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Barik S. Suppression of Innate Immunity by the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV): Revisiting the Specificity of Host-Virus Interactive Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16100. [PMID: 38003289 PMCID: PMC10671098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of hepatitis that may also lead to liver cancer and lymphomas. Chronic hepatitis C affects an estimated 2.4 million people in the USA alone. As the sole member of the genus Hepacivirus within the Flaviviridae family, HCV encodes a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome that is translated into a single large polypeptide, which is then proteolytically processed to yield the individual viral proteins, all of which are necessary for optimal viral infection. However, cellular innate immunity, such as type-I interferon (IFN), promptly thwarts the replication of viruses and other pathogens, which forms the basis of the use of conjugated IFN-alpha in chronic hepatitis C management. As a countermeasure, HCV suppresses this form of immunity by enlisting diverse gene products, such as HCV protease(s), whose primary role is to process the large viral polyprotein into individual proteins of specific function. The exact number of HCV immune suppressors and the specificity and molecular mechanism of their action have remained unclear. Nonetheless, the evasion of host immunity promotes HCV pathogenesis, chronic infection, and carcinogenesis. Here, the known and putative HCV-encoded suppressors of innate immunity have been reviewed and analyzed, with a predominant emphasis on the molecular mechanisms. Clinically, the knowledge should aid in rational interventions and the management of HCV infection, particularly in chronic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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2
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Xu F, Wang G, Zhao F, Huang Y, Fan Z, Mei S, Xie Y, Wei L, Hu Y, Wang C, Cen S, Liang C, Ren L, Guo F, Wang J. IFITM3 Inhibits SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Is Associated with COVID-19 Susceptibility. Viruses 2022; 14:2553. [PMID: 36423162 PMCID: PMC9692367 DOI: 10.3390/v14112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has become a global threat to public health. Infected individuals can be asymptomatic or develop mild to severe symptoms, including pneumonia, respiratory distress, and death. This wide spectrum of clinical presentations of SARS-CoV-2 infection is believed in part due to the polymorphisms of key genetic factors in the population. In this study, we report that the interferon-induced antiviral factor IFITM3 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection by preventing SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-mediated virus entry and cell-to-cell fusion. Analysis of a Chinese COVID-19 patient cohort demonstrates that the rs12252 CC genotype of IFITM3 is associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection risk in the studied cohort. These data suggest that individuals carrying the rs12252 C allele in the IFITM3 gene may be vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and thus may benefit from early medical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Geng Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhangling Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Liang Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yamei Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Conghui Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Lili Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianwei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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3
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Kumar S, Verma A, Yadav P, Dubey SK, Azhar EI, Maitra SS, Dwivedi VD. Molecular pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis and possible therapeutic strategies. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1739-1762. [PMID: 35654913 PMCID: PMC9162114 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus, is a health concern across Asian countries, associated with severe neurological disorders, especially in children. Primarily, pigs, bats, and birds are the natural hosts for JEV, but humans are infected incidentally. JEV requires a few host proteins for its entry and replication inside the mammalian host cell. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays a significant role in JEV genome replication and assembly. During this process, the ER undergoes stress due to its remodelling and accumulation of viral particles and unfolded proteins, leading to an unfolded protein response (UPR). Here, we review the overall strategy used by JEV to infect the host cell and various cytopathic effects caused by JEV infection. We also highlight the role of JEV structural proteins (SPs) and non-structural proteins (NSPs) at various stages of the JEV life cycle that are involved in up- and downregulation of different host proteins and are potentially relevant for developing efficient therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | - Akanksha Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Pardeep Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201310 India
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
| | | | - Esam Ibraheem Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit-BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - S. S. Maitra
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
- Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, India
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4
