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do Amaral COF, Kantovitiz KR, de Araújo VC, Marega T, Teixeira LN, Martinez EF. Assessment of dental and periodontal indices and Streptococcus mutans virulence in fragile X syndrome patients. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024; 68:1026-1035. [PMID: 38717133 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common cause of hereditary genetic disorder in a single gene characterised by intellectual disability. Behavioural features such as autism, hyperactivity and anxiety disorder may be present. Biofilm development and pathogenicity of Streptococcus mutans may be altered because FXS renders the dental approach and oral hygiene more complex. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare the levels of transcripts for VicRK and CovR of S. mutans isolated from FXS patients with the levels of transcripts for VicRK and CovR of standard strain ATCC, using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). METHODS The caries experience index was assessed by the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), Periodontal Condition Index (PCI) and Invasive Dental Treatment Need Index (INI). RESULTS The clinical index findings revealed a high rate of caries cavities and bleeding on probing of FXS patients. When VicRK and CovR transcript levels were compared with the reference strain, Fragile X patients were found to have significantly higher values. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that FXS patients have more adverse clinical conditions, with increased biofilm accumulation and virulence. When combined with behavioural abnormalities, these patients become even more vulnerable to dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristhiane Olivia Ferreira do Amaral
- Division of Special Care, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
- Department of Special Care Dentistry, Dental School, Universidade do Oeste Paulista - UNOESTE, Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - V C de Araújo
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
| | - T Marega
- Division of Special Care, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
| | - L N Teixeira
- Division of Oral Pathology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
| | - E F Martinez
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, Brazil
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Giua G, Strauss B, Lassalle O, Chavis P, Manzoni OJ. Adaptive group behavior of Fragile X mice in unfamiliar environments. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111111. [PMID: 39074527 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) stands out as a prominent cause of inherited intellectual disability and a prevalent disorder closely linked to autism. FXS is characterized by substantial alterations in social behavior, encompassing social withdrawal, avoidance of eye contact, heightened social anxiety, increased arousal levels, language deficits, and challenges in regulating emotions. Conventional behavioral assessments primarily focus on short-term interactions within controlled settings. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of the adaptive group behavior of Fmr1 KO male mice over a three-day period, without introducing experimental interventions or task-based evaluations. The data unveiled intricate behavioral anomalies, with the most significant changes manifesting during the initial adaptation to unfamiliar environments. Notably, certain behaviors exhibited a gradual return to typical patterns over time. This dynamic Fmr1 KO phenotype exhibited heightened activity, featuring increased exploration, amplified social interest, and an unconventional approach to social interactions characterized by a higher frequency of shorter engagements. These findings contribute to the growing understanding of social behavior in individuals with FXS and underscore the significance of comprehending their adaptive responses in various environmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Giua
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Benjamin Strauss
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Olivier Lassalle
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Pascale Chavis
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, France
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- INMED, INSERM U1249, Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille University, France.
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Hall SS, Britton TC. Differential Effects of a Behavioral Treatment Probe on Social Gaze Behavior in Fragile X Syndrome and Non-Syndromic Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2024; 54:2719-2732. [PMID: 37142899 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05919-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine potential differences in social learning between individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading known inherited cause of intellectual disability, and individuals with non-syndromic autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Thirty school-aged males with FXS and 26 age and symptom-matched males with non-syndromic ASD, were administered a behavioral treatment probe designed to improve levels of social gaze during interactions with others. The treatment probe was administered by a trained behavior therapist over two days in our laboratory and included reinforcement of social gaze in two alternating training conditions - looking while listening and looking while speaking. Prior to each session, children in each group were taught progressive muscle relaxation and breathing techniques to counteract potential increased hyperarousal. Measures included the rate of learning in each group during treatment, in addition to levels of social gaze and heart rate obtained during administration of a standardized social conversation task administered prior to and following the treatment probe. Results showed that learning rates obtained during administration of the treatment probe were significantly less steep and less variable for males with FXS compared to males with non-syndromic ASD. Significant improvements in social gaze were also observed for males with FXS during the social conversation task. There was no effect of the treatment probe on heart rate in either group. These data reveal important differences in social learning between the two groups and have implications for early interventions in the two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S Hall
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Tobias C Britton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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Ellis K, White S, Dziwisz M, Agarwal P, Moss J. Visual attention patterns during a gaze following task in neurogenetic syndromes associated with unique profiles of autistic traits: Fragile X and Cornelia de Lange syndromes. Cortex 2024; 174:110-124. [PMID: 38502976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2024.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gaze following difficulties are considered an early marker of autism, thought likely to cumulatively impact the development of social cognition, language and social skills. Subtle differences in gaze following abilities may contribute to the diverse range social and communicative autistic characteristics observed across people with genetic syndromes, such as Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and fragile X (FXS) syndromes. AIMS To compare profiles of 1) visual attention to the eye region at critical points of the attention direction process, 2) whether children follow the gaze cue to the object, and 3) participant looking time to the target object following the gaze cue between groups and conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children with CdLS (N = 11) and FXS (N = 8) and autistic (N = 22) and neurotypical (N = 15) children took part in a passive viewing paradigm adapted from Senju and Csibra (2008), in which videos of a central cue (ball/cartoon face/human face) directed attention towards one of two objects. Visual attention patterns were recorded via eye tracking technology. RESULTS Neurotypical children were used as a reference group against which the autistic, CdLS and FXS groups were compared. Although autistic children looked at the eye region for significantly less time, they looked at the target object as frequently and for a similar duration as neurotypical children. Children with FXS looked at the target as frequently as neurotypical children but looked at it for comparatively less time. Both neurotypical children and children with CdLS frequently looked at the eye region, but children with CdLS were less likely to look at the target than neurotypical children. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide preliminary evidence of unique patterns of visual attention and gaze following strategies in children with CdLS, children with FXS and autistic children. These unique gaze following patterns may underpin the distinct profiles of social and communication autistic traits observed between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ellis
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Sarah White
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Malwina Dziwisz
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Paridhi Agarwal
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jo Moss
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
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Genovese AC, Butler MG. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders in Syndromic Autism. Brain Sci 2024; 14:343. [PMID: 38671997 PMCID: PMC11048128 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Syndromic autism refers to autism spectrum disorder diagnosed in the context of a known genetic syndrome. The specific manifestations of any one of these syndromic autisms are related to a clinically defined genetic syndrome that can be traced to certain genes and variants, genetic deletions, or duplications at the chromosome level. The genetic mutations or defects in single genes associated with these genetic disorders result in a significant elevation of risk for developing autism relative to the general population and are related to recurrence with inheritance patterns. Additionally, these syndromes are associated with typical behavioral characteristics or phenotypes as well as an increased risk for specific behavioral or psychiatric disorders and clinical findings. Knowledge of these associations helps guide clinicians in identifying potentially treatable conditions that can help to improve the lives of affected patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann C. Genovese
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA;
