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Wang D, Shi D, Chen T, Zhou S, Yang Z, Li H, Yang D, Li J, Jin M. A mica filter enables bacterial enrichment from large volumes of natural water for sensitive monitoring of pathogens by nanopore sequencing. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 472:134495. [PMID: 38714053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Nanopore sequencing is extremely promising for the high-throughput detection of pathogenic bacteria in natural water; these bacteria may be transmitted to humans and cause waterborne infectious diseases. However, the concentration of pathogenic bacteria in natural water is too low to be detected directly by nanopore sequencing. Herein, we developed a mica filter to enrich over 85% of bacteria from > 10 L of natural water in 100 min, which led to a 102-fold improvement in the assay limits of the MinION sequencer for assessing pathogenic bacteria. Correspondingly, the sequencing time of S. Typhi detection at a concentration as low as 105 CFU/L was reduced from traditional 48 h to 3 h. The bacterial adsorption followed pseudo-first-order kinetics and the successful adsorption of bacteria to the mica filter was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy et al. The mica filter remained applicable to a range of water samples whose quality parameters were within the EPA standard limits for freshwater water. The mica filter is thus an effective tool for the sensitive and rapid monitoring of pathogenic bacteria by nanopore sequencing, which can provide timely alerts for waterborne transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongshuai Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Tianjiao Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Shuqing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Haibei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, PR China.
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2
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Farkas K, Mannion F, Sorby R, Winterbourn B, Allender S, Gregory CGM, Holding P, Thorpe JM, Malham SK, Le Vay L. Assessment of wastewater derived pollution using viral monitoring in two estuaries. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116081. [PMID: 38354589 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Human wastewater-derived pollution of the environment is an emerging health risk that increases the number of waterborne and foodborne illnesses globally. To better understand and mitigate such health risks, we investigated the prevalence of faecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli, and indicator virus (crAssphage) along with human and animal enteric viruses (adenoviruses, noroviruses, sapoviruses, hepatitis E virus) in shellfish and water samples collected from two shellfish harvesting areas in the UK. Human noroviruses were detected at higher detection rates in oyster and water samples compared to mussels with peaks during the autumn-winter seasons. Human enteric viruses were sporadically detected during the warmer months, suggesting potential introduction by tourists following the relaxation of COVID-19 lockdown measures. Our results suggest that viral indicators are more suitable for risk assessment and source tracking than E. coli. The detection of emerging hepatitis and sapoviruses, support the need for comprehensive viral monitoring in shellfish harvesting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Farkas
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK; School of Environment & Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
| | - Finn Mannion
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Rees Sorby
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Ben Winterbourn
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Susan Allender
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Charlie G M Gregory
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK; School of Environment & Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Phoebe Holding
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Jamie M Thorpe
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Shelagh K Malham
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
| | - Lewis Le Vay
- School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Menai Bridge, Anglesey, UK
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Malafaia G, Rahman MM, Islam ARMT, Arias AH, Da-Silva-Júnior FMR. Do human pathogens represent a threat to aquatic organisms? A question with few ecotoxicological answers. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 266:106805. [PMID: 38145608 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Md Mostafizur Rahman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Reza Md Towfiqul Islam
- Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh; Department of Development Studies, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Andrés Hugo Arias
- Instituto Argentino de Oceanografía (IADO - CONICET/UNS), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7.5, B8000FWB, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Flávio Manoel Rodrigues Da-Silva-Júnior
- Laboratório de Ensaios Farmacológicos e Toxicológicos - LEFT, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande-RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande-RS, Brazil
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4
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Li C, Sylvestre É, Fernandez-Cassi X, Julian TR, Kohn T. Waterborne virus transport and the associated risks in a large lake. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119437. [PMID: 36476383 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne enteric viruses in lakes, especially at recreational water sites, may have a negative impact on human health. However, their fate and transport in lakes are poorly understood. In this study, we propose a coupled water quality and quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model to study the transport, fate and infection risk of four common waterborne viruses (adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus and rotavirus), using Lake Geneva as a study site. The measured virus load in raw sewage entering the lake was used as the source term in the water quality simulations for a hypothetical scenario of discharging raw wastewater at the lake surface. After discharge into the lake, virus inactivation was modeled as a function of water temperature and solar irradiance that varied both spatially and temporally during transport throughout the lake. Finally, the probability of infection, while swimming at a popular beach, was quantified and compared among the four viruses. Norovirus was found to be the most abundant virus that causes an infection probability that is at least 10 times greater than the other viruses studied. Furthermore, environmental inactivation was found to be an essential determinant in the infection risks posed by viruses to recreational water users. We determined that infection risks by enterovirus and rotavirus could be up to 1000 times lower when virus inactivation by environmental stressors was accounted for compared with the scenarios considering hydrodynamic transport only. Finally, the model highlighted the role of the wind field in conveying the contamination plume and hence in determining infection probability. Our simulations revealed that for beaches located west of the sewage discharge, the infection probability under eastward wind was 43% lower than that under westward wind conditions. This study highlights the potential of combining water quality simulation and virus-specific risk assessment for a safe water resources usage and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Li
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Émile Sylvestre
- Department Environmental Microbiology, Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Timothy R Julian
- Department Environmental Microbiology, Eawag-Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Opere WM, John M, Ombori O, Kiulia NM. Identification of enteroviruses along Lake Victoria shoreline - a potential indicator of sewage pollution. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000334. [PMID: 35812714 PMCID: PMC9260088 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are mainly transmitted by the faecal-oral route and have been linked to several diseases including gastroenteritis and respiratory infections. Their presence in surface waters has been exacerbated by pollution from a variety of point sources such as sewage discharge. We studied the occurrence of enteroviruses in water samples from Lake Victoriain Kenya to investigate if there was a link between sewage pollution and detection of enteroviruses (EVs) to build a baseline for an enteric viruses monitoring platform for this region. We analysed 216 samples collected over 6 months from six different locations along the Homa Bay Pier. The six sampling locations comprised of three sites (P3, P5, P6) located <500 m from a local sewage treatment plant and pit latrines while three other sites (P1, P2, P4) were located at approximately 0.5 to 3 Km. EVs were concentrated using glass wool adsorption elution protocol and identified using the nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. The odds ratio was performed to determine whether the location of the sources of sewage pollution near the lake was associated with the EVs contamination. Five out of 108 (5 %) samples collected from the sites (P3, P5 and P6 were EV positive, while 2 % (2/108) of samples from P1, P2 and P4 were EV positive. The presence of the EVs was associated with the distance from the possible sources of faecal contamination (odds ratio 20.28 and 4.86, confidence interval 2.42, and 0.95) for pit latrines and the sewage treatment plant respectively. The result from this study indicates that sewage discharge at the shoreline of Lake Victoria may have been the source of EVs contamination. Data from this study could significantly contribute to informing risk management on sewage pollution in Lake Victoria and it is important to continue monitoring this lake for potentially pathogenic enteric viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasonga M. Opere
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Maingi John
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Omwoyo Ombori
- Department of Plant Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nicholas M. Kiulia
- Enteric pathogens & Water Research Laboratory, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), Nairobi, Kenya
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Zhao Z, Hossain MI, Jung S, Wang Z, Yeo D, Song M, Min A, Park S, Choi C. Survival of murine norovirus and hepatitis A virus in bottled drinking water, strawberries, and oysters. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Zhou S, Jin M, Tan R, Shen Z, Yin J, Qiu Z, Chen Z, Shi D, Li H, Yang Z, Wang H, Gao Z, Li J, Yang D. A reduced graphene oxide-Fe 3O 4 composite functionalized with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide for efficient adsorption of SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus and human enteric viruses. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132995. [PMID: 34808196 PMCID: PMC8602125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The latent dangers of waterborne viral transmission have become a major public health concern. In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were decorated with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to adsorb severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike pseudovirus and three human enteric viruses (HuNoV, HRV, and HAdV). The successful combination of CTAB with rGO-Fe3O4 was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, Brunner-Emmet-Teller, and vibrating sample magnetometer measurements. The adsorption of HuNoV and HAdV followed pseudo-first-order kinetics, while that of HRV conformed to the pseudo-second-order model. CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 exhibited exceptionally high adsorption of HuNoV, HRV, HAdV and SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudovirus, with maximum adsorption capacities of 3.55 × 107, 7.01 × 107, 2.21 × 107 and 6.92 × 106 genome copies mg-1, respectively. Moreover, the composite could effectively adsorb the four types of virus particles from coastal, tap, and river water. In addition, concentrating the virions using CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites before qPCR analysis significantly improved the detection limit. The results indicate that viruses are captured on the surface of CTAB functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites through electrostatic interactions and the intrinsic adsorption ability of rGO. Overall, CTAB-functionalized rGO-Fe3O4 composites are promising materials for the adsorption and detection of human enteric viruses as well as SARS-CoV-2 from complex aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuqing Zhou
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Rong Tan
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Jing Yin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhigang Qiu
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhengshan Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Danyang Shi
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Haibei Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhongwei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Huaran Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Junwen Li
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Dong Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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Delafosse D, Reinert L, Azaïs P, Fontvieille D, Soneda Y, Morand P, Duclaux L. Potentialities of a mesoporous activated carbon as virus detection probe in aquatic systems. J Virol Methods 2022; 303:114496. [PMID: 35181346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteric viruses are widely spread in water environments, some being harmful for human communities. Regular epidemics highlight the usefulness of analysing such viruses in wastewaters as a tool for epidemiologists to monitor the extent of their dissemination among populations. In this context, CNovel™ Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) was chosen for its high porosity and high adsorption capacity to investigate sorbent ability to be used as part of of virus detection probes. Self-supported PAC Foils (PAC-F), PAC coated Brushes (PAC-B) and PAC Sampler (PAC-S) were used to prospect PAC efficacy in virus adsorption and above all, the feasibility of virus retrieval from them, allowing to further analysis such as molecular analysis quantification. Aiming at the development of a field-operational tool, PAC saturation and reusability were also investigated, as well as PAC-polarisation effect on its adsorption capacity. Our results pointed out that sorbent-based probes exhibited a high adsorption efficacy of spiked Murine Norovirus (MNV-1) in bare 0.1 M NaCl solution (>90 % for PAC-B and >86 % for PAC-F at ≈107 genome unit virus concentration), with no saturation within our experimental framework. On the other hand, polarisation assays using PAC-F as electrode, did not demonstrate any adsorption improvement. Experiments on PAC probes reusability suggested that they should be used three times at the most for a maximum efficiency. Values of virus retrieval were low (up to 11 % with PAC-B and up to 14 % with PAC-F in 0.1 M NaCl virus suspensions), illustrating the need for the techniques to be improved. A preliminary field assay using PAC-S, demonstrated that our catch-and-retrieve protocol yielded to the detection of autochthonous human Norovirus Genogroup I (NoV GI) and Adenovirus (AdV), in wastewaters suggesting its promising application as virus detection tool in such high loaded and complex waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doriane Delafosse
- Laboratoire Abiolab-Asposan, Montbonnot-Saint-Martin, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France.