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Bamford CGG, Aranday-Cortes E, Sanchez-Velazquez R, Mullan C, Kohl A, Patel AH, Wilson SJ, McLauchlan J. A Human and Rhesus Macaque Interferon-Stimulated Gene Screen Shows That Over-Expression of ARHGEF3/XPLN Inhibits Replication of Hepatitis C Virus and Other Flavivirids. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081655. [PMID: 36016278 PMCID: PMC9414520 DOI: 10.3390/v14081655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is restricted to humans, whereas other primates such as rhesus macaques are non-permissive for infection. To identify human and rhesus macaque genes that differ or share the ability to inhibit HCV replication, we conducted a medium-throughput screen of lentivirus-expressed host genes that disrupt replication of HCV subgenomic replicon RNA expressing secreted Gaussia luciferase. A combined total of >800 interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were screened. Our findings confirmed established anti-HCV ISGs, such as IRF1, PKR and DDX60. Novel species−specific inhibitors were also identified and independently validated. Using a cell-based system that recapitulates productive HCV infection, we identified that over-expression of the ‘Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 3’ gene (ARHGEF3) from both species inhibits full-length virus replication. Additionally, replication of two mosquito-borne flaviviruses, yellow fever virus (YFV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), were also reduced in cell lines over-expressing ARHGEF3 compared to controls. In conclusion, we ascribe novel antiviral activity to the cellular gene ARHGEF3 that inhibits replication of HCV and other important human viral pathogens belonging to the Flaviviridae, and which is conserved between humans and rhesus macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor G. G. Bamford
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Elihu Aranday-Cortes
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Ricardo Sanchez-Velazquez
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
- BioNTech SE, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Catrina Mullan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Arvind H. Patel
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
| | - John McLauchlan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.G.G.B.); (E.A.-C.); (R.S.-V.); (C.M.); (A.K.); (A.H.P.); (S.J.W.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Badierah RA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Dancing with Trojan horses: an interplay between the extracellular vesicles and viruses. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3034-3060. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1756409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raied A. Badierah
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center ‘Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences’, Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Wrensch F, Ligat G, Heydmann L, Schuster C, Zeisel MB, Pessaux P, Habersetzer F, King BJ, Tarr AW, Ball JK, Winkler M, Pöhlmann S, Keck ZY, Foung SK, Baumert TF. Interferon-Induced Transmembrane Proteins Mediate Viral Evasion in Acute and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Hepatology 2019; 70:1506-1520. [PMID: 31062385 PMCID: PMC6819197 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although adaptive immune responses against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been studied in great detail, the role of innate immunity in protection against HCV infection and immune evasion is only partially understood. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are innate effector proteins restricting host cell entry of many enveloped viruses, including HCV. However, the clinical impact of IFITMs on HCV immune escape remains to be determined. Here, we show that IFITMs promote viral escape from the neutralizing antibody (nAb) response in clinical cohorts of HCV-infected patients. Using pseudoparticles bearing HCV envelope proteins from acutely infected patients, we show that HCV variants isolated preseroconversion are more sensitive to the antiviral activity of IFITMs than variants from patients isolated during chronic infection postseroconversion. Furthermore, HCV variants escaping nAb responses during liver transplantation exhibited a significantly higher resistance to IFITMs than variants that were eliminated posttransplantation. Gain-of-function and mechanistic studies revealed that IFITMs markedly enhance the antiviral activity of nAbs and suggest a cooperative effect of human monoclonal antibodies and IFITMs for antibody-mediated neutralization driving the selection pressure in viral evasion. Perturbation studies with the IFITM antagonist amphotericin B revealed that modulation of membrane properties by IFITM proteins is responsible for the IFITM-mediated blockade of viral entry and enhancement of antibody-mediated neutralization. Conclusion: Our results indicate IFITM proteins as drivers of viral immune escape and antibody-mediated HCV neutralization in acute and chronic HCV infection. These findings are of clinical relevance for the design of urgently needed HCV B-cell vaccines and might help to increase the efficacy of future vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wrensch
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gaëtan Ligat
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mirjam B. Zeisel
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Université de Lyon (UCBL), 69373 Lyon, France
| | - Patrick Pessaux
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Habersetzer
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Barnabas J. King
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK,NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexander W. Tarr
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK,NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jonathan K. Ball
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK,NIHR Nottingham BRC, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and the University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center–Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhen-yong Keck
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Steven K.H. Foung