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Wands ZE, Cave DGW, Cromie K, Hough A, Johnson K, Mon-Williams M, Feltbower RG, Glaser AW. Early educational attainment in children with major congenital anomaly in the UK. Arch Dis Child 2024; 109:326-333. [PMID: 38262694 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2023-326471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe early educational attainment and special educational needs (SEN) provision in children with major congenital anomaly (CA) compared with peers. DESIGN Analysis of educational data linked to the ongoing Born in Bradford cohort study. Confounders were identified via causal inference methods and multivariable logistic regression performed. SETTING Children born in Bradford Royal Infirmary (BRI), West Yorkshire. PATIENTS All women planning to give birth at BRI and attending antenatal clinic from March 2007 to December 2010 were eligible. 12 453 women with 13 776 pregnancies (>80% of those attending) were recruited. Records of 555 children with major CA and 11 188 without were linked to primary education records. OUTCOMES Key Stage 1 (KS1) attainment at age 6-7 years in Maths, Reading, Writing and Science. SEN provision from age 4 to 7 years. RESULTS 41% of children with major CA received SEN provision (compared with 14% without), and 48% performed below expected standards in at least one KS1 domain (compared with 29% without). The adjusted odds of children with CA receiving SEN provision and failing to achieve the expected standard at KS1 were, respectively, 4.30 (95% CI 3.49 to 5.31) and 3.06 (95% CI 2.47 to 3.79) times greater than their peers. Those with genetic, heart, neurological, urinary, gastrointestinal and limb anomalies had significantly poorer academic achievement. CONCLUSIONS These novel results demonstrate that poor educational attainment extends to children with urinary, limb and gastrointestinal CAs. We demonstrate the need for collaboration between health and education services to assess and support children with major CA, so every CA survivor can maximise their potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë E Wands
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel G W Cave
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Kirsten Cromie
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Amy Hough
- Born in Bradford, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | - Kathryn Johnson
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- National Congenital Anomaly and Rare Disease Registration Service, London, UK
| | - Mark Mon-Williams
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Born in Bradford, Wolfson Centre for Applied Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Adam W Glaser
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics (LIDA), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Rajendran G, McKenna PE, Corley M. Characterising developmental disorders: Towards better group comparisons in developmental research. METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.metip.2022.100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Ridley E, Arnott B, Riby DM, Burt DM, Hanley M, Leekam SR. The Quality of Everyday Eye Contact in Williams Syndrome: Insights From Cross-Syndrome Comparisons. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 127:293-312. [PMID: 36122327 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-127.4.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Past research shows that individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) have heightened and prolonged eye contact. Using parent report measures, we examined not only the presence of eye contact but also its qualitative features. Study 1 included individuals with WS (n = 22, ages 6.0-36.3). Study 2 included children with different neurodevelopmental (ND) conditions (WS, autism spectrum condition, fragile X syndrome, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and children with neurotypical development (NT; n = 262, ages 4.0-17.11). Unusual eye contact features, including staring, were found in approximately half of the WS samples. However, other features such as brief glances were frequently found in WS and in all ND conditions, but not NT. Future research in ND conditions should focus on qualitative as well as quantitative features of eye contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Ridley
- Ellen Ridley, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Bronia Arnott
- Bronia Arnott, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Deborah M Riby
- Deborah M. Riby, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - D Michael Burt
- D. Michael Burt, Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Mary Hanley
- Mary Hanley, Centre for Neurodiversity & Development, Durham University, and Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Susan R Leekam
- Susan R. Leekam, Cardiff University Centre for Developmental Science, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK
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Zhang A, Sokolova I, Domissy A, Davis J, Rao L, Hana Utami K, Wang Y, Hagerman RJ, Pouladi MA, Sanna P, Boland MJ, Loring JF. OUP accepted manuscript. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:613-629. [PMID: 35556144 PMCID: PMC9216490 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading monogenic cause of intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, is caused by expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat in the 5ʹ-UTR of the Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 (FMR1) gene. Epigenetic silencing of FMR1 results in loss of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP). Although most studies to date have focused on excitatory neurons, recent evidence suggests that GABAergic inhibitory networks are also affected. To investigate human GABAergic neurogenesis, we established a method to reproducibly derive inhibitory neurons from multiple FXS and control human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. Electrophysiological analyses suggested that the developing FXS neurons had a delay in the GABA functional switch, a transition in fetal development that converts the GABAA channel’s function from depolarization to hyperpolarization, with profound effects on the developing brain. To investigate the cause of this delay, we analyzed 14 400 single-cell transcriptomes from FXS and control cells at 2 stages of GABAergic neurogenesis. While control and FXS cells were similar at the earlier time point, the later-stage FXS cells retained expression of neuroblast proliferation-associated genes and had lower levels of genes associated with action potential regulation, synapses, and mitochondria compared with controls. Our analysis suggests that loss of FMRP prolongs the proliferative stage of progenitors, which may result in more neurons remaining immature during the later stages of neurogenesis. This could have profound implications for homeostatic excitatory-inhibitory circuit development in FXS, and suggests a novel direction for understanding disease mechanisms that may help to guide therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Aspen Neuroscience, Inc.San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Irina Sokolova
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alain Domissy
- Center for Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Davis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lee Rao
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Biological and Medical Informatics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kagistia Hana Utami
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yanling Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mahmoud A Pouladi
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Translational Laboratory in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pietro Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Boland
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanne F Loring
- Corresponding author: Jeanne F. Loring, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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Bush L, Scott MN. Neuropsychological and ASD phenotypes in rare genetic syndromes: A critical review of the literature. Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 36:993-1027. [PMID: 34569897 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1980111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by core deficits in social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. Recent advances in clinical genetics have improved our understanding of genetic syndromes associated with ASD, which has helped clarify distinct etiologies of ASD and document syndrome-specific profiles of neurocognitive strengths and weaknesses. Pediatric neuropsychologists have the potential to be impactful members of the care team for children with genetic syndromes and their families. METHOD We provide a critical review of the current literature related to the neuropsychological profiles of children with four genetic syndromes associated with ASD, including Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), fragile X syndrome (FXS), 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. Recommendations for assessment, intervention, and future directions are provided. RESULTS There is vast heterogeneity in terms of the cognitive, language, and developmental abilities of these populations. The within- and across-syndrome variability characteristic of genetic syndromes should be carefully considered during clinical evaluations, including possible measurement limitations, presence of intellectual disability, and important qualitative differences in the ASD-phenotypes across groups. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with genetic disorders pose challenging diagnostic and assessment questions. Pediatric neuropsychologists with expertise in neurodevelopmental processes are well suited to address these questions and identify profiles of neurocognitive strengths and weaknesses, tailor individualized recommendations, and provide diagnostic clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Bush
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Megan N Scott
- The Pritzker Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL, USA
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A Behavioural Assessment of Social Anxiety and Social Motivation in Fragile X, Cornelia de Lange and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndromes. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:127-144. [PMID: 31541420 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04232-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Unique socio-behavioural phenotypes are reported for individuals with different neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, the effects of adult familiarity and nature of interaction on social anxiety and social motivation were investigated in individuals with fragile X (FXS; n = 20), Cornelia de Lange (CdLS; n = 20) and Rubinstein-Taybi (RTS; n = 20) syndromes, compared to individuals with Down syndrome (DS; n = 20). The Social Anxiety and Motivation Rating Scale was employed whilst participants completed four social tasks, each administered separately by a familiar adult, and also by an unfamiliar adult. Compared to participants with DS, those with FXS and RTS exhibited high levels of social anxiety but similar levels of social motivation. Participants with CdLS showed heightened social anxiety and reduced social motivation only during interactions with an unfamiliar adult when active participation was voluntary.