| | | | | | | | - Yasushi Soneda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Energy Process Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Patrice Morand
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institut de biologie structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Duclaux
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, EDYTEM, F-73000, Chambéry, France
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Garcia A, Le T, Jankowski P, Yanaç K, Yuan Q, Uyaguari-Diaz MI. Quantification of human enteric viruses as alternative indicators of fecal pollution to evaluate wastewater treatment processes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12957. [PMID: 35186509 PMCID: PMC8852272 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the potential use and quantification of human enteric viruses in municipal wastewater samples of Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada) as alternative indicators of contamination and evaluated the processing stages of the wastewater treatment plant. During the fall 2019 and winter 2020 seasons, samples of raw sewage, activated sludge, effluents, and biosolids (sludge cake) were collected from the North End Sewage Treatment Plant (NESTP), which is the largest wastewater treatment plant in the City of Winnipeg. DNA (Adenovirus and crAssphage) and RNA enteric viruses (Pepper mild mottle virus, Norovirus genogroups GI and GII, Rotavirus Astrovirus, and Sapovirus) as well as the uidA gene found in Escherichia coli were targeted in the samples collected from the NESTP. Total nucleic acids from each wastewater treatment sample were extracted using a commercial spin-column kit. Enteric viruses were quantified in the extracted samples via quantitative PCR using TaqMan assays. Overall, the average gene copies assessed in the raw sewage were not significantly different (p-values ranged between 0.1023 and 0.9921) than the average gene copies assessed in the effluents for DNA and RNA viruses and uidA in terms of both volume and biomass. A significant reduction (p-value ≤ 0.0438) of Adenovirus and Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII was observed in activated sludge samples compared with those for raw sewage per volume. Higher GCNs of enteric viruses were observed in dewatered sludge samples compared to liquid samples in terms of volume (g of sample) and biomass (ng of nucleic acids). Enteric viruses found in gene copy numbers were at least one order of magnitude higher than the E. coli marker uidA, indicating that enteric viruses may survive the wastewater treatment process and viral-like particles are being released into the aquatic environment. Viruses such as Noroviruses genogroups GI and GII, and Rotavirus were detected during colder months. Our results suggest that Adenovirus, crAssphage, and Pepper mild mottle virus can be used confidently as complementary viral indicators of human fecal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tri Le
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Paul Jankowski
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Kadir Yanaç
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Qiuyan Yuan
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Tyagi N, Gurian PL, Kumar A. Using QMRA to understand possible exposure risks of SARS-CoV-2 from the water environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:7240-7253. [PMID: 34467495 PMCID: PMC8408015 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the human risk of infection due to inadvertent ingestion of water during swimming in a river that receives SARS-CoV-2-containing effluent from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) approach was applied for risk estimation using dose-response models (DRM) of different surrogate coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV) and the virus responsible for most infectious respiratory illnesses (i.e., influenza A H5N1) due to the unavailability of DRM for SARS-CoV-2. The ratio of infectious concentration to genomic copies of SARS-CoV-2 is unknown and also unavailable for other coronaviruses. Therefore, literature-based information on enteric viruses was used for formulating the ratio used for QMRA, although it is acknowledged that identifying this information for SARS-CoV-2 is a priority, and in the absence of information specific to SARS-CoV-2, another coronavirus would be a preferable surrogate to the enteric viruses used here. The calculated concentration of ingested SARS-CoV-2 ranged between 4.6 × 10-7 and 80.5 genomic copies/dip (one swim = 32 mL). The risk of infection (> 9 × 10-12 to 5.8 × 10-1) was found to be > 1/10,000 annual risk of infection. Moreover, the study revealed that the risk estimation was largely dependent on the value of the molecular concentration of SARS-CoV-2 (gc/mL). Overall immediate attention is required for obtaining information on the (i) ratio of infectious virus to genomic copies, (ii) DRM for SARS-CoV-2, and (iii) virus reduction rate after treatment in the WWTPs. The QMRA structure used in present findings is helpful in analyzing and prioritizing upcoming health risks due to swimming performed in contaminated rivers during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Tyagi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India
| | - Patrick L. Gurian
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Arun Kumar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, 110016 India
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Hata A, Shirasaka Y, Ihara M, Yamashita N, Tanaka H. Spatial and temporal distributions of enteric viruses and indicators in a lake receiving municipal wastewater treatment plant discharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146607. [PMID: 33773350 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although lake water can be used as a source of drinking water and recreational activities, there is a dearth of research on the occurrence and fate of enteric viruses. Over a period of 14 months at six points in 2014-2015, we conducted monthly monitoring of the virological water quality of a Japanese lake. The lake receives effluent from three surrounding wastewater treatment plants and retains water for about two weeks. These features allowed us to investigate the occurrence and fate of viruses in the lake environment. Human enteric viruses such as noroviruses and their indicators (pepper mild mottle virus and F-specific RNA bacteriophage [FRNAPH] genogroups) were quantified by PCR-based assays. Additionally, FRNAPH genogroups were quantified by infectivity-based assays to estimate the degree of virus inactivation. Pepper mild mottle virus, genogroup II (GII) norovirus, and GI-FRNAPH were identified in relatively high frequencies (positive in >40% out of 64 samples), with concentrations ranging from 1.3 × 101 to 2.9 × 104 copies/L. Human enteric viruses and some indicators were not detected and less prevalent, respectively, after April 2015. Principal component analysis revealed that the virological water quality changed gradually over time, but its differences between the sampling points were not apparent. FRNAPH genogroups were inactivated during the warm season (averaged water temperature of >20 °C) compared to the cool season (averaged water temperature of <20 °C), which may have been due to the more severe environmental stresses such as sunlight and water temperature. This suggests that the infection risk associated with the use of the lake water may have been overestimated by the gene quantification assay during the warm season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Hata
- Department of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, 5180 Kurokawa, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan.