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France,Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a cellular restriction factor that blocks fusion between virus and host membranes. Here, we provide an introduction to IFITM3 and the biochemical regulation underlying its antiviral activity. Further, we analyze and summarize the published literature examining phenotypes of IFITM3 knockout mice upon infections with viral pathogens and discuss the controversial association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human IFITM3 gene and severe virus infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent publications show that IFITM3 knockout mice experience more severe pathologies than wild-type mice in diverse virus infections, including infections with influenza A virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and cytomegalovirus. Likewise, numerous studies of humans of Chinese ancestry have associated the IFITM3 SNP rs12252-C with severe influenza virus infections, though examinations of other populations, such as Europeans, in which this SNP is rare, have largely failed to identify an association with severe infections. A second SNP, rs34481144-A, found in the human IFITM3 promoter has also recently been reported to be a risk allele for severe influenza virus infections. SUMMARY There is significant evidence for a protective role of IFITM3 against virus infections in both mice and humans, though additional work is required to identify the range of pathogens restricted by IFITM3 and the mechanisms by which human SNPs affect IFITM3 levels or functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob S Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious, Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Ave, Biomedical Research Tower 790, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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8
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Ortega-Prieto AM, Dorner M. Immune Evasion Strategies during Chronic Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:E24. [PMID: 28862649 PMCID: PMC5620555 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are a major global healthcare problem with more than 240 million and 70 million infected, respectively. Both viruses persist within the liver and result in progressive liver disease, resulting in liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Strikingly, this pathogenesis is largely driven by immune responses, unable to clear an established infection, rather than by the viral pathogens themselves. Even though disease progression is very similar in both infections, HBV and HCV have evolved distinct mechanisms, by which they ensure persistence within the host. Whereas HCV utilizes a cloak-and-dagger approach, disguising itself as a lipid-like particle and immediately crippling essential pattern-recognition pathways, HBV has long been considered a "stealth" virus, due to the complete absence of innate immune responses during infection. Recent developments and access to improved model systems, however, revealed that even though it is among the smallest human-tropic viruses, HBV may, in addition to evading host responses, employ subtle immune evasion mechanisms directed at ensuring viral persistence in the absence of host responses. In this review, we compare the different strategies of both viruses to ensure viral persistence by actively interfering with viral recognition and innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK.
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9
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Shen C, Li YJ, Yin QQ, Jiao WW, Li QJ, Xiao J, Sun L, Xu F, Li JQ, Qi H, Shen AD. Identification of differentially expressed transcripts targeted by the knockdown of endogenous IFITM3. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:4367-4373. [PMID: 27667301 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is a double transmembrane protein. As a member of the IFITM family, IFITM3 can be upregulated by interferon (IFN) to be involved in various biological processes. In order to determine whether gene expression profiles can be altered by a lack of IFITM3, the present study used shRNAs lentivirus for knocking down the endogenous expression of IFITM3 in human HeLa cells and human whole genome microarrays to obtain gene expression profiles. A total of 1,011 downregulated transcripts and 615 upregulated transcripts were identified using the Agilent expression platform. The identified transcripts were involved in multiple pathways, including the complement pathways, and the antigen processing and presentation pathway. The present study identified the transcripts, which were affected by the downregulation of endogenous IFITM3 and the pathways they were involved in. These findings may lead to an improved understanding of the biological functions of IFITM3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Shen
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Qin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Qin-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Qiong Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - Hui Qi
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
| | - A-Dong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Ministry of Education, National Key Discipline of Pediatrics, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Infection Diseases, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, P.R. China
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10
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Zhang H, Zheng H, Qian P, Xu J, Yang X, Zhou R, Chen H, Li X. Induction of systemic IFITM3 expression does not effectively control foot-and-mouth disease viral infection in transgenic pigs. Vet Microbiol 2016; 191:20-6. [PMID: 27374903 PMCID: PMC7126902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The sIFITM3 transgenic pigs were successfully generated by the handmade cloning. The sIFITM3 transgenic pigs as an animal model were evaluated the protection effect against FMDV. Induction of systemic sIFITM3 expression does not protect against FMDV infection in pigs.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, and can cause severe economic loss. Interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins constitute a family of viral restriction factors that can inhibit the replication of several types of viruses. Our previous study showed that overexpression of swine IFITM3 (sIFITM3) impeded replication of the FMD virus (FMDV) in BHK-21 cells and mice. In this study, sIFITM3-transgenic (TG) pigs were produced by handmade cloning. Results showed that sIFITM3 was highly overexpressed in many organs of sIFITM3-TG pigs compared to wild-type pigs. After a virulent FMDV strain (O/ES/2001) was intramuscularly inoculated, the sIFITM3-TG pigs showed slightly higher susceptibility to FMDV infection than wild-type pigs. Both groups displayed comparable degrees of clinical symptoms throughout the 14-day observation period. Therefore, the induction of systemic sIFITM3 expression does not protect pigs against FMDV infection. Based on these observations, we propose that a combination of interferons and vaccines be used to control FMDV infections and subsequent FMD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jinfang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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11