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Heald M, Adams D, Oliver C. Profiles of atypical sensory processing in Angelman, Cornelia de Lange and Fragile X syndromes. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2020; 64:117-130. [PMID: 31828905 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence to suggest that children with neurodevelopmental disorders may evidence differences in their sensory processing. The aim of this study was to compare sensory processing patterns in three genetic syndromes associated with sensory difference. METHODS Sensory processing in Angelman syndrome (n = 91), Cornelia de Lange syndrome (n = 28) and Fragile X syndrome (n = 40) was examined using the informant report measure the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). RESULTS All three groups were associated with a heightened prevalence of unusual sensory processing in comparison with normative data, evidenced in over 80% of all participants. Cross-syndrome comparisons highlighted syndrome-specific sensory processing profiles, with heightened hypo responsivity in Cornelia de Lange syndrome and sensory seeking in Angelman syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The results have important implications for the understanding of sensory processing in genetic syndromes and the development of tailored behavioural interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heald
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - D Adams
- Autism Centre of Excellence, School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - C Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Callari A, Miniati M. Clinical and Therapeutic Challenges when Psychiatric Disorders Occur in Neurological Diseases: A Narrative Review. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573400515666190411142109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Over the course of the 20th century, neurology and psychiatry diverged and became two separate disciplines. Subsequently, the continuous progress of neurosciences confused their boundaries. However, with ‘the splitting’ and ‘the lumping’ approaches, relevant difficulties remain in targeting clinical and therapeutic goals, when psychiatric signs and symptoms co-occur with neurological diseases.Objective:The study summarize current evidence on psychiatric signs and symptoms comorbid with neurological diseases, with the aim to provide information on diagnostic problems and available therapeutic options.Methods:Finding from searches of publications on ‘PsycInfo’, ‘Medline’, and ‘Science Direct’, from January 1993 to December 2018 (25 years) is summarized in a narrative manner on six main neurological areas: congenital neurological illnesses (n=16), dementias (n=15), basal ganglia diseases (n=30), epilepsy (n=22), strokes/focal brain injuries (n=29), and neurological neoplastic/paraneoplastic diseases (n=15).Results:Clinical phenotypes of psychiatric syndromes are frequently described in neurological studies. Little evidence is provided on the most adequate therapeutic approaches.Conclusion:Psychiatric syndromes in comorbidity with neurological diseases are heterogeneous and severe; evidence-based treatments are scarce. Despite a model supporting an equal approach between psychiatric and neurological syndromes, psychiatric syndromes in neurological diseases have been described, to a relevant degree, as less important, leading to a hierarchical primate of the neurological manifestations, and thus, in our opinion, limiting the systematic studies on psychopharmacological treatments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Miniati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Roberts J, Crawford H, Hogan AL, Fairchild A, Tonnsen B, Brewe A, O'Connor S, Roberts DA, Abbeduto L. Social Avoidance Emerges in Infancy and Persists into Adulthood in Fragile X Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 49:3753-3766. [PMID: 31165359 PMCID: PMC6698894 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-019-04051-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is characterized by both social approach and social avoidance. However, the age of emergence and developmental trajectory of social avoidance has not been examined. This study investigates the longitudinal developmental trajectory and dynamic nature of social avoidance in males with FXS from infancy through young adulthood (n = 191). Multiple facets of social avoidance were collected using the Social Avoidance Scale (Roberts et al. 2007, 2009). Overall, 81% of males with FXS displayed social avoidance, which emerged during infancy, increased in severity across childhood, and stabilized through adolescence and early adulthood. An exaggerated "warm up" effect was also observed in FXS. This study delineates the complex profile of social avoidance, a common and impairing behavioral feature of FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, 220 Barnwell College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Hayley Crawford
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Abigail L Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, 220 Barnwell College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Amanda Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, 220 Barnwell College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Bridgette Tonnsen
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Alexis Brewe
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, 220 Barnwell College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shannon O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, 220 Barnwell College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Douglas A Roberts
- Center for Leadership in Disability, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Leonard Abbeduto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and MIND Institute, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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15
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Hartley SL, DaWalt LS, Hong J, Greenberg JS, Mailick MR. Positive Emotional Support in Premutation Carrier Mothers of Adolescents and Adults With Fragile X Syndrome: Gene by Environment Interactions. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2019; 124:411-426. [PMID: 31512951 PMCID: PMC6948144 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-124.5.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We examined the benefit of emotional support on daily health in premutation carrier mothers of adolescents and adults with fragile X syndrome (n = 114), and whether this benefit was moderated by the mother's genetic status (FMR1 CGG repeat length). In an 8-day daily diary, maternal daily health was assessed subjectively through self-reported number of physical health symptoms and physiologically via cortisol awakening response. Multilevel lagged-day models indicated that premutation carrier mothers with midrange CGG repeats derived less health benefit from a day with high positive emotional support than those with lower or higher numbers of repeats within the premutation range. The data support the influence of both genetic and environmental influences on the health of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigan L Hartley
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Leann S DaWalt
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Sigan L. Hartley, Waisman Center and School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Leann S. DaWalt, Jinkuk Hong, Jan S. Greenberg, and Marsha R. Mailick, Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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16
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Groves L, Moss J, Crawford H, Nelson L, Stinton C, Singla G, Oliver C. Lifespan trajectory of affect in Cornelia de Lange syndrome: towards a neurobiological hypothesis. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:6. [PMID: 31174462 PMCID: PMC6555708 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Depressive symptomology and low affect are comparatively common in individuals with genetic disorders such as Cornelia de Lange syndrome. However, lifespan trajectories and associated person characteristics have not been examined. In this study, the trajectories for affect and associated behavioural characteristics were investigated in individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome with individuals with fragile X syndrome (FXS) comparable for chronological age and total number of behavioural indicators of ASD included for the purpose of contrast. Methods A 7-year longitudinal study of affect (mood, interest and pleasure) was conducted in individuals with CdLS (n = 44) and FXS (n = 95). The trajectories of low affect were explored, as well as associations between Time 1 behavioural characteristics and affect at Time 1 and Time 3 (7 years later). Results The CdLS group were lower in mood than the FXS group overall (p < .001). Interest and pleasure scores showed a significant decline over the lifespan for individuals with CdLS (p < .001) but not the FXS group. Lower level of ability at Time 1 was associated with lower mood at Time 1 and Time 3 in the FXS group only. Higher levels of ASD symptomology at Time 1 were associated with low mood and interest and pleasure in both syndrome groups at Time 1 and Time 3. Greater insistence on sameness at Time 1 was associated with lower mood at Time 1 in the FXS group and lower interest and pleasure at Time 1 and Time 3 in the CdLS group. Conclusions Low affect in specific genetic syndromes may be associated with differing lifespan trajectories and behavioural profiles. Specifically, individuals with CdLS appear at risk for experiencing declines in levels of interest and pleasure whereas individuals with FXS show no significant change in the level of affect with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Groves
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Joanna Moss
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Hayley Crawford
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Lisa Nelson
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Derby Royal Hospital, Uttoxeter Road, Derby, DE22 3NE, UK
| | - Chris Stinton
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gursharan Singla
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
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17
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Schmidt LA, Poole KL. On the bifurcation of temperamental shyness: Development, adaptation, and neoteny. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Hong MP, Eckert EM, Pedapati EV, Shaffer RC, Dominick KC, Wink LK, Sweeney JA, Erickson CA. Differentiating social preference and social anxiety phenotypes in fragile X syndrome using an eye gaze analysis: a pilot study. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:1. [PMID: 30665413 PMCID: PMC6340178 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading inherited cause of autism spectrum disorder, but there remains debate regarding the clinical presentation of social deficits in FXS. The aim of this study was to compare individuals with FXS to typically developing controls (TDC) and individuals with idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (ASD) across two social eye tracking paradigms. Methods Individuals with FXS and age- and gender-matched TDC and individuals with idiopathic ASD completed emotional face and social preference eye tracking tasks to evaluate gaze aversion and social interest, respectively. Participants completed a battery of cognitive testing and caregiver-reported measures for neurobehavioral characterization. Results Individuals with FXS exhibited reduced eye and increased mouth gaze to emotional faces compared to TDC. Gaze aversive findings were found to correlate with measures of anxiety, social communication deficits, and behavioral problems. In the social interest task, while individuals with idiopathic ASD showed significantly less social preference, individuals with FXS displayed social preference similar to TDC. Conclusions These findings suggest fragile X syndrome social deficits center on social anxiety without the prominent reduction in social interest associated with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically designed eye tracking techniques clarify the nature of social deficits in fragile X syndrome and may have applications to improve phenotyping and evaluate interventions targeting social functioning impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Hong
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Eleanor M Eckert
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Ernest V Pedapati
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Rebecca C Shaffer
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Kelli C Dominick
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Logan K Wink
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA.,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Craig A Erickson
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 452292, USA. .,University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, 3230 Eden Ave, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
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19
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Garg S, Green J. Studying child development in genetic models of ASD. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 241:159-192. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Crawford H, Waite J, Oliver C. Diverse Profiles of Anxiety Related Disorders in Fragile X, Cornelia de Lange and Rubinstein-Taybi Syndromes. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:3728-3740. [PMID: 28144878 PMCID: PMC5676833 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-3015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are heightened in specific genetic syndromes in comparison to intellectual disability of heterogeneous aetiology. In this study, we described and contrasted anxiety symptomatology in fragile X (FXS), Cornelia de Lange (CdLS) and Rubinstein-Taybi syndromes (RTS), and compared the symptomatology to normative data for typically-developing children and children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. Scores did not differ between children diagnosed with an anxiety disorder and (a) participants with FXS on social phobia, panic/agoraphobia, physical injury fears, and obsessive-compulsive subscales (b) participants with CdLS on separation anxiety, generalized anxiety, panic/agoraphobia, physical injury fears and obsessive-compulsive subscales, and (c) participants with RTS on panic/agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive subscales. The results highlight divergent profiles of anxiety symptomatology between these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Crawford
- Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, James Starley Building (JSG12), Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK.
