic carrier SP1017, was characterised in vivo. RESULTS Dose-responsive LPS and CpG stimulation of IL-12 secretion from dendritic cells was demonstrated. All plasmids induced significant IL-12 secretion in comparison to control unstimulated cells. The beta-galactosidase plasmid had highest CpG content and induced significantly higher IL-12 secretion than constructs containing a eukaryotic transgene. Injection of rat muscle with the beta-galactosidase construct induced greater inflammatory response than human preproinsulin constructs. This was further enhanced by SP1017. At 2 days post-injection, monocyte/macrophage injection site infiltration predominated with CD8-positive lymphocytes predominating at 7 days. There was no evidence of transgene expression in infiltrating immune cells. CONCLUSIONS Dendritic cell immunostimulation may be employed as an in vitro bioassay of innate immune response to plasmid DNA vectors during evaluation for clinical gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarupa Ratanamart
- Diabetes Research Group, Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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Vandermeulen G, Staes E, Vanderhaeghen ML, Bureau MF, Scherman D, Préat V. Optimisation of intradermal DNA electrotransfer for immunisation. J Control Release 2007; 124:81-7. [PMID: 17854939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of DNA vaccines requires appropriate delivery technologies. Electrotransfer is one of the most efficient methods of non-viral gene transfer. In the present study, intradermal DNA electrotransfer was first optimised. Strong effects of the injection method and the dose of DNA on luciferase expression were demonstrated. Pre-treatments were evaluated to enhance DNA diffusion in the skin but neither hyaluronidase injection nor iontophoresis improved efficiency of intradermal DNA electrotransfer. Then, DNA immunisation with a weakly immunogenic model antigen, luciferase, was investigated. After intradermal injection of the plasmid encoding luciferase, electrotransfer (HV 700 V/cm 100 micros, LV 200 V/cm 400 ms) was required to induce immune response. The response was Th1-shifted compared to immunisation with the luciferase recombinant protein. Finally, DNA electrotransfer in the skin, the muscle or the ear pinna was compared. Muscle DNA electrotransfer resulted in the highest luciferase expression and the best IgG response. Nevertheless electrotransfer into the skin, the muscle and the ear pinna all resulted in IFN-gamma secretion by luciferase-stimulated splenocytes suggesting that an efficient Th1 response was induced in all case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Vandermeulen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Unité de pharmacie galénique, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier, 73 UCL, 7320, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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Mathers AR, Tckacheva OA, Janelsins BM, Shufesky WJ, Morelli AE, Larregina AT. In vivo signaling through the neurokinin 1 receptor favors transgene expression by Langerhans cells and promotes the generation of Th1- and Tc1-biased immune responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7006-17. [PMID: 17513750 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.7006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory capacities of the skin and the presence of high numbers of resident dendritic cells (DCs) constitute an ideal microenvironment for successful immunizations. Regardless of the ability of DCs to respond to local inflammatory signals in an immunostimulatory fashion, the immune functions of skin-resident DCs remain controversial, and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) have been referred to recently as anti-inflammatory/protolerogenic APCs. Substance P (SP), released by skin nerve fibers, is a potent proinflammatory neuropeptide that favors development of skin-associated cellular immunity. SP exerts its proinflammatory functions by binding with high affinity to the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R). In this study, we tested whether signaling skin cells via the NK1R promotes humoral and cellular immunity during skin genetic immunizations. We used the gene gun to deliver transgenic (tg) Ag to the skin of C57BL/6 mice and the selective NK1R agonist [Sar(9)Met (O(2)) (11)]-SP as a potential proinflammatory Th1-biasing adjuvant. Our strategy expressed tg Ag exclusively in the epidermis and induced a preferential migration of activated LCs to skin-draining lymph nodes. Local administration of the NK1R agonist during skin genetic immunizations increased significantly the expression of tg Ag by a mechanism involving the translocation of NF-kappaB into the nuclei of cutaneous DCs homing to skin-draining lymph nodes. Importantly, our immunization approach resulted in Th1 and T cytotoxic (CTL)-1 bias of effector T cells that supported cellular and Ab-mediated immune responses. We demonstrate that signaling skin cells via the NK1R provides the adjuvant effect which favors the immunostimulatory functions of LCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Mathers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Kim R, Emi M, Tanabe K, Arihiro K. Potential functional role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in cancer immunity. Immunology 2007; 121:149-57. [PMID: 17371541 PMCID: PMC2265944 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02579.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), as well as myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), have a dual role not only in initiating immune responses but also in inducing tolerance to exogenous and endogenous antigens. Tumour antigens originate from endogenous self-antigens, which are poorly immunogenic and also subject to change during tumour progression. In general, tumour antigens derived from apoptotic cells are captured by immature mDCs, antigen presentation by which is most likely to result in immune tolerance. In contrast, tumour antigens may be taken up by pDCs through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) via receptor-mediated endocytosis. TLR9-dependent activation of pDCs results in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12 and type I interferons (IFNs) through a MyD88-dependent pathway. Type I IFNs also activate mDCs for T-cell priming. Although pDCs recruited to the tumour site are implicated in facilitating tumour growth via immune suppression, they can be released from the tumour as a result of cell death caused by primary systemic chemotherapy, and can then be activated through TLR9. Thus, synergistically with mDCs, pDCs may also play a crucial role in mediating cancer immunity. In this review, the potential functional duality and plasticity of pDCs mediated by TLR9 ligation in cancer immunity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryungsa Kim