| | - Yuya Shirasaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Yamashita
- Course of Rural Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8566, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
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12
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A, Kelleher J, Herrmann MP, Pemberton AC, Ahmed W, Villegas EN, Oshima K. Development of a large volume concentration method for recovery of coronavirus from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 774:145727. [PMID: 33607441 PMCID: PMC7870434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Levels of severe acute respiratory coronavirus type 2 (SARS CoV 2) RNA in wastewater could act as an effective means to monitor coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) within communities. However, current methods used to detect SARS CoV 2 RNA in wastewater are limited in their ability to process sufficient volumes of source material, inhibiting our ability to assess viral load. Typically, viruses are concentrated from large liquid volumes using two stage concentration, primary and secondary. Here, we evaluated a dead-end hollow fiber ultrafilter (D-HFUF) for primary concentration, followed by the CP Select™ for secondary concentration from 2 L volumes of primary treated wastewater. Various amendments to each concentration procedure were investigated to optimally recover seeded OC43 (betacoronavirus) from wastewater. During primary concentration, the D-HFUF recovered 69 ± 18% (n = 29) of spiked OC43 from 2 L of wastewater. For secondary concentration, the CP Select™ system using the Wastewater Application settings was capable of processing 100 mL volumes of primary filter eluates in <25 min. A hand-driven syringe elution proved to be significantly superior (p = 0.0299) to the CP Select™ elution for recovering OC43 from filter eluates, 48 ± 2% compared to 31 ± 3%, respectively. For the complete method (primary and secondary concentration combined), the D-HFUF and CP select/syringe elution achieved overall 22 ± 4% recovery of spiked OC43 through (n = 8) replicate filters. Given the lack of available standardized methodology confounded by the inherent limitations of relying on viral RNA for wastewater surveillance of SARS CoV 2, it is important to acknowledge these challenges when interpreting this data to estimate community infection rates. However, the development of methods that can substantially increase sample volumes will likely allow for reporting of quantifiable viral data for wastewater surveillance, equipping public health officials with information necessary to better estimate community infection rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Asja Korajkic
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Julie Kelleher
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Michael P Herrmann
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Adin C Pemberton
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Warish Ahmed
- CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
| | - Eric N Villegas
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Kevin Oshima
- Office of Research and Development, United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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13
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Dada AC, Gyawali P. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142989. [PMID: 33498115 PMCID: PMC7560119 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The current global Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic has heightened calls for studies to evaluate respiratory exposure for wastewater treatment workers. In this global first study, we assess occupational health risks to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators from inhalation of aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 using a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework. The following considerations were used to develop the QMRA and assess the illness risks to workers: a) the proportion of the population who are infected and thus responsible for shedding SARS-CoV-2 into raw wastewater; b) the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in raw and treated wastewater; c) the volume of aerosolized water inhaled by a WWTP operator during work; d) humidity and temperature-dependent viability of coronaviruses in aerosolized waste water; e) estimation of the amount, frequency, and duration of exposure; and f) exposure doses. The variables were then fed into an exponential dose response model to estimate the risks in three scenarios representing low-grade, moderate and aggressive outbreaks. These scenarios were designed on the assumption of 0.03%, 0.3% and 3% of the wastewater-generating population being infected with SARS-CoV-2. In terms of averaged-out illness risk profiles, the individual illness risks for low grade, moderate and aggressive outbreak scenarios respectively are 0.036, 0.32 and 3.21 illness cases per 1000 exposed WWTP operators. Our study suggests that the risk of accidental occupational exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in raw wastewater, via inhalation at the WWTP environment, is negligible, particularly when less than 0.3% of the population served by the plant are actively infected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradip Gyawali
- Enteric, Environmental and Food Virology Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Science and Research Ltd (ESR), Porirua, New Zealand
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14
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 PMCID: PMC7468340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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15
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Zaneti RN, Girardi V, Spilki FR, Mena K, Westphalen APC, da Costa Colares ER, Pozzebon AG, Etchepare RG. Quantitative microbial risk assessment of SARS-CoV-2 for workers in wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142163. [PMID: 32911141 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.28.20116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Faecal-oral transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is yet to be validated, but it is a critical issue and additional research is needed to elucidate the risks of the novel coronavirus in sanitation systems. This is the first study that investigates the potential health risks of SARS-CoV-2 in sewage to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. A quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) is applied for three COVID-19 scenarios (moderate, aggressive and extreme) to study the effects of different stages of the pandemic in terms of percentage of infected population on the probability of infection to WWTP workers. A dose-response model for SARS-CoV-1 (as a surrogate pathogen) is assumed in the QMRA for SARS-CoV-2 using an exponential model with k = 4.1 × 102. Literature data are incorporated to inform assumptions for calculating the viral load, develop the model, and derive a tolerable infection risk. Results reveal that estimates of viral RNA in sewage at the entrance of WWTPs ranged from 4.14 × 101 to 5.23 × 103 GC·mL-1 (viable virus concentration from 0.04 to 5.23 PFU·mL-1, respectively). In addition, estimated risks for the aggressive and extreme scenarios (2.6 × 10-3 and 1.3 × 10-2, respectively) were likely to be above the derived tolerable infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 of 5.5 × 10-4 pppy, thus reinforcing the concern of sewage systems as a possible transmission pathway of SARS-CoV-2. These findings are helpful as an early health warning tool and in prioritizing upcoming risk management strategies, such as Emergency Response Plans (ERPs) for water and sanitation operators during the COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kristina Mena
- University of Texas - Houston School of Public Health, Houston, United States
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16
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Janahi EM, Mustafa S, Parkar SFD, Naser HA, Eisa ZM. Detection of Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Indicators in a Sewage Treatment Center and Shallow Water Bay. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186483. [PMID: 32899918 PMCID: PMC7559856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of enteric viruses in treated wastewater and their potential release into the environment or use for agriculture are very critical matters in public health. In our study, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) analysis of enteric viruses was performed on 59 samples of influents and effluents collected from Tubli wastewater treatment plant (Water Pollution Control Center (WPCC)) and Tubli Bay, where the effluents were discharged, in Kingdom of Bahrain during two sampling periods. Four clinically essential waterborne enteric viruses were examined: enterovirus (EV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), astroviruses (AV), and rotaviruses (RV) and compared to standard bacterial and bacteriophages indicators of fecal pollution. Detection rates of EV, AV, HAV, and RV in the influent samples were 100%, 75%, 12.5%, and 12.5%, respectively, while 50% of the effluent samples from Tubli WPCC contained only EV RNA. None of the tested enteric viruses could be detected in any of the samples collected directly from Tubli Bay. Effluent samples from Tubli plant did not show significant seasonal differences. Since detection of enteric viruses genome does not necessarily indicate infectivity, the infectivity of these viruses was evaluated through isolation and growth of indictor bacteria and bacteriophages. High concentration of fecal bacteriological indicators was detected in all effluents samples (100%): 3.20 × 103 cfu/mL for E. coli, 1.32 × 103 cfu/mL for Salmonella spp., and 1.92 × 103 cfu/mL for Shigella spp. E. coli and Salmonella specific bacteriophages were also detected in the effluent samples in high titers. The combined results of PCR and bacterial enumeration point to a probable public health risk via the use of these wastewaters in agriculture or their discharge into the sea. Continuous surveillance of viral and bacterial prevalence and their resistance to sewage disinfection procedures could contribute to a better control of risks associated with the recycling of effluent wastewater and its release into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M. Janahi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain; (S.M.); (S.F.D.P.); (H.A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sakina Mustafa
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain; (S.M.); (S.F.D.P.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Saba F. D. Parkar
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain; (S.M.); (S.F.D.P.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Humood A. Naser
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir 32038, Bahrain; (S.M.); (S.F.D.P.); (H.A.N.)
| | - Zaki M. Eisa
- The National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Jazan 82722-2476, Saudi Arabia;
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17
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Environmental and Adaptive Changes Necessitate a Paradigm Shift for Indicators of Fecal Contamination. Microbiol Spectr 2020. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.erv-0001-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Changes in the occurrence, distribution, and seasonal variation of waterborne pathogens due to global climate change may increase the risk of human exposure to these microorganisms, thus heightening the need for more reliable surveillance systems. Routine monitoring of drinking water supplies and recreational waters is performed using fecal indicator microorganisms, such as
Escherichia coli
,
Enterococcus
spp., and coliphages. However, the presence and numbers of these indicators, especially
E. coli
and
Enterococcus
spp., do not correlate well with those of other pathogens, especially enteric viruses, which are a major cause of waterborne outbreaks associated with contaminated water and food, and recreational use of lakes, ponds, rivers, and estuarine waters. For that reason, there is a growing need for a surveillance system that can detect and quantify viral pathogens directly in water sources to reduce transmission of pathogens associated with fecal transmission. In this review, we present an updated overview of relevant waterborne enteric viruses that we believe should be more commonly screened to better evaluate water quality and to determine the safety of water use and reuse and of epidemiological data on viral outbreaks. We also discuss current methodologies that are available to detect and quantify these viruses in water resources. Finally, we highlight challenges associated with virus monitoring. The information presented in this review is intended to aid in the assessment of human health risks due to contact with water sources, especially since current environmental and adaptive changes may be creating the need for a paradigm shift for indicators of fecal contamination.
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18
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Wen X, Zheng H, Yuan F, Zhu H, Kuang D, Shen Z, Lu Y, Yuan Z. Comparative Study of Two Methods of Enteric Virus Detection and Enteric Virus Relationship with Bacterial Indicator in Poyang Lake, Jiangxi, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16183384. [PMID: 31547457 PMCID: PMC6765907 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, water contaminated with fecal matter poses a threat to public health and safety. Thus, enteric viruses are tested for as a part of water quality indicator assays; however, enteric viruses have not yet been listed in the criteria. Effective and sensitive methods for detecting enteric viruses are required in order to increase water safety. This study utilized enteric viruses as possible alternative indicators of water quality to examine fresh water in six sites in Poyang Lake, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province. The presence of norovirus geno-groups II (NoV GII), enteroviruses (EoV) and adenoviruses (AdV) were determined using Tianjin's protocol and Hawaii's protocol during a six month period from 2016-2017. The former used an electropositive material method for viral concentration and Taqman-q reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect enteric viruses; while the latter used a filtration-based method for viral concentration and RT-PCR for enteric virus detection. There is a statistically significant difference between Tianjin's method and Hawaii's method for the detection of enteric viruses, such as NoV GII, EoV, and AdV (n = 36, p < 0.001). The enteric viruses showed no significant positive correlation with bacteria indicators (n = 36, p > 0.05). These data stress the need for additional indicators when establishing water quality systems, and the possibility of using enteric viruses as water quality indicators. It has become essential to improve shortcomings in order to search for an adequate method to detect enteric viruses in water and to implement such method in water quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wen
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Huilie Zheng
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Fang Yuan
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Hui Zhu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Duyi Kuang
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Yuanan Lu
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
- Office of Public Health Studies, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Zhaokang Yuan
- School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang 330006, China.