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Jane Waite
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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21
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Barron J, Kiani R. Trinucleotide repeat disorders: An interesting interface between psychiatry and medicine. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.117.017467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe discovery of conditions resulting from the expansion of unstable trinucleotide repeats, with their neuropsychiatric presentations crossing the boundaries of different specialties, provides ample opportunity for research and liaison work between medical and psychiatric subspecialties. Clinicians’ awareness of the presentations and genetic basis of these conditions improves management strategies and the quality of life of patients and their carers.
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22
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Rachisan AL, Niculae AS, Tintea I, Pop B, Militaru M, Bizo A, Hrusca A. Association of fragile X syndrome, Robertsonian translocation (13, 22) and autism in a child. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 90:445-448. [PMID: 29151796 PMCID: PMC5683837 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a 6-year-old boy with both fragile X syndrome and Robertsonian Translocation (45, XY, der (13; 22) (q10; q10)). This is the first reported case of a patient with fragile X syndrome with this Robertsonian translocation. Facial features and macroorchidism were consistent with fragile X syndrome. Cognitive impairment is more significant than in his sibling with fragile X syndrome, and the patient also has a prior diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder. We emphasize the challenges in his behavioral management and outline future directions for his management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Liana Rachisan
- Department of Pediatrics II, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Stefan Niculae
- Department of Pediatrics II, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Tintea
- Department of Pediatrics Neurology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Bianca Pop
- Department of Pediatrics Psychiatry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mariela Militaru
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Aurel Bizo
- Department of Pediatrics I, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Hrusca
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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23
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Crawford H, Moss J, Oliver C, Riby D. Differential effects of anxiety and autism on social scene scanning in males with fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2017; 9:9. [PMID: 28946865 PMCID: PMC6389139 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9189-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing literature draws links between social attention and socio-behavioural profiles in neurodevelopmental disorders. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is associated with a known socio-behavioural phenotype of social anxiety and social communication difficulties alongside high social motivation. However, studies investigating social attention in males with FXS are scarce. Using eye tracking, this study investigates social attention and its relationship with both anxiety and autism symptomatology in males with FXS. METHODS We compared dwell times to the background, body, and face regions of naturalistic social scenes in 11 males with FXS (M age = 26.29) and 11 typically developing (TD) children who were matched on gender and receptive language ability (M age = 6.28). Using informant-report measures, we then investigated the relationships between social scene scanning and anxiety, and social scene scanning and social communicative impairments. RESULTS Males with FXS did not differ to TD children on overall dwell time to the background, body, or face regions of the naturalistic social scenes. Whilst males with FXS displayed developmentally 'typical' social attention, increased looking at faces was associated with both heightened anxiety and fewer social communication impairments in this group. CONCLUSIONS These results offer novel insights into the mechanisms associated with social attention in FXS and provide evidence to suggest that anxiety and autism symptomatology, which are both heightened in FXS, have differential effects on social attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Crawford
- Centre for Research in Psychology, Behaviour and Achievement, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 5FB UK
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Joanna Moss
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR UK
| | - Chris Oliver
- Cerebra Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT UK
| | - Deborah Riby
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
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24
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Belagodu AP, Fleming S, Galvez R. Neocortical developmental analysis of vasculature and their growth factors offer new insight into fragile X syndrome abnormalities. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 77:1321-1333. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amogh P. Belagodu
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
| | - Stephen Fleming
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana IL61801
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25
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Harkins CM, Dominick KC, Wink LK, Pedapati EV, Shaffer RC, Fitzpatrick SE, Davenport MH, Sweeney JA, Erickson CA. Challenges in Conducting Clinical Trials for Pharmacotherapies in Fragile X Syndrome: Lessons Learned. Pharmaceut Med 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40290-017-0199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic literature review is to describe what is known about fragile X syndrome (FXS) and to identify research gaps. The results can be used to help inform future public health research and provide pediatricians with up-to-date information about the implications of the condition for individuals and their families. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted, guided by a variety of key words. The search focused on 4 areas of both clinical and public health importance: (1) the full mutation phenotype, (2) developmental trajectories across the life span, (3) available interventions and treatments, and (4) impact on the family. A total of 661 articles were examined and 203 were included in the review. RESULTS The information is presented in the following categories: developmental profile (cognition, language, functional skills, and transition to adulthood), social-emotional profile (cooccurring psychiatric conditions and behavior problems), medical profile (physical features, seizures, sleep, health problems, and physiologic features), treatment and interventions (educational/behavioral, allied health services, and pharmacologic), and impact on the family (family environment and financial impact). Research gaps also are presented. CONCLUSIONS The identification and treatment of FXS remains an important public health and clinical concern. The information presented in this article provides a more robust understanding of FXS and the impact of this complex condition for pediatricians. Despite a wealth of information about the condition, much work remains to fully support affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Raspa
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Anne C Wheeler
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Catharine Riley
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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27
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Bennett JA, Hodgetts S, Mackenzie ML, Haqq AM, Zwaigenbaum L. Investigating Autism-Related Symptoms in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome: A Case Study. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030517. [PMID: 28264487 PMCID: PMC5372533 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), a rare genetic disorder caused by the lack of expression of paternal genes from chromosome 15q11-13, has been investigated for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptomatology in various studies. However, previous findings have been variable, and no studies investigating ASD symptomatology in PWS have exclusively studied children. We aimed to characterize social communication functioning and other ASD-related symptoms in children with PWS, and assessed agreement across measures and rates of ASD diagnosis. Measures included the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2 (ADOS-2), the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Social Responsiveness Scale-2 (SRS-2), Social Skills Improvement System-Rating Scales (SSIS-RS), and the Vineland Adaptive Behavioral Scales-II (VABS-II). General adaptive and intellectual skills were also assessed. Clinical best estimate (CBE) diagnosis was determined by an experienced developmental pediatrician, based on history and review of all available study measures, and taking into account overall developmental level. Participants included 10 children with PWS, aged 3 to 12 years. Three of the 10 children were male and genetic subtypes were two deletion (DEL) and eight uniparental disomy (UPD) (with a total of 6 female UPD cases). Although 8 of the 10 children exceeded cut-offs on at least one of the ASD assessments, agreement between parent questionnaires (SCQ, SRS-2, SSIS-RS) and observational assessment (ADOS-2) was very poor. None of the children were assigned a CBE diagnosis of ASD, with the caveat that the risk may have been lower because of the predominance of girls in the sample. The lack of agreement between the assessments emphasizes the complexity of interpreting ASD symptom measures in children with PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Bennett
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G1C9, Canada.