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Yamada S, Ozaki N, Tsushima K, Yamaba S, Fujihara C, Awata T, Sakashita H, Kajikawa T, Kitagaki J, Yamashita M, Yanagita M, Murakami S. Transcriptome Reveals Cathepsin K in Periodontal Ligament Differentiation. J Dent Res 2016; 95:1026-33. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034516645796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal ligaments (PDLs) play an important role in remodeling the alveolar bond and cementum. Characterization of the periodontal tissue transcriptome remains incomplete, and an improved understanding of PDL features could aid in developing new regenerative therapies. Here, we aimed to generate and analyze a large human PDL transcriptome. We obtained PDLs from orthodontic treatment patients, isolated the RNA, and used a vector-capping method to make a complementary DNA library from >20,000 clones. Our results revealed that 58% of the sequences were full length. Furthermore, our analysis showed that genes expressed at the highest frequencies included those for collagen type I, collagen type III, and proteases. We also found 5 genes whose expressions have not been previously reported in human PDL. To access which of the highly expressed genes might be important for PDL cell differentiation, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction to measure their expression in differentiating cells. Among the genes tested, the cysteine protease cathepsin K had the highest upregulation, so we measured its relative expression in several tissues, as well as in osteoclasts, which are known to express high levels of cathepsin K. Our results revealed that PDL cells express cathepsin K at similar levels as osteoclasts, which are both expressed at higher levels than those of the other tissues tested. We also measured cathepsin K protein expression and enzyme activity during cell differentiation and found that both increased during this process. Immunocytochemistry experiments revealed that cathepsin K localizes to the interior of lysosomes. Last, we examined the effect of inhibiting cathepsin K during cell differentiation and found that cathepsin K inhibition stimulated calcified nodule formation and increased the levels of collagen type I and osteocalcin gene expression. Based on these results, cathepsin K seems to regulate collagen fiber accumulation during human PDL cell differentiation into hard tissue-forming cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Yamada
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - N. Ozaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. Tsushima
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Yamaba
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - C. Fujihara
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Awata
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - H. Sakashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Kajikawa
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - J. Kitagaki
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yamashita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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12
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Innate immunity against hepatitis C virus. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 42:98-104. [PMID: 27366996 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection tends persistent and causes chronic liver diseases, including inflammation, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Innate immune responses triggered by HCV infection, particularly the production of interferons and pro-inflammatory cytokines, shape the early host antiviral defense, and orchestrate subsequent HCV-specific adaptive immunity. Host has evolved multifaceted means to sense HCV infection to induce innate immune responses, whereas HCV has also developed elaborate strategies to evade immune attack. Recent studies in the field have provided many new insights into the interplay of HCV and innate immunity. In this review, we summarized these recent advances, focusing on pathogen recognition by innate sensors, newly discovered anti-HCV innate effectors and new viral strategies to evade innate immunity.
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13
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Yang DR, Zhu HZ. Hepatitis C virus and antiviral innate immunity: Who wins at tug-of-war? World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3786-3800. [PMID: 25852264 PMCID: PMC4385526 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i13.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major human pathogen of chronic hepatitis and related liver diseases. Innate immunity is the first line of defense against invading foreign pathogens, and its activation is dependent on the recognition of these pathogens by several key sensors. The interferon (IFN) system plays an essential role in the restriction of HCV infection via the induction of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) that inhibit viral replication and spread. However, numerous factors that trigger immune dysregulation, including viral factors and host genetic factors, can help HCV to escape host immune response, facilitating viral persistence. In this review, we aim to summarize recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to HCV infection and the mechanisms of ISGs to suppress viral survival, as well as the immune evasion strategies for chronic HCV infection.