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19
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Rosiles-González G, Ávila-Torres G, Moreno-Valenzuela OA, Cháidez-Quiroz C, Hernández-Flores CI, Acosta-González G, Brown JK, Betancourt WQ, Gerba CP, Hernández-Zepeda C. Norovirus and human adenovirus occurrence and diversity in recreational water in a karst aquifer in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 127:1255-1269. [PMID: 31309647 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the seasonal occurrence and diversity of norovirus (NoV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) in groundwater from sinkholes, and brackish water used for recreational activities in the karst aquifer of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. METHODS AND RESULTS Hollow fibre ultrafiltration was used to concentrate viruses and standard plaque assay methods were used to enumerate somatic and F+ specific coliphages as viral indicators. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to estimate the number of genome copies for NoV strains GI, and GII, and HAdVs. The predominant NoV genotypes and HAdV serotypes were identified by comparative sequence analysis. Somatic and male F+ specific coliphages were detected at concentrations up to 94 and 60 plaque-forming units per 100 ml respectively. The NoV genogroup I (GI) was associated with 50% of the sampled sites during the rainy season only, at concentrations ranging from 120 to 1600 genome copies per litre (GC l-1 ). The NoV genogroup II (GII) was detected in 30 and 40% of the sampled sites during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, at concentrations ranging from 10 to 290 GC l-1 . During the rainy and dry seasons, HAdVs were detected in 20% of the sites, at concentrations ranging from 24 to 690 GC l-1 . Identification of viral types revealed the presence of NoV GI.2, GII.Pe, GII.P16 and GII.P17, and HAdV F serotypes 40 and 41. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that NoVs and HAdVs are prevalent as virus contaminants in the karst aquifer, representing potential health risks particularly during the rainy season, in one of the most important areas used for tourism in Mexico. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is one of the few studies conducted in karst aquifers that provide a foundational baseline of the distribution, concentrations and diversity of NoVs and HadVs in these particular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rosiles-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - G Ávila-Torres
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - O A Moreno-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - C Cháidez-Quiroz
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo A.C., Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria, Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
| | - C I Hernández-Flores
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - G Acosta-González
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
| | - J K Brown
- School of Plant Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - W Q Betancourt
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C P Gerba
- Water and Energy Sustainable Technology (WEST) Center, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - C Hernández-Zepeda
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Unidad de Ciencias del Agua, Cancún, Quintana Roo, México
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20
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Leblanc D, Gagné MJ, Poitras É, Brassard J. Persistence of murine norovirus, bovine rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus on stainless steel surfaces, in spring water, and on blueberries. Food Microbiol 2019; 84:103257. [PMID: 31421763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.103257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The viability of murine norovirus (MNV-1), bovine rotavirus (boRV), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) was evaluated at 21 °C, 4 °C, and -20 °C on stainless steel surfaces, in bottled water, and on blueberries for up to 21 days. After 14 days of incubation at 21 °C on stainless steel, a viability loss >4 log for MNV-1, >8 log for boRV, and >1 log for HAV was observed. Losses were observed for MNV-1 (>1 log) and HAV (>2 log) incubated in water at 21 °C for 21 days. No significant loss was detected for MNV-1 and HAV at 4 °C and -20 °C and for boRV at 21 °C, 4 °C, and -20 °C. On blueberries incubated at 4 °C and -20 °C, they all maintained their infectivity. After 7 days at 21 °C, a loss >2 log, a loss of 3 log, and no loss were observed for boRV, MNV-1, and HAV, respectively. After RNase pretreatment, the detection of extracted RNA from infectious and noninfectious samples suggested the protection of RNA inside the capsid. Even though they all are enteric viruses, their persistence varied with temperature and the nature of the commodity. It is therefore important to use more than one viral surrogate, during inactivation treatments or implementation of control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Leblanc
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Gagné
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Élyse Poitras
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada
| | - Julie Brassard
- Saint-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, J2S 8E3, Canada.
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21
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Girardi V, Mena KD, Albino SM, Demoliner M, Gularte JS, de Souza FG, Rigotto C, Quevedo DM, Schneider VE, Paesi SO, Tarwater PM, Spilki FR. Microbial risk assessment in recreational freshwaters from southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:298-308. [PMID: 30240914 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, total coliforms (TC), Escherichia coli, enterovirus (EV), rotavirus (RV), and human mastadenovirus species C and F (HAdV-C and HAdV-F) were evaluated in water samples from Belo Stream. For HAdV-C and F, the infectivity was assessed by integrated cell culture quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (ICC-qPCR). Samples were collected monthly (May/2015 to April/2016) at four sites. Viral analyses were performed for both ultracentrifuge-concentrated and unconcentrated samples. For site P4 (used for recreational purposes), QMRA was applied to estimate health risks associated with exposure to E. coli and HAdV-C and F. TC and E. coli were present throughout the collection period. EV and RV were not detected. HAdV-C were present in 8.51% (1.89E + 06 to 2.28E + 07 GC (Genomic Copies)/L) and 21.27% (2.36E + 05 to 1.29E + 07 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For HAdV-F were 12.76% (2.77E + 07 to 3.31E + 08 GC/L) and 48.93% (1.10E + 05 to 4.50E + 08 GC/L) for unconcentrated and concentrated samples, respectively. For unconcentrated samples, infectivity for HAdV-C was detected in 37.20% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 25.58% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, infectivity was detected in 6.97% (1st ICC-qPCR) and 6.97% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For concentrated samples, HAdV-C infectious was observed in 17.02% (1st ICC-qPCR) and in 8.51% (2nd ICC-qPCR). For HAdV-F, were present in 8.51% for both 1st and 2nd ICC-qPCR. Statistical analyzes showed significant difference between the collection sites when analyzed the molecular data of HAdV-F, data of TC and E. coli. Correlation tests showed direct correlation between HAdV-F with E. coli and TC. E. coli concentrations translated to the lowest estimates of infection risks (8.58E-05 to 2.17E-03). HAdV-F concentrations were associated with the highest infection risks at 9.99E-01 and for group C, 1.29E-01 to 9.99E-01. These results show that commonly used bacterial indicators for water quality may not infer health risks associated with viruses in recreational freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
| | - Kristina D Mena
- School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Suelen M Albino
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, no 2600, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Gularte
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G de Souza
- Laboratório de Vírus, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Daniela M Quevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Vania E Schneider
- Instituto de Saneamento Ambiental (ISAM), Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Suelen O Paesi
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, no 1130, Caxias do Sul, RS 95070-560, Brazil
| | - Patrick M Tarwater
- School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239, no 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
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McGinnis S, Spencer S, Firnstahl A, Stokdyk J, Borchardt M, McCarthy DT, Murphy HM. Human Bacteroides and total coliforms as indicators of recent combined sewer overflows and rain events in urban creeks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 630:967-976. [PMID: 29554782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are a known source of human fecal pollution and human pathogens in urban water bodies, which may present a significant public health threat. To monitor human fecal contamination in water, bacterial fecal indicator organisms (FIOs) are traditionally used. However, because FIOs are not specific to human sources and do not correlate with human pathogens, alternative fecal indicators detected using qPCR are becoming of interest to policymakers. For this reason, this study measured correlations between the number and duration of CSOs and mm of rainfall, concentrations of traditional FIOs and alternative indicators, and the presence of human pathogens in two urban creeks. Samples were collected May-July 2016 and analyzed for concentrations of FIOs (total coliforms and E. coli) using membrane filtration as well as for three alternative fecal indicators (human Bacteroides HF183 marker, human polyomavirus (HPoV), pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV)) and nine human pathogens using qPCR. Four of the nine pathogens analyzed were detected at these sites including adenovirus, Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, norovirus, and Salmonella. Among all indicators studied, human Bacteroides and total coliforms were significantly correlated with recent CSO and rainfall events, while E. coli, PMMoV, and HPoV did not show consistent significant correlations. Further, human Bacteroides were a more specific indicator, while total coliforms were a more sensitive indicator of CSO and rainfall events. Results may have implications for the use and interpretation of these indicators in future policy or monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McGinnis
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan Spencer
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Firnstahl
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Joel Stokdyk
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | - Mark Borchardt
- US Department of Agriculture-US Geological Survey, Marshfield, WI, USA
| | | | - Heather M Murphy
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, December 2016/January 2017. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1318-1325. [PMID: 29781418 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881800122x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
An unexpected increase in gastroenteritis cases was reported by healthcare workers on the KwaZulu-Natal Coast, South Africa, January 2017 with >600 cases seen over a 3-week period. A case-control study was conducted to identify the source and risk factors associated with the outbreak so as to recommend control and prevention measures. Record review identified cases and controls and structured-telephonic interviews were conducted to obtain exposure history. Stool specimens were collected from 20 cases along with environmental samples and both screened for enteric pathogens. A total of 126 cases and 62 controls were included in the analysis. The odds of developing gastroenteritis were 6.0 times greater among holiday makers than residents (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0-17.7). Swimming in the lagoon increased the odds of developing gastroenteritis by 3.3 times (95% CI 1.06-10.38). Lagoon water samples tested positive for norovirus (NoV) GI.6, GII.3 and GII.6, astrovirus and rotavirus. Eleven (55%) stool specimens were positive for NoV with eight genotyped as GI.1 (n = 2), GI.5 (n = 3), GI.6 (n = 2), and GI.7 (n = 1). A reported sewage contamination event impacting the lagoon was the likely source with person-to-person spread perpetuating the outbreak. Restriction to swimming in the lagoon was apparently ineffective at preventing the outbreak, possibly due to inadequate enforcement, communication and signage strategies.
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Abstract
Viruses represent the most abundant and diverse of the biological entities in environmental waters, including the seas and probably also freshwater systems. They are important players in ecological networks in waters and influence global biochemical cycling and community composition dynamics. Among the many diverse viruses from terrestrial environments found in environmental waters, some are plant, animal, and/or human pathogens. The majority of pathogenic viral species found in waters are very stable and can survive outside host cells for long periods. The occurrence of such viruses in environmental waters has raised concerns because of the confirmation of the infectivity of waterborne viruses even at very low concentrations. This chapter focuses mainly on the survival of human, animal, and plant pathogenic viruses in aqueous environments, the possibility of their water-mediated transmission, the ecological implications of viruses in water, the methods adapted for detecting such viruses, and how to minimize the risk of viruses spreading through water.
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Monitoring of Poyang lake water for sewage contamination using human enteric viruses as an indicator. Virol J 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29301542 PMCID: PMC5755429 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0916-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recreational water contaminated with fecal pollution poses a great public health concern, as fecal waste may cause serious waterborne illnesses. Current recreational water standards using fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) have their limitations for human protection especially in developing countries such as China. Methods To explore the potential use of enteric viruses as a potential indicator of fecal contamination, four viruses: norovirus geno-groups I and II, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses were tested in this study using molecular detection methods and sensitive RT-PC developed in the University of Hawaii. Water samples were also tested for FIB in order to determine their association with enteric virus detection. Results All sample sites tested positive for four enteric viruses. Human enterovirus (58%) and adenovirus (67%) were more frequently detected from these six sites, followed by norovirus I (50%) and norovirus II (38%). Six sampling sites all met the level-I water quality of GB3838–2002 criteria in microbiological level, but they all tested positive for enteric viruses. Conclusion These findings indicate the current sewage contamination of Poyang Lake and also support the essential need of additional indicator such as human enteric viruses for enhanced monitoring of water quality since the presence of enteric viruses does not always correlate with fecal bacterial indicator detection.