- International Radiation Information Center, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Knight B, Akhurst B, Matthews VB, Ruddell RG, Ramm GA, Abraham LJ, Olynyk JK, Yeoh GC. Attenuated liver progenitor (oval) cell and fibrogenic responses to the choline deficient, ethionine supplemented diet in the BALB/c inbred strain of mice. J Hepatol 2007; 46:134-41. [PMID: 17112626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 07/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver regeneration following chronic injury is associated with inflammation, the proliferation of liver progenitor (oval) cells and fibrosis. Previous studies identified interferon-gamma as a key mediator of oval cell proliferation. Interferon-gamma is known to regulate Th1 cell activities during immune challenge. Therefore, we hypothesised that progenitor cell-mediated regeneration is associated with a Th1 immune response. METHODS C57Bl/6 (normal Th1 response) and BALB/c mice (deficient in Th1 signalling) were placed on a carcinogenic diet to induce liver injury, progenitor cell proliferation and fibrosis. RESULTS Serum transaminases and mortality were elevated in BALB/c mice fed the diet. Proliferation of liver progenitor cells was significantly attenuated in BALB/c animals. The pattern of cytokine expression and inflammation differed between strains. Liver fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell activation were significantly inhibited in BALB/c mice compared to C57Bl/6. In addition, interferon-gamma knockout mice also showed reduced fibrosis compared to wild type. These findings are in contrast to published results, in which interferon-gamma is shown to be anti-fibrogenic. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the hepatic progenitor cell response to a CDE diet is inhibited in mice lacking Th1 immune signalling and further show that this inhibition is associated with reduced liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Knight
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Alma Rd., Fremantle, WA 6101, Australia.
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Meyers JA, Mangini AJ, Nagai T, Roff CF, Sehy D, van Seventer GA, van Seventer JM. Blockade of TLR9 agonist-induced type I interferons promotes inflammatory cytokine IFN-gamma and IL-17 secretion by activated human PBMC. Cytokine 2006; 35:235-46. [PMID: 17052915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2006.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN) (IFN-alpha/beta) are recognized as both inhibitors and effectors of autoimmune disease. In multiple sclerosis, IFN-beta therapy appears beneficial, in part, due to its suppression of autoimmune inflammatory Th cell responses. In contrast, in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) triggering of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by autoimmune complexes (autoICs) results in circulating type I IFN that appear to promote disease by driving autoantigen presentation and autoantibody production. To investigate how pDC-derived type I IFN might regulate Th cells in SLE, we examined a model in which sustained pDC stimulation by autoICs is mimicked by pretreating normal human PBMC with TLR9 agonist, CpG-A. Subsequently, PBMC Th cells are activated with superantigen, and APC are activated with CD40L. The role of CpG-A/TLR9-induced type I IFN in regulating PBMC is determined by blocking with virus-derived soluble type I IFN receptor, B18R. In summary, pretreatment with either rhIFN-alpha/beta or CpG-A inhibits PBMC secretion of superantigen-induced IFN-gamma and IL-17, and CD40L-induced IL-12p70 and IL-23. B18R prevents these effects. Data indicate that CpG-A-induced type I IFN inhibit IL-12p70-dependent PBMC IFN-gamma secretion by enhancing IL-10. Our results suggest that in SLE, circulating type I IFN may potentially act to inhibit inflammatory cytokine secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Meyers
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Abstract
Significant progress made in the field of tumor immunology by the characterization of a large number of tumor antigens, and the better understanding of the mechanisms preventing immune responses to malignancies has led to the extensive study of cancer immunization approaches such as DNA vaccines encoding tumor antigens. This article reviews major aspects of DNA immunization in cancer. It gives a brief history and then discusses the proposed mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical studies, and methods of enhancing the immune responses induced by DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Stan
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Kuramoto Y, Nishikawa M, Hyoudou K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Inhibition of peritoneal dissemination of tumor cells by single dosing of phosphodiester CpG oligonucleotide/cationic liposome complex. J Control Release 2006; 115:226-33. [PMID: 16996162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although unmethylated CpG dinucleotide-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) are able to inhibit tumor metastasis through the induction of antitumor immunity, their stability and delivery to antigen presenting cells needs to be improved. In this study, we formulated a CpG ODN complex with cationic liposomes (CpG ODN-lipoplex) and its antitumor activity was evaluated in peritoneal dissemination models of tumor cells stably labeled with firefly luciferase gene. A single intraperitoneal administration of CpG ODN-lipoplex greatly reduced the number of tumor cells to 0.01% or lower compared with that detected in untreated mice, which may be associated with increased production of TNF-alpha and IL-12. CpG ODN-lipoplex increased the survival time of the tumor-bearing mice, and most long-term survivors rejected rechallenged tumor cells. These results indicate that a single dosing of CpG ODN-lipoplex is effective in inhibiting peritoneal dissemination and inducing long-lasting antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Kuramoto
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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