- Autism Research Centre-E209, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, 10230 111 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada.
| | - Sandra Hodgetts
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Alberta, 8205 114 Street, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G4, Canada.
| | - Michelle L Mackenzie
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G1C9, Canada.
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G1C9, Canada.
| | - Lonnie Zwaigenbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G1C9, Canada.
- Autism Research Centre-E209, Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital, 10230 111 Avenue, Edmonton, AB T5G 0B7, Canada.
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28
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Lorang E, Sterling A. The impact of autism spectrum disorder symptoms on gesture use in fragile X syndrome and Down syndrome. AUTISM & DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENTS 2017; 2:10.1177/2396941517745673. [PMID: 30345371 PMCID: PMC6191055 DOI: 10.1177/2396941517745673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS This study compared gesture rate and purpose in participants with Down syndrome (DS) and fragile X syndrome (FXS), and the impact of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms on each syndrome. METHODS Twenty individuals with fragile X syndrome and 20 individuals with Down syndrome between nine and 22 years of age participated in this study. We coded gesture rate and purpose from an autism spectrum disorder evaluation, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule - Second Edition. RESULTS We did not find between-group differences (Down syndrome compared to fragile X syndrome) in gesture rate or purpose. Notably, as autism spectrum disorder symptoms increased, the group with Down syndrome produced a lower rate of gestures, but used gestures for the same purpose. Gesture rate did not change based on autism spectrum disorder symptoms in the participants with fragile X syndrome, but as autism spectrum disorder symptoms increased, the participants with fragile X syndrome produced a larger proportion of gestures to regulate behavior and a smaller proportion for joint attention/social interaction. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the amount or purpose of gestures did not differentiate individuals with Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. However, the presence of autism spectrum disorder symptoms had a significant and unique impact on these genetic disorders. In individuals with Down syndrome, the presence of more autism spectrum disorder symptoms resulted in a reduction in the rate of gesturing, but did not change the purpose. However, in fragile X syndrome, the rate of gestures remained the same, but the purpose of those gestures changed based on autism spectrum disorder symptoms. IMPLICATIONS Autism spectrum disorder symptoms differentially impact gestures in Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome. Individuals with Down syndrome and more autism spectrum disorder symptoms are using gestures less frequently. Therefore, clinicians may need to consider children with Down syndrome demonstrating symptoms of autism spectrum disorder as distinctly different from children with Down syndrome and few to no symptoms of autism spectrum disorder when implementing interventions or therapy techniques. Severity of autism spectrum disorder symptoms in fragile X syndrome affects qualitative gesture use and motivation to communicate through social gestures, which may be an appropriate goal to target in children with fragile X syndrome and heightened autism spectrum disorder symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Lorang
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin - Madison
| | - Audra Sterling
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin - Madison
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29
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Zupan B, Sharma A, Frazier A, Klein S, Toth M. Programming social behavior by the maternal fragile X protein. GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2016; 15:578-87. [PMID: 27198123 PMCID: PMC9879598 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The developing fetus and neonate are highly sensitive to maternal environment. Besides the well-documented effects of maternal stress, nutrition and infections, maternal mutations, by altering the fetal, perinatal and/or early postnatal environment, can impact the behavior of genetically normal offspring. Mutation/premutation in the X-linked FMR1 (encoding the translational regulator FMRP) in females, although primarily responsible for causing fragile X syndrome (FXS) in their children, may also elicit such maternal effects. We showed that a deficit in maternal FMRP in mice results in hyperactivity in the genetically normal offspring. To test if maternal FMRP has a broader intergenerational effect, we measured social behavior, a core dimension of neurodevelopmental disorders, in offspring of FMRP-deficient dams. We found that male offspring of Fmr1(+/-) mothers, independent of their own Fmr1 genotype, exhibit increased approach and reduced avoidance toward conspecific strangers, reminiscent of 'indiscriminate friendliness' or the lack of stranger anxiety, diagnosed in neglected children and in patients with Asperger's and Williams syndrome. Furthermore, social interaction failed to activate mesolimbic/amygdala regions, encoding social aversion, in these mice, providing a neurobiological basis for the behavioral abnormality. This work identifies a novel role for FMRP that extends its function beyond the well-established genetic function into intergenerational non-genetic inheritance/programming of social behavior and the corresponding neuronal circuit. As FXS premutation and some psychiatric conditions that can be associated with reduced FMRP expression are more prevalent in mothers than full FMR1 mutation, our findings potentially broaden the significance of FMRP-dependent programming of social behavior beyond the FXS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Zupan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York, NY, 10065, USA,Vassar College, Department of Psychology, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - A. Sharma
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - A. Frazier
- Vassar College, Department of Psychology, Poughkeepsie, NY, 12604, USA
| | - S. Klein
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - M. Toth
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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Belagodu AP, Zendeli L, Slater BJ, Galvez R. Blocking elevated VEGF‐A attenuates non‐vasculature Fragile X syndrome abnormalities. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:14-25. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amogh P. Belagodu
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
| | - Liridon Zendeli
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
| | - Bernard J. Slater
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
| | - Roberto Galvez
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
- Psychology DepartmentUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign405 N Mathews AveUrbana Illinois61801
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31
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Hartley SL, Wheeler AC, Mailick MR, Raspa M, Mihaila I, Bishop E, Bailey DB. Autism Symptoms Across Adulthood in Men with Fragile X Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. J Autism Dev Disord 2016; 45:3668-79. [PMID: 26123010 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-015-2513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A cross-sectional analysis was used to examine age-related differences in ASD symptoms and corresponding differences in disruptive behavior and social skills in 281 adult men with fragile X syndrome. Four age groups were created: 18-21, 22-29, 30-39, and 40-49 years. The 18-21 year-old group was reported to have more impairments in verbal communication than the 22-29 year-old group and more restricted and repetitive behaviors than the 40-49 year-old group. There was not an age-group difference in the percentage of men who met criteria for an ASD diagnosis based on respondent-reported, current symptoms. There was a trend for an age-related difference in disruptive behavior. Findings add to understanding of the developmental trajectory of ASD symptoms in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigan L Hartley
- Human Development and Family Studies and Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | | | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Iulia Mihaila
- Human Development and Family Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ellen Bishop
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Weber CL. Understanding fragile X syndrome from a mother's perspective: Challenges and resilience. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2016; 11:29512. [PMID: 27104339 PMCID: PMC4841094 DOI: 10.3402/qhw.v11.29512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to communicate findings from a case study on a South African mother with three children diagnosed with full mutation fragile X syndrome (FXS). The participant is an unaffected carrier of FXS. Research has shown that mothers of children with FXS often experience high levels of parenting stress and low levels of psychological well-being. However, observations made have piqued curiosity about their positivity and determination to carry on each day raising children diagnosed with FXS. The aim is to develop a better understanding of the manner in which a mother of children with FXS make sense of her situation, to gain further insight into the specific resilience processes she acquired. A qualitative case study approach was followed, gathering data through semi-structured interviews based on open-ended questions. The findings offer new insights into a South African mother's life raising children with FXS. Even though there is very limited support and little awareness of FXS in South Africa, she still found ways to seek help, and find solutions to every day challenges. The study conclusions discourage blind stereotyping of mothers of children with FXS as vulnerable only. Future research should concentrate on promoting awareness, education, advocacy, and support for individuals with FXS in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel Lynette Weber
- Department of Psychology of Education, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa;
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33
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Guralnick MJ. Early Intervention for Children with Intellectual Disabilities: An Update. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES 2016; 30:211-229. [DOI: 10.1111/jar.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Guralnick
- Center on Human Development and Disability; University of Washington; Seattle WA USA
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GRAU RUBIO C, FERNÁNDEZ HAWRYLAK M, CUESTA GÓMEZ JL. El síndrome del cromosoma x frágil: fenotipo conductual y dificultades de aprendizaje. SIGLO CERO. REVISTA ESPAÑOLA SOBRE DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL 2015. [DOI: 10.14201/scero20154642544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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35