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Shih YJ, Tao CW, Tsai HC, Huang WC, Huang TY, Chen JS, Chiu YC, Hsu TK, Hsu BM. First detection of enteric adenoviruses genotype 41 in recreation spring areas of Taiwan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017. [PMID: 28639027 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9513-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are DNA viruses found in recreational water, such as water parks and swimming pools. Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) is the most common serotype detected and is a leading cause of acute diarrheal disease. The focus of this study is to determine the prevalence of HAdVs in hot springs. Of 57 samples collected from four different geological sites, 16 samples have shown evidence of HAdVs (28.1%). HAdV-41 and porcine adenovirus 5 (PAdV-5) were the two types isolated, with a greater frequency of HAdV-41, which in other settings has been associated with acute diarrhea. The highest occurrence was found in private hot tubs/Yuya (37.5%), followed by an outlet of hot springs (30.8%); public pools and foot pools shared the same detection rate of 21.4% (3/14). However, there was no evidence supporting a link between water quality indicators and HAdV detection rate. From a phylogenic analysis and BLAST against the NCBI database, it was concluded that HAdV-41 obtained from hot spring areas are closely related to global environmental genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jia Shih
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Wei Tao
- Section of Respiratory Therapy, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-Chi Tsai
- School of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Psychiatry, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chien Huang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medicine College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Yi Huang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jung-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Chou Chiu
- General Surgery, Surgical Department, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tsui-Kang Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Bing-Mu Hsu
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Staggemeier R, Heck TMS, Demoliner M, Ritzel RGF, Röhnelt NMS, Girardi V, Venker CA, Spilki FR. Enteric viruses and adenovirus diversity in waters from 2016 Olympic venues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:304-312. [PMID: 28185736 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rio de Janeiro's inner and coastal waters are heavily impacted by human sewage pollution for decades. Enteric viruses, including human adenoviruses (HAdV), human enterovirus (EV), group A rotavirus (RV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are more likely to be found in contaminated surface waters. The present work aimed to assess the frequency and loads of EV, HAdV-C and -F species, RV and HAV in sand and water samples from venues used during the 2016 Summer Olympics and by tourists attending the event. Sixteen monthly collections were carried out from March 2015 to July 2016 in 12 different sites from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Total and thermotolerant coliform counting was performed along molecular detection of virus was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Analyses of all samples were further investigated by integrated cell culture PCR to check about the presence of HAdV infectious virus particles. The results show that 95.9% of water samples showed contamination with at least one type of virus. Regarding the viruses individually (% for water and sand respectively): HAdV-C (93.1%-57.8%), HAdV-F (25.3%-0%), RV (12.3%-4.4%), EV (26.7%-8.8%) and HAV (0%). The viral loads ranged from 103gc/L up to 109gc/L (water), and 103gc/g to 106gc/g (sand). In the phylogenetic tree, were classified into four main clusters, referring to species C, D, F and BAdV. And up to 90% of sites studied presented at least once presence of infectious HAdV-C. The most contaminated points were the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, where Olympic rowing took place, and the Marina da Glória, the starting point for the sailing races, demonstrating serious problem of fecal contamination of water resources and threatens the health of Olympic athletes, tourists and residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Staggemeier
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Tatiana M S Heck
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Meriane Demoliner
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Rute G F Ritzel
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Nicole M S Röhnelt
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Viviane Girardi
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Venker
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Universidade Feevale, ERS 239 no. 2755, Novo Hamburgo, RS 93352-000, Brazil.
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Arredondo-Hernandez LJR, Diaz-Avalos C, Lopez-Vidal Y, Castillo-Rojas G, Mazari-Hiriart M. FRNA Bacteriophages as Viral Indicators of Faecal Contamination in Mexican Tropical Aquatic Systems. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170399. [PMID: 28114378 PMCID: PMC5256921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A particular challenge to water safety in populous intertropical regions is the lack of reliable faecal indicators to detect microbiological contamination of water, while the numerical relationships of specific viral indicators remain largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate the numerical relationships of FRNA-bacteriophage genotypes, adenovirus 41, and human adenoviruses (HADV) in Mexican surface water systems to assess sewage contamination. We studied the presence of HADV, HADV41 and FRNA bacteriophage genotypes in water samples and quantified by qPCR and RT-qPCR. Virus and water quality indicator variances, as analyzed by principal component analysis and partial least squared regression, followed along the major percentiles of water faecal enterococci. FRNA bacteriophages adequately deciphered viral and point source water contamination. The strongest correlation for HADV was with FRNA bacteriophage type II, in water samples higher than the 50th percentiles of faecal enterococci, thus indicating urban pollution. FRNA bacteriophage genotypes I and III virus indicator performances were assisted by their associations with electrical conductivity and faecal enterococci. In combination, our methods are useful for inferring water quality degradation caused by sewage contamination. The methods used have potential for determining source contamination in water and, specifically, the presence of enteric viruses where clean and contaminated water have mixed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jose Rene Arredondo-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- * E-mail:
| | - Carlos Diaz-Avalos
- Departamento de Probabilidad y Estadística, Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yolanda Lopez-Vidal
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo Castillo-Rojas
- Programa de Inmunología Molecular Microbiana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marisa Mazari-Hiriart
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Sterk A, de Man H, Schijven JF, de Nijs T, de Roda Husman AM. Climate change impact on infection risks during bathing downstream of sewage emissions from CSOs or WWTPs. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:11-21. [PMID: 27591704 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to influence infection risks while bathing downstream of sewage emissions from combined sewage overflows (CSOs) or waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) due to changes in pathogen influx, rising temperatures and changing flow rates of the receiving waters. In this study, climate change impacts on the surface water concentrations of Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium and norovirus originating from sewage were modelled. Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) was used to assess changes in risks of infection. In general, infection risks downstream of WWTPs are higher than downstream CSOs. Even though model outputs show an increase in CSO influxes, in combination with changes in pathogen survival, dilution within the sewage system and bathing behaviour, the effects on the infection risks are limited. However, a decrease in dilution capacity of surface waters could have significant impact on the infection risks of relatively stable pathogens like Cryptosporidium and norovirus. Overall, average risks are found to be higher downstream WWTPs compared to CSOs. Especially with regard to decreased flow rates, adaptation measures on treatment at WWTPs may be more beneficial for human health than decreasing CSO events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankie Sterk
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Jack F Schijven
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria de Roda Husman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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The influence of incubation time on adenovirus quantitation in A549 cells by most probable number. J Virol Methods 2016; 237:200-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Asami T, Katayama H, Torrey JR, Visvanathan C, Furumai H. Evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 101:84-94. [PMID: 27258619 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In order to properly assess and manage the risk of infection by enteric viruses in tap water, virus removal efficiency should be evaluated quantitatively for individual processes in actual drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs); however, there have been only a few studies due to technical difficulties in quantifying low virus concentration in water samples. In this study, the removal efficiency of indigenous viruses was evaluated for coagulation-sedimentation (CS) and rapid sand filtration (RSF) processes in a DWTP in Bangkok, Thailand by measuring the concentration of viruses before and after treatment processes using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Water samples were collected and concentrated from raw source water, after CS, and after RSF, and inhibitory substances in water samples were reduced by use of a hydrophobic resin (DAX-8). Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) and JC polyomavirus (JC PyV) were found to be highly prevalent in raw waters, with concentrations of 10(2.88 ± 0.35) and 10(3.06 ± 0.42) copies/L (geometric mean ± S.D.), respectively. Step-wise removal efficiencies were calculated for individual processes, with some variation observed between wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, PMMoV was removed less by CS and more by RSF on average (0.40 log10 vs 1.26 log10, respectively), while the reverse was true for JC PyV (1.91 log10 vs 0.49 log10, respectively). Both viruses were removed similarly during the dry season, with CS removing the most virus (PMMoV, 1.61 log10 and 0.78 log10; JC PyV, 1.70 log10, and 0.59 log10; CS and RSF, respectively). These differences between seasons were potentially due to variations in raw water quality and the characteristics of the viruses themselves. These results suggest that PMMoV and JC PyV, which are more prevalent in environmental waters than the other enteric viruses evaluated in this study, could be useful in determining viral fate for the risk management of viruses in water treatment processes in actual full-scale DWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Asami
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Jason Robert Torrey
- Department of Urban Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Chettiyappan Visvanathan
- Environmental Engineering and Management Program, School of Environment, Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Hiroaki Furumai