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14
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Gokhale NS, Vazquez C, Horner SM. Hepatitis C Virus. Strategies to Evade Antiviral Responses. Future Virol 2014; 9:1061-1075. [PMID: 25983854 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes chronic liver disease and poses a major clinical and economic burden worldwide. HCV is an RNA virus that is sensed as non-self in the infected liver by host pattern recognition receptors, triggering downstream signaling to interferons (IFNs). The type III IFNs play an important role in immunity to HCV, and human genetic variation in their gene loci is associated with differential HCV infection outcomes. HCV evades host antiviral innate immune responses to mediate a persistent infection in the liver. This review focuses on anti-HCV innate immune sensing, innate signaling and effectors, and the processes and proteins used by HCV to evade and regulate host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandan S Gokhale
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christine Vazquez
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Stacy M Horner
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 ; Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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15
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Zhu X, He Z, Yuan J, Wen W, Huang X, Hu Y, Lin C, Pan J, Li R, Deng H, Liao S, Zhou R, Wu J, Li J, Li M. IFITM3-containing exosome as a novel mediator for anti-viral response in dengue virus infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:105-18. [PMID: 25131332 PMCID: PMC7162390 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-inducible transmembrane proteins 1, 2 and 3 (IFITM1, IFITM2 and IFITM3) have recently been identified as potent antiviral effectors that function to suppress the entry of a broad range of enveloped viruses and modulate cellular tropism independent of viral receptor expression. However, the antiviral effect and mechanisms of IFITMs in response to viral infections remain incompletely understood and characterized. In this work, we focused our investigation on the function of the extracellular IFITM3 protein. In cell models of DENV-2 infection, we found that IFITM3 contributed to both the baseline and interferon-induced inhibition of DENV entry. Most importantly, our study for the first time demonstrated the presence of IFITM-containing exosome in the extracellular environment, and identified an ability of cellular exosome to intercellularly deliver IFITM3 and thus transmit its antiviral effect from infected to non-infected cells. Thus, our findings provide new insights in the basic mechanisms underlying the actions of IFITM3, which might lead to future development of exosome-mediated anti-viral strategies using IFITM3 as a therapeutic agent. Conceivably, variations in the basal and inducible levels of IFITMs, as well as in intracellular and extracellular levels of IFITMs, might predict the severity of dengue virus infections among individuals or across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules in Oceanic Microorganism (Sun Yat-sen University), Bureau of Education, Guangzhou, China; Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Kandathil AJ, Graw F, Quinn J, Hwang HS, Torbenson M, Perelson AS, Ray SC, Thomas DL, Ribeiro RM, Balagopal A. Use of laser capture microdissection to map hepatitis C virus-positive hepatocytes in human liver. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1404-13.e1-10. [PMID: 23973767 PMCID: PMC4005338 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) predominantly infects hepatocytes, but many hepatocytes are not infected; studies have shown that HCV antigens cluster within the liver. We investigated spatial distribution and determinants of HCV replication in human liver samples. METHODS We analyzed liver samples from 4 patients with chronic HCV infection (genotype 1, Metavir scores 0-1) to estimate the proportion of infected hepatocytes and the amount of HCV viral RNA (vRNA) per cell. Single-cell laser capture microdissection was used to capture more than 1000 hepatocytes in grids, to preserve geometric relationships. HCV vRNA and interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) messenger RNA (the transcript of an interferon-stimulated gene) were measured in the same hepatocytes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and assembled in maps to identify areas of high and low HCV replication. RESULTS Patients' serum levels of HCV RNA ranged from 6.87 to 7.40 log10 IU/mL; the proportion of HCV-infected hepatocytes per person ranged from 21% to 45%, and the level of vRNA ranged from 1 to 50 IU/hepatocyte. Infection was not random; we identified clustering of HCV-positive hepatocytes using infected-neighbor analysis (P < .0005) and distance to the kth nearest neighbor compared with random distributions, obtained by bootstrap simulations (P < .02). Hepatocytes that expressed IFITM3 did not appear to cluster and were largely HCV negative. CONCLUSIONS We used single-cell laser capture and high-resolution analysis to show that in human liver HCV infects hepatocytes in nonrandom clusters, whereas expression of antiviral molecules is scattered among hepatocytes. These findings show that quantitative single-cell RNA measurements can be used to estimate the abundance of HCV vRNA per infected human hepatocyte and are consistent with cell-cell propagation of infection in the absence of clustered IFITM3.