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Hall SS, Frank MC, Pusiol GT, Farzin F, Lightbody AA, Reiss AL. Quantifying naturalistic social gaze in fragile X syndrome using a novel eye tracking paradigm. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:564-72. [PMID: 26079280 PMCID: PMC5759950 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark behavioral feature of fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the propensity for individuals with the syndrome to exhibit significant impairments in social gaze during interactions with others. However, previous studies employing eye tracking methodology to investigate this phenomenon have been limited to presenting static photographs or videos of social interactions rather than employing a real-life social partner. To improve upon previous studies, we used a customized eye tracking configuration to quantify the social gaze of 51 individuals with FXS and 19 controls, aged 14-28 years, while they engaged in a naturalistic face-to-face social interaction with a female experimenter. Importantly, our control group was matched to the FXS group on age, developmental functioning, and degree of autistic symptomatology. Results showed that participants with FXS spent significantly less time looking at the face and had shorter episodes (and longer inter-episodes) of social gaze than controls. Regression analyses indicated that communication ability predicted higher levels of social gaze in individuals with FXS, but not in controls. Conversely, degree of autistic symptoms predicted lower levels of social gaze in controls, but not in individuals with FXS. Taken together, these data indicate that naturalistic social gaze in FXS can be measured objectively using existing eye tracking technology during face-to-face social interactions. Given that impairments in social gaze were specific to FXS, this paradigm could be employed as an objective and ecologically valid outcome measure in ongoing Phase II/Phase III clinical trials of FXS-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott S. Hall
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California
| | - Michael C. Frank
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Guido T. Pusiol
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Faraz Farzin
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Amy A. Lightbody
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California
| | - Allan L. Reiss
- Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford, California
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36
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Crawford H, Moss J, Anderson GM, Oliver C, McCleery JP. Implicit Discrimination of Basic Facial Expressions of Positive/Negative Emotion in Fragile X Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 120:328-345. [PMID: 26161470 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-120.4.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impaired social functioning. We examined the spontaneous discrimination of happy and disgusted facial expressions, from neutral faces, in individuals with FXS (n = 13, Mage = 19.70) and ASD (n = 15, Mage = 11.00) matched on adaptive behavior and verbal abilities measured by the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale. Eye gaze to the eyes and mouth of neutral faces was also measured. Results suggest individuals with FXS and ASD distinguish facial expressions spontaneously in the same way. Individuals with FXS looked significantly less at the eye region of neutral faces than individuals with ASD. These results provide insight into similarities and differences in face processing in two neurodevelopmental disorders noted for their similarities in social behavior.
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Cochran L, Moss J, Nelson L, Oliver C. Contrasting age related changes in autism spectrum disorder phenomenology in Cornelia de Lange, Fragile X, and Cri du Chat syndromes: Results from a 2.5 year follow-up. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2015; 169:188-97. [PMID: 25989416 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the way in which the characteristics of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) develop and manifest across the age span in individuals with genetic syndromes. In this study we present findings from a two and a half year follow-up of the characteristics associated with ASD in three syndromes: Cornelia de Lange (CdLS), Fragile X (FXS), and Cri du Chat (CdCS). Parents and carers of 251 individuals (CdLS=67, CdCS=42, and FXS=142) completed the Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) at Time 1 (T1) and again two and a half years later (T2). The FXS and CdLS groups were more likely to meet the cut-offs for both autism and ASD and show greater severity of ASD related behaviors, at both T1 and T2, compared to the CdCS group. Older individuals (>15yrs) with CdLS were more likely to meet the cut off for ASD than younger individuals (≤15 yrs) with the syndrome and more likely to show greater severity of social impairments. In FXS repetitive behaviors were found to become less prominent with age and in CdCS social impairments were reported to be more severe with age. There were no significant changes between T1 and T2 in the severity of ASD characteristics in the CdCS and CdLS groups. The FXS group showed significantly fewer repetitive behaviors and less severe impairments in social interaction over this time frame. The findings suggest that while there may be similarities in overall severity and presentation of ASD characteristics in CdLS and FXS, these characteristics have divergent patterns of development within these groups.
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38
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Newman I, Leader G, Chen JL, Mannion A. An analysis of challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Fragile X Syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2015; 38:7-17. [PMID: 25543996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The present study sought to investigate the relationship between challenging behavior, comorbid psychopathology, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD) in Fragile X Syndrome (FRAX). Additionally, this study sought to examine how such disorders are predicted by gender, presence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and presence of intellectual disability (ID). A total of 47 children and adolescents with FRAX were assessed. Results revealed high levels of challenging behavior and AD/HD symptoms within the sample, with some participants exhibiting symptoms of comorbid psychopathology. Further analysis revealed that challenging behavior and comorbid psychopathology were positively correlated, with stereotypy correlating most strongly with comorbid psychopathology. In addition, ASD was found to predict challenging behavior, and gender was found to predict AD/HD symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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39
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Lozano R, Rosero CA, Hagerman RJ. Fragile X spectrum disorders. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:134-46. [PMID: 25606363 PMCID: PMC4298643 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein (FMRP), is located at Xp27.3. The normal allele of the FMR1 gene typically has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region; abnormal alleles of dynamic mutations include the full mutation (> 200 CGG repeats), premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) and the gray zone mutation (45-54 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers are common in the general population with approximately 1 in 130-250 females and 1 in 250-810 males, whereas the full mutation and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) occur in approximately 1 in 4000 to 1 in 7000. FMR1 mutations account for a variety of phenotypes including the most common monogenetic cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism (FXS), the most common genetic form of ovarian failure, the fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, premutation); and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, premutation). The premutation can also cause developmental problems including ASD and ADHD especially in boys and psychopathology including anxiety and depression in children and adults. Some premutation carriers can have a deficit of FMRP and some unmethylated full mutation individuals can have elevated FMR1 mRNA that is considered a premutation problem. Therefore the term "Fragile X Spectrum Disorder" (FXSD) should be used to include the wide range of overlapping phenotypes observed in affected individuals with FMR1 mutations. In this review we focus on the phenotypes and genotypes of children with FXSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reymundo Lozano
- UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Reymundo Lozano, UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA. E-mail:
| | - Carolina Alba Rosero
- Instituto Colombiano del Sistema Nervioso, Clínica Montserrat, Bogotá D.C, Colombia
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
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40
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Kazdoba TM, Leach PT, Silverman JL, Crawley JN. Modeling fragile X syndrome in the Fmr1 knockout mouse. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:118-33. [PMID: 25606362 PMCID: PMC4298642 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a commonly inherited form of intellectual disability and one of the leading genetic causes for autism spectrum disorder. Clinical symptoms of FXS can include impaired cognition, anxiety, hyperactivity, social phobia, and repetitive behaviors. FXS is caused by a CGG repeat mutation which expands a region on the X chromosome containing the FMR1 gene. In FXS, a full mutation (> 200 repeats) leads to hypermethylation of FMR1, an epigenetic mechanism that effectively silences FMR1 gene expression and reduces levels of the FMR1 gene product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). FMRP is an RNA-binding protein that is important for the regulation of protein expression. In an effort to further understand how loss of FMR1 and FMRP contribute to FXS symptomology, several FXS animal models have been created. The most well characterized rodent model is the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, which lacks FMRP protein due to a disruption in its Fmr1 gene. Here, we review the behavioral phenotyping of the Fmr1 KO mouse to date, and discuss the clinical relevance of this mouse model to the human FXS condition. While much remains to be learned about FXS, the Fmr1 KO mouse is a valuable tool for understanding the repercussions of functional loss of FMRP and assessing the efficacy of pharmacological compounds in ameliorating the molecular and behavioral phenotypes relevant to FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana M. Kazdoba
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Tatiana M. Kazdoba, MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, Research II Building 96, 4625 2nd Avenue, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
| | - Prescott T. Leach
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jill L. Silverman
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline N. Crawley
- MIND Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
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41