- Research Center for Water Environment Technology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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Fout GS, Cashdollar JL. EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay. J Vis Exp 2016:52437. [PMID: 27684193 PMCID: PMC5092008 DOI: 10.3791/52437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Method 1615 was developed with the goal of providing such a standard for measuring Enterovirus and Norovirus in these waters. Virus is concentrated from water using an electropositive filter, eluted from the filter surface with beef extract, and then concentrated further using organic flocculation. Herein we present the protocol from Method 1615 for filter elution, secondary concentration, and measurement of total culturable viruses. A portion of the concentrated eluate from each sample is inoculated onto ten replicate flasks of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cells. The number of flasks demonstrating cytopathic effects is used to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of infectious units per liter. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. Laboratories must meet defined performance standards. Method 1615 was evaluated by examining virus recovery from reagent-grade and ground waters seeded with Sabin poliovirus type 3. Mean poliovirus recoveries with the total culturable assay were 111% in reagent grade water and 58% in groundwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Shay Fout
- National Exposure Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
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Pimenta AI, Guerreiro D, Madureira J, Margaça FMA, Cabo Verde S. Tracking Human Adenovirus Inactivation by Gamma Radiation under Different Environmental Conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5166-73. [PMID: 27316961 PMCID: PMC4988180 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01229-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adenovirus is the most prevalent enteric virus in waters worldwide due to its environmental stability, which leads to public health concerns. Mitigation strategies are therefore required. The aim of this study was to assess the inactivation of human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV-5) by gamma radiation in aqueous environments. Various substrates with different organic loads, including domestic wastewater, were inoculated with HAdV-5 either individually or in a viral pool (with murine norovirus type 1 [MNV-1]) and were irradiated in a Cobalt-60 irradiator at several gamma radiation doses (0.9 to 10.8 kGy). The infectivity of viral particles, before and after irradiation, was tested by plaque assay using A549 cells. D10 values (dose required to inactivate 90% of a population or the dose of irradiation needed to produce a 1 log10 reduction in the population) were estimated for each substrate based on virus infectivity inactivation exponential kinetics. The capability of two detection methods, nested PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), to track inactivated viral particles was also assessed. After irradiation at 3.5 kGy, a reduction of the HAdV-5 titer of 4 log PFU/ml on substrates with lower organic loads was obtained, but in highly organic matrixes, the virus titer reduction was only 1 log PFU/ml. The D10 values of HAdV-5 in high organic substrates were significantly higher than in water suspensions. The obtained results point out some discrepancies between nested PCR, ELISA, and plaque assay on the assessments of HAdV-5 inactivation. These results suggest that the inactivation of HAdV-5 by gamma radiation, in aqueous environments, is significantly affected by substrate composition. This study highlights the virucidal potential of gamma radiation that may be used as a disinfection treatment for sustainable water supplies. IMPORTANCE Human adenovirus (HAdV) is the most prevalent of the enteric viruses in environmental waters worldwide. The purposes of this study are to provide new insights on the inactivation of enteric virus by gamma irradiation and to introduce new concepts and reinforce the benefits and utility of radiation technologies as disinfection processes. This may be an effective tool to guarantee the reduction of viral pathogens and to contribute to public health and sustainable water supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia I Pimenta
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Loures, Portugal
| | - Duarte Guerreiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Loures, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Loures, Portugal
| | - Fernanda M A Margaça
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Loures, Portugal
| | - Sandra Cabo Verde
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Bobadela, Loures, Portugal
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Uyaguari-Diaz MI, Chan M, Chaban BL, Croxen MA, Finke JF, Hill JE, Peabody MA, Van Rossum T, Suttle CA, Brinkman FSL, Isaac-Renton J, Prystajecky NA, Tang P. A comprehensive method for amplicon-based and metagenomic characterization of viruses, bacteria, and eukaryotes in freshwater samples. MICROBIOME 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27391119 PMCID: PMC5011856 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of environmental microbiota typically target only specific groups of microorganisms, with most focusing on bacteria through taxonomic classification of 16S rRNA gene sequences. For a more holistic understanding of a microbiome, a strategy to characterize the viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic components is necessary. RESULTS We developed a method for metagenomic and amplicon-based analysis of freshwater samples involving the concentration and size-based separation of eukaryotic, bacterial, and viral fractions. Next-generation sequencing and culture-independent approaches were used to describe and quantify microbial communities in watersheds with different land use in British Columbia. Deep amplicon sequencing was used to investigate the distribution of certain viruses (g23 and RdRp), bacteria (16S rRNA and cpn60), and eukaryotes (18S rRNA and ITS). Metagenomic sequencing was used to further characterize the gene content of the bacterial and viral fractions at both taxonomic and functional levels. CONCLUSION This study provides a systematic approach to separate and characterize eukaryotic-, bacterial-, and viral-sized particles. Methodologies described in this research have been applied in temporal and spatial studies to study the impact of land use on watershed microbiomes in British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel I. Uyaguari-Diaz
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Bonnie L. Chaban
- South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, Sir Ernst Chain Building, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Matthew A. Croxen
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
| | - Jan F. Finke
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Janet E. Hill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4 Canada
| | - Michael A. Peabody
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Thea Van Rossum
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Curtis A. Suttle
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1Z8 Canada
| | - Fiona S. L. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, South Science Building, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Judith Isaac-Renton
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Natalie A. Prystajecky
- British Columbia Public Health Laboratory, British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Patrick Tang
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, PO Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
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Wang DN, Liu L, Qiu ZG, Shen ZQ, Guo X, Yang D, Li J, Liu WL, Jin M, Li JW. A new adsorption-elution technique for the concentration of aquatic extracellular antibiotic resistance genes from large volumes of water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 92:188-198. [PMID: 26854607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular antibiotic resistance genes (eARGs) that help in the transmission and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are emerging environmental contaminants in water, and there is therefore a growing need to assess environmental levels and associated risks of eARGs. However, as they are present in low amounts, it is difficult to detect eARGs in water directly with PCR techniques. Here, we prepared a new type of nucleic acid adsorption particle (NAAP) with high capacity and developed an optimal adsorption-elution method to concentrate eARGs from large volumes of water. With this technique, we were able to achieve an eARG recovery rate of above 95% from 10 L of water samples. Moreover, combining this new method with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), the sensitivity of the eARG detection was 10(4) times that of single qPCR, with the detection limit lowered to 100 gene copies (GCs)/L. Our analyses showed that the eARG load, virus load and certain water characteristics such as pH, chemical oxygen demand (CODMn), and turbidity affected the eARGs recovery rate. However, high eARGs recovery rates always remained within the standard limits for natural surface water quality, while eARG levels in water were lower than the detection limits of single qPCR assays. The recovery rates were not affected by water temperature and heterotrophic plate counts (HPC). The eARGs whatever located in the plasmids or the short-length linear DNAs can be recovered from the water. Furthermore, the recovery rate was high even in the presence of high concentrations of plasmids in different natural water (Haihe river, well water, raw water for drinking water, Jinhe river, Tuanbo lake and the Yunqiao reservoir). By this technology, eARGs concentrations were found ranging from (2.70 ± 0.73) × 10(2) to (4.58 ± 0.47) × 10(4) GCs/L for the extracellular ampicillin resistance gene and (5.43 ± 0.41) × 10(2) to (2.14 ± 0.23) × 10(4) GCs/L for the extracellular gentamicin resistance gene in natural water for the first time, respectively. All these findings suggest that NAAPs have great potential for the monitoring of eARGs pollution in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Ning Wang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Qiu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Shen
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wei-Li Liu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
| | - Jun-Wen Li
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China.
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Sun S, Shi Y, Tong HI, Kang W, Wang Z, Allmann E, Lu Y. Effective concentration, recovery, and detection of infectious adenoviruses from environmental waters. J Virol Methods 2016; 229:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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McMinn BR, Korajkic A, Grimm AC. Optimization and evaluation of a method to detect adenoviruses in river water. J Virol Methods 2016; 231:8-13. [PMID: 26874286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are often implicated in recreational water disease outbreaks but existing methods for their detection perform poorly within these matrices. In this study, small volume (100mL) concentration was used to identify processes that promoted recovery of adenovirus from river water. Several alternative secondary concentration techniques were investigated and compared to the baseline method consisting of primary concentration via filtration, followed by celite mediated secondary concentration. The alternative secondary concentrations included multiple filter elutions, soaking the filter for 15 min prior to elution and concentration using pre-treated celite (river water, 1.5% and 3% milk) instead of a filter. Modifications of the viral nucleic acid extraction technique were also evaluated. Concentration using pre-treated celite and a modified extraction technique (10 min boil and a 1h ProK incubation at 37 °C) recovered significantly higher levels of adenovirus (P=0.001) than other methods tested. This optimized method increased recovery of spiked adenovirus (57 ± 27%) compared to baseline method performance (4 ± 3%) indicating that use of pre-treated celite as opposed to filtration significantly improves recovery. Application of the optimized concentration method to larger volume (1L) of river water resulted in similar recoveries (42 ± 19%) underlying the utility of this method to detect adenovirus from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R McMinn
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA.