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17
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Metz P, Reuter A, Bender S, Bartenschlager R. Interferon-stimulated genes and their role in controlling hepatitis C virus. J Hepatol 2013; 59:1331-41. [PMID: 23933585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infections with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of chronic liver disease. While the acute phase of infection is mostly asymptomatic, this virus has the high propensity to establish persistence and in the course of one to several decades liver disease can develop. HCV is a paradigm for the complex interplay between the interferon (IFN) system and viral countermeasures. The virus induces an IFN response within the infected cell and is rather sensitive against the antiviral state triggered by IFNs, yet in most cases HCV persists. Numerous IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been reported to suppress HCV replication, but in only a few cases we begin to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying antiviral activity. It is becoming increasingly clear that blockage of viral replication is mediated by the concerted action of multiple ISGs that target different steps of the HCV replication cycle. This review briefly summarizes the activation of the IFN system by HCV and then focuses on ISGs targeting the HCV replication cycle and their possible mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Metz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by DNA aptamer against envelope protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4937-44. [PMID: 23877701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00897-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E1E2) is essential for virus binding to host cells. Aptamers have been demonstrated to have strong promising applications in drug development. In the current study, a cDNA fragment encoding the entire E1E2 gene of HCV was cloned. E1E2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers for E1E2 were selected by the method of selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and the antiviral actions of the aptamers were examined. The mechanism of their antiviral activity was investigated. The data show that selected aptamers for E1E2 specifically recognize the recombinant E1E2 protein and E1E2 protein from HCV-infected cells. CD81 protein blocks the binding of aptamer E1E2-6 to E1E2 protein. Aptamers against E1E2 inhibit HCV infection in an infectious cell culture system although they have no effect on HCV replication in a replicon cell line. Beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are not induced in virus-infected hepatocytes with aptamer treatment, suggesting that E1E2-specific aptamers do not induce innate immunity. E2 protein is essential for the inhibition of HCV infection by aptamer E1E2-6, and the aptamer binding sites are located in E2. Q412R within E1E2 is the major resistance substitution identified. The data indicate that an aptamer against E1E2 exerts its antiviral effects through inhibition of virus binding to host cells. Aptamers against E1E2 can be used with envelope protein to understand the mechanisms of HCV entry and fusion. The aptamers may hold promise for development as therapeutic drugs for hepatitis C patients.
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19
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Inhibition of hepatitis C virus infection by DNA aptamer against envelope protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013. [PMID: 23877701 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope protein (E1E2) is essential for virus binding to host cells. Aptamers have been demonstrated to have strong promising applications in drug development. In the current study, a cDNA fragment encoding the entire E1E2 gene of HCV was cloned. E1E2 protein was expressed and purified. Aptamers for E1E2 were selected by the method of selective evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), and the antiviral actions of the aptamers were examined. The mechanism of their antiviral activity was investigated. The data show that selected aptamers for E1E2 specifically recognize the recombinant E1E2 protein and E1E2 protein from HCV-infected cells. CD81 protein blocks the binding of aptamer E1E2-6 to E1E2 protein. Aptamers against E1E2 inhibit HCV infection in an infectious cell culture system although they have no effect on HCV replication in a replicon cell line. Beta interferon (IFN-β) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are not induced in virus-infected hepatocytes with aptamer treatment, suggesting that E1E2-specific aptamers do not induce innate immunity. E2 protein is essential for the inhibition of HCV infection by aptamer E1E2-6, and the aptamer binding sites are located in E2. Q412R within E1E2 is the major resistance substitution identified. The data indicate that an aptamer against E1E2 exerts its antiviral effects through inhibition of virus binding to host cells. Aptamers against E1E2 can be used with envelope protein to understand the mechanisms of HCV entry and fusion. The aptamers may hold promise for development as therapeutic drugs for hepatitis C patients.