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Díez-Juan M, Schneider A, Phillips T, Lozano R, Tassone F, Solomon M, Hagerman RJ. Parent-delivered touchscreen intervention for children with fragile X syndrome. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:166-77. [PMID: 25606367 PMCID: PMC4298647 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of touchscreen applications for the iPad(®) allows children with disabilities to improve their personal autonomy and quality of life. In light of this emerging literature and our clinical experience with toddlers and children with Fragile X syndrome (FXS), a randomized clinical trial pilot study was conducted of whether an interactive iPad(®)-based parent training program was efficacious for both individuals with FXS and autism spectrum disorder aged 2-to-12 compared to wait-listed controls. As a second goal, we assessed the difference between direct person-to-person therapy vs. online therapy sessions through telehealth. In this case series report it is presented preliminary results of four individuals with FXS enrolled in the study and described the innovative experience including qualitative and quantitative data analysis. Furthermore, we provide professionals with specific guidelines about the use of touchscreen devices as in-home learning tools and parent training strategies to actively involve families in educational treatments in conjunction with clinical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díez-Juan
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- UETD Department, Sant Joan Déu Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- Address correspondence to: Dr, María Díez-Juan. UETD Department, Sant Joan de Déu University Hospital, Passeig de Sant Joan de Déu, 2, Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona 08950, Spain. E-mail:
| | - Andrea Schneider
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | | | - Reymundo Lozano
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Davis, USA
| | - Marjorie Solomon
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MIND Institute, Imaging Research Center, Sacramento, USA
| | - Randi J. Hagerman
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, USA
- University of California Davis, Davis, USA
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42
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Hauser CT, Kover ST, Abbeduto L. Maternal well-being and child behavior in families with fragile X syndrome. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:2477-86. [PMID: 24984053 PMCID: PMC4135714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the bidirectional relationships relationship between maternal mental health status, maternal stress, family environment and behavioral functioning of children with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the leading cause of inherited intellectual disability. Children with FXS commonly demonstrate challenging behavior related to anxiety, attention, and aggression, whereas mothers of children with FXS have been identified as susceptible to mental health challenges due to their status as genetic carriers of the FXS premutation, as well as the environmental stressors of raising children with special needs. The longitudinal design of this study builds upon prior work that established a concurrent relationship among these factors in families of children with other intellectual disorders. Findings indicated that maternal mental health status was not significantly related to changes in levels of child challenging behavior, heightened child challenging behavior was related to improvements in maternal depression over time, and heightened levels of child challenging behavior was related to increased feelings of maternal closeness toward the child over time. The unexpected nature of the results regarding maternal depression and closeness provides new and more complex hypotheses about how mothers of special needs children demonstrate adaptation and resilience. The findings have implications for maternal and familial mental health treatment as well as future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire T Hauser
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sara T Kover
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
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43
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Karasawa T, Lombroso PJ. Disruption of striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) function in neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2014; 89:1-9. [PMID: 25218562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific tyrosine phosphatase that plays a major role in the development of synaptic plasticity. Recent findings have implicated STEP in several psychiatric and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, stroke/ischemia, and stress-related psychiatric disorders. In these disorders, STEP protein expression levels and activity are dysregulated, contributing to the cognitive deficits that are present. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings on STEP, discuss how STEP expression and activity are maintained during normal cognitive function, and how disruptions in STEP activity contribute to a number of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Karasawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
| | - Paul J Lombroso
- Departments of Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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44
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Ouyang L, Grosse SD, Riley C, Bolen J, Bishop E, Raspa M, Bailey DB. A comparison of family financial and employment impacts of fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders, and intellectual disability. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2014; 35:1518-27. [PMID: 24755230 PMCID: PMC4491950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This study compares the family financial and employment impacts of having a child with fragile X syndrome (FXS), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), or intellectual disabilities (ID). Data from a 2011 national survey of families of children with FXS were matched with data from the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs 2009-2010 to form four analytic groups: children with FXS (n=189), children with special health care needs with ASD only (n=185), ID only (n=177), or both ASD and ID (n=178). Comparable percentages of parents of children with FXS (60%) and parents of children with both ASD and ID (52%) reported that their families experienced a financial burden as a result of the condition, both of which were higher than the percentages of parents of children with ASD only (39%) or ID only (29%). Comparable percentages of parents of children with FXS (40%) and parents of children with both ASD and ID (46%) reported quitting employment because of the condition, both of which were higher than the percentages of parents of children with ID only (25%) or ASD only (25%). In multivariate analyses controlling for co-occurring conditions and functional difficulties and stratified by age, adjusted odds ratios for the FXS group aged 12-17 years were significantly elevated for financial burden (2.73, 95% CI 1.29-5.77), quitting employment (2.58, 95% CI 1.18-5.65) and reduced hours of work (4.34, 95% CI 2.08-9.06) relative to children with ASD only. Among children aged 5-11 years, the adjusted odds ratios for the FXS group were elevated but statistically insignificant for financial burden (1.63, 95% CI 0.85-3.14) and reducing hours of work (1.34, 95% CI 0.68-2.63) relative to children with ASD only. Regardless of condition, co-occurring anxiety or seizures, limits in thinking, reasoning, or learning ability, and more irritability were significantly associated with more caregiver financial and employment impacts. Proper management of anxiety or seizures and functional difficulties of children with FXS or other developmental disabilities may be important in alleviating adverse family caregiver impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Ouyang
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
| | - Scott D Grosse
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Catharine Riley
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Julie Bolen
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States
| | - Ellen Bishop
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Melissa Raspa
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Donald B Bailey
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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45
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Beebe K, Wang Y, Kulesza R. Distribution of fragile X mental retardation protein in the human auditory brainstem. Neuroscience 2014; 273:79-91. [PMID: 24838064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) binds select mRNAs, functions in intracellular transport of these mRNAs and represses their translation. FMRP is highly expressed in neurons and lack of FMRP has been shown to result in dendritic dysmorphology and altered synaptic function. FMRP is known to interact with mRNAs for the Kv3.1b potassium channel which is required for neurons to fire action potentials at high rates with remarkable temporal precision. Auditory brainstem neurons are known for remarkably high spike rates and expression of Kv3.1b potassium channels. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (Fmr1) resulting in decreased expression of FMRP and subsequent intellectual disability, seizures, attention deficit and hypersensitivity to auditory and other sensory stimuli. We therefore hypothesize that the auditory difficulties in FXS result, at least in part, from dysfunction of auditory brainstem neurons. To examine this hypothesis, we have studied normal human brainstem tissue with immunohistochemical techniques and confocal microscopy. Our results demonstrate that FMRP is widely expressed in cell bodies and dendritic arbors of neurons in the human cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex and also that coincidence detector neurons of the medial superior olive colocalization of FMRP and Kv3.1b. We interpret these observations to suggest that the lower auditory brainstem is a potential site of dysfunction in FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beebe
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auditory Research Center, Erie, PA, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Virginia Merrill Bloedel Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - R Kulesza
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auditory Research Center, Erie, PA, USA.
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46
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New insights into the molecular pathophysiology of fragile X syndrome and therapeutic perspectives from the animal model. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:121-6. [PMID: 24831882 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is the most common monogenetic form of intellectual disability and is a leading cause of autism. This syndrome is produced by the reduced transcription of the fragile X mental retardation (FMR1) gene, and it is characterized by a range of symptoms heterogeneously expressed in patients such as cognitive impairment, seizure susceptibility, altered pain sensitivity and anxiety. The recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved have opened novel potential therapeutic approaches identified in preclinical rodent models as a necessary preliminary step for the subsequent evaluation in patients. Among those possible therapeutic approaches, the modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling or the GABA receptor signaling have focused most of the attention. New findings in the animal models open other possible therapeutic approaches such as the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway or the endocannabinoid system. This review summarizes the emerging data recently obtained in preclinical models of fragile X syndrome supporting these new therapeutic perspectives.