| | - Asja Korajkic
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
| | - Ann C Grimm
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
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Elmahdy EM, Fongaro G, Schissi CD, Petrucio MM, Barardi CRM. Enteric viruses in surface water and sediment samples from the catchment area of Peri Lagoon, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2016; 14:142-154. [PMID: 26837838 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to quantify human adenovirus (HAdV), rotavirus species A (RVA), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in surface water and sediments and to determine the viability of HAdV in these samples. Water and sediment samples were collected, and HAdV, RVA, and HAV were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR); HAdV was also evaluated for infectivity by a plaque assay (PA). For the water samples, HAdV was detected in 70.8% of the summer collections, with 82.4% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 62.5%. For the sediment samples, the incidence of HAdV was 37.5% in the summer collections, with 66.7% containing infectious HAdV; the HAdV incidence in winter was 37.5%. RVA was detected in 20.8 and 45.8% of surface water samples collected in summer and winter, respectively, and 8.3 and 12.5% of sediment samples collected in summer and winter, respectively. HAV was detected only in surface waters, with 54.8 and 12.5% positivity in summer and winter samples, respectively. This study demonstrated that enteric viruses are present in water and sediments and that the presence of infectious viruses should be investigated whenever possible for quantitative microbial risk assessment studies. Combined analyses of water and sediments are important for reliable public health risk analysis of recreational and lagoon waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Elmahdy
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário s/n, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP. 88040-900, Brazil E-mail:
| | - G Fongaro
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário s/n, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP. 88040-900, Brazil E-mail:
| | - C D Schissi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário s/n, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP. 88040-900, Brazil E-mail:
| | - M M Petrucio
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Águas Continentais, Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário s/n, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP. 88040-970, Brazil
| | - C R M Barardi
- Laboratório de Virologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário s/n, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, CEP. 88040-900, Brazil E-mail:
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Corsi SR, Borchardt MA, Carvin RB, Burch TR, Spencer SK, Lutz MA, McDermott CM, Busse KM, Kleinheinz GT, Feng X, Zhu J. Human and Bovine Viruses and Bacteria at Three Great Lakes Beaches: Environmental Variable Associations and Health Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:987-95. [PMID: 26720156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens were measured at three beaches in Lake Michigan, environmental factors for predicting pathogen concentrations were identified, and the risk of swimmer infection and illness was estimated. Waterborne pathogens were detected in 96% of samples collected at three Lake Michigan beaches in summer, 2010. Samples were quantified for 22 pathogens in four microbial categories (human viruses, bovine viruses, protozoa, and pathogenic bacteria). All beaches had detections of human and bovine viruses and pathogenic bacteria indicating influence of multiple contamination sources at these beaches. Occurrence ranged from 40 to 87% for human viruses, 65-87% for pathogenic bacteria, and 13-35% for bovine viruses. Enterovirus, adenovirus A, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, bovine polyomavirus, and bovine rotavirus A were present most frequently. Variables selected in multiple regression models used to explore environmental factors that influence pathogens included wave direction, cloud cover, currents, and water temperature. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment was done for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses to estimate risk of infection and illness. Median infection risks for one-time swimming events were approximately 2 × 10(-5), 8 × 10(-6), and 3 × 10(-7) [corrected] for C. jejuni, Salmonella spp., and enteroviruses, respectively. Results highlight the importance of investigating multiple pathogens within multiple categories to avoid underestimating the prevalence and risk of waterborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Mark A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Rebecca B Carvin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Tucker R Burch
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 2615 Yellowstone Drive, Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Susan K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, Wisconsin 54449, United States
| | - Michelle A Lutz
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center , 8505 Research Way, Middleton, Wisconsin 53562, United States
| | - Colleen M McDermott
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Kimberly M Busse
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Gregory T Kleinheinz
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, University of Wisconsin Oshkosh , 800 Algoma Boulevard, Oshkosh, Wisconsin 54901, United States
| | - Xiaoping Feng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1300 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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Maurer CP, Simonetti AB, Staggemeier R, Rigotto C, Heinzelmann LS, Spilki FR. Adenovirus, enterovirus and thermotolerant coliforms in recreational waters from Lake Guaíba beaches, Porto Alegre, Brazil. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2015; 13:1123-1129. [PMID: 26608773 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, molecular detection of human adenoviruses (HAdV) and enteroviruses (EV) was performed in surface water samples collected from beaches Ipanema and Lami, located on the shores of Lake Guaíba, city of Porto Alegre, RS, southern Brazil. Furthermore, water safety was evaluated by counting thermotolerant coliforms (TC), following local government regulations. A total of 36 samples were collected monthly from six different sites along the beaches. Viral genomes were found in 30 (83.3%) samples. The higher detection rate was observed for HAdV (77.8%), followed by EV (22.2%). Although low concentrations of TC have been found, the occurrence of viral genomes in water samples was frequent and may pose a potential risk of infection for people bathing in these beaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Maurer
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A B Simonetti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia Agrícola e do Ambiente, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Av. Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - R Staggemeier
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil E-mail:
| | - C Rigotto
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil E-mail:
| | - L S Heinzelmann
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil E-mail:
| | - F R Spilki
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and Programa de Pós-Graduação em Qualidade Ambiental, Universidade Feevale, CEP 93352-000, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil E-mail:
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Lim MCY, Wang YF, Huang SW, Yang JY, Wang JR. High Incidence of Mammalian Orthoreovirus Identified by Environmental Surveillance in Taiwan. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142745. [PMID: 26555962 PMCID: PMC4640864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild poliovirus (WPV) persists in diverse locales worldwide, spreading outward from endemic areas. In response to the international threat of WPV transmission and changes in the national vaccination policy, we established an environmental surveillance system to monitor the circulation of wild and vaccine-related poliovirus in Taiwan. From July 2012 to December 2013, we collected sewage specimens every month from 10 sewage treatment plants located throughout Taiwan. The specimens were concentrated by the two-phase separation method and then inoculated into L20B, RD, and A549 cells for virus isolation. Viral isolates were identified and serotyped by immunofluorescence assay or molecular analysis. A total of 300 sewage samples were collected, and the results showed 163 samples (54.3%) were positive for virus, and 268 isolates were identified. Among these, 75 samples (25%) were positive for enterovirus (EV), but no poliovirus was found. In addition, 92 isolates were identified as enteroviruses and the most common serotypes were coxsackievirus B4, coxsackievirus B3, and coxsackievirus B2. Interestingly, 102 (34%) and 82 (27.3%) specimens were positive for mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) and adenovirus, respectively. This study confirmed that sewage surveillance can be a useful additional modality for monitoring the possible presence of wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus in wastewater, and can indicate the current types of viruses circulating in the population. Furthermore, since MRV was found in children with acute necrotizing encephalopathy and meningitis, the high incidence of MRV detected by environmental surveillance warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Y. Lim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Huang
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Yuan Yang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Dorevitch S, DeFlorio-Barker S, Jones RM, Liu L. Water quality as a predictor of gastrointestinal illness following incidental contact water recreation. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 83:94-103. [PMID: 26141425 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microbial measures of water quality are predictors of gastrointestinal illness among swimmers in some settings but not in others. Little is known whether water quality measures predict illness among people who engage in popular water recreation activities such as paddling, rowing, fishing, or boating ("incidental contact water recreation"). We sought to evaluate indicator microbes, protozoan pathogens, and turbidity as predictors of gastrointestinal illness following incidental contact water recreation. A cohort study of incidental contact water recreation was conducted in the Chicago, USA area. Recreation took place on inland lakes, rivers, Lake Michigan, and an urban waterway heavily impacted by wastewater effluent. Water samples were analyzed for Escherichia coli, enterococci, somatic coliphages, F+ coliphages, Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. (oo)cysts, and for turbidity. Median enterococci concentrations were 71.0 and 199.8 colony forming units/100 mL at general use and effluent-dominated waters, respectively. Among 4694 study participants with complete covariate data, 193 (4.1%) developed gastrointestinal illness within three days of water recreation. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, water quality metrics did not predict gastrointestinal illness among water recreators. Several variables other than water quality were associated acute gastrointestinal illness. The odds of such illness was increased by approximately two-fold by the presence of a chronic gastrointestinal condition, water exposure to the face, and by approximately 50% among those who fished (as opposed to other incidental contact activities). The odds of illness were reduced by approximately 50% among individuals who frequently used a water body for recreation. Unlike studies of swimmers at wastewater-impacted beaches that observed associations between water quality and illness incidence, this study did not. Public health protections for incidental contact recreation might focus on reducing exposure, particularly among fishers, those with chronic gastrointestinal conditions, and new recreators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dorevitch
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 2121 W. Taylor Street M/C 922, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Stephanie DeFlorio-Barker
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 2121 W. Taylor Street M/C 922, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Rachael M Jones
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 2121 W. Taylor Street M/C 922, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Li Liu
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, 2121 W. Taylor Street M/C 922, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Lim KY, Hamilton AJ, Jiang SC. Assessment of public health risk associated with viral contamination in harvested urban stormwater for domestic applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 523:95-108. [PMID: 25863500 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Capturing stormwater is becoming a new standard for sustainable urban stormwater management, which can be used to supplement water supply portfolios in water-stressed cities. The key advantage of harvesting stormwater is to use low impact development (LID) systems for treatment to meet water quality requirement for non-potable uses. However, the lack of scientific studies to validate the safety of such practice has limited its adoption. Microbial hazards in stormwater, especially human viruses, represent the primary public health threat. Using adenovirus and norovirus as target pathogens, we investigated the viral health risk associated with a generic scenario of urban stormwater harvesting practice and its application for three non-potable uses: 1) toilet flushing, 2) showering, and 3) food-crop irrigation. The Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) results showed that food-crop irrigation has the highest annual viral infection risk (median range: 6.8×10(-4)-9.7×10(-1) per-person-per-year or pppy), followed by showering (3.6×10(-7)-4.3×10(-2)pppy), and toilet flushing (1.1×10(-7)-1.3×10(-4)pppy). Disease burden of each stormwater use was ranked in the same order as its viral infection risk: food-crop irrigation>showering>toilet flushing. The median and 95th percentile risk values of toilet-flushing using treated stormwater are below U.S. EPA annual risk benchmark of ≤10(-4)pppy, whereas the disease burdens of both toilet-flushing and showering are within the WHO recommended disease burdens of ≤10(-6)DALYspppy. However, the acceptability of showering risk interpreted based on the U.S. EPA and WHO benchmarks is in disagreement. These results confirm the safety of stormwater application in toilet flushing, but call for further research to fill the data gaps in risk modeling as well as risk benchmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keah-Ying Lim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-2175, USA
| | - Andrew J Hamilton
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Dookie Campus, Currawa, VIC 3647, Australia; Federation University Australia, Mt Helen Campus, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Sunny C Jiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617-2175, USA.