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20
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Horner SM, Gale M. Regulation of hepatic innate immunity by hepatitis C virus. Nat Med 2013; 19:879-88. [PMID: 23836238 PMCID: PMC4251871 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a global public health problem involving chronic infection of the liver, which can cause liver disease and is linked with liver cancer. Viral innate immune evasion strategies and human genetic determinants underlie the transition of acute HCV infection to viral persistence and the support of chronic infection. Host genetic factors, such as sequence polymorphisms in IFNL3, a gene in the host interferon system, can influence both the outcome of the infection and the response to antiviral therapy. Recent insights into how HCV regulates innate immune signaling within the liver reveal a complex interaction of patient genetic background with viral and host factors of innate immune triggering and control that imparts the outcome of HCV infection and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy M Horner
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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21
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Zhang LK, Chai F, Li HY, Xiao G, Guo L. Identification of host proteins involved in Japanese encephalitis virus infection by quantitative proteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:2666-78. [PMID: 23647205 DOI: 10.1021/pr400011k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) enters host cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis and replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells. To study virus-host cell interactions, we performed a SILAC-based quantitative proteomics study of JEV-infected HeLa cells using a subcellular fractionation strategy. We identified 158 host proteins as differentially regulated by JEV (defined as exhibiting a greater than 1.5-fold change in protein abundance upon JEV infection). The mass spectrometry quantitation data for selected proteins were validated by Western blot and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. Bioinformatics analyses were used to generate JEV-regulated host response networks consisting of regulated proteins, which included 35 proteins that were newly added based on the results of this study. The JEV infection-induced host response was found to be coordinated primarily through the immune response process, the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), the intracellular membrane system, and lipid metabolism-related proteins. Protein functional studies of selected host proteins using RNA interference-based techniques were carried out in HeLa cells infected with an attenuated or a highly virulent strain of JEV. We demonstrated that the knockdown of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), Ran-binding protein 2 (RANBP2), sterile alpha motif domain-containing protein 9 (SAMD9) and vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) significantly increased JEV replication. The results presented here not only promote a better understanding of the host response to JEV infection but also highlight multiple potential targets for the development of antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei-Ke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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22
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Metz P, Dazert E, Ruggieri A, Mazur J, Kaderali L, Kaul A, Zeuge U, Windisch MP, Trippler M, Lohmann V, Binder M, Frese M, Bartenschlager R. Identification of type I and type II interferon-induced effectors controlling hepatitis C virus replication. Hepatology 2012; 56:2082-93. [PMID: 22711689 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) can lead to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. All current therapies of hepatitis C include interferon-alpha (IFN-α). Moreover, IFN-gamma (IFN-γ), the only type II IFN, strongly inhibits HCV replication in vitro and is the primary mediator of HCV-specific antiviral T-cell responses. However, for both cytokines the precise set of effector protein(s) responsible for replication inhibition is not known. The aim of this study was the identification of IFN-α and IFN-γ stimulated genes (ISGs) responsible for controlling HCV replication. We devised an RNA interference (RNAi)-based "gain of function" screen and identified, in addition to known ISGs earlier reported to suppress HCV replication, several new ones with proven antiviral activity. These include IFIT3 (IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 3), TRIM14 (tripartite motif containing 14), PLSCR1 (phospholipid scramblase 1), and NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible). All ISGs identified in this study were up-regulated both by IFN-α and IFN-γ, demonstrating a substantial overlap of HCV-specific effectors induced by either cytokine. Nevertheless, some ISGs were more specific for IFN-α or IFN-γ, which was most pronounced in case of PLSCR1 and NOS2 that were identified as main effectors of IFN-γ-mediated anti-HCV activity. Combinatorial knockdowns of ISGs suggest additive or synergistic effects demonstrating that with either IFN, inhibition of HCV replication is caused by the combined action of multiple ISGs. CONCLUSION Our study identifies a number of novel ISGs contributing to the suppression of HCV replication by type I and type II IFN. We demonstrate a substantial overlap of antiviral programs triggered by either cytokine and show that suppression of HCV replication is mediated by the concerted action of multiple effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Metz