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47
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Kraan CM, Hocking DR, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Metcalfe SA, Archibald AD, Fielding J, Trollor J, Bradshaw JL, Cohen J, Cornish KM. Age and CGG-repeat length are associated with neuromotor impairments in at-risk females with the FMR1 premutation. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:2179.e7-13. [PMID: 24814676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies report a higher risk of dementia and motor symptoms in females with the fragile X mental retardation 1 premutation (PM-carriers) than has hitherto been appreciated. Here, we use dual-task gait paradigms to identify potential markers of cognitive and motor decline in female PM-carriers. Spatiotemporal gait characteristics and variability of gait were assessed during single- and dual-task conditions in 28 female PM-carriers (mean age 41.32 ± 8.03 years) and 31 female controls with normal fragile X mental retardation 1 alleles (mean age 41.61 ± 8.30 years). Despite comparable gait characteristics at baseline, gait performance was significantly poorer for PM-carriers when performing concurrent working memory tasks (counting backwards by 3's or 7's) when compared with controls. Correlational analyses showed that low working memory capacity was significantly associated with dual-task interference for the gait domains of pace (speed, step length) and variability (step time, swing time) in PM-carriers. Multiple regression analyses further showed that the interaction between age and CGG repeat length was strongly predictive of gait variability during dual-task performance. These findings indicate for the first time that vulnerability in specific domains of gait control may act as sensitive surrogate markers of future decline in female PM-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine M Kraan
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darren R Hocking
- Olga Tennison Research Centre, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Metcalfe
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alison D Archibald
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Health Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John L Bradshaw
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Fragile X Alliance Inc (Clinic and Resource Centre), North Caufield, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim M Cornish
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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48
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Martin HGS, Manzoni OJ. Late onset deficits in synaptic plasticity in the valproic acid rat model of autism. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:23. [PMID: 24550781 PMCID: PMC3907704 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a frequently used drug in the treatment of epilepsy, bipolar disorders and migraines; however it is also a potent teratogen. Prenatal exposure increases the risk of childhood malformations and can result in cognitive deficits. In rodents in utero exposure to VPA also causes neurodevelopmental abnormalities and is an important model of autism. In early postnatal life VPA exposed rat pups show changes in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) physiology and synaptic connectivity. Specifically, principal neurons show decreased excitability but increased local connectivity, coupled with an increase in long-term potentiation (LTP) due to an up-regulation of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) expression. However recent evidence suggests compensatory homeostatic mechanisms lead to normalization of synaptic NMDARs during later postnatal development. Here we have extended study of mPFC synaptic physiology into adulthood to better understand the longitudinal consequences of early developmental abnormalities in VPA exposed rats. Surprisingly in contrast to early postnatal life and adolescence, we find that adult VPA exposed rats show reduced synaptic function. Both NMDAR mediated currents and LTP are lower in adult VPA rats, although spontaneous activity and endocannabinoid dependent long-term depression are normal. We conclude that rather than correcting, synaptic abnormalities persist into adulthood in VPA exposed rats, although a quite different synaptic phenotype is present. This switch from hyper to hypo function in mPFC may be linked to some of the neurodevelopmental defects found in prenatal VPA exposure and autism spectrum disorders in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry G S Martin
- INSERM U901 Pathophysiology of Synaptic Plasticity Group Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) Marseille, France ; Université de Aix-Marseille Marseille, France
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- INSERM U901 Pathophysiology of Synaptic Plasticity Group Marseille, France ; Institut de Neurobiologie de la Méditerranée (INMED) Marseille, France ; Université de Aix-Marseille Marseille, France
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49
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Shelton AL, Cornish K, Kraan C, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Metcalfe SA, Bradshaw JL, Hocking DR, Archibald AD, Cohen J, Trollor JN, Fielding J. Exploring inhibitory deficits in female premutation carriers of fragile X syndrome: through eye movements. Brain Cogn 2014; 85:201-8. [PMID: 24424424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence which demonstrates that a subset of males with a premutation CGG repeat expansion (between 55 and 200 repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 gene exhibit subtle deficits of executive function that progressively deteriorate with increasing age and CGG repeat length. However, it remains unclear whether similar deficits, which may indicate the onset of more severe degeneration, are evident in female PM-carriers. In the present study we explore whether female PM-carriers exhibit deficits of executive function which parallel those of male PM-carriers. Fourteen female fragile X premutation carriers without fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and fourteen age, sex, and IQ matched controls underwent ocular motor and neuropsychological tests of select executive processes, specifically of response inhibition and working memory. Group comparisons revealed poorer inhibitory control for female premutation carriers on ocular motor tasks, in addition to demonstrating some difficulties in behaviour self-regulation, when compared to controls. A negative correlation between CGG repeat length and antisaccade error rates for premutation carriers was also found. Our preliminary findings indicate that impaired inhibitory control may represent a phenotype characteristic which may be a sensitive risk biomarker within this female fragile X premutation population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie L Shelton
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Kim Cornish
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claudine Kraan
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Nellie Georgiou-Karistianis
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Sylvia A Metcalfe
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3025, Australia
| | - John L Bradshaw
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Darren R Hocking
- Olga Tennison Autism Research Centre, School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Alison D Archibald
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3025, Australia; Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cohen
- Genetics Education and Health Research, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Centre for Developmental Disability Health Victoria, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Fragile X Alliance Inc., Clinic and Resource Centre, 263 Glen Eira Road, North Caulfield, Victoria 3161, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry and Centre for Health Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Joanne Fielding
- School of Psychiatry and Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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50
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Kraan CM, Hocking DR, Georgiou-Karistianis N, Metcalfe SA, Archibald AD, Fielding J, Trollor J, Bradshaw JL, Cohen J, Cornish KM. Impaired response inhibition is associated with self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and ADHD in female FMR1 premutation carriers. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2014; 165B:41-51. [PMID: 24166828 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) premutation carriers (PM-carriers) have a defective trinucleotide expansion on the FMR1 gene that is associated with continuum of neuropsychological and mental disorders. Currently, little is known about the distinct subcomponents of executive function potentially impaired in female PM-carriers, and there have been no investigations into associations between executive function and incidences of mental disorders. A total of 35 female PM-carriers confirmed by Asuragen triple primed PCR DNA testing and 35 age- and intelligence-matched controls completed tests of executive function (i.e., response inhibition and working memory) and self-reported on social anxiety, depression, and ADHD predominantly inattentive (ADHD-PI) symptoms. Compared to controls, PM-carriers were significantly elevated on self-reported social anxiety and ADHD-PI symptoms. Irrespective of mental symptoms, female PM-carries performed significantly worse than controls on a response inhibition test, and further investigations revealed significant correlations between executive function performance and self-reported symptoms of anxiety, depression and ADHD-PI. Critically, among PM-carriers with good executive function performance, no women exceeded threshold markers for probable caseness of mental disorder. However, rates of probable caseness were elevated in those with average performance (response inhibition: social anxiety: 41.7%; depression: 20%; ADHD: 44.4%; working memory: social anxiety: 27.3%; depression: 9.1%; ADHD: 18.2%) and highly elevated for those with poor executive function performance (response inhibition: social anxiety: 58.3%; depression: 80%; ADHD: 55.6%; working memory: social anxiety: 100%; depression: 50%; ADHD: 83.3%). These data suggest that subtle executive dysfunction may be a useful neuropsychological indicator for a range of mental disorders previously reported in female PM-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine M Kraan
- Faculty of Medicine, Nursing, and Health Sciences, School of Psychology & Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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