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44
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Murray R, Wilson S, Dalemarre L, Chanse V, Phoenix J, Baranoff L. Should We Put Our Feet in the Water? Use of a Survey to Assess Recreational Exposures to Contaminants in the Anacostia River. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2015; 9:19-27. [PMID: 26124665 PMCID: PMC4476373 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s19594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Anacostia River, a tributary of the Potomac River that flows into the Chesapeake Bay, is highly contaminated with raw sewage, heavy metals, oil and grease, trash, pathogens, excessive sediments, and organic chemicals. Despite this contamination, recreation on the river is very popular, including kayaking, canoeing, rowing, and sport fishing. There is currently no information available on the potential health risks faced by recreational users from exposure to the river's pollutants. A total of 197 recreational users of the Anacostia River were surveyed regarding general demographic information and their recreational behavior over the previous year, including frequency and duration of recreation and specific questions related to their water exposure. 84.1% of respondents who engaged in canoeing, kayaking, rowing, rafting, or paddling were exposed to water on their bodies during recreation. Some 27.2% of those exposed to water reported getting water in their mouth while recreating, and 60.7% of that group reported swallowing some of this water. This is the first study to examine the exposure to contaminants faced by the recreational population of the Anacostia River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sacoby Wilson
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Laura Dalemarre
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Victoria Chanse
- The Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Janet Phoenix
- The Department of Health Policy, The School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Lori Baranoff
- Anacostia Watershed Society, The George Washington House, Bladensburg, MD, USA
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45
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Health risk assessment related to waterborne pathogens from the river to the tap. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2967-83. [PMID: 25764059 PMCID: PMC4377946 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A two-year monitoring program of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Giardia duodenalis cysts, Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens spores and adenovirus was conducted in three large rivers in France used for recreational activities and as a resource for drinking water production. Fifty-liter river water and one thousand-liter tap water samples were concentrated using hollow-fiber ultrafiltration and analyzed by molecular biology or laser-scanning cytometry. In order to evaluate watershed land use influence on microorganism concentration changes, occurrence and seasonality of microorganisms were studied. The highest concentrations of protozoan parasites and C. perfringens were found for one of the three sites, showing a high proportion of agricultural territories, forests and semi-natural environments, which may be partly attributable to soil leaching due to rainfall events. On the contrary, the highest concentrations of adenoviruses were found at the two other sites, probably due to strong urban activities. Health risk assessment was evaluated for each waterborne pathogen regarding exposure during recreational activities (for a single or five bathing events during the summer). The calculated risk was lower than 0.5% for parasites and varied from 1% to 42% for adenovirus. A theoretical assessment of microorganism removal during the drinking water treatment process was also performed, and it showed that an absence of microorganisms could be expected in finished drinking water. This hypothesis was confirmed since all tested tap water samples were negative for each studied microorganism, resulting in a risk for drinking water consumption lower than 0.01% for parasites and lower than 0.5% for adenovirus.
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46
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Field evaluation of an improved cell line for the detection of human adenoviruses in environmental samples. J Virol Methods 2014; 205:68-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Corsi SR, Borchardt MA, Spencer SK, Hughes PE, Baldwin AK. Human and bovine viruses in the Milwaukee River watershed: hydrologically relevant representation and relations with environmental variables. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:849-60. [PMID: 24908645 PMCID: PMC7125695 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
To examine the occurrence, hydrologic variability, and seasonal variability of human and bovine viruses in surface water, three stream locations were monitored in the Milwaukee River watershed in Wisconsin, USA, from February 2007 through June 2008. Monitoring sites included an urban subwatershed, a rural subwatershed, and the Milwaukee River at the mouth. To collect samples that characterize variability throughout changing hydrologic periods, a process control system was developed for unattended, large-volume (56-2800 L) filtration over extended durations. This system provided flow-weighted mean concentrations during runoff and extended (24-h) low-flow periods. Human viruses and bovine viruses were detected by real-time qPCR in 49% and 41% of samples (n=63), respectively. All human viruses analyzed were detected at least once including adenovirus (40% of samples), GI norovirus (10%), enterovirus (8%), rotavirus (6%), GII norovirus (1.6%) and hepatitis A virus (1.6%). Three of seven bovine viruses analyzed were detected including bovine polyomavirus (32%), bovine rotavirus (19%), and bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (5%). Human viruses were present in 63% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt, and 20% of low-flow samples. Maximum human virus concentrations exceeded 300 genomic copies/L. Bovine viruses were present in 46% of runoff samples resulting from precipitation and snowmelt and 14% of low-flow samples. The maximum bovine virus concentration was 11 genomic copies/L. Statistical modeling indicated that stream flow, precipitation, and season explained the variability of human viruses in the watershed, and hydrologic condition (runoff event or low-flow) and season explained the variability of the sum of human and bovine viruses; however, no model was identified that could explain the variability of bovine viruses alone. Understanding the factors that affect virus fate and transport in rivers will aid watershed management for minimizing human exposure and disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Corsi
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, United States.
| | - M A Borchardt
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, United States
| | - S K Spencer
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 2615 Yellowstone Dr., Marshfield, WI 54449, United States
| | - P E Hughes
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, United States
| | - A K Baldwin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wisconsin Water Science Center, Middleton, WI 53562, United States
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48
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Jin M, Guo X, Wang XW, Yang D, Shen ZQ, Qiu ZG, Chen ZL, Li JW. Development of a novel filter cartridge system with electropositive granule media to concentrate viruses from large volumes of natural surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:6947-6956. [PMID: 24865258 DOI: 10.1021/es501415m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to various infectious viruses in environmental drinking water can constitute a public health risk. However, it is difficult to detect viruses in water due to their low concentration. In this study, we have developed a novel filter cartridge system containing electropositive granule media (EGM). Viruses present in large volumes of environmental samples were adsorbed onto the EGM, and then recovered by elution and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) concentration. To evaluate the system's efficiency in viral recovery, poliovirus (PV-1), a surrogate for enteric viruses, was used to artificially contaminate river water samples which were then assayed by quantitative real-time PCR. To optimize the concentration procedure, the eluent type, water flow rate and properties (e.g., pH, bacterial, and viral loads), were evaluated. The highest virus recovery was obtained by pumping river water at a flow rate of 300 mL/min and then pushing 3 L of an eluent containing 3× broth [1.5% (w/v) NaCl, 3% (w/v) tryptone, 1.5% (w/v) beef powder] with 0.05 mol/L glycine through the filter. Using this procedure, the recovery efficiencies of PV-1 from 10 to 100 L of spiked river water were up to 99%. In addition, this method is virus load and pH dependent. Virus recovery was maximal at a load of between 10(3.5) and 10(5.5) TCID50 and a pH ranging from 5 to 7. The bacterial load in the water has no effect on virus recovery. Different types of viruses and surface water were tested to validate the system's applicability. Results revealed that the EGM filter cartridge was able to concentrate PV-1, human adenoviruses (HAdVs) and noroviruses (HuNoVs) with high efficiency from river, lake, and reservoir water. Furthermore, it showed more efficient recovery than glass wool and 1MDS filters. These data suggest that this system provides rapid and efficient virus recovery from a large volume of natural surface water and, as such, could be a useful tool in revealing the presence of viruses in surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jin
- Department of Environment and Health, Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety , Tianjin 300050, China
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49
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Lee CS, Lee C, Marion J, Wang Q, Saif L, Lee J. Occurrence of human enteric viruses at freshwater beaches during swimming season and its link to water inflow. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 472:757-66. [PMID: 24333998 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human enteric viruses are significant etiological agents for many recreational waterborne illnesses. The occurrence and density of human enteric viruses such as human adenovirus (HAdV), human enterovirus (HEnV), and human norovirus genogroups I/II (HNoV GI/GII) were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) at freshwater beaches along with monitoring fecal indicators and environmental parameters. During the 2009 swimming season, water samples were collected from three inland freshwater beaches in Ohio, USA. Of the total samples, 40% (26/65) and 17% (11/65) were positive for HAdV and HEnV respectively, but HNoV GI/GII were not detected. There was no significant association among the detected human enteric viruses (HAdV and HEnV) and fecal bacteria indicators (Escherichia coli and Bacteroides) by Spearman correlation and principal component analyses. Logistic regression analysis also revealed that the odds of finding HAdV or HEnV was not influenced by levels of fecal bacteria indicators. However, there was a 14-fold increase in the odds of HEnV detection for each 1-log increase in daily water inflow (m(3)/s) into freshwater beach reservoirs (adjusted odds ratio=14.2; 95% confidence interval=1.19-171). In summary, the viral occurrence at the freshwater beaches was not readily explained by the levels of fecal bacteria indicators, but appeared to be more related to water reservoir inflows. These results suggest that hydrological data must be considered in future epidemiology efforts aimed at characterizing beach water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soo Lee
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Cheonghoon Lee
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason Marion
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- College of Public Health, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Food Sciences & Technology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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50
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Kundu A, McBride G, Wuertz S. Adenovirus-associated health risks for recreational activities in a multi-use coastal watershed based on site-specific quantitative microbial risk assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:6309-25. [PMID: 24045212 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We used site-specific quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) to assess the probability of adenovirus illness for three groups of swimmers: adults with primary contact, children with primary contact, and secondary contact regardless of age. Human enteroviruses and adenoviruses were monitored by qPCR in a multi-use watershed and Adenovirus type 40/41 was detected in 11% of 73 samples, ranging from 147 to 4117 genomes per liter. Enterovirus was detected only once (32 genomes per liter). Seven of eight virus detections occurred when E. coli concentrations were below the single sample maximum water quality criterion for contact recreation, and five of eight virus detections occurred when fecal coliforms were below the corresponding criterion. We employed dose-harmonization to convert viral genome measurements to TCID50 values needed for dose-response curves. The three scenarios considered different amounts of water ingestion and Monte Carlo simulation was used to account for the variability associated with the doses. The mean illness risk in children based on adenovirus measurements obtained over 11 months was estimated to be 3.5%, which is below the 3.6% risk considered tolerable by the current United States EPA recreational criteria for gastrointestinal illnesses (GI). The mean risks of GI illness for adults and secondary contact were 1.9% and 1.0%, respectively. These risks changed appreciably when different distributions were fitted to the data as determined by Monte Carlo simulations. In general, risk was at a maximum for the log-logistic distribution and lowest for the hockey stick distribution in all three selected scenarios. Also, under default assumptions, the risk was lowered considerably when assuming that only a small proportion of Adenovirus 40/41 (3%) was as infectious as Adenovirus type 4, compared to the assumption that all genomes were Adenovirus 4. In conclusion, site-specific QMRA on water-borne adenoviruses in this watershed provided a similar level of protection against public health risks as would be obtained by enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria under the new U.S. EPA guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arti Kundu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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