- Department of Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Evolutionary dynamics of the interferon-induced transmembrane gene family in vertebrates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49265. [PMID: 23166625 PMCID: PMC3499546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) genes have been demonstrated to have extensive and diverse functions, playing important roles in the evolution of vertebrates. Despite observance of their functionality, the evolutionary dynamics of this gene family are complex and currently unknown. Here, we performed detailed evolutionary analyses to unravel the evolutionary history of the vertebrate IFITM family. A total of 174 IFITM orthologous genes and 112 pseudogenes were identified from 27 vertebrate genome sequences. The vertebrate IFITM family can be divided into immunity-related IFITM (IR-IFITM), IFITM5 and IFITM10 sub-families in phylogeny, implying origins from three different progenitors. In general, vertebrate IFITM genes are located in two loci, one containing the IFITM10 gene, and the other locus containing IFITM5 and various numbers of IR-IFITM genes. Conservation of evolutionary synteny was observed in these IFITM genes. Significant functional divergence was detected among the three IFITM sub-families. No gene duplication or positive selection was found in IFITM5 sub-family, implying the functional conservation of IFITM5 in vertebrate evolution, which is involved in bone formation. No IFITM5 locus was identified in the marmoset genome, suggesting a potential association with the tiny size of this monkey. The IFITM10 sub-family was divided into two groups: aquatic and terrestrial types. Functional divergence was detected between the two groups, and five IFITM10-like genes from frog were dispersed into the two groups. Both gene duplication and positive selection were observed in aquatic vertebrate IFITM10-like genes, indicating that IFITM10 might be associated with the adaptation to aquatic environments. A large number of lineage- and species-specific gene duplications were observed in IR-IFITM sub-family and positive selection was detected in IR-IFITM of primates and rodents. Because primates have experienced a long history of viral infection, such rapid expansion and positive selection suggests that the evolution of primate IR-IFITM genes is associated with broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
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Li K, Lemon SM. Innate immune responses in hepatitis C virus infection. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:53-72. [PMID: 22868377 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major causative agent of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide and thus poses a significant public health threat. A hallmark of HCV infection is the extraordinary ability of the virus to persist in a majority of infected people. Innate immune responses represent the front line of defense of the human body against HCV immediately after infection. They also play a crucial role in orchestrating subsequent HCV-specific adaptive immunity that is pivotal for viral clearance. Accumulating evidence suggests that the host has evolved multifaceted innate immune mechanisms to sense HCV infection and elicit defense responses, while HCV has developed elaborate strategies to circumvent many of these. Defining the interplay of HCV with host innate immunity reveals mechanistic insights into hepatitis C pathogenesis and informs approaches to therapy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding innate immune responses to HCV infection, focusing on induction and effector mechanisms of the interferon antiviral response as well as the evasion strategies of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Yao L, Yan X, Dong H, Nelson DR, Liu C, Li X. Expression of an IRF-3 fusion protein and mouse estrogen receptor, inhibits hepatitis C viral replication in RIG-I-deficient Huh 7.5 cells. Virol J 2011; 8:445. [PMID: 21936899 PMCID: PMC3213043 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 (IRF-3) plays a central role in the induction of interferon (IFN) production and succeeding interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) expression en route for restraining hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Here, we established a stable Huh7.5-IRF3ER cell line expressing a fusion protein of IRF-3 and mouse estrogen receptor (ER) to examine IFN production and anti-HCV effects of IRF-3 in retinoic acid inducible-gene-I (RIG-I) deficient Huh 7.5 cells. Homodimerization of the IRF-3ER fusion protein was detected by Western blotting after treatment with the estrogen receptor agonist 4-hydrotamoxifen (4-HT) in Huh7.5-IRF3ER cells. Expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, and their inhibitory effects on HCV replication were demonstrated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Peak expression of IFN-α and IFN-β was achieved 24-hours post 4-HT treatment, coinciding with the appearance of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins. Additionally, HCV viral replication declined in time-dependent fashion. In previous studies, a novel IFN-mediated pathway regulating expression of 1-8U and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein M (hnRNP M) inhibited HCV internal ribosomal entry site (IRES)-dependent translation. When expression of ISGs such as 1-8U and hnRNP M were measured in 4-HT-treated Huh7.5-IRF3ER cells, both genes were positively regulated by activation of the IRF-3ER fusion protein. In conclusion, the anti-HCV effects of IRF-3ER homodimerization inhibited HCV RNA replication as well as HCV IRES-dependent translation in Huh7.5-IRF3ER cells. The results of this study indicate that IRF-3ER homodimerization is a key step to restore IFN expression in Huh7.5-IRF3ER cells and in achieving its anti-HCV effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyu Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida-Jacksonville, FL 32206, USA
| | - Xiaobo Yan
- Department of Neurology, Second University Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Huijia Dong
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida-Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida-Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida-Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida-Jacksonville, FL 32206, USA
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